Roe V Wade

Annotated Bibliography: Roe v Wade

Farrion McCollough

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Author Note

Annotated Bibliography: Roe V Wade

The Supreme Court of the United States in January 1973 made a historic decision in which it held abortion to be legal throughout the states and overturned a prior interpretation of laws restricting abortion. The case was Roe V Wade which became a turning point for women’s rights, which created a range of social and economic benefits for them. In the paper, some recent and earlier literature would be reviewed to illustrate how this decision was a significant turning point in U.S. history.

Garrow, D. J. (1999). Abortion Before and After Roe V Wade: A Historical Perspective. Albany Law Review, 62, 833-852.

In the article, the author discusses how prior to the Roe V. Wade decision, women were still receiving abortions, but only those with the financial capacity and the right contacts within the healthcare industry could do so. Roe V. Wade was a significant new step towards establishing the women's right to abortion through her right to privacy and made abortion accessible thereby.

The article suggests the importance of the decision, as to how, abortions were still being made but by illegal and questionable means, and illustrates how the decision served as a driver to lead towards gradual acceptance of abortion in most states.

Ziegler, M. (2009). The Framing of a Right to Choose: Roe v. Wade and the Changing Debate on Abortion Law. Law and History Review, 27(2), 281-330.

In the article, the authors discuss how Roe V. Wade fundamentally changed women’s rights activism and advocacy for abortion by providing them with a set of rights-based, choice-based and privacy based arguments. Before the decision, some questionable arguments such as population control were used to argue for abortion that were easier to dismiss.

The article can be used to show how Roe V Wade did not just become a turning point in terms of the legality of abortion, but how it enhanced arguments positively contributing to the debate on women's rights.

Linton, P. B. (2007). The Legal Status of Abortion in the States if Roe v. Wade is Overruled. Issues in law & medicine, 23(1), 3-43.

In the article, it is argued that the social and legislative changes which came as a result of the Roe V. Wade cannot be easily reversed even if it is overruled today, as a majority of states overwhelmingly conform to the decision in legislation.

The article can be used to demonstrate that the effects of the decision were so strong and long-lasting that even if the decision is overruled, it would still be legal in a majority of the states to have an abortion.

Filipovic, J. (2018, June 28). America Will Lose More Than Abortion Rights If Roe v. Wade Is Overturned. Retrieved February 23, 2019, from Time: http://time.com/5324828/kennedy-retirement-roe-wade-abortion-rights/

The author argues in her article that if a conservative Judge is appointed and he overrules Roe V Wade, some red-states in the middle and south of the U.S. may have abortion rights restricted as a result of new legislation making abortion expensive, hard and dangerous to get. It also discusses the economic and social benefits achieved by women after the decision.

The article is useful to demonstrate the significance of the social changes achieved as a result of the decision that made women’s lives easier in America today in contrast with pre-Roe times.

Joyce, T. (2013). How Important Was The Pill To Women's Economic Well-Being? If "Roe V. Wade" Were Overturned, How Might Society Change? Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 32(4), 879-887.

In the article, it is argued that there is little evidence to suggest that legalizing the pill to induce abortion led to economic benefits, however, it points that the changes from the decision were so significant that even if the decision is overruled, the impact would be highly diminished, as a social and intellectual change has occurred.

The article is useful to reinforce the view that Roe V Wade decision was one that permanently changed America in a significant way, at a very deep level regardless of whether any tangible benefit was achieved or not.

Fried, M. G. (2013). Reproductive Rights Activism in the Post-Roe Era. American journal of public health, 103(1), 10-14.

The article suggests that Roe V Wade was instrumental in the growth of advocacy coalitions and organizations to fight for reproductive rights thereby creating a social change necessary to protect the legislation and creating an acknowledgment that the conservative agenda of restricting abortion contradicts their rights.

It can be used to the political impact of the decision in overturning social views on abortion, and how it breathed life into a movement for reproductive rights at the national scale, eventually making it the dominant framework despite opposition.

Northup, N. (2018, July 8). Roe isn’t just about women’s rights. It’s about everyone’s personal liberty. Retrieved February 23, 2019, from Washington Post: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/roe-isnt-just-about-womens-rights-its-about-everyones-personal-liberty/2018/07/08/527d8548-8160-11e8-b658-4f4d2a1aeef1_story.html?utm_term=.e002b99eb55c

The article demonstrates how Roe V. Wade was not only significant for women's abortion rights but also very important in paving the way for other landmark decisions in subsequent cases that provided greater liberties and rights to individuals such as the legalization of same-sex relationships.

The article is significant as it shows how the legal precedent set by Roe V Wade led to some major changes in U.S. legislation such as recognition of rights of sexual minorities, and thus without Roe, that framework would have fallen.

Higgins, M., & Dellapenna, J. W. (2013). Roe v. Wade: abortion and a woman's right to privacy. Minneapolis, MN: ABDO Publications.

In the book, the author traces the history of abortion rights in light of Roe V. Wade, in terms of the political and social climate that led to the decision, while discussing the different effects the decision had on American society, and the way it contributed to the Pro-life and pro-choice debate today

The book provides an important account of what transpired at that time to allow us to see how the ruling changed the course of American history and helped significantly shape the country that Americans live in today.

Willard Cates, J., Grimes, D. A., & Schulz, K. F. (2003). The Public Health Impact of Legal Abortion: 30 Years Later. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 35(1), 25-28.

In the article, the impact of Roe V. Wade is evaluated from the medical and health point of view, in terms of how it paved the way for abortions to take place in safe medical conditions as opposed to pre-Roe times when women often terminated their unplanned pregnancies in unsafe ways.

The article provides an insight into the larger and long-term health effects that were achieved by legalizing abortion through the decision, which could not have been so without the decision. It also shows how health-data helped guide legislative actions and rulings to sustain abortion rights in states.

Shehan, C. (2018, July 9). How Roe v Wade changed the lives of American women. Retrieved February 23, 2019, from University of Florida News: http://news.ufl.edu/articles/2018/07/how-roe-v-wade-changed-the-lives-of-american-women.php

In the article, the sociological effects of the Roe V Wade ruling are discussed in terms of how it positively affected the occupational and educational opportunities for women in the post-Roe period. It suggests that with the safer abortion and contraception technologies available today, it is unlikely that repealing the decision would lead to pre-Roe conditions.

The article is useful to argue that if the court had made a different decision in 1973, the lives of American women would have unfolded very differently compared to how it is today. Therefore, the American public should remember the vital role Roe V. Wade played by serving as a turning point for advancing the rights of American women that they enjoy today.

Roman Emperor AUGUSTUS

Emperor Augustus

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Emperor Augustus

Emperor is an English word that probably comes from the title Imperator, a Latin word. The title of Imperator was conferred upon a skilled, victorious general by his legion. It was one of the prerequisites for having a triumph in the streets of Rome. Augustus Caesar became Emperor the Roman Republic was in turmoil with internecine strife and political chaos. He brought peace and prosperity, greatly improved The Empire and introduced the Pax Romana. Augustus had the great merit to transform himself from a civil-war warlord to a rather enlightened chief of state. He was very conscious of the obligations of his post and behaved consistently in a way that deserved his title of Augustus 1. He restored stability and governed well. No one could have done a better job given times and circumstances. This paper seeks to highlight his achievements as an Emperor, and it will showcase what makes him a great emperor in history.

As for Julius Caesar, some consider him the first emperor, by virtue of the fact that he was a dictator for life, and in fact assumed this position, albeit not systematically like Augustus. Augustus might have been well-born (not aristocratic, but rich anyway), but he, unlike most other emperors, did not inherit his position. Instead, he got the name Caesar and became the richest man in the Republic, although he didn't really have time to spend it. Right as he was pronounced Caesar's heir he, a young and inexperienced, but reasonable and wise boy suddenly rode north and gathered an army with which he beat Marc Anthony senseless. After that, he made clever alliances with the defeated Anthony and the powerful Lepidus to eliminate the Opiate faction (composed now mainly of Caesar's killers) entirely 2. He then used political tactics first to make Lepidus look incompetent and rebellious, giving himself an excuse to take over Carthage and banish poor Aemilius. Antony got the same fate when he was branded an Egyptian and eventually defeated militarily 3. This move left Augustus with an undisputed influence on the Senate and complete authority over all of the Roman legions, rendering him the sole ruler of the Roman Republic.

Furthermore, he then continued to rule peacefully and admirably, spending his time expanding the borders of Rome, since he probably realized that Rome's economy was, at the time, based mainly on military expansion and the riches it brought to Rome. He constructed many a public building, the people of Rome were satisfied with their bread and games, although some more Republican senators would probably criticize him for overruling them and making himself emperor, quite a dishonourable thing to do. Nonetheless, he started as a simple plebeian and ended up as the sole authority in Rome and provided justice, relative freedom, and luxury, the three main values of the ancient world. It took tremendous cleverness to win his position, and probably, even more, to organize the Empire so that he could rule for decades with minimal disturbance, and even his incompetent successors mostly couldn't screw things up too badly.

After Julius Caesar's assassination in 44 B.C, Gaius Octavius was named his heir, thus becoming Gaius Julius Caesar (although most historians just call him Octavian. We'll call him Octavian as well). Being the heir of the most powerful person in the Western World was very fortunate for Octavian and used the family name and new fortune to attract many of Caesar's former allies. In 43 Octavian and two of Caesar's former allies, Lepidus and Marcus Antonius, formed a military dictatorship known as the Second Triumvirate which the Senate ratified.

In 42, the Second Triumvirate defeated Brutus and Cassius' forces, and Octavian became ruler of Italia, Gaul, and Hispania while Lepidus Northern Africa and Antonius Greece, the Middle East and Egypt 4. Ten years later, Antonius and Octavian went to war. In 31, at the Battle of Actium, Antonius was defeated, and a year later Alexandria fell to Octavian. He was thus the sole leader of the Roman world. In 27, the Senate and Octavian reached the First Settlement, wherein Octavian no longer had direct control over the Provinces and armies, but retained their loyalty and had to approve bills passed by the Senate. Princeps meant he was the "first citizen" of Rome and was a Senate position. Augustus was a religious title that symbolized the re-founding of Rome. For all intents and purposes, from 27 onward, Augustus was the first Emperor of Rome.

Julius Caesar was largely responsible for ending the Roman Republic mainly, for his own ends. In doing so, he killed off one of the earliest attempts at democracy. Augustus, the first emperor, did many awful things (including killing off Cicero who had given him very sound early advice) but he did introduce a long period of Pax Romana; Peace in Rome. Much worse things that Augustus were yet to come. Comparing Julius Caesar and Augustus, they both are pretty much equal. However, Augustus was, without a doubt, the better politician and the better administrator 2. Though he was without a doubt, charismatic, he had nothing on Caesar’s charisma and nothing on Caesar’s military successes. In short, Augustus was the better dictator, better politician, better consul, and better statesman, but Caesar was the better general, better conqueror, better orator, a better writer, and, overall, a better leader. Although the primary source of his influence was the fact that he was the great-nephew, adopted son, and heir of Julius Caesar, he was able to consolidate his power to the point, through his leadership, that he was at or near the pinnacle of power from 44 BC to 14 AD. (Over 50 years as a Leader.) He was able to make a successful transition of turning the Republic into the Empire, in fact as well as in name. Tiberius inherited the Empire from Augustus without a Civil War and was able to pass the leadership on to another Emperor.

To sum up, over time, smart people in Rome would realize that Augustus held the true authority, but throughout his life, he put forth a modest public image. He had seen what had happened to his adoptive father when he took on too many trappings of dictatorship and autocracy 2. Sure, he was still a wealthy Roman nobleman, but he wanted to be seen as merely the "first citizen", the first among equals. And he arranged it so that all of the honours that were showered upon him were suggested by other people--all he had to do was humbly accept their admiration. Privately, it's possible that he believed some of his own propaganda. It was only natural that one who cared so deeply about Rome, and who had the money and armies to make a difference, would act to make improvements. He appears to have been a great believer in piety and duty, and in the traditional morality of simplicity, honour, and purity. He was instrumental in passing laws that were socially conservative, such as a harsh penalty for adultery. Moreover, he was so devoted to these ideals that he even allowed his own descendants to be exiled as punishment when they broke those laws. One can imagine him to be both exceptionally perceptive, able to see every angle in a political situation, and also possessed of an iron will and strong convictions.

Footnotes

1 Davies, P. J. (2010). Death and the emperor: Roman imperial funerary monuments from Augustus to Marcus Aurelius. University of Texas Press.

