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Research Paper
Nowadays using drugs like cocaine, opium, tobacco and also alcohol consumption among the youth are growing public concern. There is evidence which is reported currently to indicate that psychopathology plays an important role in case of adolescent involvement in various substance use and abuse. Especially those individuals who are emotionally disturbed are at higher risk of substance use disorder. Therefore in this study the main objectiveis to find out a relationship between depressive symptoms levels and the resulting increase in substance use among the youth who are emotionally disturbed. There are quite a few studies at current that focus on the youth who have examined the effect of depression on the use of drugs other than tobacco. Of the many reported studies it is also proved that early depression is positively related to late alcohol use. It has been proved in the adolescents that the progression of substance use begins with only a single use. But it is also true that no reaserch was done before on the effect of substance use while dealing with depression. So in this study, the main aim was to fill the gap; it tries to build a relationship between increase drug use and depression ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"auOR2zbW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wu et al.)","plainCitation":"(Wu et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1182,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/RZBYIXPW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/RZBYIXPW"],"itemData":{"id":1182,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Relationship Between Depressive Symptom Levels and Subsequent Increases in Substance Use Among Youth With Severe Emotional Disturbance","container-title":"Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs","page":"520-527","volume":"69","issue":"4","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Objective\nThis study examined the relationship between levels of depressive symptoms and subsequent increases in substance use among 784 youth with severe emotional disturbance enrolled in Medicaid-funded behavioral health care plans.\n\nMethod\nYouth at five sites nationwide were interviewed about their emotional and behavior problems, as well as their use of cigarettes, alcohol, and drugs—at both baseline and follow-up.\n\nResults\n(1) Levels of depressive symptoms were significantly associated with concurrent substance use at baseline. (2) Baseline levels of depressive symptoms predicted subsequent changes in substance use, especially use of illicit drugs and multiple drugs. (3) These findings remained significant, even after controlling for sociodemographic, family, and individual characteristics.\n\nConclusions\nThese results indicate that depressive symptoms early in life may signal a risk for increasing involvement in substance use among severe emotional disturbed youth. This finding has important clinical implications for the prevention of substance misuse in this population.","ISSN":"1937-1888","note":"PMID: 18612567\nPMCID: PMC2678875","journalAbbreviation":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs","author":[{"family":"Wu","given":"Ping"},{"family":"Hoven","given":"Christina W."},{"family":"Liu","given":"Xinhua"},{"family":"Fuller","given":"Cordelia J."},{"family":"Fan","given":"Bin"},{"family":"Musa","given":"George"},{"family":"Wicks","given":"Judith"},{"family":"Mandell","given":"Donald"},{"family":"Cook","given":"Judith A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008",7]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wu et al.)..
In this study, the relationship between depression and the use of cigarettes, alcohol and other drugs in youth with low income were diagnosed with severe emotional disturbance. It also identifies the effect of depressive symptoms on the changes pattern in the user, all other factors like social demographic and other health-related factors which are associated with both depressive substance and also increased drug use were taken into account. So the aim of this study was to findout a relationship between depression and drug use that effects the routine life of the individual ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"auOR2zbW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wu et al.)","plainCitation":"(Wu et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1182,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/RZBYIXPW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/RZBYIXPW"],"itemData":{"id":1182,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Relationship Between Depressive Symptom Levels and Subsequent Increases in Substance Use Among Youth With Severe Emotional Disturbance","container-title":"Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs","page":"520-527","volume":"69","issue":"4","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Objective\nThis study examined the relationship between levels of depressive symptoms and subsequent increases in substance use among 784 youth with severe emotional disturbance enrolled in Medicaid-funded behavioral health care plans.\n\nMethod\nYouth at five sites nationwide were interviewed about their emotional and behavior problems, as well as their use of cigarettes, alcohol, and drugs—at both baseline and follow-up.\n\nResults\n(1) Levels of depressive symptoms were significantly associated with concurrent substance use at baseline. (2) Baseline levels of depressive symptoms predicted subsequent changes in substance use, especially use of illicit drugs and multiple drugs. (3) These findings remained significant, even after controlling for sociodemographic, family, and individual characteristics.\n\nConclusions\nThese results indicate that depressive symptoms early in life may signal a risk for increasing involvement in substance use among severe emotional disturbed youth. This finding has important clinical implications for the prevention of substance misuse in this population.","ISSN":"1937-1888","note":"PMID: 18612567\nPMCID: PMC2678875","journalAbbreviation":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs","author":[{"family":"Wu","given":"Ping"},{"family":"Hoven","given":"Christina W."},{"family":"Liu","given":"Xinhua"},{"family":"Fuller","given":"Cordelia J."},{"family":"Fan","given":"Bin"},{"family":"Musa","given":"George"},{"family":"Wicks","given":"Judith"},{"family":"Mandell","given":"Donald"},{"family":"Cook","given":"Judith A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008",7]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wu et al.).
