Read Instructions For It

Submitted by

submitted to

Assignment

Date

Revolutionary Era: Thomas Paine and Jonathan Boucher writings about the public debate in the colonies for and against leaving Great Britain

The American press not only widely covered all major speeches against the mother country, shaped public opinion, but also played an important role in the process of formation of the American nation. During these years, such talented publicists as James Otis, John Dickinson, Thomas Payne, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Johan Boucher etc. came to American journalism.

No less important for characterizing the era of the work of another prominent figure in the American Revolution, Thomas Payne(Thomas Paine, 1737 - 1809). A native Englishman, Payne came to America at the age of 37 at the invitation of Franklin and there he actively joined the anti-colonial struggle. The pamphlets written by Payne during the War of Independence, “Common Sense” (1776) was very popular. They were addressed to a wide audience. Payne interpreted in detail the meaning of such abstract concepts as state, law, democracy, etc. He connected all general arguments with American reality, with specific events. Analyzing the political situation, Payne affirmed his point of view emotionally and sharply. His attacks on England were furious, sometimes even rude, and the glorification of America knew no bounds. At the same time, his works are logical, simple and intelligible in style. All this provided them with fame.

In 1787, Payne left for Europe, first to England, and in 1792 to revolutionary France. His works of this time “Human Rights” (1791 - 1792) and “The Age of Reason” (1794 - 1795) are distinguished by a truly revolutionary spirit. The pamphlet Human Rights was written in response to The Reflections on the French Revolution by the English philosopher Edmund Burke, who did not accept events in France. Refuting the arguments of Burke, Payne consistently defends the principles and principles of the revolution, reveals its causes.

The Age of Reason pamphlet is a well-reasoned and consistent criticism of orthodox religion. Payne proves the absurdity of many biblical texts, reveals their legendary character. Rationalistic scientific thinking leads the American enlightener to the conclusion that all "national church institutions" are "a human invention, designed to intimidate and enslave humanity, monopolize power and income." (203 ). The radicalism of Thomas Payne's views provoked the outrage of moderate Enlightenment figures in Europe and America. Returning to the United States in 1802, he found himself alone and died in poverty and obscurity.

Jonathan Boucher published his sermons he had addressed in America titled as, “A View of the Causes and Consequences of the American Revolution”.(203) This sermon is like a reason of revolution in his point of view and it s only base on Religious point of view. It is not wrong to say that he joined the American revolution with teachings of God or Christianity. He not only explained his point of view but also attached freedom with religion and God.

The development of fiction in America was constrained by the indifferent attitude of enlighteners towards it. Nevertheless, the revolutionary events and the formation of an independent state gave such a powerful impetus to the growth of national self-consciousness that at the end of the 18th century. begins the gradual formation of artistic tradition. Jonathan Boucher also had an expansionary view of the prevalence of classical antiquity in America.

At the other political figure of Jonathan Boucher, who lived in Virginia and Maryland which during own loyalist sermons come-moose keep ready a pair of charged pistols20 years . He openly called on delegates from south colonies in Congress to refuse to participate in the creation of a “wild republic of crazy Indian pendants ”, because this is a project in which only New England hostile vans southerners because of their religious affiliation.

Boucher's comments may be measured as impartially archetypal of the conformist Loyalist site in the direction of revolution and authority in the USA during 1775. They can also be measured illustrative of the opinions of statists on legitimate matters in any period. “Obedience to government is every man's duty, because it is every man's interest”.(202)

Jonathan Boucher directly address to Christians by saying that if they disobey to law it means they are disobeying to God. For him it is a great thing when governing powers are good , so people need to obey them and become happy because it is God ,who allow human freedom and peace. “God has been pleased to place us be mild and free”(202). Though embarrassing such consent may look to human of sincere and keen minds, the knowledge of God in having complete it our responsibility is obvious. But when there is change in human thoughts and behavior then what God told us or he is following disobedience.

Factual liberty, then, is a freedom to do all that is correct, and without any limitations from doing whatever that is erroneous. Thus far , we can say that any thing that makes one please comes under freedom, however freedom it itself restricted and limited a well. And then he explained it that freedom is constrained by law and these laws perform dual function. On one hand they provide ground and on another they support. So he supported religious point of view with the consequences of American revolution and give all credit to those who obey God and laws created by Good . For him the true means of freedom and happiness lies in following those rules.

Work cited

Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty! An American History: Seagull Fourth Edition. Vol. 1. WW

Norton & Company, 2017.

Reading Response

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Reading Response

Introduction

Through the readings it is made evident that the Revolutionary war had a huge impact on the women. The absence of men might have lodged fear in them but at the same time a sense of freedom and independence was also inculcated in them. There are certain readings regarding Deborah Champion and Christian Barnes that prove that women started came out of their shell after the fear that they faced. They started contributing to the war in their own way as well. Women were responsible for their family’s budgets as well, they took a stand for themselves and managed that effortlessly. The Sentiments of an American War Woman by Esther De Berdt Reed can be taken into consideration as how women were grateful to the men on the border.

Discussion

Let me start the discussion by the loyalists. I believe in the notion that they had a point just like the rebels. They like most educated Americans were in acceptance of John Locke’s view of the limited government and natural rights. So, the loyalists like the rebels were against British actions like the Coercive acts and Stamp acts. They wanted to pursue the peaceful way of protest as they thought that violence can garner tyranny and mob rule. The status of women did change, and they showed how patriotic they were and how they were capable of more than they were doing in the past. They achieved triumphs that they never thought they could, but there was no progress in their political rights. Few notable women like Abigail Adams and Mercy Otis Warren stepped in the political ground as public figures. That is how the role of women started in politics. The Indians sided with the Britain, so they could have a holding on their land and the food supplies. They had been struggling badly and suffered non-stop by the hands of the colonial rebels.

Conclusion

It was interesting to see that women had been putting in so much effort from the very start and it was not till the revolutionary war that they started getting some standing in the society. The way the reading shed light on the bitter stance of the Indians was also a way to understand the sides they chose. Further, the loyalists had a similar viewpoint as the rebels. These readings help look at the History from a wider perspective.

Reading Response 10

Reading response

Kierkegaard’s uses the term ‘the ethical’ for relating it with the universe. He stresses on the concrete meaning of the term that is not abstract. It means that ethics are the same for everyone and at the time. His concept states that the individual who has entered the universe has to follow ethical laws. The particular interpretation of the term indicates that one has to surrender himself to the universe. This reflects the need for accepting the laws of the universe. Ethics is associated with external salvation of an individual.

Tragic hero does not relate to the notion of ‘the ethical’. This can be understood by considering the example of Abraham who undergoes stress for knowing the possibilities of retreating into ethics. The story of Abraham involve ethics at different levels. As a father, he has an ethical obligation towards his son such as saving him from murder. His act of murdering Isaac reflects that he goes beyond ‘the ethical'. The decision of Abraham to sacrifice his son reflects negligence of his ethical duty. He can be seen more like a religious hero than an ethical one.

By faith, Kierkegaard means to believe in the impossible and against obedience. He claimed that many Christians are relying on the wrong definition of faith that convinces them to relate it with the notion of obedience. True faith according to Kierkegaard is to believe in something that one thinks is impossible. An individual continues to experience moments of faith over and over again because there is no end to it. He rejects the faith explained by the clergyman or the church. True faith always means choosing the impossible and rendering to solitary experience in the realm of faith. The central argument made by Kierkegaard states that faith is not constrained or limited.

Reading Responses

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

History and Anthropology

There has been many views regarding white Americans relationship with Black Americans and Indians in the late eighteenth century. The white American claim that the policy they had adopted to deal with the Indians was actually to get them a new way of life. For the reason that Jefferson had the idealistic vision of the noble savage and believed equality. During his era, the ultimate policy was to amalgamate, integrate and incorporate them into while America as equals. But this policy had serious flows as it was opposed by both white frontier Americans and by most Indians. Frontiers regarded them as degraded savage that result in the fierce struggle between Western frontiersmen and the Eastern elite. But Indians wanted to be left alone with their own way of life.

Jefferson sending of Meriwether Levis and Clark to the West was to shape their mission on the means of Enlightenment by collection, observation, classification, and documentation. They were also representing a rising American empire based on commercial gains and territorial expansion. Their mission was to open diplomatic ties with the Indian Nations and the United States. It is generally perceived that Cherokees were treated differently as they had agreements.

From the Gabriel conspiracy, the white American believed that their human approach to slavery has resulted in rebellion. For example, providing more freedom to blacks and allowing literacy by their owners. This resulted in the restriction of blacks from hiring business and owning boats in Virginia. By looking at the Andrew Jackson advertisements and the increase of slaves was a sign to the white supremacy. Many whites became resentful when the number of free blacks was increasing in northern cities, and there was also an increase in hostility. The white elite class had a growing fear of crimes while poor whites were fearing competition over jobs.

Reconstruction Era Continued And The Rise Of The Klan, Great Migration North And Race Riots

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Compare and Contrast WEB Dubois to Booker T. Washington

The African American group is a part of the United States of America from the very beginning. Despite their unlimited contributions and sacrifices Africans have always been a victim of racial disparity. These people are struggling for their rights from a very long period; many leaders from their community also came up and highlighted the problem.

In 1985, September an African spokesman and leader Booker T. Washington came up with his Atlanta Compromise Speech in front of a predominant audience of white Americans, according to which the black and white American should realize the fact that the united states of America need both groups to coexist in the same environment. According to him, the black people were a good source of labor for the country and the whites should not waste money on immigrant labor. He assured that the African community is hard working and diligent; hence they will never disappoint the country in the context of work. He also mentioned that the Africans should avoid moving to other countries instead they should stay and work in America as labors. His views were that the Africans should accept to compromise, however, the whites should respect them and their hard work equally.

William Edward Burghardt Du Bois who was an American sociologist, Pan-Africanist and civil rights activist stood against the views of Booker T. Washington and criticized his speech. He spoke in defense of the African American community, and according to him Washington's speech and views will only strengthen the dominance of the white Americans. He declared that they want to be recognized as independent and free Americans, they want the same rights and liberty. He kept his points firm that if the Africans are equal to the whites, then they should not compromise in their living standards, education and in employment. They should not be kept limited to only labor jobs, and opportunities must be perceived by all the citizens of America equally.

The criticism of W.E.B Du Bois was supported by the entire black community as his views and opinions were defending the rights of the entire black community. They depicted equality and equity instead of compromise from the Africans.

Work Cited

Louis R. Harlan, ed., The Booker T. Washington Papers, Vol. 3, (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1974), 583–587.

W. E. Burghardt Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk (Chicago, 1903).

Du Bois, WE Burghardt. The Souls of Black Folk: Authorative Text, Contexts, Criticism. Norton, 1999.

Reflection Paper P349

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Title: Reflection Paper

In international politics, human rights acceptance is defined in a particular way that impacts the international system. Recently, human rights have given much attention to the global and local levels which are not equivalent in all countries and cultures. in this reflection paper, I will reflect on the POL 349 course on human rights and I will share my experience on what I learned throughout the journey.

In this course, I learned several aspects which begin from the human rights philosophical foundations I also explored the interpretive difficulties related to the identification of human rights abuses as well as regional perspective is also evaluated through human rights. It is also based on an in-depth understanding of such components of human rights globally. I also analyzed institutions that strive to enforce and promote the standards of human rights which include domestic courts, the system of the United Nations and movements. I also studied several issues related to human rights which include torture, genocide, disable person rights, women's rights and labor rights.

This course also helped me to develop an in-depth understanding of human rights on the international level which comes through practical and theoretical importance. I also learned to value, respect and appreciate several human rights perspectives. I studied human rights international standards both oral and written. This subject also strengthens my skills in the identification of key factors in the human rights field at the international, national and local levels. Also, I learn the social changes and civic engagement strategies related to human rights international issues.

I also gained an understanding of the Declaration which was the perfect solution after the world wars. It also provides a way to escape wars, social inequality, violence, and wars. In other words, it becomes the sort of political defense of about 200 countries. The war experience presented that the state might be the effective mobilization society instrument objective is to resolve the ultimate priorities. At the end of the 19th century, the 1st organized political party came into being who can transform the instrument for ruling the country. These parties' first methodology was monitoring the opinion of the public. This led to the social life devastation and millions of people died who were fighting on the idea of a few political parties. In the history of the world, there is a need to determine the ways for giving orders for human development. It is also based on the economic and political integrity of the countries. About the violence elimination among countries as well as applied the orientation for resolving such kinds of issues with the help of compromise.

The overall understanding of this course helped me to believe that all humans are eligible for the listed UDHR human rights. I also become familiar with the key concepts which include justice, equality, human dignity, freedom, sustainability, democracy, rights, universality, interdependence, solidarity, peace, and non-discrimination. I also acquired knowledge about the human rights idea which provides the negotiating framework which agreed on the behavioral standards in the community, school, family, and world. There is a particular interdependence of political/civil and social, economic and cultural rights. Such skills help me to recognize the human rights root cause as well as understand the issues of human rights in different areas of the world.