2 Galinsky, K. (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. Cambridge University Press.

3 Hadrian's Rome. (2019). OpenLearn. Retrieved 21 October 2019, from https://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/hadrians-rome/content-section-5.3

4 Shotter, D. (2014). Nero Caesar Augustus: Emperor of Rome. Routledge.

Roman Empire Vs. Medieval West Introduction | Task |

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Roman Empire vs. Medieval West

Medieval life certainly seems awful to many of us because every single day we benefit from (relatively) modern discoveries and inventions that make our lives easier, healthier and more joyful. If a coddled 21st-century person was magically transported back to AD 800 or AD 1200 then yes, their life would seem dreadful. It is worth noting, however, that it is impossible for us to see the past through the eyes of those who actually experienced it. What seems awful to us - filth and terrible hygiene; backbreaking toil; small, cold and uncomfortable shelters; frugal flavorless food; no electricity; plodding (or non-existent) transport; widespread disease and infection; high mortality; no established ‘rights’, human or otherwise - was all normal in medieval times CITATION Dub68 \l 1033 (Duby). Humans are remarkably adaptable creatures, but I imagine the following aspects of medieval life must have been the most ‘challenging’.

Sickness and pain: There were no antibiotics or anesthetics. Infections and diseases, that we can cure easily today were lethal. Surgery was primitive and performed while the patient was conscious. Medicines and remedies were a quack and often more harmful than helpful CITATION Dub68 \l 1033 (Duby). Dental work was performed by the local blacksmith. For these reasons and more, getting hurt or sick must have been terrifying.

Grief: The levels of infant mortality were appalling and wives, mothers and daughters often died giving birth. In times of war, husbands, fathers, and sons were lost as well. During outbreaks of disease, such as the plague, families - even villages - were decimated.

On the contrary, if one lived in a big city of the Roman Empire, there would be free food and no one would need to work. In fact, one could make extra money just by going around to estates of wealthy people each day and showing his loyalty for patronage and some nominal amount of money CITATION Vey97 \l 1033 (Veyne). Furthermore, public infrastructure such as police, fire departments, etc. (unless provided for by a populist politician such as Caesar) really did not exist. Normally, if some public project was built then it was built out of the patronage from someone wealthy and emperors tended to have a lot of wealth and reason to keep the mobs remembering their good deeds. The Roman Republic was a libertarian’s dream where everything was guided by market forces CITATION Vey97 \l 1033 (Veyne). Even the military was, by and large, a private army, there was a saying that people couldn't consider themselves rich if they couldn't afford to raise their own army.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Duby, Georges. "Rural Economy and the Country Life in Medieval West." Duby, Georges. Rural Economy and the Country Life in Medieval West. Philadelphia: The University of Pennsylvania, 1968. 166-173.

Veyne, Paule. "Pleasures and Excesses in the Roman Empire." Veyne, Paule. The Roman Empire. London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1997. 107-122.

Roman Military Essay

Roman Military Essay

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Introduction

The Romans had established a great empire in their era. They succeeded in conquering all the territories of the Mediterranean. It was the strength of their military that enabled them to conquer vast lands. As their empire expanded, they felt the need of recruiting soldiers from the conquered territories. The issue was, however, how to make the new soldiers loyal, committed, and trustworthy to serve the Roman Empire for a life-time. This essay describes how the Romans used to train their soldiers, and what attractive offers they conferred on the new recruits, which helped them in building one of the most powerful armies in the human history.

Discussion

The expansion of the Roman Empire has been mostly attributed to their army. They were gifted with the visionary leaders whose foresight led them to modify the perceptions of their soldiers. Their army Generals knew well how to motivate their troops. The army was well-structured. The commanders were followed by obedient soldiers. The training was rigorous. The rules were observed by all. They had developed certain fighting techniques that helped them in gaining victories over their enemies. The soldiers belonging to other lands were offered attractions of stability, growth, and recognition in their careers. Ultimately, they were successful in unifying their armed forces who comprised a very diverse group of soldiers.

Julius Caesar was an exemplary military leader of the Roman Empire. The empire expanded to great extent in his time. He is credited for the rise of the Roman Empire. He could motivate his troops in the toughest war times. During an encounter of his army with the Germans, the soldiers gave pessimistic remarks. He gathered his soldiers of all ranks and showed resentment at the lack of spirit and courage in them. He recalled the time of their fathers and praised their bravery. He remarked that they had also confronted the Germans in the past. The spirit and bravery demonstrated by their fore-fathers should serve as an ideal for them. He further narrated that the German army had fought with the Helvetii many times and vice versa. The Helvetii forces had defeated the German army several times. He encouraged the soldiers by reminding them of their conquest over the Helvetii. If they could defeat the Helvetii, why they could not beat the Germans. The speech was impassionate, and it had a highly motivational impact on the soldiers. Their attitude changed, and they showed complete willingness to fight the enemy.

The Roman army had been organized efficiently. Their subordinates followed the instructions of their seniors without any hesitation. The fighting methods invented by the Roman army were superior to those employed by their enemies. The way the troops moved during a fight, their advancements and retreats, the attacking dimensions – all were remarkable. Josephus, who fought against the Romans in the Jewish War, became a part of the Roman army after he was imprisoned by them. He narrated that he had been following in the footsteps of the Romans while training his Jewish soldiers. He admired the firm determination of the Roman soldiers to win every battle. He praised the discipline observed by the Roman soldiers.

The main factor that contributed to the invincible power of the Roman army was the training given to the soldiers. They had hard drills every day that toughened with time. These exercises resulted in an army that had individuals having great physical strength. Vegetius, a Roman bureaucrat, gave his remarks about the military army in his book. He emphasized the use of scientific knowledge and approach in warfare. He insisted on making careful recruitments. He believed that the genetic factors had immense impact on the future performance of individuals. Soldiers who belonged to good families would remain true to their word. Individuals with rural background could fit the best in the harsh battlefield situations. An army with weak fighting skills could only serve as a prey to the enemy. The cowardice of soldiers could be substituted by the skills imparted to them during the pre-war trainings.

The Romans offered citizenship to the soldiers recruited from the conquered territories. They were given recognition of their services by giving them diplomas. The diplomas included a brief about their on-duty tours. The diplomas were in the form of metal sheets made of Bronze. Plaques were awarded in recognition of their services. The plaques were usually made of clay. The legion number and the specific self-identity symbols were written on the plaques.

Conclusion

The Romans built the strongest army of their time, which demonstrated great diversity. The reason behind their invincibility was using the scientific approach in warfare, recruitment and training. The strategy employed in unifying the diverse group of soldiers was to own them by offering citizenships. Their services to the Roman army were recorded and recognized. The result was a life-time commitment, loyalty, and service of the soldiers.

Rousseau And Wollstonecraft

Rousseau vs Wollstonecraft

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The work ‘On Education’ by Jean-Jacques Rousseau tackles several issues relating to women’s education and problems and ideas circulating gender in general. Mary Wollstonecraft was an avid advocate of women’s rights and her work ‘Vindication of the Rights of Woman’ is an significant work on feminist philosophy. Both these essays are comparable commentaries on the merits and disadvantages of education for women.

Rousseau views the relationship between men and women in similar way as that of the conservative and patriarchal society that has historically defined gender boundaries all over the world and designated a special role to men and women by defining their respective ‘strengths and weaknesses’. Rousseau believes that men are physically stronger and therefore exist to protect and provide for women. He strongly believed that the similarities between men and women are limited to belonging to the same species. His thoughts and ideas vividly circulate around the conception that gender divisions in society exist due to the differences in biology and sex of men and women. Rousseau writes that the man as a husband and father provides while the wife and mother has to be meek and subordinate in order to deserve support and special treatment by the man. Therefore, he believes that the root cause of gender inequality is biological differences which there is no way of getting around. Rousseau asserts that if women got the same opportunity or education as men, it would eliminate their special status and would serve to lower them. He believed that the differences or the social ‘inequalities’ between men and women are ‘natural’ and therefore, if women seek equality, they automatically ask for a disruption in the natural order. Women are attractive and desirable to men simply because of their meekness and timidity, Rousseau writes. Much of his thoughts have been supported with logics borrowed from primitive and patriarchal ideologies. Although his work provides reasons for his assertions, it is highly unlikely that any of these would stand in the social atmosphere of America today.

Mary Wollstonecraft, on the other hand, focuses on a primarily feminist narrative while describing the case for women’s right to social equality. Her ideas might not be as radical as those celebrated in the feminist and progressive circles today but they were a vast improvement and an important critique on the works of thinkers like Rousseau. Wollstonecraft’s standing on gender equality is ambiguous if analyzed with respect to modern feminism. She believes that men and women are equal ‘in the eyes of God’ but refuses to delve deep enough to define how this equality translates into their social standings. Wollstonecraft has specifically mentioned Rousseau and his works while asserting that the different social statuses enjoyed by men and women are due to education (men) or the lack thereof (women). She therefore claims that biology and sex are not why women are not as socially powerful as men. Her case for women’s education is also not a stern or radical one. She simply relates it to motherhood and claims that since mothers educate children, women ought to be educated so they can be better mothers and better ‘companions’ to their husbands. Wollstonecraft writes that women waste away their lives in discontent over the little they achieve and the negligent mark they leave on the world. It is therefore evident that Wollstonecraft has employed both religion and logic in carefully weaving the foundation on which modern feminism stands. Her case for gender equality is not very vivid or bold but it is fearless nonetheless if we consider the cultural and historical context of her work. Hence, Wollstonecraft’s works are much more likely to be accepted in today’s America.

ROYAL FAMILY

Carlton Sillah

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History and Anthropology

22 January 2020

Royall Family

We often observe in the history books how the eighteenth-century American culture shows competition in different sections of life. There was a new bond of culture between the Americans and the British, which resulted in the formation of a distinct culture that ultimately bound together the British and the Americans until the rise of events that led to the American Independence. This situation is often depicted in various forms of art that was present in this era.

One of these pieces of art was a painting depicting the family of one Isaac Royall, a colonial slave owner and also a judge of the higher court. The portrait depicts how the privileged colonial family lived their lives with pomp and show. The intended audience was the people that they socialized with.

This style of painting is called a family portrait, as was common with any family of a privileged class in the American colonial society. The picture shows Isaac Royall after he had married Elizabeth McIntosh, showing in silk cloths that were the symbol of privilege in that era.

This drawing of portraits was historically common. This picture itself is the symbol of Isaac Royall's marriage, and connecting his matrimonial union as the symbol of connection to the colonial elite that existed at the time. This was common in colonial times in the Americas and it helps us to understand the cultural values of the elite at the time, especially the specific style of dressing of all the women of that time.

Some things are also missing from many such paintings. One of them is the suffering of the African-Americans that poured their sweat and blood to fund this lavish lifestyle of the colonial elite at the time. This portrait was intended to represent the society of the time and succeeded in only presenting only one side of the story.

The other portrait also depicts such a story as well, as it shows how the American plantation owner profited off the labor of the African-Americans and enjoyed off their wealth that was gained due to excess trade in sugar, tobacco, cotton, and slaves.

To conclude, there are many images that the wealthy colonists of the time were trying to promote at the time, which include affluence, prosperity, and opportunity that awaited the investors that chose to engage in business with the people of colonies.

Works Cited

"Royall Family | The American Yawp Reader". Americanyawp.Com, 2020, http://www.americanyawp.com/reader/royall-family/. Accessed 22 Jan 2020.

"4. Colonial Society | THE AMERICAN YAWP". Americanyawp.Com, 2020, http://www.americanyawp.com/text/04-colonial-society/. Accessed 22 Jan 2020.

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Russian Revolution

Russian Revolution

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Russian Revolution

Introduction

           The revolutionary period of 1905-1917 has a great impact on the history of Russia as its influences can be observed in different forms. It is noteworthy to mention that the revolution of Russia was not based on a single organized event, whereas it is a series of various events during the early years of the 20th century. The existence of political upheaval includes the separate revolutions in February and October. The development of these incidents ultimately rushed the country of Russia into a civil war. The consequences of this revolution appeared as the political and social transformation in the country. This paper focuses on comprehensively explains the Russian revolution and examine how the occurrence of different events during the revolution made it good for Russia. 

Discussion

           The central Russian Revolution comprised two forms of revolutions that happened in February and October. The first phase of revolution in February strongly deposed the regal government in the country. Whereas, the second stage of revolution in October belonged to the placement of Bolsheviks in authority. 1917 was the time-period when the strong connection between the tsar and the Russian people finally ended. It was an important phase in the country's history because drastic corruption and inefficient administration of the government started noticing by the public. Several tsar's policies such as infrequent closure of the Duma, or country's parliament were strongly backlashed by Russian citizens . The appearance of these events ultimately increased the dissatisfaction level of the nation. 

