French Delegation

Andrew Nau

Dr. Longenecker

Central History

[Date]

French Delegation

Introduction

History has seen a number of ups and downs. There have been a number of conflicts, battles and wars in different regions of the world. Sometimes, these conflicts or wars were small in nature, for example between two states or within a country. However, in some cases, the political situation between the two countries that they had to take military action. Even in some instances, the nature of war became so serious that many countries participated in it, from both sides. Although it has only happened twice in history, however, the results were devastating. The first time this happened was during World War I. Also known as “the Great War”, this war started in 1914 and ended in 1918.

Every war has a reason or a catalyst behind it. History has not seen any war that had been initiated without any reason or cause. Same was the case with World War I. Although there were many small incidents and causes behind the instigation of such a huge war, one of the main incidents that proved to be fuel to fire was the Sarajevo Incident that took place in 1914.

Discussion

Sarajevo Incident (1914)

The Sarajevo Incident is also commonly known as the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, who was an heir to the Astro-Hungarian Throne and his better half, Archduchess Sophie. The tragic incident happened when the royal couple was on a state visit of Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. The incident got much fame and is traditionally regarded as the immediate catalyst for the initiation of World War I. The history of this incident is complex and deeply rooted in the occupation of Bosnia-Herzegovina by the Austria-Hungary government. The killer was a Bosnian Serb, Gavrilo Princip and the motive behind this assassination was to break off the Austria-Hungary's South Slav provinces so that they can be re-combined in Yugoslavia.

Diplomatic History of France before the Initiation of World War I (1914)

World War I was basically a huge military conflict between two strong groups of the world. Both these groups consisted of very powerful nations and participated in the war with their full force and complete military power. The first group or bloc was the Triple Alliance, which consisted of Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy, whereas the second bloc, called Triple Entente, consisted of France, Russia and Great Britain. Before 1914, France tried its level best to isolate Germany in the global circle, which it did very successfully. France formed three major alliances in its diplomatic history, Franco-Russian Alliance in 1894, Entente Cordiale in with Great Britain in 1904 and finally the Anglo-Russian Entente that was formed in1907, which later became the Triple Entente.

How the Sarajevo Incident Impacted France

The Sarajevo Incident of 1914 had a great impact on almost all the countries included in World War I. Not only was France impacted as a result of this incident but Great Britain, Russia, Germany and Austria-Hungary were also deeply affected. As discussed earlier, it became a major cause of the Great War and as a result, Germany invaded France through the route of Belgium on 3rd August 1914. Although France won the war with a great majority, it had to bear huge losses in terms of industrial and military losses.

Foreign Policy Goals and Concerns of France In 1914

France was one of the major participants in the “Great War” as it was the main country that was under attack. One of the major Goals of France during World War I was to defend Paris at any cost. One of the major goals of France regarding foreign policy was to strengthen the bonding between Russia and develop a formal bond between Franc and Great Britain. However, nobody, even France, expected the crisis of 1914. Germany mobilized its forces as a result of Russian mobilization. In such a situation, France had to mobilize its forces which caused further tension in the region and World War I started.

After 4 long years, 1918 marked to be as a year of ending of World War I. However, these 4 years caused much bloodshed. Almost 9 million people got killed in these wars and much more were maimed, grief-stricken, crippled or psychologically scarred.

Conclusion

Hence. It can be clearly seen through the facts and figures presented in the essay that France played a very positive, in fact, a very mitigating role during the World War I. The major cause or the catalyst of this “Great War” was the Sarajevo Incident that took place on 28 June 1914. France was one of the major participants in World War I, in fact, it was the main country or region whose land was used as the battlefield. France, along with the alliance of Russia and Great Britain, won the Great War and captured many of the areas of Germany.

French Revolution DBQ

The French Revolution

Nic Brown

[Name of the Institution]

The French Revolution was an unprecedented historic event in 18th century when the French people overthrew the French monarch and started to rule the government. It started on July 14th, 1789, when the revolutionaries took control of the Bastille Castle CITATION Pet16 \l 1033 (McPhee, 2016). It was abruptly end in 1799 when Napoleon Bonaparte, a Corscian by birth, ended the subsequently established government and usurped power. The French Government remained in a state of continuous disorder during the revolution. A small ruling group in the French Estate General soon overpowered the politics of the country. They altered the name of the Estate General many times over the course of the Revolution, finally settling on the title of “National Convention”. The most renown phase of the French Revolution is known as the Reign of Terror CITATION DGW16 \l 1033 (Wright, 2016). During this period, a lawyer named Maximillian Robespierre was recognized as the de-facto leader of the preceding body called “National Convention and the Committee of Public Safety”. Anyone who was even slightly suspected of treason was executed by “guillotine”, which was dubbed the national razor. A lot of people were executed including the last reigning royal couple. Robespierre's even executed many of his political rivals CITATION Sop19 \l 1033 (Johnson, 2019). The French Revolution completely transformed the basic structure of France. It ended the feudalistic grip of the French monarchy and took away political power from the Church. It gave completely unheard and new ideas and concepts to Europe, including freedom and civil rights for the common folk as well as the granting rights to slaves and women. It is true that the revolution died with the reign of Napoleon, the reforms and ideas it inspired continued to linger on. These new concepts continued to shape Europe, aiding in foundation of many of the current Europe's new modern-day governments.

End Notes

BIBLIOGRAPHY \l 1033 Johnson, S. M. (2019). Robespierre: A Self-Destructed Revolutionary.

McPhee, P. (2016). Liberty or Death: The French Revolution. Oxford University Press.

Wright, D. (2016). Revolution and Terror in France 1789-1795.