One of the major things I learned in this course is the values. I developed the responsibility sense for the individual actions, the commitment to social change and personal development. I feel that I gained the ability, solidarity, and empathy with the others as well as the commitment which supports human rights under threat. Also, I was sensitive to the human dignity sense, other's self-worth, irrespective of cultural, social, religious or linguistic differences. Finally, I feel the sense of justice the desire to work for the freedoms ideals, diversity and equality. Now I understand that socioeconomic inequalities are the core reason which divides people, societies and local communities. I was also part of something that develop solutions that promote social justice society.

I also learned that the defenders of human rights all over the world encounter several challenges that encouraged human rights for all. It also influenced my decisions to be part of social work organizations and to play my best role. In discharging the mandate, several members of the human rights defenders killed, receive threats and also face imprisonment. Since the Vienna Declaration adaptation and the architecture of human rights yet required much to acquire. It is also crucial that students much need significant efforts. The woman and girls in various areas of the world remain dire. While the disabled, older person and indigenous people encountered discrimination and face exclusion. This course provides me the insight into the significant factors advocating for dignity and equality for everyone.

I utilized my skills to fight and speak out against injustice and inequality. I devoted my career and life that contributes towards the society reshaping based on the freedom and fundamental rights respect. Human rights simply related to everyone as all are human beings. Thus it is meant that every human is the holder of the given rights. These rights cannot be denied or taken away due to status. Henceforth, human rights are universal as they belong to each person as well as are interdependent, indivisible and interrelated. The best thing about this course was to learn about the defenders of human rights campaigns all over the world. My true inspiration is Nelson Mandela and his quotes are influential.

Reflective Essay Over Uncle Tom's Cabin By Harriet Beecher Stowe

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Reflective Essay over Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe

Introduction

Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin displayed the contention that Southern subjugation was ethically off-base. To help this contention, Stowe consolidated the five significant abolitionist contentions into the structure of her novel so as to uncover the inconceivability of political trade-off over something inherently malevolent. Another significant point of it is the ethical intensity of women with regards to subjugation and how significant it was for society to comprehend a mother's battle and the job that mothers played in that period. Pursuers decipher the novel for instance of ahead of scheduled woman's rights movements (Stowe). Besides, this novel discussed the significance of Christianity and how it influenced slaves, since they were very religious, and they trusted that their solitary trust in opportunity was through God since they felt that their supplications were going to control them to a superior life.

Discussion

This novel not only played an exclusive role in developing the movement to end slavery but also played a vital role in the development of feminism. Aside from Tom, the most significant characters of the novel are all females that demonstrate their battles as mothers and spouses, particularly after society begins contingent upon the newly developed maternal system which gives significant jobs inside the general public to women and demonstrates that they are, truth be told, fit for dealing with their home without the assistance of their spouses, as Tompkins recommends. Women are given huge importance in this novel by the author. Stowe is, in this way, an abolitionist means that she is voicing against slavery and professional women's activist who influences individuals to ponder the subject of bondage and on the horrendous circumstance that African individuals were experiencing in America (Hochman). By and by, the novel was censured by a pro-slave society that bolstered bondage and slave exchange. Commentators like Tompkins saw Uncle Tom's Cabin as a novel composed by a woman who, accordingly, thought nothing about the foundation of subjection, slaves or the living and working states of these slaves (Stowe, 186). The novel demonstrates the abuse of whites' control over blacks and depicts how slaves were treated, tormented and how they needed to bear repulsive living conditions while serving their white superiors. Slaves were persuaded that God was their salvation. They had their trusts in him, feeling that he would control them to a superior life where, never again slaves, they would be cheerful. Thusly, the novel censures subjugation as the ghastliest thing that individuals could endure and mirrors the significance of religion, by demonstrating the confidence of the slaves.

Religion is another important theme in this novel. Christianity was significant in that time and to American culture. As it is said previously, slaves were incredibly religious individuals who kept up their confidence in God for the duration of their lives and religion lived on through women, who were the ones who shown their youngsters and spouses to be great Christians. Christian norms and oppression are totally restricting thoughts that are more than opposite to each other. From the earliest starting point of the novel, the creator demonstrates servitude as the most malicious thing in America at the time: she clarifies that slaves are not seen as human creatures, yet as items without any rights or instruction that have a place with their white bosses. In the novel, the character of Eva is depicted as the ideal abolitionist servitude sympathizer who adores everybody, paying little heed to race or skin shading. She is a young lady destined to a rich family, whose mother is certifiably not a Christian, but then Eva speaks to the most Christian and honest children whose just reason in life is to adore and be cherished.

As the novel opens Uncle Tom is joyfully utilized and is working happily as the most significant and trusted subjugated specialist on the Shelby ranch in Kentucky (Hochman). His proprietors regard him, their child worships him, and different slaves respect him as their otherworldly pioneer. He and his significant other and youngsters live in a humble yet warm lodge. At that point, Tom is sold and should leave the ranch and his family behind. His first new proprietors, the St. Clare's of New Orleans, are benevolent and value Tom's fine characteristics, entrusting their young girl, Eva, to his consideration and fellowship. Tom and Eva share a profound promise to Christianity (Stowe, 144). Be that as it may, after both Eva and her dad kick the bucket, Tom is by and by sold, this opportunity to an unfeeling expert goal on breaking Tom's soul and solid religious convictions. The ace does not succeed. He arranges Tom pounded the life out of for declining to uncover data around two oppressed women he helped in getting away, yet Tom figures out how to change over those causing the discipline. His diminishing minutes uncover his enduring confidence and empathy.

Pursuers initially meet a blonde girl, having blue eyes at Eva as she, her dad, and her dad's cousin Ophelia travel to New Orleans on the pontoon conveying Tom and different slaves. Her character does not change as the story advances. Eva is an ideal kid who adores everybody and becomes a close acquaintance with individuals effectively. She cites the Bible as she sweetly endeavors to help individuals be their best. When she falls over the edge Tom spares her, and Eva requests her dad get him. At the St. Clare home Eva and Tom are almost indistinguishable. Indeed, even as she turns out to be mortally sick, she never bombs in her other-worldly ways, seeing great in everybody and continually supporting for a conclusion to servitude (Stowe, 127). On her serene deathbed, little Eva gives every family part one of her brilliant twists and consoles them of God's adoration and kindness.

Augustine St. Clare has cash and position in a privileged society, however, he is sincerely harmed from his cherished mother's passing and his troubled marriage. His little girl, Eva, is a splendid spot in his life, yet even she cannot appear to goad him into getting to be Christian, freeing his slaves, and roll out different improvements to achieve great on the planet (Hochman). Augustine gabs about what is good and bad on the planet, and when Eva is on her deathbed, he guarantees he will free Uncle Tom. In any case, he passes on in an oddity mishap before he can keep his statement (Stowe, 159).

Uncle Tom's Cabin was composed before the start of the women's activist development and, as we can peruse in this exposition, the ethical intensity of women is significant in the novel. Despite the fact that we can see men's matchless quality in the public arena, Stowe needs to concentrate basically on women jobs all through the whole of the novel. A reasonable model that demonstrates the battle mother as well as women as a rule needed to suffer amid that time is consummately typified in the character of Eliza, who does all that she can to spare her child's life and give him the opportunity. She is likewise an ideal case of the quality of women, particularly given that she is one of the two fundamental characters of the novel. In a few cases, women had enough impact over their spouses to persuade them regarding the malevolence of subjection, yet they needed casting ballot rights, so men were the ones who had the political furthermore, practical power in the public arena. This male prevalence was connected over customary values. Then again, slave women had no legitimate plan of action in the event of an assault on the grounds that their bodies had a place with their proprietors by law. African women were unprotected by both the law and popular assessment: they were only viewed as property of their lords (Stowe, 225). Accordingly, Stowe utilizes women's activist characters as a method for opposing the general public of her time, for the most part since women were responsible for passing on Christian qualities to their kids and spouses.

Conclusion

The closure of Stowe's tale is astounding in that sense that it appears to conflict with the remainder of the novel. There is still dramatization and unreasonable angles since it is exceptionally decent and flawless that Eliza's mother simply happens to be Cassy and that George Shelby meets George Harris' sister while on his way back to Kentucky (Hochman). What is more, that Master George liberates the majority of his slaves, but they all need to remain in light of the fact that they have been dealt with so well. In any case, most books are that way. They have pleasant, upbeat endings that leave individuals feeling that everything is great on the planet. What is more, I think in that perspective, Stowe checks her goal of the novel. All through the novel, she attempts to show the detestations of subjugation and how individuals must act currently so as to end it. Also, truly, she has Tom bite the dust because of a frightful slave proprietor yet as opposed to completion it there, she proceeds with which I think made her purpose of the novel miss the mark. In the event that she really needed to leave an enduring impact on the pursuer, I think the completion should have been extraordinary. I think there would have been a greater amount of an effect if she had abandoned it at Tom's demise as opposed to proceeding to the glad, feel the great story of family gatherings and liberating of slaves. In doing this present, Stowe's expressed plan of the novel loses its effect.

Work Cited

Stowe, Harriet Beecher. Uncle Tom's Cabin: 1852. Tauchnitz, 1852.

Hochman, Barbara. Uncle Tom's Cabin and the reading revolution: race, literacy, childhood, and fiction, 1851-1911. Univ of Massachusetts Press, 2011.

Reform In The Middle Period

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Reform Movements (1820- 1860) and impact on democratic ideals in the U.S

The nineteenth century remains important in the history of the United States. During this century the American people rose against many evils in their society. The people started believing during those times that their fate rests in their own hands. They were gradually becoming bored of the norms that took their freedom. The reform era of the nineteenth century experienced huge reforms against slavery, against the use of alcohol, for building schools, for making the prisons better and most prominently for the women rights. Gary and Marks opine that the nineteenth century will remain crucial in terms of the social outlook of the U.S ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rLnvdagN","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mark and Gary)","plainCitation":"(Mark and Gary)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":411,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/D3FUU9C6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/D3FUU9C6"],"itemData":{"id":411,"type":"book","title":"A history of American music education","publisher":"ERIC","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Mark","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Gary","given":"Charles L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mark and Gary). The historians who have worked on the U.S history believes that this century has changed the complete outlook of the U.S for the international world. Some also believe that the nineteenth century remained much important in changing the social fabric of the U.S community. To be an American at that time was more about thinking for material gains. There were not much ideas among the public, that what an ideal society is or what exactly are the goals of making America. They were not living the American life, but viewed the life as segregated from nationalism and collectivism. This primarily ignited the reformist campaigns.

Anti- Slavery movement in the 1800s

Throughout the nineteenth century, the population of the slaves kept on increasing in the U.S. one after the other, in the Southern States people were hiring slaves for few cents and made them work for complete days in a week. Stamp has written about slavery in the U.S that it was one of the darkest aspects of the U.S society of the 1800s ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"GfDOfbr2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stampp)","plainCitation":"(Stampp)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":413,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/DMKDLJLF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/DMKDLJLF"],"itemData":{"id":413,"type":"book","title":"The peculiar institution: Slavery in the ante-bellum South","publisher":"Vintage Books New York","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"The peculiar institution","author":[{"family":"Stampp","given":"Kenneth Milton"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1956"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stampp). When during the 1850s, slavery was legally established in much of the U.S states, the humanitarian aspect started to ignore totally. The people who had the possession of slaves used to even rape the minors among them. By the 1960s, there are reports that mention that the save population in the U.S was near to four million. With time, the U.S economic, banking and industrial infrastructure developed strong interests in slavery and started standing against the anti-slavery movements.

Impacts of the anti-slavery movement

The anti-slavery campaign that got prominence from the famous newspaper The Liberator soon started developing rifts among the American people. Both the North and the South states. The violent mob used to burn the anti-slavery literature, and the notable industrialists started writing and publishing literature which was in the right of maintaining slavery. They always mentioned about the economic charm associated with slavery. The U.S House of Representatives also passed a bill that called for anti-slavery petition. In 1837, the murder of the prominent anti-slavery politician Elijah Lovejoy expanded this campaign and more prominent names such as Gerri Smith and Edmund Quincy became part of the anti-slavery campaigns. This with time became the famous political notion that slavery is against the interest of the wealthy. As argued in the ‘Experiencing history’ that corrupt political parties of that time were normally considered as the challenges of the anti-slavery campaigns ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"tsgE0fdf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Davidson et al.)","plainCitation":"(Davidson et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":414,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/2CKYI7NP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/2CKYI7NP"],"itemData":{"id":414,"type":"article-journal","title":"Experience History: Interpreting America’s past","container-title":"Boston: McGraw","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Experience History","author":[{"family":"Davidson","given":"James West"},{"family":"DeLay","given":"Brian"},{"family":"Leigh","given":"Christine"},{"family":"Heyrman","given":"Mark Lytle"},{"family":"Stoff","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Davidson et al.)