February revolution is the first seed associated with the overall approach of the Russian revolution that changed the political structure of the country. This major event was characterized as a disorganized affair and the development of the civil-military conflict in the country. It was the time when the public of Russia had great concerns against an emperor of the country and aristocratic class. Cruel treatment by the noble community and improper working conditions for the workers were the major causes of the increasing antipathy in the country . It is also noticeable that it was the time of political and social awareness for the common Russian people referring to the lower orders in general. The issues of military failure and food scarcity further increased the dissatisfaction level of the public and accelerated the approach of riots. The failure of the tsar in 1905 also appeared as humiliating catastrophes in the scenario of the Russo-Japanese war.

The period of October 1905 was also crucial when tsar Nicholas established country is the first constitution and the state Duma, in the form of designated parliamentary institutions. The central focus of Nicholas was to retain and sustain great forms of power and despotism in the country. A catastrophic involvement of Russia in World War I was another major reason for civil unrest that ultimately turned into the country’s revolution. Wrong military strategies caused great damage to Russia in the form of thousands of causalities and overall war failure. Improper war functioning created great tension between the military and the tsar of the country that eventually adhered to the massive chaos in the city The chaotic situation was not successfully handled by Nicholas as tsar, and he ultimately abandoned his throne. The abdication of the emperor made it critical for the provisional administration to immediately formulated the team of the Duma based on leading members. The development of a legal government also failed to successfully overcome the worse chaotic scenario and developed some form of stability. The scenario of political chaos in the country can never be successfully apprehended without considering the involvement of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, also known as Lenin. It can rightly say that Lenin was the individual who took great advantage of the drastic political events that appeared in the country. The growing chaos in country encouraged Lenin to strongly lead his political party, the Bolsheviks to authority.

Lenin played a great role in the development of the Russian revolution as he successfully united fractious political parties. Furthermore, the existing policies and strategies of provisional administration and Petrograd Soviets were also rejected by Lenin. A critical consideration of the event of the November revolution is also important to successfully evaluate the domain of the Russian revolution. The unhinged political scenario was considered as the opportunity by Lenin as he capitalized on an immense form of political popularity in the country. As the leader, he was encouraged to take over the insignificant role of the provisional government and initiated the domain of Bolsheviks. The day of 10th October was important in the history of Russia as Lenin conducted a grand political meeting to persuade all members towards the approach of revolution. October 24th was decided to took up the authority of the city with the help of loyal troops and successfully obtained control of the main buildings of St. Petersburg. On 26th October, the control of the tsar place shifted after achieving the target of the Lenin revolution . 

A critical examination of different events during the revolution is an essential condition to justify the effectiveness of this revolt for Russia. The prevalence of political instability and social injustice were the main contributing factors that eventually justified the approach of the Russian revolution. The tsar of the country was unable to strategically handled the weak and riot military scenario that encouraged potential uprising in Russian society. Improper social behavior against farmworkers and working-class people caused the initiative of the Russian revolution and the step to established the nation of the Soviet Union. The ineffective role of the Russian military during World War I was another reason that stimulated the need for revolution for the Russian nation. Political and social alterations eventually appeared as the drastic revolutionary change in for the Russian nation. The prevalence of two revolutionary events in a short span of time caused the issues of social unrest and conflict that enhanced the need for some form of revolution in the country. 

The overall backwardness of Russian society made it essential for the public to find an alternative way to overcome the pressure of the tsar that prevailed in the country. A kind of feudalism against peasants defined the imbalance social approach of Russian society that was abolished in the form of the Russian revolution. Giving necessary freedom to the working class of Russian is one central agenda behind the practical prospect of revolution in the country of Russia. The ground realities in the form of social and political turmoil made the need for political changes essential, considering the overall social scenario of Europe. The justification of the Russian revolution also appeared as the country's industrialization in the early years of the 20th century. The appearance of the new class as Russian industrial workers made the development of the revolution an inevitable phenomenon for the nation. The grand massacre, in the case of working-class of the country, leads to a series of revolutionary events.

Conclusion

           To conclude the discussion on the historical event of the Russian revolution, it is vital to indicate that this particular event was the major approach in the development of the Soviet Union. The autocratic role of the tsar of the country was rejected by the working class of the country. The need for social and political modifications in the country ultimately caused the need for revolutionary form for the Russian people.

Bibliography

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Fitzpatrick, Sheila. The Russian Revolution. Oxford University Press, 2017.

Rosenberg, William G. Liberals in the Russian Revolution: The Constitutional Democratic Party, 1917-1921. Vol. 5505. Princeton University Press, 2019.

Steinberg, Mark D. “Lev Trotsky and the Utopian Imagination in the Russian Revolution,” 2017.

Wade, Rex A. “An Early Sociologist, Edward Alsworth Ross, Describes the Russian Revolution of 1917.” Journal of Russian American Studies 1, no. 2 (2017): 102–9.

———. The Russian Revolution, 1917. Vol. 53. Cambridge University Press, 2017.

Scobie, Alex.

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Scobie

Scobie has used archeological facts for examining the living conditions of ancient Rome. The findings portrays the deplorable conditions due to thee haphazard buildings that followed no proper constructions. Poor living conditions had been the cause of high mortality rates in Roman empire. The author has criticized that irrespective of the glory of Rome the people were struggling due to lack of appropriate infrastructure. Sanitation was in very bad state that it was the cause of many diseases and poor health. Overcrowding was another prominent issue faced by the people in Rome CITATION Kri151 \l 1033 (Blom). People were left with little privacy because houses were so closely built and roads were congested.

Romans had hardly adopted any mechanisms for improving the infrastructure or providing better and improved living conditions to the people. A large number of deaths and mortality was due to these issues. These facts highlights the social conflict that was faced by the poor Romans. There was essentially a division between the rich and the poor. Wealthy Romans enjoyed most of the resources while the poor struggled for their lives. The rulers neglected their duties towards the society such as by building proper sanitation and providing other facilities. Lack of latrines and sewers were also common issues of the poor CITATION Ann151 \l 1033 (Koloski-Ostrow). Majority of the Roman population was victim of unhygienic lifestyles due to the selfish attitudes of the leaders. The dwellings were so congested and Roman families had to adjust even in single room houses. The archeological facts reveals the unjust system adopted by the Roman rules.

Work Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Blom, Kristina. "Drainage systems, an occluded source of sanitation related outbreaks." Arch Public Health 73.1 (2015).

Koloski-Ostrow, Ann Olga. What toilets and sewers tell us about ancient Roman sanitation by Ann Olga Koloski-Ostrow, The Conversation. 2015. 08 10 2019 <https://phys.org/news/2015-11-toilets-sewers-ancient-roman-sanitation.html>.

Scobie, Alex. Slums, sanitation, and mortality in the Roman world. Kilo, 1986.

Scopes Trial

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[Subject]

[Date]

Scopes Trial

Introduction

The Scope Trial which is also called as Monkey Trial was an evaluation of science teacher, named John Scopes for educating evolution in a Tennessee, public school in the year 1925. This trial presented two of the top debaters of that time, Clarence Darrow as a counter attorney and William Jennings Bryan as supporting attorney (Benthein, n.p). The trial was observed as an occasion to experiment the constitutionality of the bill, to openly advocate for the legality of the theory of evolution presented by Charles Darwin, and to improve the outline of the ACLU or American Civil Liberties Union.

Discussion

State Evocative John W. Butler, a Tennessee agriculturalist and president of the World Christian Fundamentals Suggestion, petitioned state administrations to permit anti-evolution decrees. He prospered when the Butler Act was approved in Tennessee, on 25th March in the year 1925. The act was grounded in the theory of evolution, which is accessible by Charles Darwin and others, was a contentious perception in numerous quarters, even into the 20th century. An initial hearing on 9th May of the year 1925, authoritatively held Scopes for hearing by the grand panel, however, released him and didn't want him to make bond(Benthein, n.p).

Three-time presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan offered to express himself for the prosecution. The office-bearer was previously well recognized as an anti-evolution advanced, virtually without help making the national argument over the educating of evolution and creating his name attached from the dispute. Clarence Darrow, a well-known advocate who had freshly proceeded for the shield in the infamous Leopold and Loeb slaughter trial – found out about the Scopes trial over journalist H.L. Mencken, who recommended that Darrow must support Scopes (Moore, Randy and McComas, n.p).

Bryan and Darrow previously had an antiquity of ramming heads over evolution theory and the idea of captivating the Bible accurately, infighting in the public and press debates. When the judge governed Bryan’s evidence be taken from the record, Darrow recommended that to save time his punter must be found mortified. The judging panel took only nine minutes to enunciate Scopes mortified. He was fined with 100 dollars. After the trial, Bryan instantaneously started to formulate his vacant closing declaration as a language for his meetings. He has not ever got an opportunity to use that speech; later he died in his snooze in Dayton the subsequent Sunday. This is the reason that many think that the both parties lost.

Conclusions

The long-term effect of this verdict on Religion was that it directed out the blatant refusal my numerous states to track the procedures of "Separation of State and Church." The society thought that it might be correct for each individual to hold the beliefs and customs they might opt for themselves. Moreover, this case diverts the attention of the whole world to America. The effect on education is quite clear. After the verdict, the concept of evolution started addressed in public schools of America (Moore, Randy and McComas, n.p).

Works Cited

Benthien, George W. "The Scopes Trial." (2014).

Moore, Randy, and William McComas. The Scopes Monkey Trial. Arcadia Publishing, 2016.

Search Results Farmers And Fishermen: Two Centuries Of Work In Essex County, Massachusetts, 1630–1850

Farmers and Fisherman

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Farmers and Fisherman

Introduction

In this piece of work, the author Daniel Vickers observes how the laborers during the period of colonization changed their way of life, and how they evolved during the industrialization era. The European system of labor provides the basis on which the colonists made their life dependable. This fact made it possible for them to rely less on new labors and slaves. As we all know that our world keeps evolving consistently and it was evident at that time that settlements and colonization of new plains of America were advancing as well. This is where the importance of farmers and fishermen increased as the scarcity of land increased. Fishermen and farmers of Massachusetts started working on hourly and weekly wages, which helped them land jobs during the golden era of industrialization. Vickers deeply observed the relationship between employer and employee and the conditions under which they all worked for the employers. A detailed explanation of the industry of farms and fishery explains how the lives of farmers and fishermen functioned along with major deterioration in terms of economy. This paper will discuss “Farmers and Fishermen: Two centuries of works in Essex County, Massachusetts” in-depth.

Discussion

This book helps reflect on the importance of farmers and fishermen very well. An understanding of the complete history of Essex County is required to understand the prospects of industrialization. This is what Daniel Vickers has shown in his book. There were many farmers available in England. However, the availability of farmers in New England was very scarce. The landlords were mainly dependent on the labor of their sons to keep the land irrigated. Furthermore, this fact made it possible for their families to enjoy a normal living. It was not just farming but clearing vastly expanded forests and harvesting were also under the calculation of these people and their sons. However, from 1700 through 1775, the industry of farming and harvesting underwent significant changes. A sense of independence was felt for the first time among the youth. This observation of Vickers is very important as it shows how much land was available for new settlers. Having said that, there were not many slaves or farmers who were ready to work under capital wages. People were eager to work on lands in return for getting certain services. At first, it was difficult for people to work on the land or acquire a piece of property. However, after the transformation, youth was able to make a name for themselves by making more money and marrying early. Vickers describes that new settlers were looking to acquire land but were not eager to work for it. Farming at that time was different and considered very harsh and physically demanding. Being close to the ocean, the farmers started fishing along with harvesting and plowing as well. The cultivation of corn and English grass became very famous as it fed both families and animals.

The fishery was an important factor behind the success of New England County as it provided a lot of capital to the population there. Though, fishermen started leaving or quitting their jobs as merchants stopped paying them in advance. The advance payment was essential for fishermen. They would make use of the payments on their ships and boats. The money that merchants made was being spent on large ships so they can have their own ventures. Merchants were hiring fishermen but not for fishing. This made the fishing market collapse slowly. From here, the fishermen started enrolling themselves in the military and some of them started working as labors. Vickers has made strong observations about the circumstances of the families that were facing an economic crisis at the hands of merchants. Much of the fleet that was required for fishing was destroyed by storms in the year of 1846. New settlers were being deprived of their livelihood by their own kind. The production and manufacturing of new boats and fleets gave fishermen chances of labor. The book observes in detail the conditions of farmers and fishermen, but many details are missing. This book was mainly written to make the readers understand the basic concept of industrialization in the sectors of farming and fishing with some history.