Froissart's Portrayal Of Women And Gender

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FROISSARTS PORTRAYAL OF WOMEN AND GENDER

Name

Professor

Course

Jean Froissart Chronicles is a collection of history a hundred years ago that was written in the 14th century. In the chronicles, Froissart has portrayed women and gender in many and different ways, and how they fit and interact in society. According to the chronicles, several people in ancient Europe used to live in congested little communities. In this kind of setting, womens responsibilities were to ensure that the children were safe, ensure that the food was ready for their family, and filly they had a responsibility to ensure that they tend the animals. In times when the seasons were so busy such as the harvesting season, the women had to ensure that they accompany their male companions to the farms. Women were also involved in industries such as the textile where they could help make clothes, brewing industries where they could make alcohol for their husbands, and finally, the cottage industry. These responsibilities of women in the rural areas were similar to the responsibilities that were given to those women in the cities where they had to help their husbands and fathers in different duties such as craft ship, trading of different goods, and finally, the manufacture of some textile commodities.

The Froissart chronicles goes-ahead to give a preview of the origin of sin according to the biblical view. In his view, the bible has set women to be a weaker species where they were more vulnerable to since. This is simply illustrated where eve is easily lured by the serpent to eat the forbidden fruit. He goes ahead to tell that in the middle era, the ladies in the community were controlled based on the biblical illusion about women and their inferiority. Though this narrative came to pass during the birth of Jesus Christ, where the Virgin Mary was like in the center stage of the positivity about women. This is because being the biological mother to Christ she was the one through whom people prayed to for their sins to be forgiven by Jesus. And in her time, she is regarded as the powerful saint through whom people could pray, unlike the narrative that had been created about women and their inferiority in the past.

The chronicles give and illustrations of women with power. This is the kind of woman who has worked hard to ensure that they have overturned the fallacy that women are inferior. Women who have tried to remove the feeling of subversion and oppression from their fellow male counterparts. Initially, women could not be allowed to hold senior positions in churches such as the convent position, the monk position. Though this kind of woman overturned that narrative to decide to take charge of their lost husband and their underage children especially their sons. This narrative of this kind of woman is physically seen in the England history where several powerful queens such as Queen Isabella who worked hand in hand with the husband ad took over when the husband passed away.

It should be similarly noted that while a few women tried to remain powerful, a large number was not. Most women had the direction that their lives could take dictated by a few male individuals in the community. A good example is when it came to the marriage of young girls, the little girl had no say of who she was to marry. The marriage could be arranged, and her role was to accept the proposal after the bridal price was paid and then taken away without her will. The next option for the women was to become church nuns ones they get to a certain age in case they were not willing to get married. This is where the lady could be locked down in a cell and forced to meditate and pray. Most of the women though, could prefer being married and give birth to the man for them to behave a sense of responsibility for their families. Once they had been widowed, they were legally entitled to acquire all the wealth of the man in case he was rich.

In the middle ages, pregnancy and childbirth were risky. Where the child and the mother could easily develop small complications, and the mother dies together with the child. There were very many cases of women dying on childbirth with their children. At those times, special procedures such as the caesarian section had not been learned properly. They were only performed in case the mother had died, and the middle wives needed to check if the child was still alive. Most of the middle wave has no special training in delivery. Though with time they were professionals were brought to help in the safe delivery. They function was also to baptize a child in case he or she was in a critical condition.

In conclusion, there are not many historical article journals that describe the kind of lives that women underwent in the middle age as compared to the articles describing the lives of men in the same period. Though from the few sources that have been brought together it is clear to say that women in that age were resourceful, skilled, hardworking, persevering, and very resilient. This is noted by the kind of lives they are said to have lived and the outcome that is always absorbed. There should also need to create a balance between the few rich women and the many average women who had distinct challenges and equally tried to survive all the humiliation that they faced from the men.

Bibliography

Saunders, Corinne. Women and Warfare in Medieval English Writing.Writing War Medieval Literary Responses to Warfare(2004) 187-212.

Froissart, Jean.The Chronicles of Froissart. Macmillan, 1895.

Saunders, Corinne. Women and Warfare in Medieval English Writing.Writing War Medieval Literary Responses to Warfare(2004) 187-212.

Froissart, Jean.The Chronicles of Froissart. Macmillan, 1895.

Ibid 188

Ibid 169

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Fur Trade

Analysis Paper II: Fur Trade

Shemia Headen

Class

Date: 24 March 2019

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Analysis Paper II: Fur Trade

In North America, fur trade was among the earliest and most prominent industries between the 16th and 18th century, playing a significant role in the economy of the region for nearly three centuries. Fur trade started in the early 1500s between Europeans and Indians who would exchange beaver fur for goods such as weapons and tools. Beaver fur would be used to produce highly popular felt-hats. Trading fur with knives, kettle, and gifts also helped forge friendly relations between the Indians and French and Dutch traders, and with time the demand in Europe saw a significant surge. The paper will examine the most significant factors which drove the development of the Atlantic World fur trade in the 16th-18th century. Among these factors, the special nature of the fur derived from beavers, the political ambitions of the French, and Indian eagerness to promote trade in exchange for valuable equipment would be particularly explored owing to their greater significance in driving this trade.