Anti-slavery movement and democratic ideals in the U.S

In the years the 1850s and 1860s, the anti-slavery campaign had properly taken over the form of political debate. Many interested in the U.S elections had a very clear stance on the abolition of slavery. Franklin argued in his book that the Nebraska Act, the Scott decision and Brown’s raid has developed the crisis which remained pertinent in developing the democratic norms in abolishing slavery ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"1qPPiQlr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Franklin and Moss)","plainCitation":"(Franklin and Moss)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":416,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/PH24BQJL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/PH24BQJL"],"itemData":{"id":416,"type":"book","title":"From slavery to freedom","publisher":"Knopf New York","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Franklin","given":"John Hope"},{"family":"Moss","given":"Alfred A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1956"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Franklin and Moss). Most anti-slavery activists supported the Republicans and believed that Republican might be the best choice for the anti-slavery campaign at the national level. Franklin also argued that the achievement of complete equality for the slave population was the primary goal. This movement lasted till the 1870s and demanded the right of votes for the blacks. This is how the anti-slavery campaign remain important in promoting democratic norms in the U.S.

Works Cited:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Davidson, James West, et al. “Experience History: Interpreting America’s Past.” Boston: McGraw, 2011.

Franklin, John Hope, and Alfred A. Moss. From Slavery to Freedom. Knopf New York, 1956.

Mark, Michael, and Charles L. Gary. A History of American Music Education. ERIC, 2007.

Stampp, Kenneth Milton. The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South. Vintage Books New York, 1956.

Religion Paper

Hinduism, Buddhism Daoism

Submitted by

Affiliation / course

Date

Explain what the Silk Road is, its time period, and what the geographical and political implications for the spread of ancient Buddhism (20 points).

People of different nationalities and different faiths who were once active on the Silk Road could not record their names one by one, but there are still many cultural messengers. people of different nationalities and different faiths who were once active on the Silk Road could not record their names one by one, but there are still many cultural messengers.

The development of trade on the Silk Road then translates into a coming and going of diplomatic missions, sometimes covering simple commercial transactions, but also by a movement of religious propagation. Buddhism, born in India almost three thousand years ago, spreads through the same channels as trade. Initially, a discipline reserved for ascetics, Buddhism was gradually to become a religion of universal salvation practiced by the laity and conveyed by the merchants. Buddhism was probably first spread among foreigners settled in China or the Chinese who had traveled to India. The interest in Buddhism, which at that time was transmitted to China, provoked a thirst for knowledge and a need to resort to original texts; it was the source of many pilgrimages to India that will continue until the 9th century.

It was not until the end of the 19th century that the archaeologist Ferdinand von Richthofen gave the name of "Silk Road" to the fabulous communication network that connected China to the West. This expression, become famous, covers the entire history of trade between the Far East and Europe from the 1st century BC, when the Romans discovered silk. Much more than a simple geographical route, the Silk Road was, in fact, a trading route - that of spices, paper or porcelain - as well as a route for intellectual, technical or religious exchanges. It was, in particular, the path of progress from Buddhism from India to China.

Identify an important leader from Hinduism, Buddhism, and Daoism who is a woman. Briefly explain their significance and describe their contribution to the importance of studying these religions for the 21st century (20 points).

Hinduism

Mata Amritanandamayi ,Sri Ma of Kamakhya, Anandi Ma,etc are some important female leaders of Hinduism. Amma's worldwide charitable mission includes 100,000 homes for the homeless, 3 orphanage shelters, and relief-and-rehabilitation, free medical care, widows and disabled persons faced by disasters such as the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami Pensions, environmental protection groups, renovation of slums, care centers for the aged and free clothing and food for the poor, etc.

Buddhist

Ani Pema Chodron: American origin, mother of two children, P em aC hdrn has become a Buddhist city. She is one of the principal disciples of the Tibetan master hgyam Trungpa R inpoch, who was appointed director of the Abbey of G am po, a Buddhist monastery located in Nova Scotia (Canada) in 1968.

Taoism

Taoism master Wu Chengzhen became the first female Fangzhang in Taoism's 1,800-year history. (Ho, 1995).

3. Explain with as much detail as possible, the difference between the problem and solution in Daoism, Hinduism, and Buddhism (20 points). Complete the answers to the questions for the study of DAOISM (20 points).

Different religions have many similarities with each other. Some have even wondered if the same God could be present in different forms in different religions, whereby all religions would be like one big family. Especially among Hindus, this kind of thinking has occurred. Usually, however, librarians adhere strictly to their own doctrine, and such an approach is not yet possible for them.

The main opposition is undoubtedly that Hinduism venerates a god, Brahman, and has no prophet or messenger. In Buddhism, it's the opposite. The founder, Gautama, is a man who has reached Nirvana, the "Truth". He became a Buddha, a figure of peace, compassion and fulfillment. This brings us to a second difference: Hindus are interested in the origin of the World, while Buddhists focus their thinking on the operation of the latter. Without god, nor questioning the origin of the world, Buddhism is often perceived as modern by Westerners and it is probably what attracts them and pushes them to "convert"(Ho, 1995).

Buddhism has always advocated national harmony and social harmony in the spirit of compassion and peace. Under the current situation, Buddhist thought can play an important role in resisting religious extremism. In Buddhism's view, religious extremism is prevalent, mainly because they cannot really understand the truth of "karma." Buddhists believe that killing students and other evil deeds will cause them to call for the suffering of the fruit, so they will never believe that indiscriminate killing can lead to heaven. Buddhism, which at first was one of the many currents opposed to Hinduism, became a radical reformist doctrine, both intellectually, spiritually and socially. Buddhists placed man's ethical merit above descent, rejecting the varna system and the authority of the brahmanas. Over time, this small current has its own social structure, a corpus of sacred texts and cult practice. Having become a world religion, it has spread far beyond the borders of the Hindustan Peninsula.

An important role in Hinduism is played by the doctrine of dharma - the totality of the duties of every creature - from inanimate objects to people and gods. The fulfillment of one's dharma guaranteed incarnation in a better body after the destruction of the previous one. According to the teachings of Hinduism, life is suffering, and only merging with Brahma eliminates suffering. Merging with Brahma is the privilege of the brahmanas, the servants of the Hindu religion, and the rest must conscientiously fulfill their duty and wait for incarnation as a brahman in one of the following lives. The world is a combination of joy and suffering. People can achieve happiness, even transitory, receive permitted 1Sensual pleasures (kama) and benefits (artha) if they act in accordance with the dharma. But those who have reached spiritual maturity do not strive for pleasures and material benefits, but seek eternal life, absolute reality, hidden from the eyes of an ordinary mortal with a cover of illusions. Not warlords, rulers and rich people, but saints, ascetics, hermits are revered by Hindus as truly great people. The meaning of existence is to understand that the multiplicity of the world is a lie, for there is one Life, one Essence, one Goal. In comprehending this unity, Hindus see the greatest blessing, salvation, liberation, and the highest purpose: to know the universe in itself and in everything, to find love, which makes it possible even in this world to live a limitless life. The set of means by which one can comprehend reality and achieve liberation is called yoga.

Taoism arose in ancient China, but with exact dates it is more difficult: scholars voice the time between 5-3 centuries BC (Baird, 2004).It turns out that Buddhist philosophy has a longer history with a difference from several years to a couple of centuries. However, what is two centuries, if we consider this in retrospect of human civilization, culture. The highest goal is to know it, to merge together, and then there will be happiness, which is identical with immortality. For this, it is necessary to harmonize the work of the mental and physical components of man. The work of the spirit is the “feeding” of higher forces that account for good and bad deeds. It is important to do only good deeds, to be clean in thoughts, intentions. Body work - taming one's desires, restriction of food, breathing exercises, physical and internal practices.

Differences

The following differences between Buddhism and Taoism can be distinguished:

Buddhism is atheistic in its essence: it does not say anything about God, the Absolute, the Supreme Being, the Reason that would create all life in the Universe - there was only emptiness. Taoism is considered as the cause of the universe of Tao.

In Buddhist philosophy there is no eternity, everything returns to emptiness, and Tao speaks of the possibility of an immortal existence.

The goal of Buddhists is to leave this world of suffering by entering nirvana. Supporters of Tao, in turn, seek harmony with nature, with the inner world, with Tao.

Buddha does not divide the world in two, and in the meantime, Taoism lays the foundation of a dual system of all things - the unity of two principles: Yin-Yang, male-female.

Unlike some currents of Buddhist thought, Taoist does not provide for complex rituals, celebrations. That is why there are almost no Taoist temples, and their faith lies in the internal contemplation, harmonization of relations with nature.

The Taoist tradition is one, it does not have many directions that are strikingly different from each other. in front of the altar in a Taoist temple

Similarities

In addition to the obvious differences, both philosophies converge at certain points:

Understanding the imperfection of the material world and finding a way out of it through nirvana or union with Tao.

Choosing the path of self-improvement through inner work, meditative practices, and doing good deeds.

The presence of a specific founder, scriptures.

Both of them are considered rather not as a religion, but as a philosophy, a doctrine, a way of thinking and a routine of life.

Identify FOUR practices that Hinduism, Buddhism, and Daoism have in common BUT show how each is distinct to its particular religion. An example can be the role of meditation (20 points)

For several centuries, two religions developed in parallel, without touching each other. It ended in the 4th-5th centuries AD, when Buddhism gradually began to disperse throughout Chinese territory. It took dozens of years for it to take root firmly in China along with the previously prevailing Taoist doctrine.

The founder of Buddhist teachings is a prince of the Shakiev clan who, through austerity, trial, error, wandering, and, ultimately, meditation, became the Buddha - Awakened. The central concept is “ Dharma ”, embodying the teachings of Buddha, the truth, the path that every Buddhist must go. (Narayanan, 2004).

In Buddhism, the eight-part path is part of the four noble truths. In Japanese religions, sinto means the way of the gods, and the market is the visible gateway through which the road is passed, to distinguish between the sacred and the earthly. Often the path is a symbol in religion, and one should stay on the right path or realize it. The golden mean of Buddhism is also supported by representatives of many other religions. The pilgrimage goes on the holy road or towards the holy one. However, different religions have slightly different reasons for pilgrimage, as does the same religion. The cause is not even religious. Pilgrimages have also become more common in Finland, especially at Easter and James Day. (Coogan, 2005).

Hinduism is the oldest national religion of India. Its origins usually date back to the time of the existence of the Proto-Indian (Harappa) civilization, i.e. to II-III millennium BC. At the same time, Hinduism still preserves many customs and institutions from ancient times, stretching to the present the traditions of archaic culture that originated at the dawn of history. Perhaps no other religion had such a long, continuous and full-blooded existence.

Hinduism is a family of diverse religious traditions, philosophical systems and beliefs based on monotheism (religious concept and teaching of the One God ) , polytheism (a set of beliefs based on faith in several gods ) , pantheism (religious and philosophical teaching, according to which the world abides in God, however, God does not dissolve in the world) , etc.

References

Baird, R. D. (2004). Syncretism and the History of Religions. Syncretism in religion: A reader,

48-58.

Coogan, M. D. (2005). Eastern Religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Shinto.

Ho, D. Y. (1995). Selfhood and identity in Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, and Hinduism:

contrasts with the West. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 25(2), 115-139.

Narayanan, V. (2004). Hinduism: Origins, beliefs, practices, holy texts, sacred places. New

York: Oxford University Press.

Religious Tolerance In The British Colonies

Research Paper: Religious Tolerance in the British Colonies

Patricia Kabengele Ntumba

09 November 2019

Introduction

New England cannot seek its originality because of its resemblance with England and it is also considered as the Englishmen’s native soil just like heat in summer and the cold in the winter. But principally, it is referred as Island and have more England inhabitants, which is cut from American lands as England is separated from main Europe through a big sea. Pilgrims are the people who made a famous voyage against the supreme powers of their country and founded the colony of Plymouth they were ordinary English people. These people wanted to purify the churches that’s why they are known as ‘Puritans’, ‘Separatists’ are those who believe that no reforms can be done in the England churches and demands for the formation of new church. This concept was illegal at that time to be part of any church other than the England church.

