Research Paper

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[Subject]

[Date]

Title: Legalization of Abortion

Abortion has always been a hot topic of debate in America. This controversy spins around the legal, religious and moral status of convinced abortion. This debate took a legal turn when some activists initiated anti-abortion campaigns to extend the rights of fetus. The abortion debates generally have two sides of opinion, one is pro-life and the other is pro-choice. Pro-life accentuates on the right of the fetus to be born and pro-choice emphasizes the right of women to abort.

Abortion laws differ from state to state in America while they have continuously been influenced by either of these sides. Both sides have their own claims that make this topic a vast issue and many complexities stem from it. The advocates of legalizing of abortion claim that criminalizing abortion instantly, would be fairly disastrous. Such a heavy-handed response to a moral controversial issue has only had negative consequences in America’s past. On the other hand, those opposing the legalization of abortion claim that it will result in everyday abortions of the babies, promote immoral activities, teen sex and is against the right of fetus, who deserves to live like any other human being in this world (“Abortion - Pros & Cons - ProCon.Org”).

The proponents of legalization underline some heavy consequences of declaring abortion legal on the social and economic grounds. For instance, according to them, some doctors and women prosecuted under anti-abortion laws will enjoy the benefit of jury nullification, where pro-choice jurors will not declare them guilty even in the face of incontestable evidence. This will undermine confidence in the legal system. More babies will be available for adoption, and the supply will be higher than demand. Orphanages will be established, with the usual abuses and corruption. It will also pave the way for more crimes and immoral activities (Donohue, and Steven). Furthermore, more babies will be killed, abandoned in dumpsters by women who couldn’t get abortions and be otherwise incapable of going through legitimate adoption channels. Fewer abortions would occur, but it would not prevent any abortions from occurring.

No abortion is directly linked to crime and criminal activities. In an effect of Roe v. Wade, the landmark case that began in 1973, millions of unwanted children simply weren’t born. These unborn children would have started reaching their prime criminal years in their late teens starting in the early 1990s. But when the early 1990s rolled around, these children didn’t exist, so the crime rate began to fall, and had stabilized. The pro-choice group also emphasizes that a woman holds all the rights pertaining to her body. If she is not willing to go through the entire process of labor and does not want to carry the burden of bringing up a child, she should be all allowed to do so. The biggest risk a woman takes, regardless of how tyrannical the laws are, is damage to her own physical and emotional health, and perhaps, her relationships. This, the media, political, and Big Abortion ideologues, do not want her to know.

On the contrary, the opponents of abortion claim that most of the abortions are just the outcome of inconvenience like “I don’t want a baby.” This results in everyday abortions and thus the fight against abortion is the fight for the life of an unborn child. They also claim that it could be legal only in a few instances. For example, if the pregnancy could very well be a result of rape. In addition, it increases the probability of sex and sexually transmitted diseases (Klick, Jonathan, and Thomas). Even if it was a result of missing the pill, the woman has reasons of her own not to want the baby and should be allowed one freebie. Therefore, a woman’s first abortion should be state-funded or it should be at least legal to create ease in the process. Moreover, in the cases where the woman lives with a consistently abusive father or boyfriend and is a constant victim of rape, we will let her have the first and second abortion, etc. The state can also have different laws for these situations because exceptions are always there. In addition, if the pregnancy is the outcome of marital rape or any such similar condition when the victim is taking birth control as well, but still faces childbirth, they should be allowed to abort. Moreover, in all the medical cases where labor can make one vulnerable to many health disparities and even death in the worst cases, abortion ought to be legal. However, there must be conditions for that particular case.

Based on the research and looking at the arguments of both sides, I have arrived at the conclusion that there is no clear cut answer to whether abortion is right or wrong (leaving the legality aside for the moment). There are cases in which the rights of the mother do supersede the rights of the fetus and otherwise. For instance, if by continuing the pregnancy can create major health risks for the mother. It is a sad situation when this occurs and extremely emotional for the mother to have to choose between her life and the fetus's life but she does have this right. So in these cases, Abortion absolutely should be legal.

It can also be assessed that anti-abortion laws may not eradicate abortions because women who could not or did not wish to keep the child would either go to another country to get abortion, try to have a back-alley abortion and possibly bleed to death doing so, or give birth to an unwanted child and possibly give it up for adoption. The right to choose and the right of life of embryo also contrast with each other. The claim that outlawing abortion will result in a steady increase in crime, starting around 16 to 18 years later also seems valid. Their most successful tactic is to get the public to believe only religious people oppose abortion. They suppress the voices of pro-life scientists and obstetricians, the voices of atheists and post-abortive women. Those opposing the legalization will not be there to provide for the basic necessities of these kids eventually leaving them to some corrosive consequences. Thus it is not a very simple phenomenon, thus making it arduous to take one stance in this regard.

Works Cited:

“Abortion - Pros & Cons - ProCon.Org.” Abortion, https://abortion.procon.org/. Accessed 22 Nov. 2019.

Donohue III, John J., and Steven D. Levitt. "The impact of legalized abortion on crime." The Quarterly Journal of Economics 116.2 (2001): 379-420.

Klick, Jonathan, and Thomas Stratmann. "The effect of abortion legalization on sexual behavior: evidence from sexually transmitted diseases." The Journal of Legal Studies 32.2 (2003): 407-433.

Research Paper - Patterns Up Close

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Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Feminism in the twenty-first century

Introduction

It was forty years back when American women launched a movement of liberation, freedom, and equality. The movement intended to achieve revolution and set a vision for women and girls all around the globe. There used to be a time when women were nothing more than the objects of daily life, used for commodification, and the always available servants who can serve you anywhere, anytime with anything. As a result of some efforts by women in the US, a movement was started called "Feminism," which spurred like a blossom of wild rose from the caves of ignorance and negligence. A critical analysis asserts that feminism promise to be the great emancipation movement of the twenty-first century.

Discussion

A Utopian socialist Charles Fourier and French philosopher is credited with coining the term “feminism” in 1837(Hartsock & Nancy). A reflection of the waves of feminism in terms of different ideologies asserts that, like other things in this world, this movement has undergone various changes, and it resulted in a modification in the current understanding of feminism. Today feminism is less of a movement that was meant to ensure the social-political and economic rights of the women. In fact, it is a coupon of freedom that is used to fulfill all desires all around the globe. There are some basic aspects to be considered while studying feminism. It is critical that the time when “sisterhood” was on march for equal salaries, the notion was significance, which was, “identity of women." Today, the march for freedom is a disorganized code of conduct that doesn’t appeal to any of the set ideologies of the society. In 21st century, the trends are changed, from the time when employed women were not even paid half, women were doomed to surrender to the set codes so that they can practice their will (Silver, pp. 277-290). Today, women of the working class are employed in different sectors of life, such as working in the countryside, formal and informal economy, and the global frameworks. Encouraged by the capitalist war, the feminism of the 21st century has brought a rise and interference in patriarchal relationships. It is important to note that women are not just the grass-movers, but they are the grassroots builders as well how are organizing different projects that tend to challenge the patriarchal forms of leadership, demands of people, and then organizing those demands.

21st century is termed as an expansion and deepening of the transitional networks because there is a lot of class and course tension in these networks. Today feminism is tilted toward socialist feminism that is not willing to let capitalism set the stage for what can be struggled. This essence of socialist feminism is similar to that of liberalism because socialist feminism begins when the feminism begins, referring to the emancipation of women that must come from women themselves, but those platforms were not achieved by the women of that time. It is highlighted that socialist feminism is interested in the inclusive movements that are meant for working-calls and which was driven by the working-class also inclosing the rural women as well as the indigenous. This endurance and inclusion is the reason that this movement is one of the emancipation movement of the twenty-first century. There are two proposed organizations of the women, either parochial or the coalitional, taking into account that it can either reproduce the existing social division between the women or it can spread to the other women of the country and world. The political ideology of the feminism of 21st century or the socialist feminism aims at the development of leadership, discourse, demands and other attributes that can help to overcome the daily life conflict and the gaps (O'brien).

Keeping the identification of feminism only to socialist feminism, still, it is asserted that feminism today is more of a great emancipation movement. There are a lot of examples that assert this emancipation, such as a department of life, ranging from education to the civil services where women are given representation in the political frameworks. It is highlighted that before feminism, although there were few areas for women, the appraisal or the wages were too low to be appreciable for the women. It is also important to note that feminism has brought lights in the lives of a lot of women who are living in different parts of the globe. This essence can be traced in the form of female liberalism that is found in the Muslim countries. There was a time when women were confined to the realm of their houses, they were not allowed to get their need fulfilled even from the market but today the scenario is changed because Muslim women are also participating in the walks of life with full zeal (Silver, pp. 277-290).

In the twenty-first century, feminism is more constructive and includes concepts such as “breaking the glass ceiling," "gender normality," and "women voice." All these aspects and concepts have added and contributed a lot to the growth of the world. Another major celebration for the feminism in current century is the shifting of trend, there was a time when external beauty was the emblem of a happy and successful married life but today, businesswomen with better skills are the code to successful married life. Educated partners have more compatibility and understanding as compared to the other people and partners who are less educated. It is also highlighted that feminism has its roots buried deep into the depth of life because there was a time when miss world and miss universe were defined in terms of their external beauty and appearance but now this trend is shifted to the uniqueness and innovation that a female has brought to the world such as scientist and politicians (O'brien). Feminism also invites attention to the progress that is made by women in the way to development. In the past, Madam Curie was a fallen and abandoned woman, but today, the same woman is the symbol of success and progression in the work because she knows the ways to success, and she can help to open ways to a successful society. All these aspects are although driven form the past such as 19-century but came into practice and are full shine in the current century (Hartsock & Nancy)

Another reason for 21-century feminisms to be celebrated is the approach to feminism itself. In the past, feminism was termed as something that is outcast, and someone who was a woman representative was termed as emotionality bleak in the form of diseases such as “hysteria” and was given “girlish connotation” (O'brien). The journey to break all those stereotypes was no doubt hard and started in the 18 and 19 centuries, but those ambitions are fulfilled in the current century, where women are not just the representative of strong will but iron desire who is managing and making its ways to life herself. It is also important to note that global records infer that women are more than half of representatives in the world. Although it is also an ironic representation and definition because not all women are making use of the opportunities, there are a lot of women who are exploiting resources as well. They are taking advantage of this relaxation and power that they have been given. Also, there are a lot of stereotypes still alive in the form of “women are rational, emotional and less judgmental" (O'brien). Still, major credit for the evolution and revolution in the century is given to the role of women as well, which ultimately highlighted that feminism is celebrated as its peak in the 21st century. None of the department and authority in this world can defy the skill of women and 21st century is remarkably known for the celebration of all those skills and strengths. A major point of consideration is that the situation is not all bright, there are a lot of leeches and insects out there who are trying to curb and repress the potentials and strengths of women under the impression of their manhood, which is not justified and thus demands security for women (Hartsock & Nancy).