In colonial times, the rise of the fur trade was heavily based on supply and demand factors. In Europe, the requirements of the aristocracy produced a stable demand for fur, which was seen as fashionable, functional and even majestic, especially depending on the specimen from which it was derived. As beaver felts were found to make strong fabrics after processing, thereby producing quality hats, they began to be seen as reflective of social identity indicating one’s wealth, social rank and profession CITATION Eri11 \p 21 \l 1033 (Dolin, 2010, p. 21). The material, shape, and color of the fur carried a particular meaning. The raw material for the felt could be obtained from any fur, but the beaver's fur produced an exceptionally pliable, dense and waterproof felt which maintained its shape. This created a rising demand among professional hat makers to produce felt hats derived from the beaver. As European stocks began to deplete from competition and overhunting, while demand for beaver fur began to surge, “the exponential growth in the trade of beaver hats was a mortal blow to the European beaver. As demand grew, an extinction problem first coursed through Europe, with the circle of death eventually reaching Russia”CITATION Eri11 \p 22 \l 1033 (Dolin, 2010, p. 22). This particularly drew traders to the North American beaver and enter into business with Indian traders who were more than pleased to enter into a transaction.

By the 16th century, Beavers had become nearly extinct in the British Isles. Furthermore, Europeans desired pelts from beaver fur that were already treated and ready to use. However, that required catching and skilling beavers and tanning them through a labor-intensive process. The Indians had mastered the processing and trapping process which further added value to the material they exported. This especially attracted the attention of the French to look further within North America in order to obtain processed pelts by the Natives. Subsequently “as word spread that the Europeans were here to trade, inland Indians started packing up their furs and making annual excursions to the coast, while coastal Indians, acting as middlemen, also obtained pelts from the interior tribes to trade to the fishermen”CITATION Dol10 \p 10 \t \l 1033 (Dolin, 2010, p. 10). Initially, what began as a side-product besides fish trading, took center stage by the end of the 16th century. The relatively cheap European wares were highly valuable, easy to transport, and made them a huge profit, while they were happy to collect and process beaver furs for the French in exchange. Furthermore, the French King Henry the 4th believed that trade would support his treasury and strengthen his empire, driving him to seek a French monopoly over fur trade in the region.

However, with time the French-led fur trade began to be characterized by strife and instability. Monopolies were rescinded and granted time and again, with businesses coming and going. A number of organizations and free-lance traders competed for the furs, all the while when the Indians saw this trade as an opportunity to forge diplomatic and social bonds among individuals. Although the Fur Trade continued with the French, it gradually began to be dominated by the Dutch who had built a market of their own. The Indians provided them with high-quality pelts that brought them several tons of gold each year without exertion or labor, while the Indians were happy to forge greater trading bonds with the Dutch, providing them what they wanted. Wampum played an important role to facilitate this transaction because “In exchange, the Dutch gave the Indians a variety of European goods, including knives, metal pots, glassware, and duffels—coarse, durable, and usually colored pieces of woolen cloth. The Dutch would trade European goods to the Indians of Long Island in exchange for wampum, and then use it to trade for furs with other Indians.” CITATION Dol101 \p 28 \l 1033 (Dolin, New Amsterdam Rising, 2010, p. 28). Wampum had a significant impact on driving the fur trade which "drew the beaver out of the interior forests," while the Indians could improve their status and standard of living at a little cost.

To conclude, there were several important factors that contributed to the Atlantic Fur trade between European colonial powers and the Indians, key among which were French colonial ambitions that drove them to establish monopolies in the Fur Trade. This was supplemented by the high demand of processed beaver pelts in Europe and the dwindling supplies within Russia and Europe itself. At the same time, the Indians' need for European goods and tools, and forging trade and diplomatic bonds, created a win-win situation for everyone. As a consequence, the new generation that emerged in North America had access to all the European goods and was no longer reliant on traditional weapons and tools. The trade further sustained the economic systems within the colonies, while the transport of Beaver fur and pelts into foreign markets across the Atlantic also contributed to the shipment industry. It was critical for the colonization of America since it was beaver pelts that helped host countries to subsidize settlements in places such as Plymouth and Massachusetts. The need for beavers dive explorers further west into America, and although, America would have colonized anyway; the process was significantly sped up by the fur trade.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Dolin, E. J. (2010). As Fine a River as Can be Found. In Fur, Fortune, and Empire: The Epic History of the Fur Trade in America (Reprint ed., pp. 3-13). London: W. W. Norton & Company.

Dolin, E. J. (2010). New Amsterdam Rising. In Fur, Fortune, and Empire: The Epic History of the Fur Trade in America (Reprint ed., pp. 24-37). London: W. W. Norton & Company.

Dolin, E. J. (2010). The Precious Beaver. In Fur, Fortune, and Empire: The Epic History of the Fur Trade in America (Reprint ed., pp. 13-24). London: W. W. Norton & Company.

GET 3003 (Presentation # 1)

Ghosts Of Archaeologists

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Ghosts of Archaeologists

Introduction

Cahokia is a historical site directly across the Mississipi river near updated St. Louis, Missouri. It is located between East St. Louis and Collinsville that is in Southern Illinois. It is also known as the Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site. Cahokia is a site of native American city before Columbus came to America and discovered it.

Cahokia is a rich site from a historical perspective, and a number of historical evidence has been found from here. It was home to a great civilization, whose remains are still present there. The site is open for the public for viewing and looked after by Illinois Historic Preservation Division. As already established before, this area was rich in culture and civilization, and even now, the people who have visited this place, adore the skill and sophistication of Cahokian people.