All colonies of the new America wanted economic independence and worked hard for it. Each colony or settlement had its own unique industry to work with and positively make use of those industries. Building and constructing houses, cultivation of land, leveling forests, and hunting and building livestock’s, all these were a basic requirement. Having said that, the settlers of New England had something different from other colonists. Even though the sectors of fishing and farming were not consistent, people were still getting paid more in this county.

This small description of the book by Daniel Vickers shows how the world during the period of colonization was changing. Further, the book reflects on the sectors of farming and fishing and how they influenced the lives of the people of New England County. The industrialization of different sectors in the county made it possible for the people to work with good wages. There is no doubt in the fact that fishermen and farmers played a significant role in making that happen. Vickers has really explained how different smaller aspects paved the path for greater evolution. The way that Vickers has explained everything showcases the research that has gone behind this book. The point he is trying to make comes across to the reader with great clarity. Further, the facts that have been presented by Vickers help strengthen his argument even more.

Conclusion

Vickers has created a very informational book by examining the shifting labor tactics that the colonists used when New England progressed from a chain of frontier settlements to a developed society that was close to industrialization. Vickers very logically explains how New England did not have the means to hire labor so, they adopted the labor system that was used by Europe. Using this tactic helped them manage the scarcities of wealth. As the nineteenth century approached, their world developed. The tweaks that they made in the labor settlement created a way for a complete economic transformation of the 19th century. Through this book, Vickers very effectively reconstructs the work experience of numerous fishermen and farmers. He sheds light on everything by telling the reader; who worked for whom and what were the applied terms and conditions for the settlements. However, the scarcity of land forced the fishermen and farmers to look for ways to support themselves. They wanted a settlement through home manufacture and wage employment. As these adjustments were made and built, a new market emerged. This new labor market was adequate for the formation of industrialization. The way Vickers has explained the emergence of industrialization and the part that is played by the fishermen and farmers gives a great insight into the emergence of progress. The world works on continued progress and reading this book helped me see how a small change can cause a significant impact to the point that a new era begins as a result.

End Notes

Vickers, Daniel. Farmers and fishermen: two centuries of work in Essex County, Massachusetts, 1630-1850. UNC Press Books, 1994.

See Attchment

Title page

Literature essay

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's book "One Day in The Life of Ivan Denisovich" portrays the life of common Russians affected by the Soviet period of the 1950s. The author has used literature for transmitting the miserable lives of Russians. The book reflects the use of different literary devices for representing themes of hope and perseverance that encouraged victims of Stalinist labor camps to endure sufferings. Solzhenitsyn has used his literary skills for providing criticism against the Soviet Union and communism. His purpose in the novel is to question the inhumane role of Gulag forced labor camp system. The author through his remarkable tale changed perceptions of people regarding known facts. The Soviet writer has handled the most horrific features of the Stalin era.

The task of Solzhenitsyn is to select universal questions that stress on spiritual sorrows, history with which humans were born and time immemorial that cease to exist. The novel has been an attempt by the Russian author to share his Christian beliefs and eternal questions regarding freedom. The themes of the story exhibit the moral duty of self-sacrifice and self-restraint. Solzhenitsyn has used his personal experiences of labor camps because he had encountered the circumstances where he was imprisoned. A personal encounter with bondage allows him to provide a deeper analysis of the Soviet's role. Although the Stalin camp was for political prisoners many innocents were also trapped there. The only crime of Solzhenitsyn was that he made “disrespectful remarks about Stalin” (Solzhenitsyn 20). He was sentenced to the labor camp for eight years. Even after completing a period of eight years he was sent to the perpetual exile in Kazakhstan. In the forced labor camp he became a writer and shared his views about the harsh reality of the Soviet Union.

In his book "One Day in The Life of Ivan Denisovich", Solzhenitsyn captures the crucial experience of forced labor camps. Through the character of Ivan, the author shares how suffocated lives are in prisons. The events portrayed by Solzhenitsyn reflects the inhuman regulations such as starvation rations and struggle for food. After a whole day of hard work the prisoners find inadequate food to eat. Irrespective of all the odds, the Russian author explains possibilities of survival. He mentions, “our present system [the USSR in 1973] is unique in world history, because over and above its physical and economic constraints, it demands of us total surrender 89 of our souls, continuous and active participation in the general, conscious lie. To this putrefaction of the soul, this spiritual enslavement, human beings who wish to be human cannot consent" (Solzhenitsyn 24). This reflects the courage of Russian authors to promote faith by giving a positive message to the people. The book was written in 1962 when many people remained victims of the forced labor camps. Many lost hopes in the deadly fight for their lives. Solzhenitsyn thus emerged as a motivated writer who aimed at giving hope to the people. His central character Ivan provided a role model for the Russians who were destructed by the inhumane laws.

The central character in the novel is Ivan Denisovich Shukov who is a peasant and his only crime was to flee from Germans. His crime was responded by imprisonment in 1943 while later he was returned to his own lines. He couldn't tell the truth that he was in German hands because it would make his own lines believe that he was a spy. Ivan was well aware that his truth would result in his sentence to the camp as a spy. The camp conditions are extremely terrific like that of Karanga camp witnessed by Solzhenitsyn in person. Ivan struggles hard to survive in the milieu-ruled regime. The laws of the camp were inhumane and no different from that of the jungle.

Ivan exhibits the traits of individuality and personal freedom. “Come and warm up under the moon like the wolves. The feelings and role played by Ivan depict that he resisted against the lies that prevailed in the prison system. The author mentions, "wolves' sun," that's what they sometimes called the moon where Shukhov came from” (Solzhenitsyn 190). This reflects his ability to relinquishing his past story. The character managed to use his strength for attaining freedom. His freedom can be seen in his attempts to finding meaning in of his life and by doing things in the camp that makes him feel better. The author has tried to transmit a positive message of staying hopeful and determined in all conditions. The faith and hope of Ivan help him to complete his imprisonment.

Solzhenitsyn has attempted to transmit the flaws of Stalin camps by creating characters who suffered the repercussions. Another important character used by the author for illustrating the brutality of labor camps is of Soviet Navy Capitan. His only crime is his religion because he is a Baptist. Another young guy was imprisoned in the camp for taking milk to some outlaw according to Ukrainian law. This caused a sentence of 25 years. In camps, everyone is doubted and suspected if they are spies or not. In a group of 20 to 30 people, six spies are suspected. There is a real spy in the group Moldavian who has provided his services to the Germans in the past. A man who was the son of a rich peasant was drummed by the officers. After the incident, the officers were shot in the purge. The settings of the camp and relationship of people with each other depict that everyone is cheating on each other. People cannot trust anyone in the camp because they doubt their intentions. It seems like a game is played among all members of the camp and the one who observe rules and learns the art of tackling people has the highest possibilities of survival. Everyone follows rules for their own interest such as the Capitan avoid fights because he would be sent to the sub-zero guardhouse for the ten days. He is also well aware of his deteriorating health because the more he lived the more his health will get worst.

Every character is undergoing a personal conflict in which they need to choose between life and death. Although survival in labor camps is even more painful than death but many people continue to struggle for gaining freedom. However, there are string characters like Ivan who remains hopeful in all circumstances. Survival has become a triumph for the survivors of the camp. The author has created the character of Ivan to show how his faith encouraged him to endure the pain. Ivan works the whole day and feels a sense of contentment before getting to bed. This reflects his firm belief in survival. He starts taking pleasure in in the work assigned to him. he worked hard and followed rules for avoiding punishments. The author transmits the themes of perseverance and simplicity of the Russian people by displaying the character of Ivan. The character has strong relevance with the people who encountered the brutality of Stalin labor camps. Ivan did not panic irrespective of all the hardships and continue to survive.

The Russian author through his literary skills has tried to convince the world about the adverse consequences of Stalin labor camps experienced by the people. By portraying the settings of the camp, Solzhenitsyn manages to transmit the darker reality of Soviet's role during the 1950s. In the book, Solzhenitsyn mentions, “a dim red sun had risen over the deserted compound: over pre-fab panels half buried in snowdrifts over the broken crank of an earthmoving machine, a jug, a heap of scrap iron. There were drains, trenches, holes everywhere” (Solzhenitsyn 990). This conveys the miserable conditions of the camp in which people like Ivan had to survive. Living in the camp was claustrophobic and the survival was dependent on the will power of the victims. The author convinces the audience that common Russians were brave and strong. Although they encountered many deadly events but their stamina helped them to handle the misery CITATION Joh75 \l 1033 (McDonough, 1975).

The story of Ivan is also used by the author to claim that Russians cared about morality. The moral duty of the central character becomes visible in his decision of survival. This is because he accepted the role of nature and religion. Despair is against the ideology of faith so Ivan managed to stay hopeful in all conditions. he mentions, “Shukhov has "never given or taken a bribe from anybody, and he hadn't learned that trick in the camp either” (Solzhenitsyn 48). This reflects attempts of the author to show that Russians irrespective of tragic situation managed to keep their moral values. Ivan had never been involved in corrupt practices that reflects his simplicity and purity at heart.

Solzhenitsyn's literary style allows him to provide an in-depth analysis of the situations faced by the common people. To add clarity to his argument he has created the settings of camp that have relevance with the labor camps of the Soviet Union. The era of the 1950s brought significant destructions for the people of Russia that remains unknown to the world. Another significant part of the Russian author's is the use of their personal experiences for narrating the incidents of the past. The author transmits the harsh realities by stating, “the mess was its usual self frosty air streaming in from the door, men at the tables packed as tight as seeds in a sunflower, men wandering between tables, men trying to barge their way through with full trays” (Solzhenitsyn 250). The settings transmit the themes of misery and demise. The purpose of Solzhenitsyn is to provide evidence to his claims that Russians were at the losing end. Common people suffered the unintelligible decisions of the state.

Solzhenitsyn's writing reflects a literary miracle by creating the character if Ivan who exemplifies the traits of the simple Russian man. his resistance to evil and power portray his hardy, cunning and kind nature. The role played by Ivan depicts that he is a jack of all trades. The settings portrayed by the author reveals that common Russians were victims of the Soviet convention. This becomes more evident in the Stalin labor camps that caused pain to the innocent. The purpose of Solzhenitsyn is to explain the audience that not all Russians enjoyed the power during Soviet rule. The masses, including common people, were the victim themselves. The author has used his thoughts for transforming the beliefs of the world that make people think that Russians are dangerous. The role taken by Solzhenitsyn in the novel is to convince readers that an innocent and a positive side of Russians existed even during the Soviet rule. However, it remained hidden from the worlds due to the socio-political factors. The Russians have been misrepresented by the media because they were inclined to blame all people for the powerful role played by the state. The world remains unaware of the facts that the Soviet Union caused the worst damages to Russian people (Salisbury, 1963).

Through the central character, Solzhenitsyn attempts to highlight the psychological implications. The principle paradox explains the transformation process performed by the state at a psychological level. The power structure influenced people negatively because it removed hope and faith. There are still people who are strong in character like Ivan who learn to see hope in the darkness. The author has tried to recreate the reality of Stalin camps and its effects on the people. The ability of Ivan to see positivity in the darkness reflects his firm belief on faith. He didn’t complain about the situations, instead accepted the reality and managed to survive. Hence the purpose of Solzhenitsyn is to appreciate many Russians who endured the brutality of the labor camps during Soviet rule. Through the character of Ivan, he transmits the belief that many simple Russians were brave and searched for freedom.

Freedom remains another significant aspect of Solzhenitsyn’s writing. The author has tried to shed light on the concept of liberty and how common Russians lacked it. The author has attempted to transmit the realistic themes that freedom was unattainable due to externally imposed constraints. In the novel, the author mentions, “quite inadequate to save us" and is valuable only as a means to a higher goal” (Solzhenitsyn 18). The writing of the author thus conveys the oppressed state of the simple Russians.

The overall analysis of the book depicts that the Russian author emphasized on recreating the settings of forced labor camps for changing the perceptions of the world about Russians. The themes of the story exhibit the moral duty of self-sacrifice and self-restraint. The role taken by Solzhenitsyn in the novel is to convince readers that an innocent and a positive side of Russians existed even during the Soviet rule.

References

Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr. (1990). One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich. 1963. Trans. Max Hayward and Ronald Ringley. New York: Bantam Books.

McDonough, J. J. (1975). One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich: A Study of the Structural Requisites of Organization. Human Relations, 28 (4).