Conclusion

Taking into account all the facts and figures with stories from past till now that highlight the growth of women over time, it is asserted that feminisms is one of the most celebrated movement in the 21st century. There are a lot of aspects associated with movements such as social upheaval, moral growth, economic development, and political participation. Along with all these, women are given representation in their society as a partner and a companion rather than a servant who can serve family and fulfill household chorus whenever required. Although there are loopholes, misunderstandings, and criticism, still feminism is one of the human rights movements that promoted progress and development for the women by bribing them on the stage of life from the darkroom of illiteracy, ignorance, and negligence. All this is an effort to the first attempt to ensure women's rights in the past.

Work Cited

Hartsock, Nancy CM. The feminist standpoint revisited, and other essays. Routledge, 2019.

O'brien, Mary. Reproducing the world: Essays in feminist theory. Routledge, 2019.

Silver, Elisabeth R., Sara B. Chadwick, and Sari M. van Anders. "Feminist Identity in Men: Masculinity, Gender Roles, and Sexual Approaches in Feminist, Non-Feminist, and Unsure Men." Sex Roles 80.5-6 (2019): 277-290.

Research Paper On Immigration

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

History and Anthropology

[Date]

Research Paper on Mexican Immigration

Introduction

Immigration is the movement of people from one place to another for the sake of permanent residence. It takes place both legally and illegally. Legal immigration is considered as a significant source of population growth in a country. Immigration history of the United States is ancient. It had colonies once, and a large number of people from different places moved to America. The percentage of Native Americans is smaller than immigrants. Likewise, Mexico has been the leading source of immigrants to the United States. It has a unique status in the immigration history of the United States. Throughout history, the immigration laws and policies have been amended for immigration from Mexico. However, in the 20th Century, immigration from Mexico is remembered in three shifts. These are considered as the significant sources of population in the United States. Therefore, this research paper aims to study each period of the surge in the 20th century. It will provide an extensive history of immigration of Mexican/Latinos towards the United States. It will also study the contributing factors of migration by using some relevant sources from Literature. It comprises of the history of immigration only in the 20th Century.

Therefore, this research report overviews the immigration of Mexicans to the United States and also reviews the contributing factors of migration along with the history of the migration policies of the United States. The significance of the study is that, it will help to identify the significant issues, and it will also help in shaping the current immigration policies of the United States. At the same time, it will help to understand the historical context of immigration. The paper will also help to know the consequences of the reforms of immigration policies.

Discussion

One of the major periods of flow of refugees into the United States is the Mexican Revolution. It started in 1910 when dictatorship ended in Mexico, and a proper constitutional republic was established in Mexico. Some renowned revolutionaries participated in the fight. As a result, in 1917 a proper constitution was dignified, and the rebel groups presented most of the reforms. The revolution started because of the dissatisfying policies of Porfirio Diaz1. During 1910-1920, when violence was at a peak in Mexico, people were fleeing to the United States1. At the same time, many politicians also exiled to the United States to escape the war and violence.

Moreover, many of the rural Mexicans were searching for opportunities and ways of employment. Due to it, there was a sharp increase in Mexican Migration to the United States. According to an estimate, the migration rates for Mexicans was 20,000 per year, between 1910 to 19201. However, for the Mexicans moving to the US was not permanent most of the times. There is a short distance between both of the countries. Mexicans could go back easily, and many of the immigrants did so when the conditions in Mexico get improved. The first surge started in initial 1900s when the revolution took place in Mexico, and the United States had an improved economy which also influenced the increased immigration rates from Mexico. Likewise, by 1930s the immigration population was increased thrice2. At the same time, Texas was serving as a gateway for the immigrants. It is also considered as the dominant symbol of change and hope for survival for their families.

Later on, the Immigration Act 1924 was passed in the United States. According to the reforms in this act, Mexico was excepted from the quotas because of the farmers in the United States. The southern region argued that without the labors from Mexico, they would not be able to do farming. Under the law, the border police at the US-Mexican border would collect a fee from the Mexicans who were entering the United States. It does not mean that it decreased the hurdles for Mexicans. Many Mexicans were facing racial discrimination, and they were working on low wages.

Soon after the quotas, the Cristero War erupted in Mexico. In 1926 to 1929, the Catholic members stood against the Federal Government of Mexico3. They took weapons against the laws that were inducing restrictions on the role of the Catholic Church in public. There were 98% of the Catholic population in the country at that time, and it triggered a furious response from the Public. Many of the people decided to go on a war against the government until the laws are not abolished. As a result, a new wave of refugees, immigrants, and exiles ran away from the conflict and the economic instability of Mexico. The Cristero War also influenced the migrants in the United States, and protests were organized in the United States against the Mexican government.

However, in 1929 when the depression hit the economic grounds, many of the companies were shut, and there was not any need of migrants as laborers2. There was a widespread economic decline due to the great depression. As a result, a competition started between the immigrants and the native workers for low-wage jobs. In 1929, the US government decided to send back the immigrants to Mexico. The Immigration and Naturalization Services conducted raids and arrested the immigrants along with their children and deported to Mexico. Therefore, many of the Mexican immigrants moved back to Mexico.

Later on, in 1943, there was a shortage of labors in the United States due to World War II3. The American Citizens have left the railway and agriculture sector jobs for the sake of new opportunities with improved salaries. As a result, the United States signed an agreement with the Mexican government for guest workers. During this era till 1964, about 4.5 million labors signed the contract and moved to the United States to fill the labor shortages3. The workers were provided residence along with the compensation. However, it was observed that many of the employers violated the agreements by not fulfilling the requirements.

Moreover, other laws like The Mc-Carran-Walter Act in 1952 also excluded the Mexicans from the quotas. As a result again a gap was created, and the demand for labors increased in the United States. Many employers from the United States to Mexico to hire more workers. Workers traveled to the US without contracts. Then, Operation Wetback held and undocumented Mexican immigrants deported to Mexico. About One million people deported.

Likewise, the 3rd surge goes back to 1960s. At that time, the US Immigration and Nationality Act 1965 was passed3. It was the era of the Civil Rights and Voting Rights Act. It increased the annual immigration number. It also brought a new migration policy for the Mexicans who were migrating to the United States. Among those migrants, most of them relocated permanently. However, until the 1970s the percentage of Mexican Immigrants reached over 80 and most of them were the temporary workers who came to the United States to work on agricultural fields for a short period. After saving some money, they would move back to Mexico. Moreover, under the 1965 Act, reforms encouraged the permanent immigration of Mexicans by providing them aids to permanently get settled in the United States along with their families4.

Furthermore, in 1986 the Immigration Reform and Control Act was passed. It also encouraged the Mexican Migrants to settle in the United States4. Under this law, undocumented migrants were provided amnesty. It aimed to promote temporary migrants to stay in the US permanently. When migrants would receive permanent documents, they would bring their families to the United States. Those family reunification visas caused the United States population to boom. Initially, the immigrants were moving to the specific states of the United States, but then, they started migrating to other countries as well.

Throughout the 20th the immigration policies and laws for Mexicans were altered by the United States by keeping their own needs and demands in mind. The game of welcoming the Immigrants and slumming the doors on their face other times remained throughout the 20th century. Finally, Mexicans make up a significant portion of the US population. They have made a place for themselves in the US community regardless of all hurdles and difficulties throughout history.

Conclusions

In conclusion, immigration plays a more significant role in increasing the population of a country. It can take place in various forms, but the most appropriate way is legal immigration. The legal immigration depends on the Immigration policies and reforms of a country. Likewise, Mexican Immigration history throughout the 20th century also reflects on the consequences of different Immigration Acts and Laws in the United States.

Therefore, the research report has been able to inform about the detail factors affecting Mexican Immigrations. It also overviews the history of the immigration policies of the United States. It has also studied each surge of immigration in the 20th century. The paper has successfully identified that all the immigration policies for the Mexican migrants depend upon the economic conditions of the United States. Moreover, the current government can review the existing policies by viewing history.

Works Cited

Sheridan, Clare. "Contested citizenship: National identity and the Mexican immigration debates of the 1920s." Journal of American Ethnic History 21, no. 3 (2002): 3-35.

Katz, Michael B., Mark J. Stern, and Jamie J. Fader. "The Mexican immigration debate: The view from history." Social Science History 31, no. 2 (2007): 157-189.

Durand, Jorge, Douglas S. Massey, and Fernando Charvet. "The changing geography of Mexican immigration to the United States: 1910-1996." Social Science Quarterly 81, no. 1 (2000): 1-16.

Massey, Douglas S., and Karen A. Pren. "Unintended consequences of US immigration policy: Explaining the post‐1965 surge from Latin America." Population and development review 38, no. 1 (2012): 1-29.

Research Questions

Research Questions

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[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Research Questions

What were the main causes of the Cuban Missile Crisis and how did Kennedy detect and address the issue?

Potential answers to this question may bring to argument about ideological conflicts between the USSR and the USA after the world became bipolar with the termination of WWII. Additionally, the cold war scenario can also be explained as an answer to this question. Moreover, it can be argued that John F. Kennedy blurred the areas of conflict between the two great powers and highlighted the matters of global survival (Stern, 2003). Regarding the question, it is important to reveal the background story leading to the Cuban Missile Crisis and the way Kennedy saved both the world and the dignity of the USA. This question is important for the research because the crisis cannot be understood without comprehending what was happening in the context.

What were the features of John F. Kennedy’s personality which can be held responsible for check-mating the threat of a global nuclear war?

International politics is usually influenced by the policies of international leaders like Woodrow Wilson, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and John F. Kennedy. John F. Kennedy had a glamorous personality and lived like a celebrity. This question is important to explore the influence of Kennedy's personality on the Cuban Missile Crisis to learn which traits of his personality, and how he, helped to ease the tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States of America, when both superpowers were stretching muscles to start a great war. Potential answers to the question can identify Kennedy’s logical, sensible, and humane approach towards national and international politics, and his acceptance in the world beyond America’s national borders.

How did John F. Kennedy use the UN and other international platforms to avoid the war?

The potential answers to the question can be attempted visiting the way that John F. Kennedy acted after the crisis started. He knew that the Soviets would act furiously while being threatened by the international forums, such as the UNO, so he did not use such platforms to threaten the Soviets, rather, he used these platforms to persuade the USSR to reach a peaceful solution to the crisis (Allison, 2012). This question can add many concepts to my thesis like the role and importance of international platforms in saving the world from a nuclear war. This question is important for my thesis for it can help me to highlight another aspect of international politics: the positive role of international platforms.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Allison, G. (2012). The Cuban missile crisis at 50: Lessons for US foreign policy today. Foreign Affairs, 11–16.

Stern, S. M. (2003). Averting’the final failure’: John F. Kennedy and the secret Cuban Missile Crisis meetings. Stanford University Press.

Research Skills Lab 1 - Topics Worksheet

RESEARCH TOPICS WORKSHEET

Name: Dawn m Rosales kneubuhi

AMERICAN HISTORY

TOPIC DESCRIPTION:

JFK and the Cuban Missile Crisis

TOPIC SCORE

SCORE (1-10)

CRITERIA

EXPLANATION

Choose a score.

Will this topic maintain my interest and fascination over a long period?