Discussion

A number of researchers came to this site and tried their luck to find some something meaningful beneath the mounds. Most of them went unsuccessful back to their home town, considering the tough life and unfavorable weather conditions of the area. The weather conditions here are at an extreme level, very cold. The snow falls remain at a peak from November till March, and for the rest of the months, the weather is extremely cold, which makes the wore ground surface is high in this area unexpectedly tough. Moreover, the land or the ground texture is also very unfavorable for diggong, and it becomes very challenging for the archaeologists to dig out places and find historical remains,

But still, there are some archeologists who never gave up and kept working hard for making archeological discoveries from Cahokia. Some of the notable names who worked tirelessly for the profession are Darren King Moorehead, Preston Holder & Joyce Wike, Melvin Fowler, James Porter, Charles Bareis, and Warren Wittry. Preston Holder and Joyce Wike were a couple who were madly in love with archeology. They came to St. Lois to earn their doctorate and loved the place. They made multiple discoveries in Cahokia, but the research work had to be stopped due to the World War or Holder’s Termination. Melvin Fowler was a student of Holder and was much inspired by his work. She took the action of Holder a little further. Harriet Smith, another in the list of hard-working archeologists, carried the job a little further and discovered a mound which was later destroyed in 1940.

Different excavation strategies had to be adopted by the archeologists in order to find the maximum number of discoveries from the site of Cahokia, but it was not a piece of cake. There were multiple hurdles in the way, and the scientists had to fight with numerous factors in order to get through; in fact, many experts could not make it and returned home. The site was divided into certain sectors named as Tracts of 15A and 15B, Mound 51, Mound 72, U1 an U2 and many others, for the purpose of excavation.

Some of the most significant and notable discoveries made by the archeologists was the discovery of Mound 51 that was made by Holder. Most of the remarkable work has been contributed by Holder and his wife as they were the pioneers in the research of Cahokia. Moreover, Charles Bareis made many discoveries in addition to the precious discoveries made by Warren Wittry, who excavated two large portions of land in Cahokia.

Conclusion

In short, it can be seen that Cahokia has been a land of great interest or archeologists. Although it was a very hard nut to crack, scientist and experts have always tried to explore it with all their means.

Works Cited

Chapter 5, Ghosts of Archeologists, Cahokia

Globalizing Development

Name

Instructor Name

Art 101

19 November 2018

Globalizing Development

Section 1

b. What is the “world factory” and the “world farm”. How do they shape global economy and inequalities?

Ans. World factory is known as the factory that makes products for the whole world. The products are delivered to almost all the places in the world. China is known as the world’s factory. All famous electronic and other brands are manufactured in China. China has evolved the business ecosystem quite a lot. From 1979 to 2017 their real gross domestic product grew at an average yearly rate of 10%. According to the World Bank, China has faced the fastest sustained expansion by a major economy in history. They have lifted more than 800 million people from poverty. With the help of the government, because their government owns three big energy companies, China charged its highest growth. Over time, China’s economy is slowing because of the trade war with the U.S. This results in inequality in the market. The major inequality is the distribution of low income. Urban areas experienced rapid growth of income than workers in rural areas.

World farm is a farm that has the highest agricultural rate in the world. World farm-oriented agriculture and food production. It includes Dairy, crops, animal breeding, poultry etc. Its development is one of the powerful tools to end poverty and lift shared prosperity. China is rich in animal and plant resources. China’s total import and export trading revenue of agricultural products was 121.96 billion USD which was increased by the time. According to the American census, China made up 5.9billion dollars in U.S farm product export. The rapid productivity growth in China helped them in creating the highest economy. Economic transition results in income inequality. The different patterns of economic transition and uneven progress in provinces resulted into inequality. Unequal opportunities for the job among rural and urban people is another reason for inequality in the farming sector.

Section ll

Both your textbook and the readings on Backboard discuss the “gendering of global labor force”. Explain the gendering of the labor force in global factories, as well as the new forms of childcare based on migrant workers.

Ans. Ethnographers of Globalization finds out how gender overlaps with other sources of exploitation and discrimination in the lives of working men and women. Gender hierarchies are created and correlated worldwide on transnational cycles of capital accumulation and labor mobilization. Global factories reproduce similar organizational models where women get the lowest pay and authority levels, while men get the positions of supervisory and leadership positions. The promotion of capitalist production regimes by the Chinese state has initiated new gender-based work practices that include the massive recruitment of women in urban areas. The global factories focus on large pools of cheap interchangeable workers to perform tasks that are usually separated by gender. The Gender-specific standards differ in a way that illustrates their arbitrary quality: identical tasks are defined as "male work" in one place and "women work" in another place. Many women and men who provide cross-border services are globally bent due to the desire for class consumption and mobility.

The childcare itself is increasingly tied in global economic cycles; new forms of employment require parents to think effective childcare arrangements, especially the domestic workers of global migration. Many women are forced a constant juggling act to reconcile their children's need for care with their own need of work along with family needs. Overcoming these obstacles requires a cross-sectorial approach. Such an approach must be tailored to the specific needs of migrant families. Government is trying to promote socio-economic development in rural areas to reduce migration. The Migrant Childcare Program aims to ensure that all children learn in a safe environment offered by first-class childcare workers.

Globalizing Empire

Name

Instructors’ Name

Course Title and Code

Date

Globalizing Empire

One of the most important characteristics of a globalizing empire is the vast land, expanded territory, and regions, which are ruled by the empire. In addition to it, it consists of diverse populations. Another important characteristic of the globalizing empire is that its rule and power is not limited to the boundaries of its territory but expand even beyond the borders. The globalizing empires do not only focus on conquering the neighboring lands, however, ensure to integrate the conquered areas in their rule, by implementing laws and developing the trade and economy of the area. They also export the belief system, as well as colonize the lands, which provide the opportunity of peaceful leadership and progress to the general public.