SALISBURY, H. E. (1963). One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich. Retrieved 04 25, 2019, from https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/98/03/01/home/solz-ivan.html

Segregation In The United States

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Research Paper: Segregation in the United States

Segregation is regarded as the need for separate housing, education and various other services for the color people. It became law various times in the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries as it is believed in America that White and Black people are unable to live at the same place. Segregation is considered the ongoing conflict since the birth of the United States and it is continuously becoming worst. The slaves’ liberation in the 13th amendment, it is argued by the abolitionists that the slaves’ fate was decided when they become free. It is also argued by some groups of colonization that slaves will be freed either they returned to Africa or create their homeland. Abraham Lincoln in 1862 identified that the countries of ex-slave Liberia and Haiti hope to open the colonization channels with Congress and will allocate $600,000 for aid. Although, the plan of colonization did not work out though the country develops a legal path for mandated segregation. The official segregation came in the 'Black Codes' form as the first step. It was the law passed in the entire South initiated around 1865, which dictated each aspect based on the lives of black people which include details of the places where black people live and work ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"NJ6Vzrxy","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Editors)","plainCitation":"(Editors)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":154,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/NTUJZAGN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/NTUJZAGN"],"itemData":{"id":154,"type":"webpage","title":"A Look Back at Segregation in the United States","container-title":"HISTORY","abstract":"After the United States abolished slavery, black Americans continued to be marginalized through enforced segregated and diminished access to facilities, housing, education—and opportunities.","URL":"https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/segregation-united-states","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Editors","given":"History","dropping-particle":"com"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Editors). This code also made sure of the abolishment of cheap labor for black people after slavery.

America was on edge when King Martin Luther was assassinated, there were continuous riots in most of the American cities which were threatening the whole civil rights project. Although in 1960 the legislation for landmark passed which includes Act of Fair housing, civil rights, and voting rights. But the country is still starkly divided with the color lines. One society is referred to as white while the other as black unequal and separated ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"kwtL9UYw","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Segregation in America\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Segregation in America”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":156,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/TIVZ2A5Y"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/TIVZ2A5Y"],"itemData":{"id":156,"type":"article-magazine","title":"Segregation in America","container-title":"The Economist","source":"The Economist","abstract":"Where a divided nation stands, half a century after Martin Luther King’s death","URL":"https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2018/04/04/segregation-in-america","ISSN":"0013-0613","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",4,4]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Segregation in America”).

Segregation still exists in the United States but residential segregation worsens several national issues. In education, the achievement gaps of black and white largely persist as poor people are mostly concentrated in schools that are racially homogenous these are the segregated schools ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"NViTxvKZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Meatto)","plainCitation":"(Meatto)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":158,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/GG3E2HME"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/GG3E2HME"],"itemData":{"id":158,"type":"article-newspaper","title":"Still Separate, Still Unequal: Teaching about School Segregation and Educational Inequality","container-title":"The New York Times","section":"The Learning Network","source":"NYTimes.com","abstract":"Although many students learn about the struggles to desegregate schools in the civil rights era, segregation as a current reality is largely absent from the curriculum. This teaching resource uses Times articles and Op-Eds to investigate the issue.","URL":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/02/learning/lesson-plans/still-separate-still-unequal-teaching-about-school-segregation-and-educational-inequality.html","ISSN":"0362-4331","title-short":"Still Separate, Still Unequal","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"Meatto","given":"Keith"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,2]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Meatto). Growing up unequally reflects the racial gaps of wealth such as of the same middle-class black Americans either live in stagnant value places or rent the home while their white counterparts living in high rising buildings ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"CY1Cvuvr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Richard D. Kahlenberg & Kimberly Quick\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Richard D. Kahlenberg & Kimberly Quick”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":159,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/2ABDG2WR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/2ABDG2WR"],"itemData":{"id":159,"type":"webpage","title":"Richard D. Kahlenberg & Kimberly Quick","container-title":"The American Prospect","abstract":"Richard D. Kahlenberg & Kimberly Quick","URL":"https://prospect.org/topics/richard-d.-kahlenberg-kimberly-quick/","language":"en-us","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Richard D. Kahlenberg & Kimberly Quick”). This article is focused on the government developed housing segregation based on the fair housing Act which was passed in more than fifty years ago. Most of the fatal confrontation among the youth of African American and police may occur rarely if they are not linked with schools which lacks in resources, good jobs as well as unable to find better career opportunities. For white people police behave as the public servant not as the occupant forces. Segregation is the nationwide issue and cities of the United States are becoming more segregated from the previous 40 years. The racial disparities are persistent and continuously increasing among white people and the color people ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"041oux6S","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Opinion | The Quiet Resegregation of America Constitutes a National Crisis\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Opinion | The Quiet Resegregation of America Constitutes a National Crisis”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":161,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/HUMUWHWW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/HUMUWHWW"],"itemData":{"id":161,"type":"webpage","title":"Opinion | The quiet resegregation of America constitutes a national crisis","container-title":"NBC News","abstract":"The consequences of creeping racial resegregation constitute nothing less than a national crisis.","URL":"https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/resegregation-america-ncna801446","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Opinion | The Quiet Resegregation of America Constitutes a National Crisis”). The systematic re-segregation is required which provides better access to education, wealth accumulation and health care.

In World War II both black and white Americans gather for the job on defense side at that time there was no segregated living trend. Though the government developed separate projects for white and black citizens incorporating the future residential boundary. In the mid of 1950 white citizens of America have more unoccupied units whilst African Americans were on the waiting list.

People believe in 'de facto’ segregation is paralyzing their thinking. If racial segregation initiates through individual decisions it will become harder to undo segregation. For example, if residential segregation occurred primarily through unconstitutional and forceful government policy then we should consider similar forced public actions for its reversal ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"az9S21P6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rothstein)","plainCitation":"(Rothstein)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":163,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/IWBGH8TX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/IWBGH8TX"],"itemData":{"id":163,"type":"article-newspaper","title":"America is still segregated. We need to be honest about why | Richard Rothstein","container-title":"The Guardian","section":"Opinion","source":"www.theguardian.com","abstract":"Little has been done to desegregate neighborhoods because we think it is the result of private prejudice instead of explicit government policy. That is a myth","URL":"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/may/16/segregation-us-neighborhoods-reasons","ISSN":"0261-3077","language":"en-GB","author":[{"family":"Rothstein","given":"Richard"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",5,16]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rothstein).

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Editors, History com. “A Look Back at Segregation in the United States.” HISTORY, https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/segregation-united-states. Accessed 11 Nov. 2019.

Meatto, Keith. “Still Separate, Still Unequal: Teaching about School Segregation and Educational Inequality.” The New York Times, 2 May 2019. NYTimes.com, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/02/learning/lesson-plans/still-separate-still-unequal-teaching-about-school-segregation-and-educational-inequality.html.

“Opinion | The Quiet Resegregation of America Constitutes a National Crisis.” NBC News, https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/resegregation-america-ncna801446. Accessed 11 Nov. 2019.

“Richard D. Kahlenberg & Kimberly Quick.” The American Prospect, https://prospect.org/topics/richard-d.-kahlenberg-kimberly-quick/. Accessed 11 Nov. 2019.

Rothstein, Richard. “America Is Still Segregated. We Need to Be Honest about Why | Richard Rothstein.” The Guardian, 16 May 2017. www.theguardian.com, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/may/16/segregation-us-neighborhoods-reasons.

“Segregation in America.” The Economist, Apr. 2018. The Economist, https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2018/04/04/segregation-in-america.

Senior Essay

[Your Name]

[Instructor Name]

[Course Number]

[Date]

History and Anthropology: Senior Essay

Introduction

There is a number of topics that are crucial and significant to research and study. Almost a research on every topic brings something new to one's study and contributes a lot to the understanding of one regarding his or her study and analysis. It is also important to conduct research one something which can be found more credible to the readers of the research paper. As well as it is also crucial that every topic or event does not catch the interest of researchers or the readers of the paper. Hence it is important to consider that choosing something credible to research is essential. Beyond that, choosing a concern to research and study that have impacts on the entire world can be sounder. So based on these reasons, there are many areas to study but based on my view, the event of the 9/11 attacks can be found very crucial to study and conduct research on. So this paper is an academic research paper about the event of the 9/11 attacks. In this paper, we will research the 9/11 attacks in terms of analyzing some of the crucial and critical aspects of the event. The aspects that would be researched, analyzed, and studied in this paper are the physiological and economic-political aspects of the 9/11 attacks in the world.

9/11 Attacks

September 11 attacks also called 9 attacks is the series of airline hijackings and suicide attacks on the United States. The 9/11attacks were committed in 2001 by 19 militants associated with the extremist group called Al-Qaeda against the different targets in the United States of America. The 9/11attacks were one of the deadliest attacks ever committed by a group in the entire history of the United States. In the 9/11attacks, the attacks on the state of Washington DC and New York caused extensive destruction and death and triggered an amorous effort of the United States to combat terrorism as well as the presidency of George W. Bush has been defined. Around 2750 individuals got killed in New York while around 184 at the Pentagon and 40 in Pennsylvania (where hijacked planes in the hijacked planes of 9/11got crashed after the attempt of the passengers to retake the plane) and all of the 19 terrorists died. The department of police and fire departments in New York had been hit the hardest in the 9/11attacks. Hundreds of the people have also rushed to the scene of attacks and almost all of them including more than 400 police officers and firefighters got killed in the attacks (Kimberly, N.P).

In the 9/11attacks, two of the planes were flown and into the tower called twin towers of the World Trade Center in the city of New York. While the third hit the Pentagon outside the states of Washington DC and the 4th plane of the 9/11attacks crashed in a field in the Shank Ville, Pennsylvania.

Significance of Studying 9/11

There are a number of events and cases that can be found as crucial and significant to study and analyze. These are significant to study and research because of several problems. But! We have selected 9/11 to research and study. This has been taken to study because it can be considered crucially important to study one of the major events ever came to see in the history of the United States. 9/11 is also crucial to study because it was one of the deadliest situations ever faced by the nation. Beyond that, the case has been brought under analysis because it was not only one of the deadliest attacks on the U.S. but it has impacted the entire country and nations in many other ways such as economically, politically, physiologically, and socially. Despite that, the attacks and firefighting did by the firefighters also have mental and physical impacts on the nations and people (Utley, N.P). In short, there is a number of reasons because of which 9/11 has been brought under analyses and research for this research paper.

Research Question

After analyzing every aspect of the topic we have at hand or the topic which would be researched in the paper, we came to answer the Research Question listed below.

What can be the crucial physiological and economic-political impacts and bearings of the attacks of 9/11 in the world and on the American nation?

Thesis Statement

The paper will be covering the above mentioned (main) topic by answering the research question listed in the report. Furthermore, this paper is also concerned with the provision of additional about the main research topic. As well as the paper analysis almost every aspect of 9/11 but the main analysis is about the physiological and economic-political aspects. In short, analysis and concluding the aforementioned topic (physiological and economic-political aspects of 9/11) is the main focus of the paper. Hence, the thesis statement that answers the research question of the paper is;

"In order to get more knowledge about 9/11 and to have a clear idea about crucial aspects of it, analyzing the aspects of the attacks is crucial to study. But! It can be found challenging up to the extent that analyzing every aspect of 9/11 cannot be easy because of the unavailability of some information due to a number of reasons. Hence, it could be credible and useful if the physiological and economic-political aspects get analyzed and understood. In short, the paper is about to research and analyze the physiological and economic-political aspects of the 9/11 attacks as well as what are the main impacts of the attacks in the world and on the nation in these aspects.

Body

On September 11, 2001, a hurting attack was made on the state of America. In this attack, four systematic terrorist attacks were pulled on different regions of the country t=by a group called Al Qaeda. In New York, the tower of World Trade Center has been brought down by the terrorists in their attacks and damaged Pentagon in Washington DC as well. The attacks made on September 11 left the United States in its history. A number of aspects got impacted by this event. But a turning point for the US was the inverse impacts on the political, economic and political systems while the physiological impacts were also crucial. Just after the attacks came to see, president G W. Bush called for a war against the terrorism almost in the whole world (Morgan, N.P). This has been done aggressively by the president of the time because of the attacks of 9/11took the US on almost the worst way in that time because of the huge and worst impacts of the attacks on the cities in the United States.

It is not only the United States that suffer losses from the 9/11attacks while a number of countries and almost the entire world get impacted badly. This means that each of the world’s countries suffered huge losses from the 9/11attacks. Because of a number of reasons, America did not fall in war with the terrorism out of its region while they also got involved in a war with themselves. This happened because of a huge conflict raised in the nation of the country as well. These conflicts raised because of several reasons such as economic systems, and politics as well as government (Hall, and Andrew, P.P. 847-879). It has come to see because a number of people who were not impacted by the war or those who had not struggled in these attacks because they were not from the regions or cities attacked in the 9/11attacks started to break the laws and policies which are designed to protect the people and the human rights while there was nothing racial and rational.