Background

In their colonies, the pilgrims do not extend their religious toleration. They are considered as extremely treacherous and cruel people such as lions and a person can truly say that several Christians are neither sincere nor kind. When pilgrims came to this country most of them are sick as well as several people died because of cold and wet weather conditions and they have no place to live. The natives neither assisted them nor even said a kind word. The Puritans and Pilgrims came slightly later in America as compared to the Virginia settlers who begun the American story of pilgrims. Which can be divided through idealism, religiosity, sacrifice as well as the theology of utopian vision. They are most favorably regarded by the Virginia settlers who are referred to as the adventurous ones who are supposed to have many interests in material attainment. While it is claimed that Puritans and Pilgrims came because of spiritual reasons, they considered themselves as religious refugees as well. Such religious England dissenters are regarded as the morally superior cast to Virginia Men Company in the earliest American scholarships and American civilization cradle, which can be seen in the early settlements of New England. However, Puritans and Pilgrims' moral righteousness is the contention matter. They are often regarded as stereotypically and unfavorably extremely narrow-minded, overtly pious, intolerant and stoic.

Pilgrims religious toleration

England was the nation of Roman Catholic until 1534 when Henry VIII announced himself as the Church of England's head. He and Elizabeth I also made few changes in the Roman Catholic Church and some people believe that this new church retains several Roman church practices. They demanded the return of their simpler faith as well as less structured worship forms, in short, it can be said that they demanded back the way early Christian practice religion. Due to the historical accuracy reasons, it is required to precise the terminology the pilgrims are considered as the religious scenarists who came to America in 1620 found for a new world. They have given the support and land by the company of Virginia. While the Puritans are regarded as the derogatory term who arrived in the year 1630 on the Arbella board and various other ships in the John Winthrop guidance. So, the Puritans and Pilgrims are considered as two separate communities who interacted with each other and also with the natives. In 1620, the pilgrims arrived at the shores hope to have better life opportunities for them and also for their children and also would be able to worship freely and peacefully. They are considered as the most famous colonist in the entire history of the world and their faith is regarded as legendary. The laid the stone for the formation of a new nation the courage of those pilgrims are regarded as the gratitude towards God and have a love for each other which still inspires people today. To understand the pilgrims fully it is required to look them in depth more as legends. They are the English people who came their due to economic reasons and also escaped through the religious controversies. They mostly belong to Puritan sects and also known as Scenarists who believed that the England church violated the true Christians biblical precepts. At that time the State and Church were one and the Separatists have to leave their motherland. While the other pilgrims remained loyal with National Church rather came here due to financial conditions. Like the English people, pilgrims also have a significant secular culture both traditional and learned. They see the world as psychology and quantum physics who are infused by Ben Jonson and Shakespeare's imagination. Separatists were the part of the movement whose aim was to purify the England church from corrupt human practices and doctrine. They also believe that worship to God must be performed directly.

Conclusion

In the 17th century mid puritans pushed their ways in the New England and established colonies along the river valley of Connecticut and it can be clearly observed that they are not going to end their expansion for which King Philip declared war against them and the native forces were succeeded to destroy almost half Puritans towns although in the end English were aided by Christian and Mohegan who are native American and they served the King Philip head in Plymouth. After King Philip's war, the perception of the English people completely changed about the natives.

Bibliography

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Donoghue, John. “Puritans and Catholics in the Trans-Atlantic World, 1600–1800, by Crawford Gribben and Scott Spurlock.” The English Historical Review 132, no. 558 (December 14, 2017): 1337–39. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cex248.

“Faith of the Pilgrims | Plimoth Plantation.” Accessed November 8, 2019. https://www.plimoth.org/what-see-do/17th-century-english-village/faith-pilgrims.

Khan Academy. “Puritan New England: Massachusetts Bay.” Accessed November 8, 2019. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/colonial-america/colonial-north-america/a/puritan-new-england-massachusetts-bay.

“The Pilgrims.” Accessed November 8, 2019. https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/41190255-the-pilgrims.

Renaissance Art Analysis Paper

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

History and Anthropology

19 April 2019

Ginevra de Benci by Leonardo da Vinci

(Analysis Paper)

Introduction

Ginevra de Benci is a portrait by Leonardo Di Vinci, currently available at the National Gallery of Art Washington D.C. The portrait is painted illustration of a young woman named Ginevra who lived in Florence. Leonardo Di Vinci created Ginerva in 1474. The painting is said to have two sides on one side is the portrait of Ginevra de Benci while on the other side is another painting known as the “Wreath of Laurel”, showing a juniper twig in circular bend and an inscription "Virtutem Forma Decorat” meaning “Beauty adorns virtue”

Leonardo’s Ginevra de Benci incorporates excellence of painting by incorporating all techniques of color, contrast, textures, and clarity. He paints making a clear and accurate depiction of her facial features and expressions. Benci is painted as a white a porcelain skin young girl with a golden hairstyle in curly formation. Benci is shown wearing a dress brown in color which has golden rings tied blue laces within them. Underneath her dress Benci wearing a light colored blouse buttoned with a golden bead. Her expressions are painted as sad, melancholic with proud eyes. Her eyes seem to look into two different directions, the right eye seems to look at the viewer while the left one is looking down upon something. Moreover, her eyebrows are painted to be very light her lips are painted thinly, with a pinkish tint. Towards the right side of the portrait lie trees and mountains, whereas shown behind her are juniper bushes painted dark, to bring her face in focus CITATION Mar06 \l 1033 (Garrard).

Discussion

The painting is often studied for their thematic and symbolic lessons from the time they were painted. Leonardo revolutionalized the form of painting by creating this piece of art. Ginevra de Benci is an oil painting painted by Leonardo de Vinci. It is a painting of a woman from a rich descent who is about to get married. In the renaissance years, women could only be painted if they were betrothed or married. Ginerva was a noblewoman,considered to be an intellectual and poet known for her talents in poetry and her intellect. Ginerva is shown in a calm sad and melancholic expression yet as a symbol of virtue. Therefore undertaking the mystic and physical essence of the painting CITATION Dav92 \l 1033 (Bull).

The juniper behind her face is a symbolic interpretation for her name which also means juniper. The girl in the painting looks sad and melancholic, still displaying manner of noble. The painting carries strong symbolic importance depicting the essence of the Renaissance by painting the overall demeanor and state of women at the time CITATION Her12 \l 1033 (Cook). The color of the dress and the blouse underneath are painted so sophisticatedly shows that way women dressed in the time, moreover the background of the painting shows the fondness of people for nature.

Why did I choose this piece of art

I chose the painting ‘Ginevra de Vinci’ for my analysis. I chose this piece of art because it was painted by Leonardo the Vinci. Leonardo the Vinci is one of the most famous painters of all time, with his works of excellence in the renaissance era. Out of his many famous painting lies this painting it clearly depicts the essence realism through the expression of life and nature in the Renaissance period in Florence. The glance on the painting catches the exquisiteness of the face from the background. The painting ensembles the temperamental portrayal of the emotions and gestures of the woman. Shows that although there are grief and sadness in the woman's eyes her virtue and modesty remain noble.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Bull, David. "Two Portraits by Leonardo: "Ginevra de' Benci" and the "Lady with an Ermine"." Artibus Et Historiae, Jstor (1992): 67–83.

Cook, Herbert. "The Portrait of Ginevra dei Benci by Leonardo da Vinci." The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs (1912): 345-347.

Garrard, Mary D. "Who Was Ginevra de' Benci? Leonardo's Portrait and Its Sitter Recontextualized." Artibus et Historiae (2006)): 23-56.

Republican Candidate Ronald Reagan And Myself

1. Explain what you would do differently with Iran.

The agenda will be intense, maybe even more intense than usual. I consider "black gold" only as a way to destroy the Iran, while I do not consider himself a defender of the interests of oil companies. With the help of low oil prices, I am intended to deprive the Iran’s economy of its vital resources. I can involve Saudi Arabia as well.

2. List three goals that you have for your presidency

SAFE ENVIRONMENT

A good future is created by making environmentally friendly choices easy and profitable. It is created by curbing climate change and stopping the sixth extinction. It is created by investing in education and education, and promoting a safe world, human rights and equality for all. It is created by making sure no one is left behind. It is created by leveraging digitalization and creating new work.

TAX POLICY.

Tax cuts were the first step will be in my economic policy . Taxes were considered as the main tool of fiscal policy of the state. Achieving long-term non-inflationary growth implies the need to directly influence production through targeted tax cuts, lower marginal tax rates on corporate profits and personal income. New tax legislation has been enacted to lower business tax and income tax rates. In accordance with it, the maximum income tax rate was reduced from 46 to 34%, and the maximum tax rate on real estate and unearned income was reduced from 70 to 50%.

FISCAL POLICY.

The growth of government spending aimed at stimulating various components of aggregate demand in accordance with the Keynesian concept in the 70s. did not prove to be an effective anti-crisis measure but led to the opposite results - to rising prices and inflation. Moreover, during this period crisis phenomena in the economy began to be accompanied not by a decrease, but by an increase in prices. New areas of fiscal policy were needed.

3. Explain why Americans should vote for you.

Because I am America and Americans know I can make again America, THE GREAT.

Research

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Napoleon and History

Introduction

The Concordat of 1801 was the agreement among the Pope Pius VII and Napoleon which was signed on 15 July 1801 in Paris. The contract aimed to initiate a process of reconciliation for the restoration of civilian control over the church. Roman Catholic Church and revolutionaries have resolved the hostility against the state because of the contract signed among both parties.

Discussion

However, the agreement did not support the endowments and lands of the Churches which were seized during the revolution. The clergy of Catholics backed to the position and resumed the charge traditionally and conventionally. The relations between the church and Papacy were titled with firm support for Napoleon. Following are the questions that will respond to the queries and issues which occurred during the signing and implications of the agreement.

How did the Concordat deal with the religious issue? What were the consequences of this agreement on land reform/ownership? What were the political implications of the contract? What groups/ideology did the Concordat favor?

It was during the French revolution that legislatures have taken the properties of Church and issued Civil Construction of Clergy which implies that the Church would be the Department of State. It removes the power and authority of the Pope. At the same time, there was Gallican Church, which was considered as the official church of France and it was presenting a picture of Catholicism. The action on the part of legislation has created confrontation among the religious proponents and state (Napoleon, N.p). The issue of religious affairs with the hostility created between the state and papal authority was resolved effectively because the contract provided for fair distribution of power. Despite the success of the agreement, certain individuals perished to employ the priest and accepted the civil constitution of the clergy under a revolutionary regime. As an essential character Napoleon had the privilege to balance the relations among state and Church along with finances of churches and the selection of bishops which were remained in his control.

The Pope and Napoleon found the Concordat useful not only for the peace in society; but also for providing the arrangements of Churches controlled in areas of Germany and Italy. The higher power of the lands and regions and important decisions were under the control of a state. Churches lost their properties during the revolution were not returned to them. Napoleon was a quick and wise individual who understands the importance of religion for social cohesion, and he used a pragmatic approach to hit the opponents and get favor accordingly. The political strategy implied by him was a great source of gaining maximum goals from the French Catholics because he was adequately controlling Rome. This was supported by the fact that Napoleon unfolded his plan while conversing with his brother that “Skillful conquerors have not got entangled with priests. They can both contain them and use them.” In the shape of Concordat, he placed parties to follow rules which were referred to as the Organic Articles (Napoleon, N.p).

The consequences of the agreement were varied, and not in the favor of Churches and those who were responsible for supervising (Benton et al., 25). Under the terms and conditions nomination of bishops redistributed and the establishment of seminaries was allowed. The restrictions and regulations of acquired church property were significant, and it enables the government to give salaries and other land reformed benefits to the bishops. The formulation of laws and rules for the consideration of properties contribute to denouncement by the French Government in 1905. Church was not able to exercise its authority and jurisdiction in France without the permission of state which allows for ownership of lands by weak and poor people.

Even the protest of Pius in 1804 was unsuccessful where he demanded modification in organic articles. After the fail attempt to lose control over the state properties confrontation between Napoleon and the Pope was deteriorated. In 1808 Rome was occupied by French troops and Napoleon declared the Papal States to be annexed to France and Pius who was taken into prison following the entering of invaders into France in 1814. After 1790 most of the lands were under the control of Churches, and they committed in the content of agreement that all claims to church lands would be given up by the Catholic Church. Religion does not provide anyone to claim for specific properties; instead, it was the religion of majority Frenchman. There were people from other religion in the area like Jews and Protestants who had asked for the lands to live and pass their life accordingly.

Similarly, the political impression of the agreement was diverse, and it established a trend for political dialogues and peaceful interaction (Benton et al., 45). The credit goes to both parties in presenting a model of collaborative efforts for the cohesion in a society of France which was separated after the revolution. Two segments and groups operated to penetrate their ideas in social, economic and ideological dissections. Bishops and Archbishops come under the control of the government for their appointment and nomination against the relevant positions. It also became mandatory for the pope to confer the office and priest was not able to use extraordinary powers. The selection of bishops can only be done with the approval of the state (Chambers, 267). One of the significant impacts was the loss of properties by Churches, and the confiscated property was sold to a private person. The government had to provide adequate support for the clergy and implementation of agreement restated traditional liberties.