This topic has maintained a fascination with the historians for a long time already

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Do I have the necessary background in reading and course work to research this topic?

I believe that I do have the necessary background to undergo this study

Choose a score.

Is this a topic about which other historians have written (historiography) rather than simply a topic of personal interest to me?

Although other historians have written about this topic, I am interested in the topic as JFK is one of my favorite historic personality.

Choose a score.

Is this topic feasible in the sense that there are primary sources (documents, correspondence, autobiographies, records, etc.) available to me for research purposes? Think about both acquiring the materials and any language barriers that might exist if they are not English-language documents.

Recently, there have been papers that have been declassified that give the account of JFK and the thirteen days of the Cuban Missile Crisis. Other than that, the topic is widely discussed and documented by various historians

Choose a score.

Is the topic historical (say, before I was born), or is it so contemporary that historians have not yet explored it?

This topic is one of the main incidents of the Cold War, which is widely studied and debated on political and historical grounds

Choose a score.

Is the scope of the topic too big and broad (modern Russia) too small and narrow (Lenin’s speech at the Finland Station, April 1917), or just about right (the response of the Bolsheviks to the Provisional Government in 1917)?

The Cuban Missile Crisis is based on the incidents of just 13 days, so the scope cannot be too big and board.

Choose a score.

Does the topic present a significant question that can be reasonably answered in this case?

Yes, this topic presents the question of the use of WMDs, and if any such possibility arises in the future.

Choose a score.

Will this paper contribute anything original to the historical discussion? Fill a gap in the literature? Or at least take sides in an ongoing historical debate?

Only the discussion on Kennedy Papers that are recently declassified by the federal government can help to add anything original to the historic narrative.

Choose a score.

Will I have fun researching and writing about this topic? Will it make a good story, as well as a convincing argument?

The topic is not exactly fun if we understand the dire consequences of a nuclear war, but it certainly is interesting.

Choose a score.

Can I explain to my niece, nephew, parent, or friend what the topic is and why it should be of any interest to that person?

It can be interesting to your friends, classmates, and parents (to some extent), but certainly not to your niece and nephew unless they reach a certain age.

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TOTAL SCORE OUT OF 100

EUROPEAN HISTORY

TOPIC DESCRIPTION:

Role of Geography in the historic events of Europe

TOPIC SCORE

SCORE (1-10)

CRITERIA

EXPLANATION

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Will this topic maintain my interest and fascination over a long period?

Yes, it will, as the topic always makes room to add something new to the argument

Choose a score.

Do I have the necessary background in reading and course work to research this topic?

It will require some study related to the European Giants, like France and Germany. Other than that, it can be researched thoroughly by the person of any discipline.

Choose a score.

Is this a topic about which other historians have written (historiography) rather than simply a topic of personal interest to me?

Historians have written about several nations; however, the argument has never been centered around Geography.

Choose a score.

Is this topic feasible in the sense that there are primary sources (documents, correspondence, autobiographies, records, etc.) available to me for research purposes? Think about both acquiring the materials and any language barriers that might exist if they are not English-language documents.

There is some autobiography of the different heads of states at the time. But there is ample data available that can be utilized to create an original research paper.

Choose a score.

Is the topic historical (say, before I was born), or is it so contemporary that historians have not yet explored it?

Yes, this topic is historical, and certainly not contemporary.

Choose a score.

Is the scope of the topic too big and broad (modern Russia) too small and narrow (Lenin’s speech at the Finland Station, April 1917), or just about right (the response of the Bolsheviks to the Provisional Government in 1917)?

Yes, the scope of the topic is board, yet it is somewhat unexplored.

Choose a score.

Does the topic present a significant question that can be reasonably answered in this case?

Yes, there is a significant question.

Choose a score.

Will this paper contribute anything original to the historical discussion? Fill a gap in the literature? Or at least take sides in an ongoing historical debate?

This research paper will discuss the role of geography that is often cited as a factor, yet never fully discussed.

Choose a score.

Will I have fun researching and writing about this topic? Will it make a good story, as well as a convincing argument?

This topic is seldom discussed, so it will be fun and interesting. Yet, it will take some hard work to convince the reader.

Choose a score.

Can I explain to my niece, nephew, parent, or friend what the topic is and why it should be of any interest to that person?

This topic can certainly be appealing to all age groups related to you.

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TOTAL SCORE OUT OF 100

WORLD HISTORY

TOPIC DESCRIPTION:

The Contributions of the Ottoman Empire

TOPIC SCORE

SCORE (1-10)

CRITERIA

EXPLANATION

Choose a score.

Will this topic maintain my interest and fascination over a long period?

This topic has created renewed interest in the world, especially in the context of recent events concerning the Turkish regime of Recep Erdogan.

Choose a score.

Do I have the necessary background in reading and course work to research this topic?

Yes, I believe that I do have the necessary background.

Choose a score.

Is this a topic about which other historians have written (historiography) rather than simply a topic of personal interest to me?

Yes, many historians have written about the different aspects of the Ottoman Empire

Choose a score.

Is this topic feasible in the sense that there are primary sources (documents, correspondence, autobiographies, records, etc.) available to me for research purposes? Think about both acquiring the materials and any language barriers that might exist if they are not English-language documents.

The Ottoman Empire is one of the most well-documented empires in world history. So, there is no shortage of primary and secondary sources for research.

Choose a score.

Is the topic historical (say, before I was born), or is it so contemporary that historians have not yet explored it?

Yes, the topic is one of the most discussed eras of history and how it managed to shape the world as we know today.

Choose a score.

Is the scope of the topic too big and broad (modern Russia) too small and narrow (Lenin’s speech at the Finland Station, April 1917), or just about right (the response of the Bolsheviks to the Provisional Government in 1917)?

Yes, the scope of the topic is indeed very broad.

Choose a score.

Does the topic present a significant question that can be reasonably answered in this case?

The topic represents a significant question to the current neo-imperialistic designs that the major powers of the world are currently pursuing.

Choose a score.

Will this paper contribute anything original to the historical discussion? Fill a gap in the literature? Or at least take sides in an ongoing historical debate?

This paper will contribute to the historic sense, but its contribution would be more of a contemporary nature.

Choose a score.

Will I have fun researching and writing about this topic? Will it make a good story, as well as a convincing argument?

Yes, the research on this topic requires us to study several interesting events in history. So. It certainly is fun to read and research.

Choose a score.

Can I explain to my niece, nephew, parent, or friend what the topic is and why it should be of any interest to that person?

Yes, this topic is interesting to all age groups as many incidents of the era are still told by elders as interesting stories to their young.

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Research Skills Lab 2: Library Assignment

Research Skills Lab 2: Library Assignment

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Research Skills Lab 2: Library Assignment

Name:

Complete each of the following exercises by finding materials related to your research topic for the session. For each of the books and articles you find, be sure that you record all of the information you would need for a footnote and bibliography entry. This means you must note the total number of pages in each book and the inclusive page numbers of each article.

Topic

Ancient Roman Culture

SUBJECT HEADINGS: List five (5) different Library of Congress subject headings that you might use to find books on your topic.

Rome’s Civilization

Romans versus Greeks

Virgil of Rome

War in Rome

Rome’s Pottery

SEARCH TERMS: List five (5) different search terms you would use to look for materials related to your topic in searching the various databases on the Columbia College library website or in a Google search:

___ Ethnocentrism in Romans

___ Socio-political Integration in Ancient Rome

___ Ancient Roman Artifacts

___ Ethnocide in Rome

___ Roman Chivalry

List seven (7) books from different subject areas related to your topic.

Book 1 Call Number: _______123456__________

Book 1 Information: Roman Eloquence: Rhetoric in Society and Literature,

Edited by: William J. Dominik, Pages: 100, First Published by Routledge in London, Publication Date: 1997.

Link: (Dominik, W. J. (Ed.). (2003). Roman eloquence: rhetoric in society and literature. Routledge.)

Book 2 Call Number: ______123456____________

Book 2 Information: Journal Article: The Phenomenology of Memmory in Roman Culture, by Joseph Farrel, Volume: 92, No. 4, (Apr-May).

Link: (Farrell, J. (1997). The phenomenology of memory in Roman culture. The Classical Journal, 92(4).)

Book 3 Call Number: __________123456__________

Book 3 Information: The Category of the Person: Anthropology, Philosophy, History, Edited by: Michael Carrithers, Steven Collins, and Steven Lukes. Pages: 54. Published by Cambridge University Press.

(Carrithers, M., Collins, S., & Lukes, S. (Eds.). (1985). The category of the person: Anthropology, philosophy, history. Cambridge University Press.)

Book 4 Call Number: ______123456________

Book 4 Information: Cultural Identity in the Roman Empire by Ray Laurence, Joanne Berry.

(Laurence, R., & Berry, J. (Eds.). (2001). Cultural identity in the Roman Empire. Psychology Press.)

Book 5 Call Number: _____123456______

Book 5 Information: Projecting the Past: Ancient Rome, Cinema and History by Maria Wyke.

(Wyke, M. (2013). Projecting the past: ancient Rome, cinema and history. Routledge.)

Book 6 Call Number: ______123456_______

Book 6 Information:  Inventing Ancient Culture: historicism, periodization and the ancient world by Mark Golden.

(Golden, M., & Toohey, P. (Eds.). (1997). Inventing Ancient Culture: historicism, periodization and the ancient world. Psychology Press.)

Book 7 Call Number: _____123456_______

Book 7 Information: Roman Imperialism by Craige Brian, and Charles Goldberg.

(Champion, C. B., & Goldberg, C. (2014). Roman Imperialism. Oxford University Press.)

Identify three (3) articles related to your topic from the JSTOR database:

Social Anthropolgy. By E. E. EVANS-PRITCHARD. Published by ROUTLEDGE & KEGAN PAUL LTD BROADWAY HOUSE, 68-74 CARTER LANE LONDON. (Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (2013). Social anthropology. Routledge.)

The Cultures of Collecting by John Elsner, Roger Cardinal. Published by Reaktion Books, London.

(Elsner, J., & Cardinal, R. (Eds.). (1994). Cultures of collecting. Reaktion Books.)

Identify three (3) articles related to your topic from the Project Muse database:

Greek and Roman naval warfare by William Ledyard Rodgers.

(Rodgers, W. L. (1938). Greek and Roman naval warfare.)

A companion to Greek and Roman historiography by John Marincola.

(Marincola, J. (Ed.). (2010). A companion to Greek and Roman historiography. John Wiley & Sons.)

Augustan poetry and the Roman Republic by Joseph Farrel.

(Farrell, J., & Nelis, D. P. (Eds.). (2013). Augustan poetry and the Roman Republic. Oxford University Press.)

Research Skills Lab 3

RUNNING HEAD: HISTORY AND ANTHROPOLOGY

Ancient Roman Culture

Dawn M RosalesKneubuhl

[Name of the Institution]

Ancient Roman Culture

Introduction

This paper aims to proceed with a discussion about ancient Roman culture. The trait for ancient Roman culture varies as this has a remarkable civilization and an urbane combination of cultures. Ancient Rome belongs to ancient Greeks and people of the ancient Mediterranean, in world history. The contribution of ancient Roman culture is undeniable, while it is the responsibility of individuals to shed light on past contributions. This paper analyses the Roman civilization and cultural identities including the poets, artifacts, and pottery that made an influence on the Romans and others as well.