Physiological Aspects of the 9/11Attacks in the World

It cannot be considered as wrong if has been said or stated that the physiological impacts of the 9/11attacks the worst level. Just an after 9, around 50 percent of the citizens living near to the World Trade Center participated in a survey about the physiological impacts of the 9/11attacks on them and other health needs and concerns stated that they are struggling with the problem of irritation of eye, nose, and throat (Abu-Ras, and Soleman, P.P. 393-418). The admissions of the people in the hospital just after few days of the 9/11attacks got a huge increase. The increase has seen especially in the increasing number of women and old aged people aged over 65 years.

Beyond that, the fetal growth in the women living in the regions or cities attacked in the 9/11attacks by the terrorist groups has also seen critically reducing. A study of the women states that according to pregnant women in the region, the main cause of the reducing fetal growth is the exposure of the attacks especially the attack on the WTC. The disaster literature which is not specific to the 9/11attacks states that the development of children in the areas got impacted inversely. They got impacted by the material mental health more than the direct effects of the event of 9/11attacks (NYC Health, N.P).

The physiological impacts of the 9/11attacks are very hurting because the attacks impacted the people in a way that lead to newer behaviors and addictions to a number of other problems and habits. For example, the number of the smoke plume in the areas nearer to the World Trade Center shown a huge increase after the event of 9/11attacks. The smoke plum has increased the number of heart patients in New York. As a result, some of the people who live near the WTC were at a higher risk for persistent symptoms after the event. Beyond that, a huge and increasing number of respiratory symptoms in almost the entire world can be witnessed as a result of the attacks of 9. Despite this, the medical researchers also found that the people of America as well as citizens of the close countries to the US seen struggling with the abnormal lungs after the attacks. They found that around 180 enrollees with the persistent respiratory symptoms were more likely to have abnormal lung functions than of the enrollees who had not been reported any new respiratory symptoms since the 9/11attacks (Bonanno, et al P.P. 181-186).

In terms of the increase in the death rate, the physiological aspect of the 9/11attacks is critically hurting and badly impacting the area. Based on the findings of the (Carnagey, and Craig, P.P. 118-129), around 790 deaths from 2002 to 2008 among the 41, 930 young adults has occurred because of the impacts of the 9/11attacks on the World Trade Center in the New York. This showed an increase of death up to 43 percent of the young adults after the deadliest attacks on America (Carnagey, and Craig, P.P. 118-129). The physiological aspects as well as physiological impacts can be witnessed as the worst because the people or citizens of the united states as well as people of other nearer countries who were impacted by the 9/11attacks, were more likely to have several mental and physical disorders in which the one and most common is the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This disorder and its presence were much lower in the people before the attacks of 9/11but as after the attacks of 9, the presence of this problem has been witnessed with an increasing rate (Kramer, et al, P.P. 10-13).

Mental Health after 9/11

It has been reported that the individuals who had been directly affected by 9/11 had been more vulnerable to 'post-traumatic stress disorder' (PTSD), and would likely show the related symptoms within six months. Besides this, a considerable number of individuals not directly affected by 9/11 had also been reported to give the same response to acquiring PTSD.

The study of resilience among the New Yorkers revealed encouraging results. Contrary to what was believed previously, the New Yorkers showed higher levels of resilience during the six months after 9/11. The proportion of individuals who demonstrated resilience never dropped below 33 percent, even in those individuals who experienced the highest levels of exposure and had the maximum degree of probability to acquire PTSD. On average, the resilience of citizens remained 65 percent.

A research conducted on low-income patients seven to sixteen months after 9/11 disclosed that people suffering from the 9/11 incident were two times prone to be reported with a mental illness, like anxiety, depressive disorder, etc. These people were prone to suffer functional disorders and loss of work (NYC Health, N.P). Persons who had their loved ones involved in 9/11 in any sense, rescue, recovery struggle, or similar, were two times prone to mental health disorders.

A study conducted on New Yorkers, with age range of 18-21 having or not the anxiety disorder, made comparisons between their mental health pro- and post-9/11 periods. The study revealed that the young people who had generalized anxiety disorder demonstrated higher rates of functional disorders (Ford, et al, P.P. 572-578. However, an increase in PTSD symptoms was noticed in those individuals. Another study entailed interviewing the citizens of New York at the end of three consecutive years after 9/11, which showed that brief and immediate interventions given to the patients had proved to be more effective as compared to the extensive interventions. Support from friends and relatives was very helpful in the recovery process (Hamilton, N.P). Several mental health problems were associated with psychological trauma, including the use of alcohol.

The NYC death records showed that the suicide rates did not increase during the four years after 9/11, based on a comparison between pre- and post-9/11. A study conducted on 455 people screened for mental illnesses revealed that the rate of PTSD had decreased as the time passed after 9/11. Those who had PTSD trajectory before 9/11 had ten times more chances of acquiring PTSD (Ohlsson, P.P. 6-18). A national mortality study revealed that the rates of suicide had declined substantially during the six months after 9/11.

The World after 9/11

No single event since the Second World War has put some much worst impacts on the word as the attacks of 9/11 by Al Qaeda. Almost the entire world has been impacted by the event of 9/11attacks while the whole world also responded to the group and terrorists involved in the attacks on America. It was a brief movement regarding the moral supremacy of the United States. Through launching armed aggression by America against many countries and terrorist groups, the United States completely squandered it again. The armed aggression has been firstly launched against Afghanistan and then against Iraq. The war impacted the entire world and human communities inversely and gone on the opposing side of the expectations of the world even the amount spent on the war against terrorism by the United States after the 9/11attacks was financed through borrowing (Sidhu, and Neha, N.P). While, as a result, it did not ensure the outcomes which were expected by the world form the powerful nation and country of the world.

It is also a fact that the response of the united states and the world was out of the expectations of the terrorist groups all over the world while especially the group who were involved in the 9/11attacks. So strong and aggressive responses came to see from the country (United States) and the entire world because every aspect of the attacks has impacted almost every second individual on the earth. Said by someone great, the value of a human is far more than the value of a financial thing (Ohlsson, P.P. 6-18). So based on this statement, the response was so hard towards terrorism because the event had not only impacted nations financially but it had impacted the lives of human beings in many regions of the world.

Economic-Political Aspect of 9/11 Attacks in the World

As the physiological aspect, the economic-political aspect of the 9/11attacks is also aching. The economic-political aspect of the 9/11attacks can be found impacted even worst. The effects of 9/11attacks ion the economic and political areas of the world include both short term and long terms impacts. The economic and political impacts of the 9/11attacks almost (not all) continue today in the world. First of all, the attacks cost the terrorist group for around 400,000 to 500, 0000 dollars to plan the attacks on the New York and Pentagon where the total cost for them has been estimated at 3.3 billion dollars (Kimberly, N.P).

The very bad cause of the 9/11attacks is it’s caused the 2001 recession due to the cause it put on the Dow and dropped around 700 points. Despite this, it also costs the economy of the United States because it led the War of Terror which is one of the most prominent causes of the spending of the government of America in the history of the US. This breakdown also includes immediate costs for almost the entire world while putting the physical damages and inverse economic impacts. Beyond that, it also impacted the leadership and political system all over the world. The political system got impacted due to the 9/11attacks because the political leadership of the world switched their interest from other concerns and activities towards the control and elimination of terrorism (Hall, and Andrew, P.P. 847-879). Furthermore, the 9/11attacks also led to a huge need for better and strong security, more funds for war, and additional future war costs.

Economics and Costs of 9/11attacks to us and the world

The funding which has been allocated and used for the attacks was the amount for 1,649 billion dollars that include funding from different terrorist bodies. While the economic costs to the United States include several factors and costs. First of all, the 9/11attacks made total damage to Toll and Physical damage that costs for 55 billion dollars while economic impacts on the country count for 123 billion dollars. Beyond that, it also puts the US in a need to have better and stronger homeland security after the situation they faced. Hence, it costs America for 589 billion dollars while they had the costs of 867 billion dollars for the Future War and veterans care.

The Global Economic Impact

It was the first time in the US history that the stock market remained closed for four working days after the incident happened. During the Great Depression in 1933, it closed for two days only. The Federal Reserve lowered the fed funds to 3.0 percent. The Dow fell instantly closing at 8.920.70. The loss of 617.78 points was the worst drop at that time. However, the stock market recovered these losses within one month. Oil prices dropped from $23.77 per barrel to $15.95 within three months (IRMI, N.P). The loss of the Airline industry was reported to be five billion dollars. 1000 planes were grounded. Thousands of workers became inactive and granted leaves of absence.

Business Takes a Hit

9/11 had a strong impact on business. Gold prices rose to $287 per ounce. Prices of gas and oil were also increased. It was due to the fears of businessmen that the imports might be confined to the decreased limit. However, this situation prevailed for one week, and the issue was resolved as no new attacks were observed. The insurance companies had to confront claims of nearly $40 billion.

The economic-political aspect of the 9/11attacks can be found a bit in contrast from one's view to another's view. In short, the economic-political aspect of the 9/11attacks is considered unfair when looking at the view of citizens of Iraq but the American considered the hanging of Saddam Hussein as an act of ensuring a peace and terror-free world (Morgan, N.P).

Methods and Sources

For the research paper, methods data collection needs for the study is the process of gathering appropriate information, facts, figures, and other values and details available to best answer the research question and bring out fully accurate and fine results or outcomes of the study. For this research paper, both methods (primary method and secondary method) of research and data collection have been used but preferences have been given to the second method as per the nature of the research paper. The paper is an academic research paper, so that is why the secondary methods have been used more than the primary method and sources.

The secondary data, as well as information available about our research question, have been sued more than the own primary research. In the secondary method, the collection of data and relevant information including but not only the facts and figures from the researches, papers, articles, surveys by organizations, journals, and other credible online sources. These mentioned resources have been utilized more than the others because these sources can provide and do provide credible data and information regarding the main concern of the paper. Beyond that, these sources also have plenty of information about the event of the 9/11 attacks and have a huge amount of details about almost every aspect of the event.

Primary Data Collection & Sources

The primary methods of data used in the paper are mainly categorized into two major categories called qualitative data and quantitative data. Qualitative data is a type of data that does not provides numbers and statistics or the mathematical numbers for analysis. While on the other side, quantitative data ensures the provision of numbers and statistics available for analysis.

The research question of the paper can be best answered by the use of both qualitative and quantitative data and analysis. So, both, qualitative and quantitative data and methods have been used to bring the best results of the study. Despite that, the qualitative data also provides an in-depth and clearer understanding of the facts and information about the research topic and question. Hence, the qualitative data (primary) used in this research paper includes analysis of case studies, observations of people's views, and group studies.

Secondary Data Collection & Sources

The secondary data and resources have been more than the primary. This has been done so because the secondary sources are the ways that ensure higher reliability, validity, and soundness of the study and results. Despite this, the secondary sources and data available also empower and enhances the quality of the research and analysis while provides better results than the other methods and data used. And that is why the secondary sources have been prioritized for the paper.

Further, as the paper is an academic research paper, so the qualitative and secondary data and resources have been used more than the primary and quantitative.in short the secondary and qualitative data and sources have been used comparatively more. Hence, the secondary sources and data that are used in the paper include researches, research papers, research statistics (findings), articles, journals, and books about the research topic (physiological and economic-political aspects of the 9/11 attacks in the world).

Results

After analyzing every fact about the 9/11attacks and its different aspects in the world. The results can be drawn that both the physiological and economic-political aspects of the 9/11attacks are almost the worst in the entire. The results of the paper mainly state that the 9/11attacks impacted the lives of human beings in almost every corner of the world. This has been found so because the attacks affected the people in the US while the war on terror them impacted other regions and countries of the world such as Afghanistan and Iraq. While a number of nations are still getting impacted as a result of 9/11attacks.

In terms of economic-political aspect of the 9/11attacks in the world, the entire world got affected in terms of costs, loss of lives of people, and in terms of newer political leadership. Generally, the economic-political aspect of the 9/11attacks can be elaborated in the way that it hit the world and put the nations in economic troubles where the biggest example is the 2001 recession (Utley, N.P). While it also witched the politics and leadership of the world in a way that countries especially American switched its focus from a number of development activities towards ensuring better security.