Napoleon had already won the popular areas of politics because he used a brilliant strategy to remain essential and useful in the political scenario. Further, the organic articles were not agreed by the Pope, and he did not consider them binding. An essential element was the contract which remain useful after a century in the form of anticleric’s movement which is intensified by the Dreyfus affairs. There were severe limitations on the Church which culminates in 1905 in the way of repudiation of the concordat. Effects were separate and political space for church became limited, and the clerics were failed to influence the masses in one or the other way. Countries and regions other than France in 1879 create a Laique school where the liberals tried to defeat the Catholics who progressively abolished such measures. Every area of life and social institutions are tremendously affected by the agreement.

The groups and ideological proponents of the Concordat 1801 were the Catholic and state. On the government side, Napoleon was the party who smartly win the race and get most of the favored that resulted from the contract as its output (Chambers, 277). An impartial consideration of the agreement shows that France was endorsed by every means. It was supported by the evidence that the clause of the contract is supporting Catholicism as the national religion of every French individual living in it. At the same time, it offers significant modification and compulsion of state laws over all the clergymen and clerics of the religion. It was a stable situation where freedom for religion was allowed against the ideology of Protestants. The strictness and following of the fundamental laws of faith in the best manner was not possible for everyone because some are weak and others were strong.

Those groups who were proponents of peace and exercising the worship at public places according to the regulations that were underlined by the government allowed them to act and speak accordingly (Curran, 1539-40). A public religious observance and ideological penetration were not allowed because it could create violence at state and societal level. Mayors were empowered for taking any action against any group which they consider a threat to peace. Protestants in this regard are more strict and liable for imposing strong lines of steps for creating chaos and anarchy in the region. Their ideological assumption and explanations were considered as a potential threat to social system and structure. On the other hand, these groups and ideological factions of the French society were supported by the government in the form of salaries and compensations.

They can move with standard life rules and implications of positive senses in the community. There was a balanced approach used in the contract which explains the limits of state and Church. Any types of groups or the ideological followers can work under the guidelines issued to maintaining peace and strength of the entire nation. Among the organs of state, there should be a distribution of power in a professional way to eradicate anarchy and violence, and the same was done in France (Glénard, N.p). Extensive research and analysis of the agreement reflect that Napoleon and his dictatorship ideology was favored because of the political settlement by significant groups. The courtesy received by him was the result of his plan and political strategy whereby he expanded his control in Rome by sitting in the lobbies of France. With the majority of authority and power he snatched from the traditional Churches and their ideologies, he effectively impose the ideas considered best for himself. The future of ideological scenario in Europe and across the other regions will profoundly be affected by the agreement of Concordat.

What was the objective (s) of the Imperial Constitution? What groups and ideologies did it advance? How victorious was Napoleon in achieving his objectives? Why did Napoleon fail or succeed in making his goals in issuing the Imperial Constitution? Do you believe that nationalism and the popular government could be combined with a monarchy?

The constitution of the year XII was the national document of France, and it was adopted during the years of the French Revolution. The objective of establishing structure was the imperial rule of Napoleon Bonaparte with wide-ranging powers and as the emperor of France. The House of Bonaparte was also recognized as the imperial dynasty of France which makes the throne hereditary in the family of Napoleon (Rothenberg, 49). After the due course of time, it was amended with certain acts for abolishing the final return of Bourbons. With the popular vote in 1800, the constitution formulated the government which is known as consulate and presumed the dictatorial powers of the first consul. There were multiple objectives achieved by the state and Napoleon through the following and promoting the council of five hundred. Powers of the dictator were confirmed, and the appearance of a republic was preserved via dictatorial authority.

The constitution was imperial, and it was an excellent tool for the advancement of an ideology. Three parliamentary assemblies were established under the new law, these include the Legislative Assembly, the Tribunate and the Council of State. These separate entities have powers and work with restricted functions (Rothenberg, 65). For example, the Legislative Assembly was not allowed to discuss the bills, Tribunate debated but failed to vote for them. Napoleon played a clever move in the formulation and enforcement of constitutional rights progressively and adequately. Executive powers are vested in the three consuls however the real hold and authority was in favor of the first consul. Napoleon was the representative of the first consul, and he technically penetrates his ideology and thoughts. Other forces against the philosophy of a vibrant general were not able to counter him because of his ambitious and focused objectives

Over time as Napoleon progressed he used specific tools to elaborate and influence the ideas of the common man by increasing its powers (Sultana, 189). By consolidating his forces as the first consul, he left a simple and limited role for the other two elements of the state. Critics are of the view that he had corrupted the French revolution by initiating his ideas, process, and replacement of civil rule by a single standard of authoritative style. The philosophy behind the Bonapartism was the situation where counter-revolutionary military officers seized the powers from revolutionaries. The bureaucratic regulation and social control of the community were also taken by these army officers who were part of their ideological movement across the French regions.

There was a great success for Napoleon who initiated ideas and philosophy of military rule and gained victory from those who were the real stakeholders of the revolution. After overthrowing the civilian government, Napoleon had cleverly expanded its ideas and supported the nationalism inside France. As he came into power as Consulate, he expanded territory into Italy and significantly exerted its influence over other states. He consolidated his rule by suppressing rebellions in France, normalizing relations with the Church in the Concordat of 1801, and streamlining the French law system in the Napoleonic Code- both of which laid down patterns for national policy in modern states (Sultana, 194). He was able to reestablish majority support for the French government; something radical policies had fractured, consolidate revolutionary objectives, institutions, and ideas- while framing it in an authoritarian government. His achievements and system won him significant internal support; creating the political foundations for a Bonapartist restoration in 1852 under Napoleon III which was the sign of success (Sultana, 197). Critics reflect that Napoleon created the template for modernizing authoritarian governments, such as Ataturk in Turkey, Alvaro Obregon in Mexico and others by 1804, he was so powerful that he declared himself Emperor and work for the expansion of his ideas.

Although Napoleon had a great time and a higher rate of successes during his tenure from (1789-1815), there were certain attempts which lead to his failure and achieving the real ideas under the imperial constitution. One of the significant factors was the aggressive approach as he was extremely enthusiastic and wanted everything without any compromise. Even the failure of the French invasion of Russia weakened him, but he was not beaten. There was a pretty sweet deal wherein he would remain the emperor of France, but he refused and asked for complete loss or restating the entire rule with the territory. Same was the case with the imperial constitution where he wanted to have maximum gain with no loss at all. Extensive ambitious style ensures his place in history, but he destroyed himself and millions of European civilians and soldiers.

Napoleon resurrected the lost nation who were under the threat of St Just and Marat and their committee for the public peace and safety. There were confident overextension and unrealistic goals that were impossible to achieve using the available resources and power given to him by the national consensus (Sultana, 197). The phase of the Napoleon-era was marked by the restoration of the first revolutionary coalition except for republican radicals. However, the solid support from the peasantry, professional middle class, and the bourgeoisie help him in spreading nationalism and revolutionary principle throughout Europe. The success was wide-ranging, and the constitution provided a different level of citizenship and indirect voting with the implication of Lock’s model. The taxation at the national level was recognized, and the establishment of the Bank of France was among the significant actions on his part, through which he made himself a successful dictator (West, 3). Most of his ideas were fruitful and achieved accordingly. The reformation of law and implementation of a national legal system provide equal status and citizens for all individuals in France with a mandatory system of education. From liberal ideas and a secular system, he makes peace with Austria and Britain and religious leaders accordingly. The dissolution of laws against the Jews was also a success of the imperial constitution implemented by Napoleon.

The nationalism and popular government, can be aligned with Monarchy if these three elements ensure the proper balance and fair rule. For a long time, the ethno nationalism and nationalism were practically the same ideas, and the highest social caste of the Spanish Empire were ethnic Spaniards. Same is the case with Monarchs which were the ethnicity of the nation that was ruled by dictators like Napoleon. In France, there were French Monarchs who were supported by a group of people. There can be a conflict among both because a civic nation is developed through the various ethnicities and different races. He believed in the concept that" History is the version of past events that people have decided to agree upon" (West, 3).

Different groups and followers use a genetic distance and conflicting statements. In this case, the United States will not accept any Monarchy that impacts its rulers and the public at large. Similarly, the issuance of Napoleon Berlin Decree in 1806, which impose the Continental System on Europe, was meant to stop European countries from trading with Britain. In its place of hurting Britain, the Continental System cut Napoleon’s Europe, and they were upset by his rule, Germanic nationalism got its start, and they began to move towards Romanticism as an intellectual rebellion against French Enlightenment ideas (West, 3). In Spain, the attempt to impose the Continental System led to the Peninsular War, a protracted guerrilla war that diverted French forces from the rest of Europe and contribute for nationalism in one or the other way to use as a supportive measures for Monarchy.

Napoleon had established the same ideas by combining nationalism, open government, and Monarchy. He snatches the fallouts of the French revolution and put his nationalist laws and constitutional amendments for the appeasement of public at large. Most of the decisions he made were encouraged by the French population like the peace treaty with the Catholic Church and invading neighboring lands. The expansion of territory was the dominant idea of nationalism which was followed by the public support and strengthen Napoleon rule over the masses (West, 3). Three concepts were aligned and put in one direction by the ambitious leader of the 18th century. The actions and policies ensured that these three ideas could be aligned with each other and be operated at the same time. Variety of tools are used by the nations to follow the steps of leaders, like what happened in France during Napoleon powerful system of governance as well as the actions in favor of Frenchmen.

Conclusion

It is challenging to manage three systems under the same umbrella of any state in the contemporary democratic environment, but the steps and movements initiated by Napoleon were following tri-circle art of the government. He was not only ambitious but also a statesman with nationalistic ideas of peace, cohesion, and reformation of religion. It can be concluded that the agreement of Concordat 1801 and style of governing was effective which put the name of Napoleon among the historical figures of the world. An implication of the imperial constitution was strong support for Napoleon in institutionalizing his ideology and penetration of Bonapartism in various regions of Europe.

Works Cited

"Napoleon." Google Books. N. p., 2019.

Benton, Lauren, and Lisa Ford. "Island Despotism: Trinidad, the British Imperial Constitution, and Global Legal Order." The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 46.1 (2018): 21-46.

Chambers, Liam. "11 The ‘British Establishments,' the Irish college in Paris and Restoration France, 1814–30." Forming Catholic Communities. BRILL, 2017. 261-283.

Curran, Mark. "Priests of the French Revolution: Saints and Renegades in a New Political Era, by Joseph F. Byrnes." The English Historical Review 131.553 (2016): 1539-1540.

Glénard, Guillaume. L'exécutif et la Constitution de 1791. Presses universities de France, 2015.

Rothenberg, Gunther E. "The origins, causes, and extension of the wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon." Warfare in Europe 1792 1815. Routledge, 2017. 47-69.

Sultana, Zakia. "Napoleon Bonaparte: His Successes and Failures." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 2.7 (2017): 189-197.

West, Andrew D. "Legal Status and Administrative Control of Religious Organizations and Groups in France." The Catholic Lawyer 33.4 (2017): 3.

Research

Student’s name

Professor’s Name

Course Code

Date

Why and how did the federalist paper define the powers and structures of the constitution?

The federalist papers were written after independence to convince the Northwest Territories to leave the union and join the federal government of the United States. The first federal paper was written in Philadelphia during the delegate meeting to communicate with the New Yorkers and the Northwest territories. It was written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay in 1787 when America was at the bridge of disintegration into smaller territories. It was first published in New York Times in 1787 to convey a message to the confederation members. The federalist paper detailed the structure of government as in two levels and illustrated that each state was given autonomy and also illustrates what the federal government is structured.

The subject “Why and how did the federalist paper define the powers and structures of the constitution” was chosen as subject because of its importance to the formation of the United States. According to David, DeLay and Heymann (123), the United States was at point of break when the federalist papers were written. The Northwest were falling into the hand of Mexico, Spain and Britain and therefore, the federalist papers convince the states to join the federal government and therefore, it plays an important role in the formation of the United States. The book Experience History Vol.1 To 1877, 9th edition was published by David, DeLay and Heyman in 2018. It was published by McGraw-Hill Education based in New York.

The federal papers were drafted through consultative meeting to arrive at appropriate decision. The delegates were called at Philadelphia where the constitution making process were agreed and signed. The delegates then agreed to mobilize other territories and that is when James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay were tasked with the role to write federalist paper to convince other territories to join them to form the United States. James Madison was in charge of convincing delegates from Virginia to endorse the newly proposed United States Constitution.

The result of the mobilization and Philadelphia meeting was positive and other delegates responded to the call by the federalists. First, the thirteen states were convinced to back the newly proposed constitution of the United States. The event occurred in Philadelphia where all the delegates converged to discuss matters of constitution and politics of the country. According to Scot (14), the federal paper's ideas were arrived at after the proposed constitution was seen by some people as bad law. The rejection of its content made Hamilton convince James Madison and John Jay to work together convince others to join them in supporting the proposed constitution. In the constitution the general system of the government was defined, the separation of power was clearly highlighted and how the government coordinates to achieve its core function.