Rome’s Civilization

The cultural identities have become some of the discussion topics, which try to grab attention towards different sociological aspects. Ethnocentrism is yet another part of society and this includes the self-preferences and deviant behaviors towards others. The distinctive behavior of Romans can be used as an example who believed others as non-trustworthy and their affiliations and trust between the people were based on trusts ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"mvtw1d1F","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Laurence and Berry, 2001)","plainCitation":"(Laurence and Berry, 2001)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1762,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/EAJQ2FWG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/EAJQ2FWG"],"itemData":{"id":1762,"type":"book","title":"Cultural Identity in the Roman Empire","publisher":"Psychology Press","number-of-pages":"228","source":"Google Books","abstract":"This provocative and often controversial volume examines concepts of ethnicity, citizenship and nationhood, to determine what constituted cultural identity in the Roman Empire. The contributors draw together the most recent research and use diverse theoretical and methodological perspectives from archaeology, classical studies and ancient history to challenge our basic assumptions of Romanization and how parts of Europe became incorporated into a Roman culture. Cultural Identity in the Roman Empire breaks new ground, arguing that the idea of a unified and easily defined Roman culture is over-simplistic, and offering alternative theories and models. This well-documented and timely book presents cultural identity throughout the Roman empire as a complex and diverse issue, far removed from the previous notion of a dichotomy between the Roman invaders and the Barbarian conquered.","ISBN":"978-0-415-24149-6","note":"Google-Books-ID: nDgV5gsY8HMC","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Laurence","given":"Ray"},{"family":"Berry","given":"Joanne"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2001"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Laurence and Berry, 2001). Roman chivalry can be used as an example of how they were affiliated and attached with each other, moreover concerned about their own development. The civilization of Rome links with the people of Undo-Europeans, Arabs, Etruscans, and Celts. Rome’s Civilization starts from the migrations and invasions by the people of Indo-Europe. The evidence is that the language of Roman civilization is named after the settlements of Latin Sabines. The society of ancient Rome initially originated by the small group of farmers but they became more powerful. Therefore, ancient Roman society emerged as an urbanized society in the pre-industrial era. Rome during its empire was considered as the largest city of the globe, which had well-off urban settlements.

Romans versus Greeks

Ancient Rome, when used, draws huge attention to emperors, masses, chivalry, and gladiator wars. In world history, two of the main massive civilizations Rome and Greek have made a huge impact. The socio-political areas of both civilizations have created a history around the globe ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7WTOTIgp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Marincola, 2007)","plainCitation":"(Marincola, 2007)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1766,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/URB4Z57T"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/URB4Z57T"],"itemData":{"id":1766,"type":"book","title":"A companion to Greek and Roman historiography","publisher":"Blackwell Pub.","publisher-place":"Malden, MA; Oxford","source":"Open WorldCat","event-place":"Malden, MA; Oxford","abstract":"This two-volume \"Companion to Greek and Roman Historiography\" reflects the new directions and interpretations that have arisen in the field of ancient historiography in the past few decades. Comprises a series of cutting edge articles written by recognised scholars Presents broad, chronological treatments of important issues in the writing of history and antiquity These are complemented by chapters on individual genres and sub-genres from the fifth century B.C.E. to the fourth century C.E. Provides a series of interpretative readings on the individual historians Contains essays on the neighbouring genres of tragedy, biography, and epic, among others, and their relationship to history.","ISBN":"978-1-4051-0216-2","note":"OCLC: 71842795","language":"English","author":[{"family":"Marincola","given":"John"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Marincola, 2007). The existence of these both have made a huge impact on the American and European civilization. When it comes to political affiliations and nature, Greeks used to be more democratic as compared to the Romans. Whereas, they did not have one-man ruler instead their state was governed by the group of men.

Virgil of Rome

Virgil of Rome is one of the poets whose work reflects on the peace situations after the civil war and the start of the rule of Augustus. He worked on the story of a banished Trojan prince, which is called “The Aeneid”. This story reflected the mission of Rome to civilize the world with the supervision of divine guidance. He was considered a national poet by the Romans who idealized the power of the rulers and he had supreme importance in Rome as a representative writer.

War in Rome

Ancient Rome has grabbed its attention due to its developmental changes in terms of socio-political and economic development. The ancient Rome stressed on the socio-political units and used the aristocratic power of the local government of their province. The first war was initiated because of the power struggle between the two political generals Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius, which is known as the Marian-Sullan Civil Wars. However, there are six main wars, which have been fought in Rome and these have changed the history of Rome. War was fought to expand the reign and political power share and it is a fact that the people of Rome are known for their bravery.

Rome’s Pottery

Rome is enriched with the pottery and ancient artifacts, whereas, this pottery production is related to the socio-cultural, economic, and technological influences. Pottery developed before the pre-industrial era, and this contributes to proceeds the debates in the different ethnographic and social construction studies ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"hbvG3DRc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Farrell, 1997)","plainCitation":"(Farrell, 1997)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1769,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/Q66EJ5BS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/Q66EJ5BS"],"itemData":{"id":1769,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Phenomenology of Memory in Roman Culture","container-title":"The Classical Journal","page":"373-383","volume":"92","issue":"4","source":"JSTOR","archive":"JSTOR","URL":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3298408","ISSN":"0009-8353","author":[{"family":"Farrell","given":"Joseph"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,25]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Farrell, 1997).

Conclusion

Rome is enriched with different cultures and a civilization including Greek civilization and this is known for having very influential poets, artifacts, and pottery of the time ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"mPSb3RMW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wyke, 1997)","plainCitation":"(Wyke, 1997)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1770,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/G3MGJBZZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/G3MGJBZZ"],"itemData":{"id":1770,"type":"book","title":"Projecting the Past: Ancient Rome, Cinema, and History","publisher":"Psychology Press","number-of-pages":"260","source":"Google Books","abstract":"Brought vividly to life on screen, the myth of ancient Rome resonates through modern popular culture. Projecting the Past examines how the cinematic traditions of Hollywood and Italy have resurrected ancient Rome to address the concerns of the present. The book engages contemporary debates about the nature of the classical tradition, definitions of history, and the place of the past in historical film.","ISBN":"978-0-415-90614-2","note":"Google-Books-ID: nQCqAFY1pNUC","shortTitle":"Projecting the Past","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Wyke","given":"Maria"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wyke, 1997). These contributed to the cultural history of ancient Rome. However, politics and power share was the central and main concern of the Romans who considered others as non-trustworthy. Their objective was to have a share in the aristocratic government and represent their identity in front of other reigns and kingdoms.

Bibliography

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Farrell, J., 1997. The Phenomenology of Memory in Roman Culture. The Classical Journal 92, 373–383.

Laurence, R., Berry, J., 2001. Cultural Identity in the Roman Empire. Psychology Press.

Marincola, J., 2007. A companion to Greek and Roman historiography. Blackwell Pub., Malden, MA; Oxford.

Wyke, M., 1997. Projecting the Past: Ancient Rome, Cinema, and History. Psychology Press.

Research Skills Lab 4

Research Skills Lab 4

Dawn M RoaslesKnerbuhi

Research Skills Lab 4

Among other vital things, the Declaration of Independence mentions about the importance of government. Though many of the delegates involved had different ideas and visions about American democracy, majority of them agreed that the government has the duty to protect the rights of its citizens. Thomas Jefferson, who was among the founding members of the document, wrote a separate note about the importance of government, which many believes is enough to gauge the value of government in America. The declaration refers to the American government as a set of individuals working together for a similar goal. Owing to this importance, Davidson believes that a decent respect to the opinions of mankind is providing them the due rights. These ideals and importance suggest that democratic ideals and the ideas about government are still relevant today.

Though there were many reasons for the American colonies to get independence, therefore they were not unjustified in waging a war against the British monarch. They broke from the British Empire to become the United States of America, for the reason that England was not fulfilling the demands of ordinary Americans. These claims had merits, owing to the prevailing situations in the colonies, which they believed were inhumane and disastrous. In addition to this, Davidson’s claims are based on the assumption that England wanted to form a government on principles and organizational patterns that were most likely to affect the safety and security of the American people.

Consent of the governed is a political philosophical phrase which entails that a government’s legitimacy is only confirmed if the people consent to its making. It contrasts to the idea of the divine right of the Kings, which remained the overarching principle of governance in the previous centuries. Davidson believes that consent of the governed was important since it provided a new sense to the people of America and they started rising against the oppression they faced from the British monarch. For the American beliefs, it holds a primary value, since American democracy holds the values of people participation and overrides authoritarianism.

Bibliography:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Davidson, James West, and Mark H. Lytle. After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection. Vol. 1. McGraw-Hill, 2004.

Research Topics

John F Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis

[Author’s name]

[Institute’s name]

John F Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis

Introduction

           John F Kennedy played a prominent role in the scenario of the Cuban missile crisis to avoid nuclear war. Undoubtedly, it was an immensely difficult time for the entire world to avoid the risk of nuclear war at the global level. Everyone was hoping for the positive end of the tension of the Cuban missile crisis. The event of the Cuban missile crisis has great importance in world history because that brought the entire world to the edge of nuclear war. It is significant to examine the entire scenario of the Cuban missile crisis to examine its variant dimensions ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rhBQ1Gsm","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stern, 2003)","plainCitation":"(Stern, 2003)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":460,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/HJ8XM9HW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/HJ8XM9HW"],"itemData":{"id":460,"type":"book","ISBN":"0-8047-4846-2","publisher":"Stanford University Press","title":"Averting'the final failure': John F. Kennedy and the secret Cuban Missile Crisis meetings","author":[{"family":"Stern","given":"Sheldon M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stern, 2003). This paper focuses on critically examine the active role of John F Kennedy in the entire scenario of the Cuban missile crisis.  

Discussion

           The growing devastation during the era of 1962 was successfully tackled by John F Kennedy to save the world. Some significant characteristics of JFK played an important role in timely assess the issue and looking for the preventive measure. 

Research Questions

What is a substantial Perspective of the Cuban Missile Crisis?

           This research question can be better answered by examining the entire historical scenario of the Cuban missile crisis. The event of the Cuban missile crisis in 1962 is characterized as a major and deadly confrontation between the US and the Soviet Union. A proper understanding of this scenario can be helpful to examine the influential role of JFK concerning this issue.  

What is Kennedy’s role to overcome the growing crisis of Cuban Missile?

           The primary objective of JFK is to prevent the entire world from the calamity of nuclear war. He presented the idea in the form of dialogue that requires the removal of the already developed missiles ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Dd3GWole","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Allison, 2012)","plainCitation":"(Allison, 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":461,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/X6RLVIG3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/X6RLVIG3"],"itemData":{"id":461,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Foreign Affairs","page":"11-16","title":"The Cuban missile crisis at 50: lessons for US foreign policy today","author":[{"family":"Allison","given":"Graham"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Allison, 2012). This piece of knowledge is helpful to figure out the active involvement of JFK in the case of the Cuban missile crisis. 