Conclusion

After an in-depth analysis of the research topic, question and data and information, it has been concluded that both, the physiological and economic-political aspects are crucial to study and understand. It is so because as mentioned above, the world got impacted very badly by the 9/11attacks. In short, the world and nations got hit economically and leadership of the world changed as well as people on the international level got impacted mentally, psychologically, and physically. But at last, it is important to note by the world and international leadership that why the terror still exist with so much strong presence in almost every corner of the world until the world and the powerful nation (America) is continuously putting efforts to eliminate terrorism.

Works Cited

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Bonanno GA, Galea S, Bucciarelli A, et al. Psychological resilience after disaster: New York City in the aftermath of the September 11th terrorist attacks. Psychological Science 2006. 17; 181-186.

Carnagey, Nicholas L., and Craig A. Anderson. "Changes in attitudes towards war and violence after September 11, 2001." Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression 33.2 (2007): 118-129.

Ford, Carol A., et al. "Reactions of young adults to September 11, 2001." Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 157.6 (2003): 572-578.

Hall, Todd H., and Andrew AG Ross. "Affective politics after 9/11." International Organization 69.4 (2015): 847-879.

Hamilton, A. “9/11 10 years later. American Psychologist examines Americans' reactions over time to terrorist attacks” https://www.apa.org. N. p., 2019. Web. 8 Nov. 2019.

IRMI. “Terrorism’s Impact on International Relations | Expert Commentary | IRMI.Com." Irmi.com. N. p., 2019. Web. 9 Nov. 2019.

Kimberly Amadeo. "How The 9/11 Attacks Still Damage The Economy Today." The Balance. N. p., 2019. Web. 8 Nov. 2019.

Kramer R, Hayes MA, Nolan V, et al. Community needs assessment of lower Manhattan residents following the World Trade Center Attacks — Manhattan, New York City, 2001. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2002. 51; 10-13.

Morgan, Matthew. The American military after 9/11: society, state, and empire. Springer, 2008.

NYC Health. "Physical and Mental Health - 9/11 Health." Www1.nyc.gov. N. p., 2019. Web. 9 Nov. 2019.

Ohlsson, A. “The Knowledge Synthesis Group of Determinants of Preterm/LBW births. Effects of the September 11, 2001 Disaster on Pregnancy Outcomes: A Systematic Review” Acta Obstetricia ET Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2011; 90(1):6-18.

Sidhu, Dawinder S., and Neha Singh Gohil. Civil rights in wartime: The post-9/11 Sikh experience. Routledge, 2016.

Utley, Rachel E., ed. 9/11 ten years after: Perspectives and problems. Routledge, 2016.

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From Paine and the Sons of Liberty, the arguments for independence

In the old and current historiography, the Thomas Paine's life period fades most often or is only treated as an appendage to the career of the old revolutionary. Thus, apart from the biographies that address it in epilogue, it has not aroused any research even if a book by Nathalie Caron studies the religious question in the years 1790-1800. “It is essential to the freedom and security of a free people, that no taxes be imposed upon them but by their own consent, or their representatives (Niles, Hezekiah, pg.1)”. Paine recalls the context in which the first state constitutions were adopted: that of the war of independence and therefore of an emergency that allowed the English model then still present in all minds to creep into part of the constitutional provisions.

Paine takes this position in favor of what generations called the firm building, that is to argue of a limiting beginning of the governmental prerogative, against the Federalists who, they, defended a comprehensive English construction that gave the executive a broad prerogative. He applies severe building the problem of deeds and dominations decided by state executives to companies, often banks.

The US experience is not condensed to individuality, it is the pro-republic building depend on the right of males and principles of worldwide liberty that is the consequence, not the parting of the gatherings from the English metropolis. “A government of our own is our natural right: and when a man seriously reflects on the precariousness of human affairs, he will become convinced, that it is infinitely wiser and safer, to form a constitution of our own in a cool deliberate manner, while we have it in our power, than to trust such an interesting event to time and chance” (Foner, pg 4).

The last texts of Paine are emblematic of a "moment", that of the transition from the revolutionary generation age to the subsequent. The Republic necessity be continually re-founded in "organizations" which remind the public body of the source of its privileges and the manner of preserving them. The cosmopolitan, universalist, and fundamental dimension of the US Revolution is a democrat experience presented to all peoples in contradiction of realms or "monocratic" governments, in contradiction of "usual" or wealthy aristocracies, against the confiscation of the sovereignty of all the people by political factions.

Works Cited

Niles, Hezekiah. "Principles and Acts of the American Revolution." (1822).

Foner, Eric. Voices of Freedom: A Documentary History (Fifth Edition) (Vol. 1) (Page 102). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

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Indentured Servitude and Slavery

Olaudah Equiano is known for being an 18th century African writer, but also a sailor and activist of the abolitionist movement. He reported that he was born in 1745 in a town of Essaka. At age of 11 years, he was becoming as a slave sideways by his brothers and taken to US to be traded there (Equiano, 1789, N.p). He had a difficult time to travel from it, he passed through various hands, from European slave dealers, by Barbados and in the end the farmsteads of the British colony of Virginia.

The personal stories explore the abolition of the transatlantic slave trade and slavery as a case study in overcoming entrenched practices that had lasted hundreds of years, supported by industries that carry out activities and depending on slavery. During the 18TH century, many migrants to British North America reached also as slaves or indentured servants (Gottlieb, 1754, N.p). Mittelberger’s give descriptions a different viewpoint on immigration to the American colonies. Mittelberger’s publication allowed many people to know first-hand how people lived in slavery and encouraged many people to denounce it and to support the abolition of the slave trade. The rest of his life could be devoted solely to activism thanks to the income that the book brought him. According to We Shall Remain After the Mayflower (2019, N.p) documentary the Indian people in USA have unique culture which is mostly adopted by the English community.

To conclude, during the eighteenth century, the growing recourse to black slavery precipitated the disappearance of the practice of contract servitude of white workers. In the Western Indies, though, contracted slavery is reestablished in numerous regions after the elimination of slavery in the 1830s and 1840s. In the nineteen century, a great number of Chinese and Indian migrant laborers were forced into slavery for to carry out tasks that were once incumbent upon imprisoned Africans and the first periods of the twentieth century, still saw the offspring of contracted servants get their last postage.

Works Cited

Gottlieb Mittelberger, Gottlieb Mittelberger’s Journey to Pennsylvania in the Year 1750 and Return to Germany in the Year 1754, trans. Carl Theo Eben (Philadelphia: John Jos. McVey,1898), pp. 28–38.

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavas Vassa, the African, Written by Himself (London, 1789), Vol. 1, pp. 46– 49, 69– 72, 83– 88.

We Shall Remain After the Mayflower. (2019). YouTube. Retrieved 8 March 2019, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ybyj7uMSCq8

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Short Essay: Chinggis Khan

In the middle of the 12th century, Mongols were present in the eastern grasslands. They were neither advanced nor large in number. But suddenly, became the most empowering nation in the historical context. It is commonly noted that ecological conditions were one of the main reasons behind their great invasion. The drop in the average annual temperature, developed various survival issues ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ncNOeioU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}7 How Did Chinggis Khan and His Successors Conquer Most of Eurasia and How Did | Course Hero})","plainCitation":"(7 How Did Chinggis Khan and His Successors Conquer Most of Eurasia and How Did | Course Hero)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":543,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/7MBDPNZS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/7MBDPNZS"],"itemData":{"id":543,"type":"webpage","title":"7 How did Chinggis Khan and his successors conquer most of Eurasia and how did | Course Hero","URL":"https://www.coursehero.com/file/p58uts2/7-How-did-Chinggis-Khan-and-his-successors-conquer-most-of-Eurasia-and-how-did/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,3]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (How Did Chinggis Khan and His Successors Conquer Most of Eurasia and How Did | Course Hero). This made Mongols look beyond for food from their own agricultural areas. The other reason for their rise was the one brilliant person known as Chinggis Khan.

The government of Mongolia did a lot more for the people of Eurasia than anyone else did, they encouraged people for trade and cultural exchange ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"VjdYjDVq","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}The Mongolian Impact on Eurasia: A Reassessment | SpringerLink})","plainCitation":"(The Mongolian Impact on Eurasia: A Reassessment | SpringerLink)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":545,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/FGF4EFUQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/FGF4EFUQ"],"itemData":{"id":545,"type":"webpage","title":"The Mongolian Impact on Eurasia: A Reassessment | SpringerLink","URL":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-349-61837-8_14","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,3]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (The Mongolian Impact on Eurasia: A Reassessment | SpringerLink). Their cultural exchange is based on both sharing ideas and physical well-being which include the introduction of new religious beliefs, as well as, the adaptation of new ways. This also facilitates to end the unwilling movements, such slave captivity.

Genghis Khan conquered over twice the land than anyone did in history, he brought in contact both Western and Eastern civilizations. The invasion of the Mongols is regarded as an extremely devastating invasion of the world. Although, their invasions produced great impact in some of the regions, however some regions faced fortunes. Their invasion helped Europe, as it lowered the prices of trade goods which then flowed in a better way ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"X2eKCnsT","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}How Did the Mongol Invasions Affect Global History? - DailyHistory.Org})","plainCitation":"(How Did the Mongol Invasions Affect Global History? - DailyHistory.Org)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":551,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/KE7VVVXW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/KE7VVVXW"],"itemData":{"id":551,"type":"webpage","title":"How Did the Mongol Invasions Affect Global History? - DailyHistory.org","URL":"https://dailyhistory.org/How_Did_the_Mongol_Invasions_Affect_Global_History%3F","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,3]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (How Did the Mongol Invasions Affect Global History? - DailyHistory.Org). However, the Middle East faced a decline in its economic and political power as depopulation produced negative consequences for them. China’s policies are also based on the Mongol experiences while the demographic changes made migration easier which caused increase of population currently in Central Asia and the Middle East.

Work Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY How Did Chinggis Khan and His Successors Conquer Most of Eurasia and How Did | Course Hero. https://www.coursehero.com/file/p58uts2/7-How-did-Chinggis-Khan-and-his-successors-conquer-most-of-Eurasia-and-how-did/. Accessed 3 Dec. 2019.

How Did the Mongol Invasions Affect Global History? - DailyHistory.Org. https://dailyhistory.org/How_Did_the_Mongol_Invasions_Affect_Global_History%3F. Accessed 3 Dec. 2019.

The Mongolian Impact on Eurasia: A Reassessment | SpringerLink. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-349-61837-8_14. Accessed 3 Dec. 2019.

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Pope, Priest and Monks in medieval Europe

Medieval Christianity was a peace project in almost the same way that the European Union is today. The Middle Ages, in many respects, was not an era of faith. It was a time of beliefs, superstitions and bigotry, high public impulses of an irrational nature, sometimes mandatory pilgrimages, crusades with dubious goals, social and mystical crises, millenarian expectations, and prophecies of various kinds. In his book, Krotzl writes that how the popes and missionary influenced the formation of Europe between 500 and 1250. According to Krotzl, the popes favored a flexible and peaceful conversion to the Christian faith. "The idea of universal human rights was shaped and developed into the reality of missionary work," Krotzl writes. (Katajala-Peltomaa, Salonen, and Kurt 11).

The monks preached a religion more internal, more personal, more in line with the requirements of morality. Their preaching of repentance, and their examples encouraged the fallen man who was the victim of sin, to turn to regret about their sins, to repentance and confession. The ideal of poverty, which was established over the next decades, had its monastic life as its source. As a result, this life will give "a clear direction to the goal of eternal salvation," and the following centuries will be marked with this desire” (Stephenson 44).

The crusade was usually considered as the call of the pope to fight in the name of the Lord. In 1095, Pope Urban II took the opportunity of a trip to Clermont, France, to summon knights and rulers to rescue their co-religionists from the East (the Byzantines) and restore the safety of pilgrimages. Basil II became known as the Bulgar-slayer after his overwhelming victory over the Bulgars in 1014 ( as shown in image). There are two reasons why the role of Byzantium in the organization of the expedition is significantly distorted and belittled. (Stephenson44).

After the capture of Jerusalem, European historiographers, who at that time were exclusively persons of a clergy rank, did everything possible to emphasize the central role of the pope in the emergence of the idea of ​​the crusade and its organization. Their position was further strengthened by the formation of the so-called crusader states in the Levant. Their canters were Jerusalem, Edessa, Tripoli, and above all, Antioch. The new state entities needed a story that would explain how they came under the power of knights from the West. This frontispiece illustration from a religious prayer book shows the warrior Basil standing on top of bodies of the conquered Bulgarians. Both angels and warrior-saints are shown protecting the emperor. Besides the fact that the monks performed thousands of social functions that no one else did during the Middle Ages. They played a role in maintaining the faith itself

Additionally, POPE INNOCENT III INAUGURATED" the 4th Crusade after Saladin's realm started to collapse. However, the crusading army of typically French aristocrats was unfocused to Constantinople to interfere in Byzantine government. In 1204, the Christian crusaders took and dismissed one of Christendom's entire cities. (Hutton116). So , the role of pope, monk ,priest and nun is remarkable in the history of medieval Europe.