The mobilization of delegates by James Madison result to massive support from the delegates from Virginia. Oak (18) pointed out that James Madison effort ensured that the majority of delegates from the State of Virginia participated in the drafting of the newly proposed constitution. The majority of the delegates played an active role and this made the changing the structure of the government easy. Jay, Madison, and Hamilton (15) also noted that after the revolutionary war, many Americans realized that the established government under the article of confederation was not working. And therefore, Americans wanted a strong government, which can maintain national unity over a large geographical area. The newly proposed constitution was believed to be the best due to the way the power and structure of the government were drafted.

The federal paper was written by believers of the constitution and the new American after the article of Confederation failed to reflect the aspiration of many Americas. As stated by Ayer (25) the idea of the constitution-making process was to establish a united country. The article “The Federalist Papers," Independent Journal “was published by the independent Journal in 2015and authored by Ayre Brian. It illustrates what happened at Philadelphia when the newly proposed constitution was passed by the delegates.

It was first published by Congress to illustrate the power and structure of the government. It highlights key fundamentals of federal and its powers and therefore, it provides detailed information needed information regarding the definition of power and structure of the government of the United States. It is, therefore; define the power and structure of the government of the United States as a united and coordinated body. It illustrates that the power of the government was spread across three branches to offer check and balances of the government. The Judiciary, Executive and Legislation have a distinct role to play and therefore, the paper reports a distinct structure to the delegates and the people of the United States through Congress CITATION Bri15 \p 14 \l 1033 (Ayre 14).

It was written after a series of liberation by the members of Congress. Therefore, the information contains to reflect the position of the delegates and the lawmakers. It represents the agreed power and structure of the government as presented by the newly proposed constitution of the United States. It is, therefore, the best source, which illustrated detailed information about the power and structure of the government. The speaker gave the green light for the publication after the deliberation and agreement had been made on the newly proposed constitution. It, therefore, made the beginning of the use of the new constitution.

It is chosen because of the efficient illustration provided about the research topic. Its publication was done after series of the law review and efficient consultation by the house and therefore, it contains the most accurate and efficient information, which can be used to complete a research paper, with the similar research topic.

Based on my research I found the one source to be the most accurate and reflect what is illustrated in the research topic. The source “Federal papers edited by Hamilton Madison and Jay with an introduction and published by New York Independent Journal in October 1787” is the most accurate source. It provides the correct interpretation of federalist paper and how it describes the power and structure of the government. The source also contains methods and result of the federalist papers written by Hamilton, Jay, and Madison. It is, therefore, one of the important sources with clear information regarding the federalist paper and how they offer illustration on the constitutional making process.

The selection of the source is based on the relevancy to the topic. It is evident that the source was written by a prominent personality. And therefore, the journal is based on the personal experience and therefore, it reflects the true picture of what transpired during the discussion and exacted of the newly proposed constitution of the United States. It was also published by a renowned journal, the New York Independent Journal and therefore, it reflects the true picture of what happened.

The research focuses on the role of federalists in the realization of the new constitution, which change the power and structure of the government. It is important because the definition of the power and structure of the government was illustrated by the federal papers. The discussion of the constitution-making process was essential because it was the genesis of every aspect of power and structure of government. The federal paper was written to provide an explanation on the new changes in the constitution and therefore, it provides a better definition.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Ayre, Brian. "The Federalist Papers." Independent Journal (2015): 2-13.

Davidson, James West, et al. Experience History Vol 1: To 1877. New York: McGraw-Hill Education; 9 edition, 2018.

Jay, John, Alexandria Hamilton and Madison James. The Federal Papers edited by Hamilton Madison Jay with an introduction by Clinton ROaster. New York: New American Library, 1991.

Oak, James. The Article and The First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States. A History of the United States. Vol. 2. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.

Rowling, Kenneth R., and Charlene Bang Bickford. Creating the bill of right, the document Record from the first congress. Vol. 1. Washington DC: John Hopkins University Press, 1991.

Scott, E.H. Journal of the Federal Convention kept by James Madison. New York: The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.; Special, 2013.

Thomas, Kenneth R. "Federalism, State Sovereignty, and the Constitution: Basis and Limits of Congressional Power ." Congressional Research Service (2013): 3-18.

Research Essay

Student’s Name

Professor

Course Code

Date

Stocks Fall as China’s Response to U.S. Tariffs Stokes Economic Anx

The article talked on the economy of South Korea. It states that South Korea has been realizing stable economic growth over the last decade. The economic growth is due to industrial development in ICT and expanding market for most South Korea companies. The same is reported on Bangladesh, which has experience growth due to textile development for the last decade. India is also one of the growing economic. In the last decade, the economy of India has increased to be the leading economy in Asia and therefore, it is important to state that South Korea, Bangladesh, India, China, Japan and Malaysia.

India, China and Japan have the highest economic growth and have been experiencing constant growth in the few years. It is also predicted that in the next years, these country would be some of the industrial countries in the region. The growth is based on ICT, electronic and infrastructure. It means that after hard work kids in the Kindergarten graduations to the next class. In the song, it is illustrated that the process was not easily but kids were determine to finish and graduation. It illustrates the process, which these countries have taken to experience growth. The song can be linked to struggle of most minorities during the early days. Though many people lost their lives, they were determined to achievement freedom and by the end of the freedom were achieved and slavery were abolish.

The Rome central station is a classic example of how the technology have changed the navigation system and made the movement around the station easy and efficient. The Rome central station can be related to the freedom and benefits of struggle which many minorities across the United States are enjoying.

Research Essay/paper

Julianne Tucker

Dr. Veteri

History 112

17 June 2019

Research essay/paper

1920 brought various changes both socially and politically that had influenced on the economic situation of the nation. Before the 1920s, most of the people were linked to the farm while during 1920s, the population increased in cities than farms and total wealth of the nation got more than double. This increase in wealth changed the economic situation of the nation which resulted in various unfamiliar "consumer society". However, this social change raised conflict than happiness. People were anxious due to the rapid change in the culture and living style of the people ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2ujarHFh","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}1920s: A Decade of Change | NCpedia})","plainCitation":"(1920s: A Decade of Change | NCpedia)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":695,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/EVBD65H2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/EVBD65H2"],"itemData":{"id":695,"type":"webpage","title":"1920s: A Decade of Change | NCpedia","URL":"https://www.ncpedia.org/history/20th-Century/1920s","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",6,7]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (1920s: A Decade of Change | NCpedia).

Changes occurred during the 1920s were more linked to the women and their social and economic behavior changes. There was the emergence of the flapper. The flapper was the group of the girls that came forward for the women freedom. These girls turned themselves into unladylike by cutting down their hair in bobbed hairstyle and wore short skirts. They used to drink and smoke publically and gave massage to the public for being more sexually free. These lead to the conflict in the society as a number of people were angry and anxious by the behavior of the flapper and they were not ready for the change ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"VSKvSfTx","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Women in the 1920s | NCpedia})","plainCitation":"(Women in the 1920s | NCpedia)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":698,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/4246RBDV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/4246RBDV"],"itemData":{"id":698,"type":"webpage","title":"Women in the 1920s | NCpedia","URL":"https://www.ncpedia.org/history/20th-Century/1920s-women","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",6,7]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Women in the 1920s | NCpedia).

The girls who did not follow flapper girls also got freedom in another context. Through the 19th amendment, they got the right to vote in 1920. Lucy Stone, Susan B. Anthony, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were the famous lady who fought for the women rights. They raise the awareness of the women rights and encouraged women to speak up against discrimination ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ccXiJVFb","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Our Documents - 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Women\\uc0\\u8217{}s Right to Vote (1920)})","plainCitation":"(Our Documents - 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Women’s Right to Vote (1920))","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":699,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/BIQC3GGK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/BIQC3GGK"],"itemData":{"id":699,"type":"webpage","title":"Our Documents - 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Women's Right to Vote (1920)","URL":"https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=63","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",6,7]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Our Documents - 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Women’s Right to Vote (1920)). Large numbers of women were linked to the white collar jobs and were involved only in the burgeoning consumer economy. During 1920 there was a rapid increase in the demand of the device like the vacuum cleaner, washing machine, and other new technologies to reduce the workload of the women at home. The reason for these new innovations was to support women by reducing their home workload so that they can participate in the economy more ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ggJWIE1N","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Goldin)","plainCitation":"(Goldin)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":696,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/7CU8K44D"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/7CU8K44D"],"itemData":{"id":696,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Changing Economic Role of Women: A Quantitative Approach","container-title":"The Journal of Interdisciplinary History","page":"707-733","volume":"13","issue":"4","source":"JSTOR","archive":"JSTOR","DOI":"10.2307/203887","ISSN":"0022-1953","shortTitle":"The Changing Economic Role of Women","author":[{"family":"Goldin","given":"Claudia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1983"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Goldin).

Due to the increase in total wealth of the nation people got more money to spend which lead to the birth of a mass culture. The people were linked to extra activities and purchasing goods like home appliances, ready to wear clothes. American women got more freedom through mass culture. They were able to spend money on themselves which resulted in good mental and physical health of the American women ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"TFd14at8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(sahoboss)","plainCitation":"(sahoboss)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":697,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/PJALL6ES"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/PJALL6ES"],"itemData":{"id":697,"type":"webpage","title":"Women, employment and the changing economic scene, 1920s","container-title":"South African History Online","genre":"Text","abstract":"In the 1920s, with the First World War (1914-1918) over, the pattern of female employment began to change. The war and the protectionist policy of the Pact government under JBM Hertzog (who wanted to help the ‘poor whites' to get back on their feet) both boosted the growth of the manufacturing industry. Women of all racial groups slowly began to gravitate to the towns and were drawn into the labour market. Outside the reserves, economic opportunities opened up for African women too.","URL":"https://www.sahistory.org.za/womens-struggle-1900-1994/women-employment-and-changing-economic-scene-1920s","language":"en","author":[{"family":"sahoboss","given":""}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011",3,31]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",6,7]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (sahoboss). It was observed that three-quarters of the total population went to the cinema once a week.

Then there came the jazz age. The jazz age was the time which brought changes in the lifestyle of the younger generation. Jazz bands played at dance halls where young generation went to please themselves by dancing and drinking. During 1927, hundred million phonograph records were purchased which indicate the increase in the demand of jazz bands and music. Cars also became the symbol of freedom during jazz age as young generation used it to go to the far places for outing and enjoyment. Women became more independent and free during the jazz age, where the older generation found this change as unethical. They objected jazz music and took it as the symbol of depravity and vulgarity. However, all these changes were difficult to control especially jazz age as a young generation was more attracted to the new social change of that time.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY 1920s: A Decade of Change | NCpedia. https://www.ncpedia.org/history/20th-Century/1920s. Accessed 7 June 2019.

Goldin, Claudia. “The Changing Economic Role of Women: A Quantitative Approach.” The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, vol. 13, no. 4, 1983, pp. 707–33. JSTOR, JSTOR, doi:10.2307/203887.

Our Documents - 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Women’s Right to Vote (1920). https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=63. Accessed 7 June 2019.

sahoboss. “Women, Employment and the Changing Economic Scene, 1920s.” South African History Online, 31 Mar. 2011, https://www.sahistory.org.za/womens-struggle-1900-1994/women-employment-and-changing-economic-scene-1920s.

Women in the 1920s | NCpedia. https://www.ncpedia.org/history/20th-Century/1920s-women. Accessed 7 June 2019.

Research Methodologies

Student’s Name

Instructor’s Name

Course Code

Date

Advance an original definition of the modern age

Modern Age has a very complex definition and it can be broken into periods beginning from the 1600s. Modernist impulses were fueled by different kinds of literature by urbanization and industrialization and the search for a response from changed the world. According to Stylhals (128), the modern age can be broken down into periods of discoveries and revolution. It can be broken into the 16th century, the late modern period of the 18th century and the complimentary period. However, the modern age is the period of transition of events, technology, art, literature, warfare, and globalization, which occurred from around the world.

Willem Styfhals (118) stated that modern age is the theodicy taboos, which occur after the period of the Second World War. Several events occurred immediately after the Second World War and these events changed the world thereby resulting in discovery and settlements. However, the modern age is the period of secularization. According to Skyfall (125), during this period the society transformed to reflect the values and dignity of human being. People made a drastic resolution of either to be pagan or become believers. And therefore, it was the period the widespread of Christianity started to different countries. This means that modern age was the period when people started to do the right things and this resulted in the expansion and continues existed of Christianity. It is also argued that the era of modernity was the beginning of the discovery of various philosophical beliefs, which expanded Christianity to different parts of the world. Styfhals (121) further pointed out that modern age is the period of transition of the outlook of church and in general the Christian movement.