How the Perspective of nuclear war was closely linked to the Cuban Missile Crisis?

           A detailed analysis of history indicates the prevailing connection between the risk of nuclear war and the Cuban missile crisis. The intense situation between the Soviet Union and the US turned as a great threat in the form of nuclear war. Examining the connection between these perspectives can be helpful to successfully respond to the thesis statement of this work. 

Conclusion

           To conclude the discussion, it is vital to indicate that JKF’s active role to address the situation of Cuba missile crisis can never be ignored. He took the extraordinary wise decision to avoid the intensity and frustration of the situation. The adoption of balance prospects by JFK eventually saves the world. 

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Allison, G. (2012). The Cuban missile crisis at 50: Lessons for US foreign policy today. Foreign Affairs, 11–16.

Stern, S. M. (2003). Averting’the final failure’: John F. Kennedy and the secret Cuban Missile Crisis meetings. Stanford University Press.

Response

Your’ Name

Date

Summer 2019

Professor

Response

“Perspectives: An Open Invitation to Cultural Anthropology,” written by Bryce Peake at the University of Maryland, edited by Nina Brown, Laura Tubelle de González, and Thomas McIlwraith, explores the history of media anthropology and highlights the main types of media studied under anthropology. In other words, the author explores the concept of media and its experiences from an anthropologist perspective. Overall, I felt that the chapter has explained the role of media and its approaches to identify the media as a topic by anthropologist but it contain some confusion. The chapter started with a deep detail about the media and its practices followed by the insights, theories, and methodologies of media. Though the chapter is correct about the history of the media and its main role started after World War I but I disagree to the point that in contemporary time, media is more significant ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"JvYYdCMH","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Brown et al.)","plainCitation":"(Brown et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":937,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/RTU5INM3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/RTU5INM3"],"itemData":{"id":937,"type":"book","title":"Perspectives: an open invitation to cultural anthropology","source":"Open WorldCat","abstract":"We are delighted to bring to you this novel textbook, a collection of chapters on the essential topics in cultural anthropology. Different from other introductory textbooks, this book is an edited volume with each chapter written by a different author. Each author has written from their experiences working as an anthropologist and that personal touch makes for an accessible introduction to cultural anthropology. Our approach to cultural anthropology is holistic. We see the interconnectedness of cultural practices and, in all of the chapters, we emphasize the comparison of cultures and the ways of life of different peoples. We start with Laura Nader's observation that cultural differences need not be seen as a problem. In our complicated world of increasing migration, nationalism, and climate challenges, cultural diversity might actually be the source of conflict resolution and new approaches to ensuring a healthier world. Indeed, as Katie Nelson reminds us, anthropology exposes the familiarity in the ideas and practices of others that seem bizarre. Robert Borofsky advocates for anthropology's ability to empower people and facilitate good. Borofsky calls on anthropologists to engage with a wider public to bring our incredible stories and important insights to helping resolve the most critical issues we face in the world today. This book brings Nader, Nelson, Borofsky, and many others together to demonstrate that our anthropological understandings can help all of us to improve the lives of people the world over. We need you, as students, to see the possibilities. As instructors, we want to help you share anthropological knowledge and understanding easily. We want all readers to be inspired by the intensely personal writings of the anthropologists who contribute to this volume.","ISBN":"978-1-931303-55-2","note":"OCLC: 1050870316","title-short":"Perspectives","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Brown","given":"Nina"},{"family":"González","given":"Laura Tubelle","dropping-particle":"de"},{"family":"McIlwraith","given":"Thomas"},{"literal":"BC Open Textbook Project"},{"literal":"BCcampus"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Brown et al.). This is because in past only authentic researches or details were shared with the people however in present time it is important to make sure that the details are authentic and based on truth rather than biased, personal point of view, or propaganda. I am confused about the lines “The focus is shifted away from the technology itself, a controversial approach that some have criticized for transforming media anthropology into an anthropology of everything” because no meaningful explanation is provided ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"hRZDu9qo","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Brown et al.)","plainCitation":"(Brown et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":937,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/RTU5INM3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/RTU5INM3"],"itemData":{"id":937,"type":"book","title":"Perspectives: an open invitation to cultural anthropology","source":"Open WorldCat","abstract":"We are delighted to bring to you this novel textbook, a collection of chapters on the essential topics in cultural anthropology. Different from other introductory textbooks, this book is an edited volume with each chapter written by a different author. Each author has written from their experiences working as an anthropologist and that personal touch makes for an accessible introduction to cultural anthropology. Our approach to cultural anthropology is holistic. We see the interconnectedness of cultural practices and, in all of the chapters, we emphasize the comparison of cultures and the ways of life of different peoples. We start with Laura Nader's observation that cultural differences need not be seen as a problem. In our complicated world of increasing migration, nationalism, and climate challenges, cultural diversity might actually be the source of conflict resolution and new approaches to ensuring a healthier world. Indeed, as Katie Nelson reminds us, anthropology exposes the familiarity in the ideas and practices of others that seem bizarre. Robert Borofsky advocates for anthropology's ability to empower people and facilitate good. Borofsky calls on anthropologists to engage with a wider public to bring our incredible stories and important insights to helping resolve the most critical issues we face in the world today. This book brings Nader, Nelson, Borofsky, and many others together to demonstrate that our anthropological understandings can help all of us to improve the lives of people the world over. We need you, as students, to see the possibilities. As instructors, we want to help you share anthropological knowledge and understanding easily. We want all readers to be inspired by the intensely personal writings of the anthropologists who contribute to this volume.","ISBN":"978-1-931303-55-2","note":"OCLC: 1050870316","title-short":"Perspectives","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Brown","given":"Nina"},{"family":"González","given":"Laura Tubelle","dropping-particle":"de"},{"family":"McIlwraith","given":"Thomas"},{"literal":"BC Open Textbook Project"},{"literal":"BCcampus"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Brown et al.). The chapter followed by media activism in anthropology in which example of Kayapo culture is used to explain the concepts. In this section, the author asked numbers of questions however, did not give their answers. I felt that incomplete information or explanation was provided throughout the chapter. In addition, it gives a glance like author wanted to tell so many things but in fewer words which made the chapter difficult to understand in one reading. However, the chapter is significant to understand the problems like the impact of media, especially social media on the culture and its interpretation by the people. It is important for media to share concepts like religion, ritual, tradition without any biased ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BOtl7zOo","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Brown et al.)","plainCitation":"(Brown et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":937,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/RTU5INM3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/RTU5INM3"],"itemData":{"id":937,"type":"book","title":"Perspectives: an open invitation to cultural anthropology","source":"Open WorldCat","abstract":"We are delighted to bring to you this novel textbook, a collection of chapters on the essential topics in cultural anthropology. Different from other introductory textbooks, this book is an edited volume with each chapter written by a different author. Each author has written from their experiences working as an anthropologist and that personal touch makes for an accessible introduction to cultural anthropology. Our approach to cultural anthropology is holistic. We see the interconnectedness of cultural practices and, in all of the chapters, we emphasize the comparison of cultures and the ways of life of different peoples. We start with Laura Nader's observation that cultural differences need not be seen as a problem. In our complicated world of increasing migration, nationalism, and climate challenges, cultural diversity might actually be the source of conflict resolution and new approaches to ensuring a healthier world. Indeed, as Katie Nelson reminds us, anthropology exposes the familiarity in the ideas and practices of others that seem bizarre. Robert Borofsky advocates for anthropology's ability to empower people and facilitate good. Borofsky calls on anthropologists to engage with a wider public to bring our incredible stories and important insights to helping resolve the most critical issues we face in the world today. This book brings Nader, Nelson, Borofsky, and many others together to demonstrate that our anthropological understandings can help all of us to improve the lives of people the world over. We need you, as students, to see the possibilities. As instructors, we want to help you share anthropological knowledge and understanding easily. We want all readers to be inspired by the intensely personal writings of the anthropologists who contribute to this volume.","ISBN":"978-1-931303-55-2","note":"OCLC: 1050870316","title-short":"Perspectives","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Brown","given":"Nina"},{"family":"González","given":"Laura Tubelle","dropping-particle":"de"},{"family":"McIlwraith","given":"Thomas"},{"literal":"BC Open Textbook Project"},{"literal":"BCcampus"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Brown et al.). This is the reason I believe that the author concluded the chapter with the statement that anthropologist will stay connected to the holistic consideration and people to understand the culture and religion. Overall, I think the chapter is significant to gain knowledge about the role of the media in different forms and in different period of time.

Word count: 433

Work Cited:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Brown, Nina, et al. Perspectives: An Open Invitation to Cultural Anthropology. 2017.

Response

Student

Professor

Class

Date

Scientific Diplomacy- Response Paper

This paper is aimed at documenting the response on Dr. Karly Kehoe’s lecture about the history of Science Diplomacy. Science diplomacy is referred to as the utilization of scientific collaborations among nations in order to build constructive and favorable international partnerships and address the common problems encountered by the nations. However, subject matter experts are facing considerable issues concerning the development of universally acceptable definition of science diplomacy.

With the passing time, researchers focused more on the actions encapsulated by science diplomacy rather than its mere definition. Due to these reasons, scientific diplomacy has become an umbrella term that encompasses numerous informal and formal, engineering, academic, research- based and technical exchanges. The most striking point of Dr. Karly’s lecture was bridging the world through science. This point makes a great deal of sense particularly in the foreign policy making where science can provide advices to determine objectives.

Contemplating the term scientific diplomacy through the lens of history, before this term was coined, such scientific initiatives were often attributed as soft power or smart power by the subject matter experts in the United States. This term was first introduced by Harvard University professor Joseph Nye in his 1990s book; the changing nature of American power. This book propounded the most intriguing yet striking notion that United States must realize the significance of soft power and must attempt to provide such services and goods to the other nations that they cannot attain from any other leadership. Moreover, United States must put greater investment in the soft power through contemplating its economic and military power and must tackle the global challenges using this technique. History provides us many examples where scientific diplomacy empowered the diplomatic relationships between two nations; during the periods of cold war, civilian scientific exchanges between Soviet Union and United States.

In a nutshell, this lecture enabled me to learn the historical grounds and significance of soft power or scientific diplomacy for internal relations and uplifting the national dignity at internal levels during global economical and social challenges.