Works cited

Hutton Webster, Readings in Medieval and Modern History (Boston: D. C. Heath & Co., 1917),

pp. 116–117.

Katajala-Peltomaa, Sari, Kirsi Salonen, and Kurt Villads. "In the Name of Saints Peter and Paul."

Church and belief in the Middle Ages: popes, saints, and crusaders (2016): 11.

Stephenson, Paul. "Images of the Bulgar-slayer: three art historical notes." Byzantine and

Modern Greek Studies 25 (2001): 44-68.

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Short Essay

Engagement of Caribbeans in the social movements since 1960

The people living in the Caribbean region of the United States have been struggling for their due rights for a very long time. Since the era of Toussaint L'Ouverture, when he and his fellows had to fight against slavery. Caribbean People have only seen dark days. One of the major issues that was always being faced was the problem of slavery. The people residing in Latin America were always considered inferior and were heavily pushed towards the profession of slavery. If not slavery, they were treated so poorly that many residents of the region, preferred to either take their lives or move to .some other areas CITATION Elk \l 1033 (Elkan) The subjects were heavily tortured and were denied their basic rights. The social movements, despite the desperate attempts and policies by the government, have only ben intensified. Seems like the new approach of neo-liberalism and the Governments attempts to enforce it, have been failing badly in this respect.

Two major forms of activism have been seen in the region for many years, especially after 1960. One of the major forms of activism is the political activism that has been going on in the Caribbean islands or Latin America since decades. It started in very early years of the 1960s when the worker’s movement in Trinidad and Tobago started participating in a number of strikes against the government’s policy of not allowing the Indian sugar workers to work in collaboration with the African oil workers. The tussle went on so long that the government had to initiate a committee of inquiry in the “Subversive Activities in the Trade Union Movement” and immediately ban all the strikes by the workers. This sparked a new wave of rage among the workers and they once again came together, this time also including the cane farmers as well. They name their formation as the United Labor Party and contested for elections in 1976, becoming the largest opposition party to the Parliament.

The second most prominent and notable form of activism could be seen in the form of the female activism being conducted by the Caribbean Association of Feminist Research and Action (CAFRA). This movement has given much awareness to the females living in Latin America and provided them with a sense of belonging to their nationality and a wider movement. CAFRA has proved to be the most active and the most connected social movement to the region’s local platforms and the world social forums for justice. In addition to all this CAFRA has been closely linked to the political scenario of the region and is often seen participating in various processes like the Assembly for the Caribbean People. The main mission or agenda of CAFERA is gender equality, social justice, poverty and issues of trade. The associations working towards the betterment of the Caribbean people have been often seen actively working with the NWCTs. CAFRA often puts the issue of the Caribbean people on the national platforms and the Caribbean Social Forums (CSF).

Change in the Social and Economic realities within the Caribbean Communities in the United States since 1940.

It has never been easy for the people of the Caribbean Islands to lead their lives. They have faced multiple issues since their movement in the United States of America. Even in today’s modern times, it has been very tough for them to survive. The basic rights of the community have been curbed since ages and they have been exploited regarding their rights and properties. Two huge trends have been followed by the Caribbean people in the past and history has observed some of the trend-setting traditions of the time.

The first one of these popular trends is migration. Almost all the Caribbean found today in Latin America came to the region as a result of the migration. The migration in the region did not happen once but took place in the form of waves. The very first wave of migration started in the very initial years of the twentieth century. It was an entirely unplanned and involuntary act like no one from the African region wanted to leave their lands and migrate towards the American Region. The first Caribbean people were brought here as a result of a very common and prevalent practice, slavery ("The Haitian Revolution - Documentary (2009). The very first people of Latin America were brought as slaves, which were then followed by a large population of the people from the British West Indies. The third wave of migration took place from 1930 to 1965 and mostly consisted of skilled labourers and workers. The fourth wave of migration is still going on.

The second most popular and prevalent trend that has been followed and carried on by the Caribbean people or people who had then settled into Latin America was change and continuity. The people, who had moved to the United States of America as a result of these waves of migration are now settling down and adapting to the new environment and the changes. As per the figures represented in data, most of the Caribbean people who have migrated to the United States of America, except the Cubans have made the New York State and the New York City as their principal destinations of stay. They have largely came and settled in the city and the surrounding suburbs, and have contributed to the economy of the city by finding jobs here and starting businesses. The state of Florida is especially notable in this respect, where the population has grown over a period of decades, as a number of Jamaican and Haitian immigrants have moved and settled in here but the highest number of immigrants and settlers is still with New York, where more than half of the Jamaican, Guyanese, Haitian, Barbadian and Trinidadian immigrants have come and settled. Brooklyn and Queens are the cities which are brimming with these immigrants. The number of immigrants from the Dominic republic is also very high as compared to the other countries, where three-quarters of the immigrants live in the United States.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY \l 1033 Elkan, Daniel A. "The Rise of Revolutions in Racial and Class Context." n.d.

"The Haitian Revolution - Documentary (2009)". Youtube, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sn32cWUT83E&feature=youtu.be.

Short Paper Option 6

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Core Values of Mongol Culture

Introduction

The book the secrets of the history of the Mongols gives a significant understanding of the Mongol culture and it was written after - a decade or two the death of Chinggis Khan. In which the practice of anda a trusting friendship between two individuals be one of the core values of the Mongolian culture. It is commonly believed that they never deserted against each other and were living one life. The loyalty towards the leader Chinggis Khan customs and laws were other significant values in the Mongol s culture. The disobedient were wither ostracized or killed by the community. In this regard, the case of Temujin for becoming Khan is a cardinal example. Apart from these core values, Mongols preferred equality and cohesiveness in their culture. For this reason, Chinggis once proclaimed that all of Mongols are their own children and they wore the same clothes as their herdsmen. Moreover, they valued being a good leader and the mistakes were admitted willingly and openly such as in the case of Daoist Priest was the reflection of Chinggis Khan s leadership.

Description

The establishment of the largest empire in human history was one of the major goals of Chinggis Khan after he united various nomadic tribes of Mongols . He conquered huge chunks of China and Central Asia while the empire was further expanded by his successors to far-off places of Korea, Syria, Vietnam, and Poland. The Mongols at their pinnacle controlled the range of eleven to twelve million coterminous square miles territory till Africa. With the passage of time and over the instructions of Chinggis Khan, numerous individuals were killed. Though, he additionally permitted religious opportunities, annulled torment, empowered exchange and complete the main global postal basis. Moreover, in 1227, Chinggis Khan kicked the bucket within an armed movement against the Xi Xia, the Chinese Kingdom, and last resting sport was obscured.

Contradictory to the customs, Chinggis Khan placed competent partners as opposed to relatives in important places and performed the developers of adversary clans while combining the rest of the individuals into his group. Moreover, he demanded that all plundering need to behold up until after a complete triumph, and he organized his soldiers into units of ten without respect to their family. Although Chinggis was an animist, his devotees comprised Buddhists, Muslims, and Christians. He had vanquished the opponents by 1205 along with his earlier contiguous companion known as Jamuka. The following year, he well-thought-out a gathering of agents from all characteristics of the domain and set up a country-comparative in size to contemporary Mongolia. He was additionally declared Chinggis Khan, that commonly means Widespread Ruler, this name is significantly known in the West and around the world.

However, the representation of Mongols women is unbalanced among the literature, but they had significantly influenced the Mongol empire. The Mongols society was dominated by the male and was patriarchal in nature. But comparatively, the Mongol women had more power and freedom than other patriarchal societies of that time such in China or Persia . The women were highly valued members of the society and were rank below their husbands, fathers, and brothers and there was division in work. The political representation, however, reached on its peak after the early conquers such as the rule of Toregene that was a complete political endeavor. Moreover, the women apart from politics participated in the economy of the country with economic autonomy and means of production.

Conclusion

The core values of Mongolian culture had significant implications on the 15th century European and Chinese political state building such as the establishment of a centralized government, establishment of unitary. In the leadership of Chinggis Khan, Mongols conquered more than the twice of the land and brought both the western and eastern civilizations in contact.

Bibliography

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL custom Chung Hwan Kwak. The Core Values of Mongolian Civilization and Their Relevance to World Peace - Chung Hwan Kwak. Accessed April 28, 2019. https//www.tparents.org/Library/Unification/Talks/Kwak/Kwak-060409.htm.

Nicola, Bruno De. Introduction The Study of Women in the Mongol Empire. In Women in Mongol Iran, 1 33. The Khatun, 1206-1335. Edinburgh University Press, 2017. https//www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1g09twn.7.

ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM citationIDcHcNMK2O,propertiesformattedCitationrtf Chung Hwan Kwak, uc0u8220The Core Values of Mongolian Civilization and Their Relevance to World Peace - Chung Hwan Kwak,uc0u8221 accessed April 28, 2019, https//www.tparents.org/Library/Unification/Talks/Kwak/Kwak-060409.htm.,plainCitationChung Hwan Kwak, The Core Values of Mongolian Civilization and Their Relevance to World Peace - Chung Hwan Kwak, accessed April 28, 2019, https//www.tparents.org/Library/Unification/Talks/Kwak/Kwak-060409.htm.,citationItemsid584,urishttp//zotero.org/users/2710553/items/FXXHV5W2,urihttp//zotero.org/users/2710553/items/FXXHV5W2 Chung Hwan Kwak, The Core Values of Mongolian Civilization and Their Relevance to World Peace - Chung Hwan Kwak, accessed April 28, 2019, https//www.tparents.org/Library/Unification/Talks/Kwak/Kwak-060409.htm.

ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM citationID0EVS7Eag,propertiesformattedCitationrtf Bruno De Nicola, uc0u8220Introduction The Study of Women in the Mongol Empire,uc0u8221 in i Women in Mongol Irani0, The Khatuns, 1206-1335 (Edinburgh University Press, 2017), 1uc0u821133, https//www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1g09twn.7.,plainCitationBruno De Nicola, Introduction The Study of Women in the Mongol Empire, in Women in Mongol Iran, The Khatuns, 1206-1335 (Edinburgh University Press, 2017), 1 33, https//www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1g09twn.7.,citationItemsid581,urishttp//zotero.org/users/2710553/items/U7BJ4DFV,urihttp//zotero.org/users/2710553/items/U7BJ4DFV Bruno De Nicola, Introduction The Study of Women in the Mongol Empire, in Women in Mongol Iran, The Khatun, 1206-1335 (Edinburgh University Press, 2017), 1 33, https//www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1g09twn.7.

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Similarities And Differences Sister Antonia

Character of Sister Antonia by two different authors

Name of student

Name of institution

According to Ryan, Sister Antonia was very friendly because she was able to make friendships with many professors at college. She was also very enthusiastic because she wanted to take education to her area of the Northwest. She was a knowledgeable person with subjects like music, art and geography CITATION Ros \l 1033 (Ryan). The similar characteristics have been shown in Extravagantly Visionary Leadership which relates strength and firmness with character of Antonia. She introduced new ways of teaching. She did not encourage the bookworm type of girls but encouraged those who wanted to learn and were ready to serve. The students were provided with many facilities like sports and recreation. These facilities were started by sister Antonia because she wanted the college to be successful in the long run. Sister showed convincing skills by bringing more and more people in the college by visiting them personally.

In Visionary Leadership, the author has shown other characteristics like administration and teaching for the women. Another characteristic was the ability of these women to raise funds from a wide range of people in the community. Sister Antonia studied during her teaching tenure and was allowed many leaves. Sister Antonia was able to find sufficient financial resources for the college. The major positive aspect of the college was its faculty which also helped it to gain a prestigious award in 1937. She allowed many of her colleagues to earn various degrees from prestigious institutions CITATION Jan \l 1033 (Carroll). Some sisters did not go well with travelling and all other relevant matters. In a vision of excellence, the role of Antonia was more of an administrator who managed the human resource for the college. The book reveals less about character of Sister Antonia as compared to the leadership version. She was not happily accepted by the people but they did not remain as a part of team for long.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Carroll, J. L. (n.d.). The Irelands and Sister Antonia McHugh. In J. L. Carroll, Extravagantly Visionary Leadership (pp. 17-39).

Ryan, R. (n.d.). A vision ofexcellence. In R. Ryan, More Than a Dream (pp. 1-21).