It is also stated that modern age is the period when religion loses its values and meanings. According to Gordon (68), the modern age brought a lot of things to have a result of the revolution in technology and other aspects, which changed the perspective of people on Christianity. Since the beginning of the 20th century, a lot of things have happened such as several churches, and change of lifestyle. The negative argument is made about the modernity as the consequences of the hard life and the negative perspective against Christianity. It is, therefore, evident that modern age is the time when changes were started to emerge, which changed the views and life of people. For instance, the colonization of American and other regions ignited the war and advance the world of religion as well. It also changed the beliefs of several people pro or against religion based on what transpired during the Second World War. According to Gordon (71), the deaths and the use of power weapons, which caused a lot of casualties acted as the change of attitude and ideas about Christianity and therefore, after the Second World War, Christianity did not only spread to different regions, but the spread also emerged and some people become non-believers. It can, therefore, be stated that the modern age period was the time when many people started to question Christianity.

It is evident that the modernity age the period when technology was introduced to change the world. As stated by Gordon (68) after the Second World War different countries took a drastic action to invert superpower weapons. During this time nuclear weapons and other powerful weapons were developed for the sake of war. Technologies were also developed for surveillance, besides businesses for economic growth. As stated by Gordon (70) the use of the atomic bomb and other powerful weapons was a transition of technology and this was a period of the modern age. It was the period when creativity, which changed the world was inverted. The western world started to experience growth in property, industries and other sectors of the economy to support the growing population. And therefore, in the modern age technology were invented to help in huge production to sustain the growing market demand and support the movement of people, which begun in harness after the Second World War.

In the United States, the modern age can be associated with the times of revolution against the colonists to the time of the invention of new technology, during the 20th century. The U.S. got tired with colonists and therefore they turned against them and therefore, this resulted in constant war, which leads to the invention of modern weapons, and other machinery, which could facilitate war. The demand for food as a result of migration of people also resulted in modernity. The country had to produce a large quantity of food and other basic needs to support the population. This could not be done without having modern tools or machinery, as a result, more advanced machinery was invented.

In conclusion, the modern age is the period between the early modern era and the complimentary period. It is evident that during the modern age a lot of events occurred beginning with the change of belief, a revolution in technology and other areas, globalization and warfare. Research established that it most of the events occurred after the Second World War; due to fear of other periods of war and this forced many nations to invest in modern technology, as a result, powerful weapons and other tools were invented CITATION Dan19 \p 21 \l 1033 (Weidner 21). The modern age is also the period of Secularization, and therefore, it changed the world hence changed the values, beliefs, and ideas about Christianity and religion as well. It is, therefore, evident that the modern age period is the period of revolution which occurred in Christianity, technology, and other aspects of life, which change the world view of several issues. It mostly occurred after the Second World War.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Gordon, Peter. "Reflection on the Fifteenth Anniversary of Hans Blumberg's Legitimacy of the Modern Age." Journal of a history of Ideas 80.12 (2019): 67-74.

Stylhals, Willem. "Modernity as Theodicy: Od Marquard Reads Has Blumenberg's The Legitimacy of Modern Age." Journal of the History of Ideas 80.1 (2019): 113-131.

Weidner, Daniel. "The History of Dogma and Story of Modernity." Journal of History and Idea (2019): 12-35.

Research Paper

Name

Instructors’ Name

Course Title and Code

Date

Political Innovations and Achievements of Louis Napoleon

Introduction

Louis Napoleon, also known as Napoleon III, was the French president, who rose to power in 1852, which continued till his exile in the year 1870. He was the third ruler from the Napoleon family, who had a sense of responsibility towards the homeland of his father and wanted to ensure the peace, progress, and prosperity of its people. He spent a greater part of his childhood, as well as later years in exile, which made him more attached to the French land and was also an important reason of taking part in the war and winning the rule of the country. His deep attachment with French land and people, as well as the sense of responsibility towards the land, was the main reason he kept in touch with the history, social and political conditions of the country, even in exile and made a comeback after the death of his cousin and ruler of France at that time. After failed coups, he finally won the rule of France through the revolution of 1848 and became the president through the support of the majority of the male public. He was an exemplary leader who held the office, for a brief time period, however, worked hard for the progress and prosperity of its public, and rebuilt the French society through urbanization, industrialization and the economic growth. He established the reformatory national and foreign policies, which earned the country great economic and social progress. The country and its people were able to prosper under the authoritarian rule of Louis Napoleon for two decades. He was finally dethroned during the Franco-Prussian War and led the remaining years of his life in illness and exile in England. The government of Napoleon may have been the logical culmination of the revolution and not just a return to monarchy.

Early Years of Life

Louis Napoleon was the son of Louis Bonaparte, and his mother was Napoleon I’s daughter Hortense de Beauharnais Bonaparte. He was born in France in the year 1808. His parents were the rulers of Holland, however, after the downfall of the Bonaparte dynasty in the year 1815, the family was exiled and he lived the years of his youth in Switzerland. His mother was greatly attached to her homeland of France, as well as respected the policies and vision of her father, which was one of the main reasons that she inculcated her ideology in her son’s mind. He grew up while spending time in Germany and Italy and knowing people of his distant family, who were also the victims of exile. Moreover, he also came to know the suffering of the other exiles of the Bourbon monarchy, as well as the condition of the Italians, who were living their lives under the papal and Austrian rules. The conditions of the people and society made him reflect on the political structure of society. He joined the Carbonari party, in order to support the struggle of the Italian public against the monarchy of papal and Austrian rule. He was deeply interested in the history of his father’s land and started developing the ideology of national liberty. The new exposure in his life also made him think about regaining the control of France and continue the Napoleonic rule. The activities of the Carbonari party were not acceptable for the opposite party, who attacked them and Louis Napoleon was saved due to the intervention of his mother in the situation. The sudden death of his brother due to the outbreak of measles added to his difficulties and left him heartbroken (Barden).

Failed Coups

After a little time of Louis Napoleon’s brother’s death, his cousin also died who had to become the next ruler of France, according to their lineage. His death sparked a new sense of responsibility in Napoleon, who thought it was the right time to win back the rule of France. He received military training, as well as completed his education while learning about social issues and economics. In 1832, he published an article which was entitled “Reveries politiques,” in which he talked about the military and political subjects. He believed that the imperial system was the only political system which could bring back the glory, peace, and progress of France. He wanted to make the public aware of his ideology, as well as win their attention and support through his political writings. He thought that he would be able to earn the support of the military through such actions; however, he was mistaken about his ideology, which actually harmed him during his first coup. Thinking that he would be supported by the military of France, keeping in view Napoleon I’s hundred days, he attacked Strasbourg in order to reestablish the Napoleonic Empire. However, he had to face the retaliation of the local troops and was exiled by Louis-Philippe to the United States. He briefly returned to Switzerland due to her mothers’ illness, however, was exiled from there as well and finally settled in England. The unfavorable conditions of the society did not let him give up on his ideology and motive of reestablishing the Napoleonic Empire and in 1893 he published another book “Des idées napoléoniennes,” in which he presented Bonapartism as a political ideology, which had the key of resolving all the economic, social and political issues of the French society, without realized the fact that it was actually his reminiscence. He believed that reforming the industrial sector of the society by increasing the trade, as well as ensuring the freedom and rights of the general public would be the sure means of putting France back on the track of peace and progress. He made another attack on France in 1840 and was then again arrested and finally put in confinement. He again started studying and preparing for establishing his imperial rule. He also established relations with opposing parties and fled to England from his confinement. His father’s death in 1846 made him the final heir of the Napoleonic Empire and he again started making efforts to win the rule back (Sultana).

Rise to Power

The revolution of 1848 emerged as the greatest hope for Louis Napoleon. He was living in England at the time revolution erupted and a new regime emerged in France. His exile ended with the fall of the previous government, so he returned to his homeland, with the hope of finally reminisce his dream of reestablishing the Napoleonic Empire. Still, it was not an easy task for him, as there were still some segments of the society which did not approve his presence in France and demanded to get him exiled again. On the other hand, some of the people who were aware of the glory of the Napoleonic Empire, as well as the ideology of Louis Napoleon, established a small party named the Bonapartist party. The party then nominated Louis Napoleon as their candidate in the next government's constituent assembly. He became successful in winning the position and took the oath. Shortly after that, he started preaching the glory of the Napoleon rule to the general public, which promising them that he was able to turn back France to its happy and peaceful times. One of his most successful political strategies, which ensured his later achievements and rise to power, was connecting with the lower segments of the society. He met with the lower class population of the society which was always neglected by the rulers and assured them that he would change the system of France. He also gave them the hope that the societal, political and economic conditions of the country would be the same for all the segments of the society and everybody would get an equal chance of making progress. He promised the general public to support their particular interests as well as maintain the peace and order of society. He was finally able to win the support of the general public and won the presidency by seventy percent votes in his favor, which was a cleat depiction as well as announcement that the French public still supported and looked forward to the establishment of Napoleonic empire (Walker).

Winning the Presidency

After winning the election in 1848, and the presidency, Louis Napoleon started emerging as a greater power than his party had expected him. They had only chosen him as a popular figure, who could have won them the election and had not expected that he would become the president. They were still not fearful of his increasing popularity and support among different sections of the society as they knew that his term would end in only four years. However, that one point was quite nerve-wracking for him and he utilized all his efforts to change that clause of the constitution. The members of the national assembly were strictly against his opinion and ideology and were not ready to provide him a chance of getting re-elected as the president of France and continue his rule. Being perfectly aware of his position in the society, as well as the possibilities of being stabbed in the back by his own party, he started gaining more strength and winning the support of military as well as general public by using his constitutional rights. Within no time, the Bonapartist party on which he was dependent earlier, became dependent upon him and military also supported his action, along with the general public. He forced the national assembly to change the constitutional clause of not letting a president reelected, who did not pay any heed to his demands and ultimately he had to impose a dictatorship on France, in order to change the constitution and earn the ruling seat again. This time, his coup became successful and he was also able to establish a new rule. He developed and got approved a new constitution in 1852, by plebiscite and got another one approved later that year, which declared him the next emperor of the Napoleonic empire as Napoleon III and also marked the end of the second empire (Hunt).

Domestic Policies

During the early years of his rule, Louis Napoleon emerged as a strong dictator and gave the orders of arresting thousands of his opponents. He also exiled hundreds of the influential members of the political parties, who were against his rule and ideology. He did not want to get any blow from his opponents, even before establishing his rule in French society. After being assured of his position and support in society and knowing the act that no one was able enough to end his rule he turned his attention towards the domestic policy and fulfilling the promises he had made with the general public, before winning the rule. He was a truthful leader, who was deeply concerned about the progress of each and every segment of the population, so he devised the new policies which would ensure the progress of not only the middle-class population but also the lower class population of the society. He also utilized the propaganda strategy in order to ensure the public that he was working for their better interest and had the potential of changing the structure of the society. He also utilized the opportunity to get awareness about the difficulties of the general public which were appearing as the basic hurdle towards their progress. Due to his willingness to taking every kind of challenge and initiative to support the needs and ensure the progress of the society, he paid great attention to the public work. One of his greatest achievements is the railroads construction which brought a revolutionary change in the life of the general public, as they were able to use it for promoting their business, as well as for traveling. He also approved the agricultural and industrial reformations and innovations in society, which increased the means of earning and progress for the general public. The French society was able to get rid of the famine due to his advanced agricultural reformations. In addition to it, he also promoted equality of men and women in the society, due to which more and more women were provided with the opportunity of getting an education, which eventually changed the social structure of the society. Another great achievement of Louis Napoleon was the reconstruction and rebuilding of Paris, for which he supported all the technical innovations as well as the inventors. He supported the reconstruction of modern Paris while giving special attention to some of the buildings which became the classic example of modern architecture, during that time of history. Another remarkable achievement of the revolutionary leader which made him close to the general public was lowering the price of bread, so each and every individual of the society could afford it, without facing any difficulty. He was deeply concerned about the labor workers, so gave the orders of the construction of sanitary housing, in order to ensure their health and wellbeing. In order to ensure the prevalence of peace and justice in society, he laid the foundation of the arbitration board. In addition to it, he granted the rights of organization and leading a strike to the French workers, so that they would communicate their issues and difficulties to the government body (Sultana).