The Han dynasty, as well as the Roman Empire, fit the model of the globalizing empire in a number of ways. The two empires are among the most peaceful, progressive and well-established empires, in the history of humanity. The dominant feature of the Han dynasty, which helped it to become the globalizing empire, included the establishment of rule and power. Before the Han dynasty, there was a number of short-lived rules, which were overthrown by the enemies and there was a constant struggle and fighting in the society to establish the rule. However, the establishment of the Han dynasty changed the fate of the regions, as it was more stable, powerful and well established. The power and authority expanded to the neighboring areas as well, and the people accepted the rule in order to live peaceful lives. The rule was based on legitimate means, which is the main reason it continued for hundreds of years. Social hierarchy was maintained in the society, which strengthened the trust and confidence of the general public in its leadership. The rule focused on establishing the trade, which was supported by the establishment of the silk route. It not only ensured the progress of the economy and the social status of the general public, but also helped the leadership to expand the borders of their territory (Tignor, and Tignor, 235).

On the other hand, one of the most remarkable features of the Ramon Empire which helped it to fit the model of the globalizing empire was the expansion of the territory along the Mediterranean Sea. The Roman Empire especially focused on stabilizing as well as strengthening the military, which not only secured the rule but helped it to expand it to the neighboring areas as well. In addition to it, the Roman Empire also focused on the social and economic developed. It excelled in the fields of art and culture, civilization and philosophy. The leadership set the laws and rules of the society, which were equal for all the people, which came under the rule of the Roman Empire (Tignor, and Tignor, 241).

Pax Sinica and Pax Romana represent the certain periods of the Han dynasty and the Roman Empire respectively, which were peaceful and well established. These were the periods in which the trade of these empires expanded to other regions of the world and played an important role in flourishing the economy. Pax Sinica represents the peaceful rule of the Han dynasty, which continued for more than two hundred years and gave an economic and social boom to the area. On the other hand, the Pax Romana represents the peaceful and progressive era of the Roman Empire, in which the people of the territories included in the rule made progress in each and every field of life.

Work Cited

Tignor, Robert L., and Robert L. Tignor. Worlds together, worlds apart: a history of the world from the beginnings of humankind to the present. WW Norton, 2014: 232-265.

GOVERNMENT

Shaquan Baker

Instructor Name

History and Anthropology

4 November 2019

Different Systems of Government

Government is a system governing a recognized community, which often happens to be a state. It usually consists of three organs, namely Judiciary, Legislature, and Executive. It is usually a system that enforces a mechanism on several people. There are many forms of government, but I will be discussing the ones that are commonly used, namely Federal, Confederate and Unitary Systems of Government.

The Unitary style of government is the centralized style of government in which all the powers of state affairs are vested within a single state entity. The United Kingdom is one of the textbook examples of such a system. The British Parliament holds all the powers associated with governmental affairs. All local bodies exist underneath the sole jurisdiction of the parliament. The advantages of such a system of government are lesser conflicts among the local and national bodies of government, uniform policies and administrative structure throughout the state and greater unity among the populace. The biggest disadvantage is the overstretching of the government set up, especially with the local concerns. This makes the government either too much involved with the local affairs or they become too isolated to understand their local needs.

The Federal-style government based on a group of semi-autonomous states, which hand over certain affairs, like defense, foreign policy, and economics to a single assigned body. Here, the US is the prime example. The states are free to make their laws but Washington is in charge of the aforementioned three areas of government. This approach has several advantages like delegation of specific duties to both central and state governments, and quick and effective addressing of issues at international, national and local levels of government. The disadvantages are disputes over central vs state rights, clashes in international relations among states and the federal administration and difference in-laws and social structures among states.

The Confederate style of government is an alliance of independent states, in which the members have superior rights than the central confederate body. The European Union is perhaps the closest and only example of such a style of government. The biggest advantage of this style of government is cooperation in matters of common concern like trade and commerce. The biggest disadvantage is the weakness to compensate for Nationalist pride (Brexit) and coming up with common laws.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Kisak, Paul F. The Many Types of Government: " From Chaos to Control ". CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2016.

Greek Infulance On Roman Culture

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Women of Ancient Egypt and Social Conditions

Annotated Bibliography

Edwards, Amelia Blandford, and Patricia O’Neill. "The Social and Political Position of Woman in Ancient Egypt (1887)." PMLA 120.3 (2005): 843-857.

Amelia Blandford Edwards and Patricia O'Neill coauthored an article in the year 2005, which was entitled as “The Social and Political Position of Woman in Ancient Egypt (1887).” The authors of the article have specifically talked about the political and social position of the women in ancient Egyptian society. The authors have shared the concern that women have always been the subjects of oppression and violence while having no social and political rights in different societies of the world. However, the case of the women of ancient Egypt is quite different from the rest of the world. They not only had the right of owning the property but the authority of starting and running a business, taking part in the legal procedures and demanding their rights from their husband. They had equal status with men, therefore did not need to spend their lives in the oppression of their husband and demand divorce from them, if they were not willing to live together (Edwards, and O’Neill, 855). The authors have discussed the position of women in a descriptive manner, which provides insights about the life of the women of ancient Egypt.

Johnson, Janet H. “Women's Legal Rights in Ancient Egypt.” The University of Chicago, fathom Archive.