Response 4

Student Name

Date

Summer 2019

Professor Name

Reading Response 4

“Perspectives: An Open Invitation to Cultural Anthropology” edited by Nina Brown, Laura Tubelle de González, and Thomas McIlwraith of the University of Guelph, explained the importance of supernatural beliefs for reshaping the culture. The reading summarizes the theories developed by the anthropologist and identification of four elements of religion. Overall, I felt that the chapter provides an understanding of supernatural belief and its connection with the behavior of the people. In addition, the reading is useful to understand the rites of passage, intensification, and revitalization to know their purpose in our lives. The reading starts with a discussion of supernatural beliefs. Supernatural beliefs are part of the society from the past ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"uRJzzlht","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Brown et al.)","plainCitation":"(Brown et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":793,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/NT6CXUGP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/NT6CXUGP"],"itemData":{"id":793,"type":"book","title":"Perspectives: an open invitation to cultural anthropology","source":"Open WorldCat","abstract":"We are delighted to bring to you this novel textbook, a collection of chapters on the essential topics in cultural anthropology. Different from other introductory textbooks, this book is an edited volume with each chapter written by a different author. Each author has written from their experiences working as an anthropologist and that personal touch makes for an accessible introduction to cultural anthropology. Our approach to cultural anthropology is holistic. We see the interconnectedness of cultural practices and, in all of the chapters, we emphasize the comparison of cultures and the ways of life of different peoples. We start with Laura Nader's observation that cultural differences need not be seen as a problem. In our complicated world of increasing migration, nationalism, and climate challenges, cultural diversity might actually be the source of conflict resolution and new approaches to ensuring a healthier world. Indeed, as Katie Nelson reminds us, anthropology exposes the familiarity in the ideas and practices of others that seem bizarre. Robert Borofsky advocates for anthropology's ability to empower people and facilitate good. Borofsky calls on anthropologists to engage with a wider public to bring our incredible stories and important insights to helping resolve the most critical issues we face in the world today. This book brings Nader, Nelson, Borofsky, and many others together to demonstrate that our anthropological understandings can help all of us to improve the lives of people the world over. We need you, as students, to see the possibilities. As instructors, we want to help you share anthropological knowledge and understanding easily. We want all readers to be inspired by the intensely personal writings of the anthropologists who contribute to this volume.","ISBN":"978-1-931303-55-2","note":"OCLC: 1050870316","title-short":"Perspectives","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Brown","given":"Nina"},{"family":"González","given":"Laura Tubelle","dropping-particle":"de"},{"family":"McIlwraith","given":"Thomas"},{"literal":"BC Open Textbook Project"},{"literal":"BCcampus"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Brown et al.). It is therefore easy to relate the reading with the real-life examples. The distinctions between the beliefs in different religion were explained. For instance, some people have faith on afterlife while some does not. "Religion" is not just a word it is a distinct form of the faith. The reading does not have weak points on which question can be raised. It is because the reading consists of facts and terms taken from the real world. The author has explained different terms like religion, magic, sorcerers, and their role in the culture. In addition, theories of religion have presented which is also totally based on the philosopher's perspective. Although theories developed by Freud, Marx, and Durkheim are described in the chapter but I have found Marx theory more realistic. The point he raised that, “religion created an illusion of happiness that helped people cope with the economic difficulties of life under capitalism” is true and can be identified in the real world ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ACulrBut","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Brown et al.)","plainCitation":"(Brown et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":793,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/NT6CXUGP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/NT6CXUGP"],"itemData":{"id":793,"type":"book","title":"Perspectives: an open invitation to cultural anthropology","source":"Open WorldCat","abstract":"We are delighted to bring to you this novel textbook, a collection of chapters on the essential topics in cultural anthropology. Different from other introductory textbooks, this book is an edited volume with each chapter written by a different author. Each author has written from their experiences working as an anthropologist and that personal touch makes for an accessible introduction to cultural anthropology. Our approach to cultural anthropology is holistic. We see the interconnectedness of cultural practices and, in all of the chapters, we emphasize the comparison of cultures and the ways of life of different peoples. We start with Laura Nader's observation that cultural differences need not be seen as a problem. In our complicated world of increasing migration, nationalism, and climate challenges, cultural diversity might actually be the source of conflict resolution and new approaches to ensuring a healthier world. Indeed, as Katie Nelson reminds us, anthropology exposes the familiarity in the ideas and practices of others that seem bizarre. Robert Borofsky advocates for anthropology's ability to empower people and facilitate good. Borofsky calls on anthropologists to engage with a wider public to bring our incredible stories and important insights to helping resolve the most critical issues we face in the world today. This book brings Nader, Nelson, Borofsky, and many others together to demonstrate that our anthropological understandings can help all of us to improve the lives of people the world over. We need you, as students, to see the possibilities. As instructors, we want to help you share anthropological knowledge and understanding easily. We want all readers to be inspired by the intensely personal writings of the anthropologists who contribute to this volume.","ISBN":"978-1-931303-55-2","note":"OCLC: 1050870316","title-short":"Perspectives","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Brown","given":"Nina"},{"family":"González","given":"Laura Tubelle","dropping-particle":"de"},{"family":"McIlwraith","given":"Thomas"},{"literal":"BC Open Textbook Project"},{"literal":"BCcampus"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Brown et al.). The common elements of religion that the author explained include cosmology, supernatural, rules governing behavior, and ritual. I can identify the two elements that are supernatural and ritual around me present in almost every religion including Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and, Judaism. However, the author discussed the concept of animism which I found incorrect. For instance, Islam does not believe in animism, they have faith in God only not on any object, animal or weather as the author discussed.

Another issue that I have with the reading is about the rules of behavior. According to the author, Buddhism has a strong connection between rules of everyday behavior and spiritual beliefs ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"AQRVVmOP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Brown et al.)","plainCitation":"(Brown et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":793,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/NT6CXUGP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/NT6CXUGP"],"itemData":{"id":793,"type":"book","title":"Perspectives: an open invitation to cultural anthropology","source":"Open WorldCat","abstract":"We are delighted to bring to you this novel textbook, a collection of chapters on the essential topics in cultural anthropology. Different from other introductory textbooks, this book is an edited volume with each chapter written by a different author. Each author has written from their experiences working as an anthropologist and that personal touch makes for an accessible introduction to cultural anthropology. Our approach to cultural anthropology is holistic. We see the interconnectedness of cultural practices and, in all of the chapters, we emphasize the comparison of cultures and the ways of life of different peoples. We start with Laura Nader's observation that cultural differences need not be seen as a problem. In our complicated world of increasing migration, nationalism, and climate challenges, cultural diversity might actually be the source of conflict resolution and new approaches to ensuring a healthier world. Indeed, as Katie Nelson reminds us, anthropology exposes the familiarity in the ideas and practices of others that seem bizarre. Robert Borofsky advocates for anthropology's ability to empower people and facilitate good. Borofsky calls on anthropologists to engage with a wider public to bring our incredible stories and important insights to helping resolve the most critical issues we face in the world today. This book brings Nader, Nelson, Borofsky, and many others together to demonstrate that our anthropological understandings can help all of us to improve the lives of people the world over. We need you, as students, to see the possibilities. As instructors, we want to help you share anthropological knowledge and understanding easily. We want all readers to be inspired by the intensely personal writings of the anthropologists who contribute to this volume.","ISBN":"978-1-931303-55-2","note":"OCLC: 1050870316","title-short":"Perspectives","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Brown","given":"Nina"},{"family":"González","given":"Laura Tubelle","dropping-particle":"de"},{"family":"McIlwraith","given":"Thomas"},{"literal":"BC Open Textbook Project"},{"literal":"BCcampus"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Brown et al.). This is true but I think not only Buddhism every religion provides people a way of life that can make God happy along with making their life easier. Other religions not only distinguish between good deeds and sins they also connect behavior with the spiritual belief just like Buddhism. Section under rituals and religious practitioners is well explained with numbers of examples related to the present world. The most thought-provoking part was the explanation of “prophet” and the difference between profit and priest. For me, this reading is very informative as it is significant to understand the emotional, spiritual, and social contribution of the beliefs and religion to make the culture and human experience ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"sOpMsrIs","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Brown et al.)","plainCitation":"(Brown et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":793,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/NT6CXUGP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/NT6CXUGP"],"itemData":{"id":793,"type":"book","title":"Perspectives: an open invitation to cultural anthropology","source":"Open WorldCat","abstract":"We are delighted to bring to you this novel textbook, a collection of chapters on the essential topics in cultural anthropology. Different from other introductory textbooks, this book is an edited volume with each chapter written by a different author. Each author has written from their experiences working as an anthropologist and that personal touch makes for an accessible introduction to cultural anthropology. Our approach to cultural anthropology is holistic. We see the interconnectedness of cultural practices and, in all of the chapters, we emphasize the comparison of cultures and the ways of life of different peoples. We start with Laura Nader's observation that cultural differences need not be seen as a problem. In our complicated world of increasing migration, nationalism, and climate challenges, cultural diversity might actually be the source of conflict resolution and new approaches to ensuring a healthier world. Indeed, as Katie Nelson reminds us, anthropology exposes the familiarity in the ideas and practices of others that seem bizarre. Robert Borofsky advocates for anthropology's ability to empower people and facilitate good. Borofsky calls on anthropologists to engage with a wider public to bring our incredible stories and important insights to helping resolve the most critical issues we face in the world today. This book brings Nader, Nelson, Borofsky, and many others together to demonstrate that our anthropological understandings can help all of us to improve the lives of people the world over. We need you, as students, to see the possibilities. As instructors, we want to help you share anthropological knowledge and understanding easily. We want all readers to be inspired by the intensely personal writings of the anthropologists who contribute to this volume.","ISBN":"978-1-931303-55-2","note":"OCLC: 1050870316","title-short":"Perspectives","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Brown","given":"Nina"},{"family":"González","given":"Laura Tubelle","dropping-particle":"de"},{"family":"McIlwraith","given":"Thomas"},{"literal":"BC Open Textbook Project"},{"literal":"BCcampus"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Brown et al.).

Word count: 507

Work Cited:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Brown, Nina, et al. Perspectives: An Open Invitation to Cultural Anthropology. 2017.

Response Paper



Magna Carta

(Response Paper)

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Response Paper

1. Consider Magna Carta as reflecting a list of grievances. What had been some of the complaints about King John? What kinds of issues do they concern? Justice? Land tenure? Taxes? Judging from Magna Carta, what tensions did the rise of central administration and government produce?

Magana Carta dealt with a list of grievances at the time due to the failure and ineffective governance of the king John. The list of the grievances i9 issues inflated taxes by the crown, denial of justice, indiscriminate conduct. Magna Carta was a result of animosity between the central administration i.e. the crown and the government i.e. barons. King john’s irrational demands for taxes, impulsive acts with no regard for justice and no regard for the ancient feudal customs led to civil rebellion and loss of barons loyalty. Eventually making the two factions meet at Runnymede meadow on the banks of River Thames, ultimately agreeing to the baron's document of an agreement known as armed Articles of baron.

2. Why might some argue that Magna Carter is a “feudal document”? Does it concern issues arising from land tenure?

The feudal barons were responsible for landholding in the middle ages. In medieval times, the land tenure was held and regulated by the feudal barons. The land was therefore held from the king through a complex system of traditional practices. Moreover, the barons were to pay a ‘scutage tax; in compensation for the military service, moreover, kings involvement in the internal lives of feudal barons was way too comprehensive that he would take guardianship of young heirs inherited estates, control the marriages of barons, their heirs, and widows. In addition to this heavy sums of payments were put upon landowner i.e feudals to inherit estates or marry. The king continuously breached the land tenure practiced from ages, by excessively exploiting the feudal rights within his reign to excess. Therefore 63 clauses out of the Magna Carta directly address the rights of feudal and limit the king's power to interfere in the feudal arrangement.