Foreign Policies

Setting the things right at the domestic front, Louis Napoleon turned his attention towards the foreign policy. He wanted to extend the ideals of French society to other parts of Europe, however, faced defeat in every attempt. After facing defeat at the European front, he turned his attention toward other parts of the world and one of his greatest achievements in this regard was extending and strengthening the control of the French regime over Algeria. He also established and strengthened the French foundations in Africa, while finally moving towards China and India. He developed the trade route with these countries and promoted international trade. He also earned some progress in Italy, while failing again and again in Britain, which also led to his failures in Mexico. At the end, when Russia attacked Britain during the Crimean war and failed in its attempt to win the control, the European powers sought cooperation and alliance with France. It finally provided the opportunity of increasing the French influence in England, as well as other parts of Europe. While attending to the international affairs and foreign policy, Louis Napoleon became a little ignorant towards the domestic issues, which ultimately erupted as bigger issues of the society. The working class of French society got entangled in a conflict with the middle class due to the economic deterioration and growing unrest. He tried to resolve the situation by providing the leverage to both of the classes in the form of freedom of assembly, coalition, and liberalization. However, all of that went in vain and made him realize his fault of not paying more attention towards the domestic affairs and becoming too enthusiastic of expanding his rule to other parts of the world (Hunt).

The Franco-Prussian War

The eruption of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870 proved to be the last blow to the rule of Louis Napoleon. After establishing the alliance with England and winning greater influence over its land, he shortly had to face the rise of Prussia in Europe. Prussia won control over Austria and gained the position of taking greater control over Britain as well. He started a war with Prussia, which is called as Franco-Prussian War. The war turned the tables for Louis Napoleon as he lost the influence on England, which was won by Germany, which also emerged as a greater strength till the end of the First World War. As a result of its victory in Europe, the German forces were able to attack France as well, which they won and arrested Louis Napoleon. After being captured by the German forces, he was once again exiled to England, which marked the end of the second rule of France and leads the foundation of the third republic. Louis Napoleon did not accept his defeat even at that time, however, the things turned unfavorable for him forever, when he fell ill seriously. He had been ill throughout his reign, however, kept it a secret from the opposing forces, in order to avoid any kind of state action against him. However, his illness got worse after his last exile to England. He planned to get his surgery and then prepare to win his rule back, however, his health kept deteriorating at quite a fast pace and he finally died in 1873, shortly after getting his surgery (McMillan).

Conclusion

Louis Napoleon, also known as Napoleon III was one of the most revolutionary leaders of the French regime. He left his life of leisure and ease in Switzerland, in order to follow the teachings of his mother, which were actually based on the ideology of her own father. He felt deeply connected to the French public, as well as felt the sense of attachment towards the rule of French society, as he wanted to the reestablish the Napoleonic Empire. From the early years of his youth, he was able to understand the history as well as social, economic and political progress of the French society, which made him more concerned about the progress and prosperity of the French public. He tried to establish his rule again and again and finally succeeded in his third attempt. He ensured the social, political and economic progress of all the classes of the French society by revolutionizing the industrial and agricultural sector. He also played an important role in developing the railroads and reconstructing modern Paris, which are considered his great achievements. The domestic policies and strategies of Louis Napoleon had ensured the success of his regime, however, his involvement in the foreign affairs, which was actually the lust of gaining more power and control, proved greatly unfortunate for him, as he lost everything and marked the ending of the Napoleonic empire in the French society.

Works Cited

Barden, Thomas M. "Napoleon’s Purgatory." (2017).

Hunt, Lynn. Politics, culture, and class in the French revolution: with a New Preface. Vol. 1. Univ of California Press, 2004.

McMillan, James F. Napoleon III. Routledge, 2014.

Sultana, Zakia. "Napoleon Bonaparte: His Successes and Failures." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 2.7 (2017): 189-197.

Walker, Gavin. "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (1852)." The Bloomsbury Companion to Marx (2018): 33.

Research Paper

Women in the Military throughout the World

Dawn Michelle Rosales-Kneubuhl

3 June 2019

Thesis statement

The role of women in matters of critical importance has always remained debatable. The society all around the world seems divided, with some focusing over the enhanced role of women in world affairs whereas some arguing about limiting their roles. Throughout the recorded history of the world, the role of women remained significant. While working on many other fronts as well, they played a significant role in the armed forces as well. Unfortunately, despite such massive contributions, women were not provided with equal opportunities to serve their nations. With the passage of time, some major policy shifts have been observed throughout the world; these policy shifts have brought the negative stereotypes who question the ability of women in the battleground to rest. But still, all around the globe, cases have been reported about women suppression in the armed forces which pave hurdles in their line of duty.

Women in Military- An Analysis

Women have played an important role in preserving the sovereignty of nation-states in history. In the battleground, they were supposed to feed the poor and help the needy. With time, women started stretching their muscles in the battleground. During such times, women roles were limited. They were supposed to perform limited roles and they were kept outside the battleground. With time the role of women started becoming regularized in the armed services. They started playing significant roles. The two major World Wars are proof of this fact. At present, the role of women is important in every sphere of life. In the military realm, their role could be enhanced if they are made part of the combat force,

With the advent of new millennium, many changes are made in order to enhance the participation of women in armed services. Considering their enhanced role in almost every sphere of life, their roles in the military services includes the various sphere of life. Each role of women in the military service strengthens the outlook of the military services worldwide. Every established military in the world has women serving on prominent positions. For example, Pakistan (an economically weak military) promoted female army personnel on the rank of Major General back in 2002. With much advancements coming in the military, there are still some hurdles for women in performing their duties as an active combatant. For example, it has been observed that they are not posted in areas of significant importance, or they are not relied on over. Generally, women are inducted in the engineering corps, the medical corps or the education corps, etc. their absence from the combat field leaves a question mark on the notions of their enhanced roles.

The absence of women from the combat field is becoming controversial. It leaves the space to think that women are still subordinates to some male military officials. This is observable almost in each armed force in the world. The military generals hold different views when it comes to the deployment and recruitments of women in the combat field. Under the current policy setting, the absence of women from combat makes the recruitment and the deployment criteria in the armed forces questionable.

Throughout the history, the role of woman was decided based on established gender norms. Such gender discrimination among genders remained prevalent throughout the recorded history. Even at present, women are not given the opportunities they deserve. This issue has served as a hot topic for many philosophers, writers, and poets. In addition to them, there are many political, military, and religious figures who have written on the same topic. They have all discussed the role of women in a specific manner. Interestingly each one of them has apparently remained failed in providing an all-inclusive account about how women are expected to behave and live in a society. As a result, these incomplete ideologies have been challenged by the emergence of Feminism.

The idea about women inclusion and their enhanced role in armed forces is evolving with the passage of time. Such expansion in the role of women all around the world and the egalitarian policies towards women would definitely benefit the armed forces. Simon argues that although both men and women receive same compensation for a defined task, therefore women should be offered the same privileged role as like the men. In order to benefit from the competence of women, there is a dire need for the expansion in their role profile generally and in military services specifically. This is how women can serve their land and can fulfill the purpose of their education and skills which they acquire by spending the best years of their lives.

Conclusion

Women inclusion in the armed forces is a notable step towards making them a central part in the military services. Their competencies have been observed in areas such as medicine, education, engineering, etc. This is now the high time to make them play their part in the combat field. Women participation and their right to enter the combat, in the armed forces is the foremost step which can lead to their equal rights. With the passage of time, such policy shifts have been noticed which largely brought the negative stereotypes who questions the ability of women in the battleground to rest. Despite all such efforts still, there is a need to expand the policy framework concerning women which can benefit the armed forces all over the world.

Bibliography

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Akibayashi, Kozue, and Suzuyo Takazato. “Gendered Insecurity under Long-Term Military Presence: The Case of Okinawa.” In The Gender Imperative, 37–58. Routledge India, 2018.

“Dr. Shahida Becomes First Woman General.” DAWN.COM, June 18, 2002. http://www.dawn.com/news/43593.

McGlen, Nancy E., and Meredith Reid Sarkees. Women in Foreign Policy: The Insiders. Routledge, 2018.

Meyer, Eric G., and Gary H. Wynn. “The Importance of US Military Cultural Competence.” In Military and Veteran Mental Health, 15–33. Springer, 2018.

Rank, Michael G., and Elise Fisher Jensen Heroux. “Military Women and Veterans.” Military Behavioral Health 6, no. 1 (2018): 1–2.

Simon, Rita James. Women in the Military. Routledge, 2018.

Wilmoth, J. M. “THE MILITARY IN US WOMEN’S LIVES.” Innovation in Aging 2, no. Suppl 1 (2018): 350.

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Required Sources

“How Roles Have Changed for Women in the Military,” Norwich University Online, accessed May 29, 2019, https://online.norwich.edu/academic-programs/resources/how-roles-have-changed-for-women-in-the-military.

The article was published by the Norwich University in November 2018. The article discusses the role of women in the armed forces throughout the world. Different sources are used and the role of women in different eras and different parts of the world is shown. The made by them is that the women have always been serving the military and the armed forces, but their role has consistently been neglected, and not given that much appreciation as required. They have given the references of the times of the American Revolution, American civil war, WWI, WWII, Korean and Vietnam War, and Post-Vietnam War. Also, the times of the 1990s and the 2000s are discussed regarding the women part in the war. The Publishing source of the article is Norwich University. It is an internationally acknowledged institution established in the year 1819. The University’s Master of Arts in Military History is world recognized for having an unbiased approach.

“Women in the Military,” Taylor & Francis, accessed May 29, 2019, https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781351299046.

The book puts that the part, rank, and treatment of women is one of the foremost concerns challenging the martial nowadays. This book is giving us a range of viewpoints on the number of apprehensions, the causes of complications, how problems might be addressed in the best possible way, and the future for womenfolk in the military. Historic and theoretic viewpoints are given by Lorry M. Fenner and Jean Bethke Elshtain. The author of the book is the University professor at the School of Public Affairs, as well as the editor of Gender Issues. She has included in the book different views of the scholars on the issue. All the scholars have given their own points of view and their distinct perspectives on this topic. The book is valuable to the researchers of Women's studies as well as those studying gender studies, sociology, history, and military studies.

“Women in the Army: The Percentage of Females in the World’s Biggest Armies,” Army Technology (blog), November 30, 2018, https://www.army-technology.com/uncategorised/women-in-the-army/.

The article provides data about the ratio of females and their roles in the 7 biggest armies around the world. China is the first one and the biggest army according to the number of personnel, had 4.1% of women in PLA. In India, women make up only 3% of the total number of army personnel, and they only work in a non-combat role. The writer also talks about the role and the ratio of women in the countries South Korea, Pakistan, and U.S. Russia. This article is good for the general information about the history, role and the percentage of women in these countries. This article was published by the Title Women in the Army, under the post-Army Technology. The author has provided overall information for the readers that gives an overview of the role of women in the military in the world's big militaries.

Erin Blakemore, “How Women Fought Their Way Into the U.S. Armed Forces,” HISTORY, accessed June 1, 2019, https://www.history.com/news/women-fought-armed-forces-war-service.

This article was published on a website that provides information about historical things and events. T is giving an insight into the struggle that the women in the U.S made to enter the army. 70 years ago it was unimaginable that the women would join the military and the armed forces. Though they served in World War II yet they were forced to join their civil life gain. However, during the year 1948, all this changed when women took vital steps and joined the armed forces as equal members. The author has briefly explained how WWII became a reason for the women to join armed force and opened ways for them to get equal opportunity to get into the military and serve equally as men. The author Blakemore has published this article through the publisher A&E Television Networks, and it was accessed through the authentic website named History.

Rebekah Ratcliffe, “Women in the Military: Around the World,” The Guardian, December 8, 2011, sec. UK news, https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/dec/08/women-in-military-around-world.

This article was written by Rebekah Ratcliffe by the world-famous News source The Guardian. The article is about Women and their role across the globe. She has talked about lots of countries and women in their army. Names of these countries are the US, Australia, Israel, Norway, France, etc. According to this article American women are not allowed to join the infantry, but all other areas are open for them. Australian women make 18.5% of the defense force and only 4.5% of senior ranks in all the 3 services. In Israel, combat units have been opened for the women since 1994. Norwegian women make up to 8.5% of the total force, and the same is the ratio of women in the military of France. The author Ratcliffe has published the article under the news magazine and is a news article. The news magazine The Guardian is a world-renowned and authentic news source.

“8 Other Nations That Send Women to Combat,” National Geographic News, January 25, 2013, https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/13/130125-women-combat-world-australia-israel-canada-norway/.

The article was published by the author Anna Marine for National Geographic News. The article comprised the researches of the experiences of Australia, Canada and many other countries that have worked closely with the American military in Iraq, and Afghanistan. There have been many movements and talks about the role of women in the combat forces, however, these have always been suppressed. In 1980 Canada opened the combat roles for the women except for the ones that involved women to submarine warfare. Denmark since 1988 made a policy of total inclusion. Similarly, other countries like France Germany and Israel, etc are discussed and their efforts to include women in their combat forces. The source of the article is authentic and is world famous, The national geographic. This article is published by Anna for this news website. The authenticity of the article is unquestionable and indisputable.