Janet H. Johnson authored an article which is entitled as “Women's Legal Rights in Ancient Egypt.” The author has talked about the social conditions in which the women of ancient Egypt spent their lives. The author of the article has put greater stress on the legal condition of the society, which actually sheds light on the position of the women in society. He has described that the women were recognized in society by the status of the male head of the family. For example, a woman was known as the daughter, wife or sister of someone. They were not allowed to be part of the government organizations and work in the offices. However, they used to run their business by utilizing their talent of cooking, sewing, etc. one of the most important things highlighted by the author is that the women were given equal status and recognition in the legal affairs in ancient Egypt. They had the right of owning the property in their name and take part in the legal proceedings. The women could stand as a witness in the court of law and had the authority of filing some case, against any person of the society. One of the most remarkable thing which sheds light on the social condition of the women of ancient Egypt is that they were allowed to file a case for divorce if they did not want to live with their husbands. The author has provided the details quite efficiently, which gave insight into the status of women in ancient Egypt (Johnson, 1).

Mark, Joshua J. “Women in Ancient Egypt.” Ancient History Encyclopedia. (2016).

Joshua J. Mark authored an article in the year 2016, which was entitled as “Women in Ancient Egypt” the author has discussed the social, as well as legal position in the society in a great deal. He has mentioned that women always held an equal position in society and were never considered inferior to them. Although women were allowed to set up and run their own business, however, the government positions were not for them. It never meant that they would not rule over the society because there were some really powerful queens in ancient Egypt, who supported their husband in the legal, social, and political affairs of the rule. In order to provide a better insight into the social and legal status of the society, the author has talked about the legal rights of the women. He has mentioned that women had the authority of owning the property, which was not allowed to the women of other areas, in that time of history. Another remarkable thing shedding light on the status of women is that they were allowed to ask for a divorce and were liable to take the compensation from their husbands. They had the right of taking the custody of children after divorce and most importantly they had the right of abortion (Mark, 3). The details provided by the author helped greatly in exploring the social conditions of women in ancient Egypt.

Tyldesley, Joyce. "Ancient Egypt and the Modern World." Recuperado el 2 (2011).

Joyce Tyldesley authored an article in the year 2011, which was entitled as “Ancient Egypt and the Modern World." the author has discussed the condition of the women in ancient Egypt while shedding light on different aspects of the society. The author has discussed that ancient Egypt was one of the most civilized societies of ancient times. It was a role model for the other societies of the world, as they learned civilization, architecture, management of social and legal affairs, as well as knowledge about different subject matters. The women of ancient Egypt shared equal status with men while having their own, well defined legal rights. They were not involved in politics and government matters, although the wives of the kings, used to discuss the state matters with their husbands and shared their concerns or suggestion if any. On the other hand, women were allowed to take part in business activities (Tyldesley, 2). The women were not the subordinates of the men of the society and were not ruled over by them, which is the main reason that the artworks, paintings, and sculptures of ancient Egypt, depict the women in a happy and satisfied mood while sharing some leisure time with their husbands.

Works Cited

Edwards, Amelia Blandford, and Patricia O’Neill. "The Social and Political Position of Woman in Ancient Egypt (1887)." PMLA 120.3 (2005): 843-857.

Johnson, Janet H. "Women's Legal Rights in Ancient Egypt." The University of Chicago, fathom Archive.

Mark, Joshua J. “Women in Ancient Egypt.” Ancient History Encyclopedia. (2016).

Tyldesley, Joyce. "Ancient Egypt and the Modern World." Recuperado el 2 (2011).

Gun Control

Gun Control

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

In the recent times, there has been witnessed various crimes that were not so common in the past, but keeping the present situation in mind, it won’t be wrong to say that there are numbers of crimes that are grabbing attention of the world as most threatening crimes. Gun-related violence has been one of the latest crimes that made its way in every headline. It is heartbreaking to say that gun shooting has become one of the most common and drastic crime that the school children are dealing with at present and the number of gun shooting incidents are continuously increasing in numbers. According to Dixon, one of the very first incidents of gun shooting in the United States took place in 1764 and was known in history as the “Pontiac Rebellion School Massacre” and out of 13 enrolled students only three survived but with the advancement of time, this number start increasing each year.

It is heart-wrenching reality that for the last 20 years, not only students but teachers and parents as well, are living with the horrible reality of school shooting. According to James A and Mercy, the gun violence epidemic has taken the worst form and reaches to the mass shooting that even took students under its influence. In their research, they have devised and proposed various solutions, how schools, communities, and authorities could play a vital role in mitigating violence at schools by reducing the numbers of gun shooting incidents Mercy and his colleagues believe that communities and their socioeconomic characteristics also influence the violence activities (Public Health Policy for Preventing Violence | Health Affairs, 2019). They also believe that it is the responsibility of the federal and state government to protect the schools by making policies and action plans that would safeguard the school environment. According to Mercy and his colleagues, more focus on public health could be looked upon as a way of improving conditions of living as people are becoming more violent than before. They believe that it is the need of the hour to identify and implement effective programs and policies to reduce social violence. Another major step proposed by these scholars is that efforts of diverse scientific disciplines, communities and organizations must be integrated for reducing violence in society. Violence and gun shooting have become one of the major issues at present so at all levels sustained efforts are required for successfully addressing this deeply rooted and complex problem.

According to Tia Schneider and co-fellows, school life one used to resemble to gentle scenes by remembering Mr. Chips, but in the recent few years, the image of schools has been destroyed by gun shooting. In their study, they proposed some solutions that could be used for stopping violence and reducing shooting at schools (Reducing violence in U.S. schools – ProQuest, 2019). They believe that there is a need to take children in confidence as mostly school students are violators who involve themselves in school shooting. Foremost responsibility comes at the shoulders of parents that they need to develop a healthy bond with their children so that they could share their problems with their parents.