3. Who forced the king to issue it? Who is to represent the kingdom in dealing with the king?

King John had disputes with the medieval church over the appointment of the archbishop of Canterbury, he even refused to recognize or his entry in the kingdom. The dispute intensified and the king ceased the Church properties and land, in return, the church halted all activities including marriage, death burials. King John further retaliated with bringing and holding the church's income. The animosity with the church was feared with the French invasion of England. Moreover, along with this, the turmoil persisted the fear of rebellion in the form of civil war by baron rebels. This forced the king to resolve and sign the Magna Carta in favor of his subjects.

4. Magna Carta has often been seen as laying down fundamental constitutional principles. Is this conclusion correct? Why might some draw it? Was this a contemporary perception?

Magna Carta is known as the Great Charter. It incorporates the right to fair trial and justice, individual rights and subjecting everyone even the king to the supremacy of law. Although the entirety of the document was to address the issues of the time however Magna Carta has become a universal document reflecting upon the ideals of democracy and human rights. It upholds the spirit of liberty and the rule of law being above all. Although it contains nothing in text for them, the connotations and the broader meaning reflect upon such themes laying down basic fundamental constitutional principles for all. Magna Carta is a symbolism that provides a basis for all governmental systems from capitalism to communism and recognition of fundamental themes that shall not be ignored in the application of universal human rights.

5. Can you use Magna Carta to illuminate the origin of constitutional (i.e., limited) government?

Magna Carta infused the idea of constitutional government. It refers to the limitation imposed on the governing authority. It limited the king's authority to exercise excessive power on its subjects. The document ended the monarchs absolute power. Magna Carta introduced a limited government system by encouraging parliamentary supremacy. The idea was to contain the power of the sovereign and transfer it to those who serve the public's interest better. The limited government beholds only that power which the public give it. Many governments in the world such as the British government exercise limited government by the introduction of a parliamentary system. It also limits the status of the monarchy to symbolic only. The United States of America has also incorporated the idea into its constitution under The Bill of rights.

Response Paper

[Your Name]

[Instructor Name]

[Course Number]

[Date]

Response Paper

Margaret Sanger is considered to be the pioneers of feminism. She was born in New York on 14th September 1879. Sanger was an ardent activist that worked for the rights of women all across the country. Sanger, for the first time, came forward with the term "birth control" and strived for its legalization all her life.

Margaret Sanger shed a light on the importance of birth control in the article "No healthy race without birth control". In this article, Sanger argues that Motherhood is the most revered professions in the entire. Rightly, being a mother is the most beautiful feeling in the world. To be a healthy mother, it is imperative that one should possess a healthy body and mind. Furthermore, Sanger suggests that a healthy body and mind can be achieved if girls, from a young age, start participating in sports. The time when Sanger wrote this article was the one in which women were denied societal space and had to struggle for the smallest of things. Considering this fact shows that Sanger was truly a visionary woman as girls have gotten rights and actively participates in societal matters. Moreover, another important aspect Sanger highlighted that if the girls in the society become healthy and start choosing healthy men unlike their predecessors, the boys on the society would be compelled to keep themselves in sound health and shape. By this argument, Sanger implied that when girls and boys will strive hard to attain the best of shapes, it would result in a society that would be healthy. In a healthy society there would less prevalence of diseases. Sanger suggested that it is essential that men and women who marry be in a sound financial state. Not being in a sound financial state would not only create troubles for the couple but it would also deny the child coming into this world their rights. A child coming into this world has a right to be raised in a healthy environment, get properly educated, and be granted all the basic amenities. Therefore, a married couple who cannot provide these facilities should consider birth control. The idea of birth control seems to be a more practical solution to tackle financial turbulence young married people face. Certainly, parents who plan for the long-term benefits for their children and themselves must contemplate birth control. Moreover, women in modern households are not merely housewives. The women making the modern household have a professional career as they have recognized that men should not be the only one making ends meet. Therefore, women are ambitious and work tirelessly. They intend to welcome their children in a house that is not only a two-by-four flat but is real home with all the facilities of the modern world. To attain this real home, women must consider birth control as well. When every woman in the society realizes this idea, a society will be raised in which women would actively participate, says Sanger. Moreover, Sanger argues that mothers who consider birth control are intelligent than the ones who do not. Certainly, those mothers who do not consider birth control would face a tremendous amount of difficulties according to Sanger. This implies that mothers who do not consider birth control will confront numerous difficulties. Certainly, this fact is evident in the modern-day society that many women who are not physically and mentally sound and become mothers at a tender age are less fortunate. Till this day, there exist numerous women who are not adequately familiar with the birth control struggles to provide their children with a sound environment to grow in.

Responses

Reply 1

I am completely agreeing with you regarding your view about Roman Empire. Rome was the largest state of antiquity, deriving its name from the Roman city of Rome. The name of this city, according to legend. It comes from the name of its legendary founder, Romulus. The culture of the Etruscans and Greeks played a major role in the formation of ancient Roman civilization. Architecture it offered particular forms of manifestation, imposed by the demands of public and state life of ancient Rome society. The public markets, the basilicas, the amphitheaters, the temples, the thermal baths, the private houses, the shops, offered ensembles included in the conception of the Roman urbanism, which drew the network of streets and traffic lanes, between the central area and the enclosure walls. You are right Veyne’s article is in depth and provide more details than Scobie. Scobie talk generally about sanitary and drainage system comparing Veyne.

Reply 2

Thankyou for your informative post. You feel Scobie give more details about the drainage, sewer, baths and streets of roman. To some extend yes but Veyne seems more descriptive in his article. He not only presented daily life style of Romans but also their urban life, activities and their characteristics. Veyne talk about sexual excess, banquets hall as a sign of art and to show wealth and their passion for races as well. Where as Scobie presented a dirty picture of Romans and according to him, they were crowded and due to unhygienic conditions, they had contagious disease. For him roman bath were the sources of disease and infection. I believe both the authors presented their point of view in good manner and they both talk about bath system, drainage and sewer systems. Scobie thinks that the major source of contamination was their bathrooms, but I think it was really civilized nation because before that there was no concept of bath rooms in houses however, it may ground for infection.

Responses

Your Name

Instructor Name

Date

Responses

Response 1

The discussion post provided several arguments that backed up the author's choice of living in a medieval village. Living in an era where there are excessive pollution issues and other problems such as global warming, overcrowding, and an energy crisis, choosing a medieval village is not surprising. As you mentioned in your discussion post regarding the disadvantages of living in medieval times, I would like to add that in the Mediaeval time, there was no electricity and means of transport. Further, there were no proper healthcare facilities due to which the mortality rate was high. In addition, the lack of knowledge about the climatic condition was the main issue due to which the cultivation of the crops was very difficult. In your discussion, you also highlighted several activities such as hunting just to obtain food; however, I would like to add that according to (Duby 173) the peasants were the ones who had to go for hunting. They had to risk their lives while also they had to go and participate in the war. Thus, in short, living in a medieval time that is free of pollution also comes with the price of a constant struggle to obtain basic necessities of life.

Response 2

The comparison and contrast between the medieval times and Roman city, presented in the discussion post helped a lot in understanding the lives of people living at that time. In your discussion post that you would prefer to live in a Roman city. I think that due to the several advancements in technology, people are more relying on technologies to complete their daily tasks. Thus, living in a Roman city is far better than living in a village that has neither electricity nor a means of transport and healthcare facilities. Further, in your post, you mentioned the difficulties of people living in medieval times I would like to add that according to (Duby 173) people have to starve because there was a lack of food. The reason for the lack of food was no information regarding the climatic conditions due to which it was difficult to cultivate crops. However, in Roman times, people were more aware of the climatic conditions, and there was no lack of food. Additionally, there was also no difference among people based on their social status (Veyne 111).

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Duby, Georges. "Rural Economy and the Country Life in Medieval West." Duby, Georges. Rural Economy and the Country Life in Medieval West. Philadelphia: The University of Pennsylvania, 1968. 166-173.

Veyne, Paule. "Pleasures and Excesses in the Roman Empire." Veyne, Paule. The Roman Empire. London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1997. 107-122.

Responses

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Responses

Etiquettes being an essential part of daily life because, as a human being, they help shape our personality and help us groom on a daily basis. They have more impact on not only ourselves but also on our position in society. It's the etiquette that can make our position strong and weak at the same time. Like in politics, good etiquettes can take a country to a higher position and can be helpful for the development of the country. For example, there are basic etiquettes that are used while meeting a higher persona like the Queen of England. It’s true that not everyone can meet the Queen, and for meeting her, one should be in a good political position or should be an important person CITATION Pos11 \l 1033 (Post).One must show proper manners and avoid being lazy because the interest of a person can develop a good environment and can also save his/her country from downfall. Their relationship depends on the trade and on the diplomatic relation of the countries. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain proper etiquette, especially in front of an important person.

Etiquettes depend on the situation and depend on the kind of people in that situation. It also gives an idea about the forms of etiquette, like what manners should be opted at what occasions. It is true that political implications always comes from people who not only hold an especial position in society but also belong to the upper class because upper-class people have better etiquettes than lower. If a person has done something for people and is a recognized personality, but if he/she does not show good etiquettes, then he/she will not be totally ignored by society.The environment has a great influence on how a person acts because that person is born and raised in a certain way CITATION Hal16 \l 1033 (Hale). As for now, etiquettes have changed a lot, and many things are not practiced in the way they were practiced back then. For example, it was important to wash hands before sitting at the dining table, and people used to wipe off excess food on the mouth by a cloth. But now it is totally opposite because people do not follow them anymore. These manners practiced in the past were acceptable to everyone and showed the growth of human civilization. It is not only important for civilization but also good for mental and physical health.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Hale, Courtney. Odyssey. 15 Feb 2016. 30 October 2019. <https://www.theodysseyonline.com/political-etiquette>.

Post, Anna. The Etiquette of Talking Politics. 17 November 2011. 30 October 2019. <https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-etiquette-of-talking-_b_87893?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAACD6sHylr2NokXRhF7X4u4cJI6YcJU0K52KEjMY2iFUjmWrFhec0ZcIHi1ksIANO8X3biGMYwSrvJXllcDlDwU2k_wE_hsyUIdoFpx4EcO8u->.

Review Of The REVOLUTIONARY MOTHERS By Carol Berkin

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Revolutionary Mothers: Women in the Struggle for America’s Independence

by Carol Berkin- Book Review

Revolutionary Mothers by Carol Berkin is a well- written and highly- cited book which elaborates the story of women during America struggle of independence from British supremacy. It includes the stories of all kind of women including patriots, loyalists, rich, and poor, Afro Americans or white American, etc. This book is mainly written to pay tribute to the efforts of American women which practically moved at every step together with their male counterparts. Berkin has shed light over the efforts of women as to how they took part in the founding of the American nation. Berkin has also compared what it would be for contemporary women if they had to play the same role during the country's history ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"PIVBfZ12","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Berkin)","plainCitation":"(Berkin)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":863,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/PF5W6FD7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/PF5W6FD7"],"itemData":{"id":863,"type":"book","title":"Revolutionary Mothers: Women in the Struggle for America's Independence","publisher":"Vintage","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Revolutionary Mothers","author":[{"family":"Berkin","given":"Carol"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Berkin). The book has been divided into ten chapters, which collectively covers every aspect of how women remained consequential in the struggle of Independence in American history. Each chapter has a different theme and is organized in a subjective manner. By employing a subjective manner, Berkin has met the goal of elaborating the impact which women had on the results of the revolutionary wars.