The hypothesis in this study was that whether there is a relationship between depression and subsequent increase in drug use. The researchers tried to find out a relationship between depression, and as a response to that depression, they start to consume various drugs including alcohol. There were total 784 participants in this study, and they were included in this study based on the absence of a diagnosis of any developmental disability and also no use of intensive mental health services in the past five years, the term mental health service is used to describe the day treatment, partial hospitalization and also in home treatment rehabilitation. These participants were obtained from five sites like Ohio, Oregon, NY city, Pennensalvaya, the Medicaid eligible children all of these children were admitted into a Medicaid facility. This study is an experimental study in which a sample of a total of 784 youth who had a drug use history in the past was studied. The participants were asked if in the recent past they used alcohol, cigarette or any other related drugs. Those participants who responded to use the mentioned drugs for their lifetime they were further asked to report the number of days in the past one month that they had used the specific substance. Very few numbers of children in this study reported using each of these drugs; therefore they all were combined into one category. The focus of this study was not only the use of given substance but also on the progression from cigarettes to any harder substance, and to represent these progressions variables were used. In this study, the dependent variables were the youth, who in order to relief from their stress rely on these drugs and the independent variables were the drug used like cigarettes, alcohols, and other substances.
The results of this study suggest that there is a positive relationship between the depressive symptoms and substance use in the given population who also have a low income. These findings are also in complete alignment with the previous researches that are conducted on such children. Findings from these studies suggest that depression has an impact on the vulnerability of substance use ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"auOR2zbW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wu et al.)","plainCitation":"(Wu et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1182,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/RZBYIXPW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/RZBYIXPW"],"itemData":{"id":1182,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Relationship Between Depressive Symptom Levels and Subsequent Increases in Substance Use Among Youth With Severe Emotional Disturbance","container-title":"Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs","page":"520-527","volume":"69","issue":"4","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Objective\nThis study examined the relationship between levels of depressive symptoms and subsequent increases in substance use among 784 youth with severe emotional disturbance enrolled in Medicaid-funded behavioral health care plans.\n\nMethod\nYouth at five sites nationwide were interviewed about their emotional and behavior problems, as well as their use of cigarettes, alcohol, and drugs—at both baseline and follow-up.\n\nResults\n(1) Levels of depressive symptoms were significantly associated with concurrent substance use at baseline. (2) Baseline levels of depressive symptoms predicted subsequent changes in substance use, especially use of illicit drugs and multiple drugs. (3) These findings remained significant, even after controlling for sociodemographic, family, and individual characteristics.\n\nConclusions\nThese results indicate that depressive symptoms early in life may signal a risk for increasing involvement in substance use among severe emotional disturbed youth. This finding has important clinical implications for the prevention of substance misuse in this population.","ISSN":"1937-1888","note":"PMID: 18612567\nPMCID: PMC2678875","journalAbbreviation":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs","author":[{"family":"Wu","given":"Ping"},{"family":"Hoven","given":"Christina W."},{"family":"Liu","given":"Xinhua"},{"family":"Fuller","given":"Cordelia J."},{"family":"Fan","given":"Bin"},{"family":"Musa","given":"George"},{"family":"Wicks","given":"Judith"},{"family":"Mandell","given":"Donald"},{"family":"Cook","given":"Judith A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008",7]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wu et al.).
The learning outcomes from this assignment are that there is a strong relationship between depression and substance use. While treating with the drug addicts most of the counselors don't take into account their mental state which in most cases is a leading factor in drug addiction, so this study provides detailed insight in the matter. What I like the most in this study is that, it’s a brief resaerch and is conducted on youth because drug use is now trending among the youngsters. But the sampling in this study is not heterogenous mostly participants are males and also they are those who are already getting medical help to improve their condition but apart from these there are other schools going kids who are vulnerable to drug use because of the pressure in the education system. If I had to conduct this study I would ask question not only from one particular aspect but I would ask them questions regarding their personal life, school life and also how they balance both of these aspects because most of the children don't know how to carry out their studies along with personal life which is where they become stressed out and go for substance use and abuse. Although this study is a very informative one but the population this study was not diverse regarding the age of the participants and also their gender. All the participants are school going kids, and it does not offer a comparison between the drug use in kids and in adults.
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Wu, Ping, et al. “The Relationship Between Depressive Symptom Levels and Subsequent Increases in Substance Use Among Youth With Severe Emotional Disturbance.” Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, vol. 69, no. 4, July 2008, pp. 520–27.