According to Sheldon and Epstein, for improving actions against shooting and violence in the history of the United States, the involvement of both family and community is equally important. In this study, they are pointing efforts school officials for implementing activities in which family and community would play a central role in reducing violent activities of students (Sheldon & Epstein, 2002). In this work, the constructive role of parents and community is being spotted as both these institutions (family and community) are responsible for shaping the personality of children, so they need to be more enthusiastic about reforming the attitude of their children as juvenile crimes are increasing faster than ever before. Constructive role of these two social groups and engagement between them and school officials would help them in updating about their children who could be reformed only by cooperation among these parents and teachers.

School safety was not that much important matter, as it has become now because of the episodes of violent activities at school. According to Dewey and Matthew, violence has generated and increased public concerns and force substantial changes in school security practices as well as disciplines. In their research, these experts claim that actions that need to be improved are a way of formulating security frameworks for schools. Considering a change in student behavior and increased juvenile crime there is a need to look over school safety policies and programs. Psychologists should be made a part of the policy formulation as nowadays they understand well how to identify issues youngsters went through and ways for dealing with them.

Public institutions and schools are in headlines every second day as there occur horrible incidents that leave many families in tears. As per the research work of Jorge D. Hevia, the audit and certification process could be used as one of the ways of improving public institution's and school's conditions. In this article, the researcher has proposed the idea that national-level organizations must be made responsible for evaluating the proposed security system of schools and public places so that incidents of violence could be reduced. School and public institution security associations must analysis a proposed safety plan whether it stands up to the real world experience or not (Hevia et al, 2019). Certification process should be introduced where security integrators would be trained as well as certified on how safe audit facilities are. Only those public institutions and schools should be given a certificate that would qualify the evaluation phase.

Difference of opinion cannot be denied and discouraged, as it has been seen that different researchers in their work proposed different ideas that how various actions need to be improved and new ways should be implemented for reducing violence and shootings at schools. According to Kevin Clark, offenders must be taught a lesson for affecting so many lives. In this work, he claims that there is a need to pay more attention towards response plan and actions need to be improved so that violent activities could be responded timely for saving more lives (Clark et al, 2019). It has been proposed that people at public places have to keep them safe from the harming impact of violence and should need to avoid, deny and defend themselves. All these safety measures point that people are directed towards ways how they have to respond under threatening conditions to mitigate the hazardous effects of violence and school shootings. Students and the general public must be trained how to respond in such emergencies so that the risk of losing life could be reduced.

So as a whole, it could be said that actions that need to be improved are, focusing more on building healthy relationship with children so that they could be kept away from the mental tension that drags them towards crimes like violence and mass shooting at school. It is the responsibility of parents, teacher and community to build a healthy relation. Unless families and communities are going to be active in knowing which activities their children are getting involved in, it would be hard to reduce violent activities despite taking several steps for reducing violence and school shooting.

References

Clark, K. R. (2019). Implementing an Active Shooter Policy and Training Program.

Hevia, J. D. (2018). Impediments to US Educational & Public Institutions Ameliorating the Mass Shooting Epidemic with Effective State-of-the-Art Security Solutions &. Amityville, NY: Napco Security Technologies, Inc.

Public Health Policy for Preventing Violence | Health Affairs. (2019). Health Affairs. Retrieved from https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/full/10.1377/hlthaff.12.4.7

Reducing violence in U.S. schools - ProQuest. (2019). Search.proquest.com. Retrieved 11 November 2019, from

https://search.proquest.com/openview/2fc8cb3030642b98f555b4634053285c/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=25210

Sheldon, S. B., & Epstein, J. L. (2002). Improving student behavior and school discipline with family and community involvement. Education and urban society, 35(1), 4-26.

Harriet Tubman

Harriet Tubman

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Harriet Tubman is one of the most important civil rights figures in the history of African Americans. She was a slave, abolitionist, railroad conductor, spy, soldier, nurse and famous for her services for Blacks in the civil rights movement. He was an avid advocate of women's suffrage and civil rights. Tubman was born into slavery and since she was quite young she was made to do the fieldwork and domestic labor. Like other slaves, she did not have a lot of control over her life. However, her rebelliousness was something she inherited from her mother. She rebelled when a trader approached her owner to buy the youngest son of a slave. She told him, “You are after my son; but the first man that comes into my house, I will split his head open.” After this, the owner backed from the sale and refused the trader. This is what inspired Tubman to rebel against slavery and her mother’s rebelliousness emphasized the potentials of resistance to the brutalizing practice of slavery.

From a very young age, she stood for the rights of others despite suffering for her own pains. She also saved a fellow slave woman from beating from his master. Once she also got hit by a brick that was aimed at another slave who ran to avoid the brick and it hit Tubman. She said, “It broke my skull”. After the incident, she was left untreated and again sent to the fields with the blood rolling down her face. This incident got her brain permanent damage that could not be undone but made her a strong woman and did not discourage her. This is what she lost in being rebellious against the masters and in helping other slaves.

She always rebelled against the mastery of others and decided to marry. After getting married, she was able to escape her master. Tubman was already familiar with the marshes, highways, byways, swamps, and lanes and marched 145 kilometers to Pennsylvania. Even after the escape, she could not sit still. She joined the Underground Railroad to support the escaped slaves and also became one of the best “conductors”. The Underground Railroad was a route to the Southern states supported by the group of people aimed at helping the escaped slaves with accommodation and shelter. Her rebelliousness against slavery is evident from the fact that despite the dangers, she also made several trips to the South and helped about 300 slaves to escape. She was very proud that she never lost the passenger and never ran her train off the track.

In addition, she was the first woman to lead an armed attack during the Civil War against the Confederate forces. Along the Combahee River in South Carolina, she was also able to free about 700 slaves during a raid on a group of plantations. All of her life was devoted to fighting against equality and conquering slavery. As she was moving towards older age, her physical frailty began to increase but she remained a tireless rebel and took the campaign for women’s equality and vigor.

