Discussion Reponse

Discussion Response

Discussion Response

Brooke Use of Antipsychotics

Antipsychotics, also called neuroleptics, are some of the major tranquilizers that are used to control and cure psychosis. The disorders that can be treated by antipsychotics are bipolar disorder, dementia, depression autism and autism spectrum disorder, borderline personality disorder, OCD, PTSD and Parkinson’s disease. Both depressions (unipolar and bipolar) can be managed by medications that include mood stabilizing and antipsychotic medications. Autism disorder cannot be treated by these drugs but they can control some of its symptoms like aggression and irritability. It is very clear that disorders that have symptoms of psychosis and aspects of depression can be treated effectively by antipsychotics ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"63mongWe","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cunningham Owens & Johnstone, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Cunningham Owens & Johnstone, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":80,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/NXPVTRRT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/NXPVTRRT"],"itemData":{"id":80,"type":"article-journal","title":"The development of antipsychotic drugs","container-title":"Brain and Neuroscience Advances","page":"2398212818817498","volume":"2","source":"SAGE Journals","abstract":"Antipsychotic drugs revolutionised psychiatric practice and provided a range of tools for exploring brain function in health and disease. Their development and introduction were largely empirical but based on long and honourable scientific credentials and remarkable powers of clinical observation. The class shares a common core action of attenuating central dopamine transmission, which underlies the major limitation to their use – high liability to disrupt extrapyramidal function – and also the most durable hypothesis of the basis of psychotic disorders, especially schizophrenia. However, the Dopamine Hypothesis, which has driven drug development for almost half a century, has become a straight-jacket, stifling innovation, resulting in a class of compounds that are largely derivative. Recent efforts only cemented this tendency as no clinical evidence supports the notion that newer compounds, modelled on clozapine, share that drug’s unique neurological tolerability and can be considered ‘atypical’. Patients and doctors alike must await a more profound understanding of central dopamine homeostasis and novel methods of maintaining it before they can again experience the intoxicating promise antipsychotics once held.","DOI":"10.1177/2398212818817498","ISSN":"2398-2128","journalAbbreviation":"Brain and Neuroscience Advances","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Cunningham Owens","given":"David"},{"family":"Johnstone","given":"Eve C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",1,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cunningham Owens & Johnstone, 2018). The interesting part of the discussion is how these help depressions and how they have low compatibility for dopamine receptor.

Anthony Use of Antipsychotics

The treatment of Parkinsonism and schizoaffective disorders has been discussed in this topic. Antipsychotics help in the treatment of the abstract disorders such as depression, bipolar disorders and anxiety and they also fix physical problems such as hiccups and nausea. Parkinsonism is a movement disorder that has psychological symptoms too. The psychotic symptoms arise because the brain starts to produce too much dopamine and these antipsychotics are used to control their production and activate other brain chemicals of the patients to stabilize their moods. Based on their activity, they are divided into conventional and 2nd generation antipsychotics (SGA). SGAs help in reducing involuntary movements specifically.

Letitia Lowered Optimism

Antipsychotic drugs, developed in the fifties have reduced over time because of their severe side effects, FDA warnings and costs. It should be kept in mind that these drugs are used to treat severe psychiatric conditions like psychosis, which is a condition that takes a person away from reality and out him/her in hallucinations, paranoia and delusion. In some cases, they cause Parkinson in patients as a side effect. Therefore, a new class of drugs was introduced called atypical antipsychotics, with less side effects, like extrapyramidal which is high in antipsychotic drugs. Clozaril, a drug used in schizophrenic treatment has serious side effects such as Agranulocytosis, which is a dangerous decrease in white blood cells. This discussion ends with the note that FDA has issued warning regarding the over use of these drugs that have now increased risk of death.

Brooke Lowered Optimism

In the fourth topic, the impact of these drugs on clinical improvement has been discussed. There is no rapid clinical improvement as the researchers had hoped, therefore SGAs are diminishing overtime. As compared to the SGAs, FGAs are more expensive and are responsible for producing a variety of side effects such as metabolic syndrome which results in the weight gain of the patient ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7BhYz5Ue","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(James, 2010)","plainCitation":"(James, 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":82,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/H22HXYPL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/H22HXYPL"],"itemData":{"id":82,"type":"article-journal","title":"Prescribing antipsychotics for children and adolescents","container-title":"Advances in Psychiatric Treatment","page":"63-75","volume":"16","issue":"1","source":"Cambridge Core","abstract":"The prescription of antipsychotic medication in children and adolescents (<18 years of age) has increased immensely for a wide range of disorders including psychoses, bipolar disorder, conduct disorder, pervasive developmental disorder and obsessive–compulsive disorder. This has led to some concerns particularly as the evidence base in some areas is not strong, and antipsychotic medication – both first generation (FGA) and second generation (SGA) – is associated with considerable side-effects. Evidence from an increasing number of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) points to therapeutic efficacy with moderate to large effect sizes. However, some RCTs have a small number of participants, are of short duration, and many are industry funded. The use of antipsychotics alongside psychosocial interventions can be recommended in certain disorders, provided there is continued, careful monitoring. It is important to note, however, that for many conditions the use of antipsychotics is not licensed in the UK.","DOI":"10.1192/apt.bp.108.005652","ISSN":"1355-5146, 1472-1481","language":"en","author":[{"family":"James","given":"Anthony C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010",1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (James, 2010). It was first believed that these antipsychotics help in the treatment of different disorders but now they have their own problems. They produce so many side effects that it is hard to use them in the first place. The discussion ends with a hope that some of the medications used in the treatment of schizophrenia prove to be effective.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Cunningham Owens, D., & Johnstone, E. C. (2018). The development of antipsychotic drugs. Brain and Neuroscience Advances, 2, 2398212818817498. https://doi.org/10.1177/2398212818817498

James, A. C. (2010). Prescribing antipsychotics for children and adolescents. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 16(1), 63–75. https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.108.005652