The book starts with the thesis presented by the authors. She mentions that this book is an effort to put aside the notion, that women during the revolutionary wars remained harmless. She has left no stone unturned then to mention the struggles of women during the revolutionary era. In order to substantiate her stance Berkin has referred to some archives such as the newspapers, books, letters and some published recollections of that era. The first chapter of the book is titled "Easy Task of Obeying" and it includes the theme of how women were supposed to play the role of an obedient wife during the eighteenth century. During this time women were normally confined to homes and were responsible just for the household tasks. The house was normally effected by the political matters of that time. This routine of women restricted them from taking part in any intellectual activity. They were indifferent to the literary works and hardly knew how to read and write, but despite that women inside had the feeling that they might have to stand against the British occupation one day. Apart from this confined role of women, they were heavily dependent on males, since they don't have any kind of independence.

Berkin mentions that since women were treated as the subject of the household, their political views were suppressed too. Normally the husbands, father or any male relative were the custodians of the females and their intellectual growth was what they had been told or was discussed in front of them. In explaining this role, Berkin has referred much time towards Elizabeth Ellet's book Women of the American Revolution. She has shared her opinion that as women were considered just some nominal beings, they were therefore considered not worthy to place them at demanding positions ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"3BjV6pc8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ellet)","plainCitation":"(Ellet)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":864,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/KR6PUVLY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/KR6PUVLY"],"itemData":{"id":864,"type":"book","title":"The Women of the American Revolution","publisher":"Scribner","volume":"3","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Ellet","given":"Elizabeth Fries"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1856"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ellet). The political and conflict culture of that time was of such a nature that women could have played an important role. For example, Ellet mentions that by being close to some generals and army personal women could easily get an idea of what the other side was planning.

Although women were forced to play this role in the peak years of war before the formal independence but mainly before the mid of eighteenth century, they were not considered that much worthy. The sex was just women had to offer as part of their active role. Since they had zero sense of the nature of the conflict between the British and Americans, they were kept aside from the conflict. At some places in the first chapter, Berkin has referred to the newspaper stories published that time which illustrate the sense that how women considered the struggle of independence just as an ordinary conflict. The reason for such an attitude by the women was their ignorance and the minimal knowledge they had about the conflict.

In the second chapter of the book titled They say it is the tea that causes it, Berkin has elaborated the consequences of when finally women started taking the reign in their hands. Berkin mentions that since women were restrained in homes and just had the say in the home affairs, they gradually started understanding, how they can play a vital role for inflicting damage to British economy ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"172IfGX0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Berkin)","plainCitation":"(Berkin)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":863,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/PF5W6FD7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/PF5W6FD7"],"itemData":{"id":863,"type":"book","title":"Revolutionary Mothers: Women in the Struggle for America's Independence","publisher":"Vintage","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Revolutionary Mothers","author":[{"family":"Berkin","given":"Carol"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Berkin). During that time, tea was largely consumed and there was no production of tea on the American mainland. Traders from Britain used to bring loads of containers carrying tea and use to sell them to American people. They often use to sell them forcibly, since they were not in good terms with the Europeans at that time. This was the time when women started participating in active politics. Although their grievances were directed towards the American males, somehow it affected the British actions in the US. Berkin has elaborated this in kind of political input by women. She mentions in this chapter that women started boycotting the household tasks, it resulted in declined consumption of the goods sold by the British traders to the American population. Berkin has mentioned it as the start of women struggle in a political direction.

Since women were treated as lower grade citizens and were denied equal opportunities, therefore some of them started to struggle to get equal opportunities. At the start of their struggle, it was not directed towards Britain's occupation, they also do not have the idea of how they are suppressed not by the Americans but in fact by the Britishers. Berkin here has referred to some archival newspapers and has cited the stories of how Women started publishing literature. Gradually they started targeting British policies and refused to take the roles which in some cases could have benefitted Britishers. This is where Berkin has referred to women as political activists. In this chapter, Berkin has also referred to Ellet's work, where she mentions the political struggle of American women as divergent to what exactly was needed ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"N4JET7OR","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ellet)","plainCitation":"(Ellet)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":864,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/KR6PUVLY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/KR6PUVLY"],"itemData":{"id":864,"type":"book","title":"The Women of the American Revolution","publisher":"Scribner","volume":"3","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Ellet","given":"Elizabeth Fries"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1856"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ellet). Both of these authors have mentioned that women were not placed in front or leading roles just for the reason that they were not able to guess the sensitivity of the conflict. Although women were struggling in a more organized manner during the last decades of the eighteenth century this was all self-centric toward their selves, and not toward the cause of making America. The role of women remained the same since after the success of the war of independence. The expectation in both these phases as illustrated in the second chapter remained the same from the American women. They were regarded more as useful for domestic circumstances, unlike using them as a soft weapon in the conflict scenario.

Similarly, the third chapter of the book revolves around American women and their struggle for the independence movement of America. This chapter includes the events during the wars and how women were affected by the continuous conflicts. Berkin mentions that this time was very high for the women, as they were occupied in their domestic affairs and they also had to look after the works of their men too, which were on the field fighting against the Britishers. Berkin has very systematically linked the two fronts on which the women were fighting, they were looking at each and every aspect of the household tasks and were working on the fields too. A campaign such as feminism and that were centric toward women was put aside, and concentration was paid on being part of the conflict in any way possible. In this chapter, Berkin has highlighted many areas where women were playing the lead role. In the war fronts, many women played the role of fighters which was at times supported by the role of spies played by other women too. Berkin has referred this struggle as the refinement of American women. She has referred to some other authors too, in this chapter. They all appear agreeing on the notion that participation in limited roles in the American war of Independence provided the women practical experience of how to work for their own rights when once the country is formed.

Berkin's portrayal of women struggle during eighteenth-century wars suggests that the women were living quite in a comfortable position before the start of the war. Since they were not considered worthy of making them part of the independence struggle, therefore they naturally had to play a soothing character of being a wife. This ended up in being more loveable to their spouses but the war experiences remained horrific for them. Most of them lost their houses, husbands and many lost their children too. Naturally, they had to play more actively once the war was ended. This chapter concludes by sighting some pressing examples of how women were ravaged during this complete conflict scenario. At this place in American history, women's role was restructured. Berkin has cited an example as to how society became more adaptable towards women participation. The first three chapters of this book are therefore important in contributing to the readers' mind as what is the importance of struggles of women during the eighteenth century. In doing so the author has picked the same theme for all these chapters which surround around the nature of women struggle and how this all in one way or another relate to the refinement of their political role. In short, this book presents some glimpses of what was it like being a woman during the eighteenth century.

Works Cited:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Berkin, Carol. Revolutionary Mothers: Women in the Struggle for America’s Independence. Vintage, 2007.

Ellet, Elizabeth Fries. The Women of the American Revolution. Vol. 3, Scribner, 1856.

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The scientific revolution was a span of time in the course of the 16th and 17th centuries, in which prior changes in theoretical concepts and optimism occurred. The changes happened in two distinct regions, Astronomy, and Biology. This uprising was such a crucial breakthrough for humans because it changed people's thoughts about the world of humans and nature.

The exposure of the scientific revolutions was introduced by various individuals; Copernicus, Galilei, Kepler, Brahe, and Newton.

Initially, we have Nicholas Copernicus. He had the knowledge of mathematics and astronomy. After getting the knowledge of Ptolemy’s works, he questions the Ptolemaic conceiving of the universe. This claimed that the planet earth is the origin of the universe. Copernicus indicated a heliocentric conceiving which indicate that the sun was the origin of the whole universe and that the other planets revolve in an oval form around the sun. His assumptions construct the basis of the new astronomy.

Carrying the Copernican assumptions were Johannes Kepler and Tycho Brahe. Brahe assembled over 20 years of astronomical information which Kepler makes use of. He came across with 3 laws of planetary movement that established and customized the Copernican assumptions.

Afterwards, there was Galileo Galilei. He happens to be the first European to build considerations of paradise through a telescope. Galileo located the initial four moons of Jupiter and that planet earth’s moon is rough and uneven, and also founded the law of inertia.

Lastly, we have Sir Isaac Newton. He was an expert in mathematics and physics, and he was the most extraordinary scientist to ever live. Newton utilizes the assumptions of Copernicus and Galileo in his own ideology. He came upon with the law of gravitation pull of the earth. He also started calculus and came across that white rays contained all the colors of the spectrum.

Revisit Thoreau's Essay

Revisit Thoreau's essay (Civil Disobedience)

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[Name of the Institution]

Revisit Thoreau's essay (Civil Disobedience)

Thoreau's basic premise is that obedience of an individual is demanded by civil law. Government and Human law are subordinate to civil law. When two laws are in conflict consciousness of individual must be followed and if it seems necessary we should ignore human law. According to Thoreau majority rules the decision because the government is formed by the majority not because the legitimate viewpoint is held by the government. According to him, people should follow their viewpoint that is legitimate and not dictated by the majority viewpoint. So Thoreau's perception of individual moralistic approach and not dictated by any Government and institution is at fault because scattered people only make chaos. As per Thoreau’s belief if consciousness is to be of an individual based than due to the difference in human beings, every person perception of what is right and wrong may be different led to chaos.

However, Thoreau’s supports some of the foundational ideals by the government of America and its social support arguments made by Thoreau's. Thoreau is not the advocate of denying unjust law existence and said that every person actions have a consequence which has to pay by that same person. This act will give the decision to society either it is able to put its fair citizens in jail. Due to this thing society is forced to decide whether it is ready to put all of its just citizens in jail. Thoreau's is not advocating that people should stand against the government but stand against unjust laws, as unjust laws are undemocratic themselves. Unjust laws have some unjust consequence on some of the population who are taking the burden of an unfair process. Basically, democracy is stuck into the paradox that when the majority makes an unjust law, then it is in violation of principles of democracy.

Writing in his work "Slavery in Massachusetts", Thoreau says to the Massachusetts government to refrain from the use of the military to resist a cause. In his plea for "Captain John Brown", which was delivered on 30th October 1859, in Concord, which was followed by John Brown arrest which happened because Brown attack federal at Harper's Ferry arsenal is also based on Civil Disobedience ideology which advocates that government needs to stop injustice.

End Notes

Locke, Joseph L., and Ben Wright, eds. The American Yawp: A Massively Collaborative Open US History Textbook, Vol. 1: To 1877. Stanford University Press, 2019.

Thoreau, Henry David. Civil disobedience. Broadview Press, 2016.