Harriet Tubman specifically was such a special person in our history because of her work specifically in trying to get as many slaves to freedom as possible, versus say, prioritizing trying to get consideration for woman slaves. She helped lead some escaped slaves to freedom in the North by way of the Underground railway due to her rebelliousness. It was a series of safe houses run by abolitionist sympathizers. They all risked imprisonment because they were breaking state laws as well as federal laws at the time. Why? Because they were stealing other people’s property according to the law, slaves were property, not people.

Haynes & Wintz Chap. 10 Journal Discussion

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Journal Discussion

Response 1

The discussion post helped a lot in understanding the problems that each frontier presents to Texas. As you identified in your post that the two frontiers were Mexican-American border and Native-American border I also agree with you that there still exists a tension on the Texas-Mexico border due to the Mexican-American war. Besides the tension on the border, racial tension was also growing between Anglos and Tejanos. On the other hand, the problems that Native- American border was extremely severe as compared with the Mexican-American border. This was because Indians continued to raid white settlement. They were killing white people, especially in central Texas. I also agree with you that it is better to live on the Mexican-American frontier. I would also prefer to live on Southern Texas frontier. Although several issues still persist on the Mexican-American borders and even Indians raids this area as well, it is a lot safer than Native-American frontier where Indians kill people.

Response 2

The discussion post explained the discussion question in a way that helps the reader in understanding the problems that each frontier presents to Texas. As per your post you mentioned that the two frontiers were Northern frontier and Southern frontier. I would also like to add that the Northern frontier consists of a Native-American border while the Southern frontier consists of a Mexican-American border. A major problem that the northern frontier presented to Texas was Indians raiding white settlements. I also agree with you that this issue still persists and Indians still attack white people. In contrast, after the Mexican-American war, there is a huge tension in the Southern frontier. I completely agree with you that living on the Southern frontier is a lot safer than living on the Northern frontier. I also prefer to live at Southern Frontier because living here will protect me from Indians raids. Also, Mexico police handle all the raids so living at the southern frontier is a good option.

Here I Stand: A Life Of Martin Luther.

Title page

Here I stand: A life of Martin Luther

Luther remains one of the prominent figures who stood for injustice and inequality. His agenda was to challenge the unfair system and address issues like transformations of the Catholic church and selling indulgences. He stood against the corrupt practices of for abolition of sin. The leader stood against the negative role played by the religious leaders. Martin Luther was born in 1483 in Eisleben, Germany and became a prominent historian. He was born to Hans and Margareta and belonged to the Holy Roman Empire. He started his education at the age of 13 in a local school and was inspired by the Brethren's teachings about personal life and religion. In 1501 Luther joined the monastery by getting enrolled to the University of Erfurt. At university, he learned astrology, arithmetic, geometry and philosophy. In 1505 when he was struck by a thunderstorm he was surprised and vowed to become a monk.

God and religion remain two significant concepts in the life of Luther. He started living like a serpent and a monk for exploring the reality of religion. Luther's struggles contributed to western civilization because he provided the real meaning of religion. He claimed that Christianity was not to devalue people and empower the wealthy. He served as a representative of Rome for German monasteries in 1510. He was inspired by religion and continued to broaden his knowledge of theology. He struggled to understand the deeper meaning of Christianity and its relevance with the world. By the sixteenth century, he emerged as a prominent theological leader who criticized the unfair practices of the church and the evil role of the religious leaders. he managed to interpret the right meaning of religion that was to reach salvation through divine grace. The only way that could connect people to God is through their good deeds. He thus rejected the corrupt practices of religious leaders.

Theses 95 remains one of the significant contributions of Luther for illustrating the true meaning of religion. He claimed that the distribution of power was unfair and wrong because the leaders were using it for their personal gains. Luther stood against the odds and challenged the corrupt practices of selling indulgences. In 1517 he hanged his Theses 95 on the door of Wittenberg Castle church with the aim of stopping the wrong practices of the church pope. By that time Luther had gained much popularity in the people and was identified as a topologist. He ensured academic discussions on the negative and unjust role of the church. The leader stated that there is a need for revising the church activities and making them according to religion. The theses of Luther also provide a foundation for the protestant reformation. He claimed that “Roman clergy should not logically have undermined his faith in the capacity of Holy Rome to confer spiritual benefits” (50). The criticism opened the eyes of the people and they started accepting Luther’s ideology of fairness and justice.

Luther promoted the beliefs of Catholic and remains the prominent leader of the protestant reformation. “Luther probed every resource of contemporary Catholicism for assuaging the anguish of a spirit alienated from God” (Bainton, 1955, pp.54). He managed to overcome the feelings of doubt by improving his understanding of religion and church. He stressed on changing the ways in which clergyman was using their power. The purpose of powerful people must be to support humanity and people. However, the popes and the religious leaders were using their status for gaining wealth and power. To transform the beliefs of the people he started using biblical quotes for improving knowledge of the people. He mentions, "Man, God is not angry with you. You are angry with God. Don't you know that God commands you to hope?" (Bainton, 1955, pp.54). This was to familiarize people with the true meaning of religion and God. He showed them that God was on their side and there is no scope of corrupt practices in religion. His philosophy allowed people to see that the popes were using their position in a negative and unfair way. He emphasized the concepts of forgiveness and mercy as explained by Christ in his teachings.

Luther for the first time introduced a true meaning of forgiveness that was interpreted from the Bible. He mentioned, "if you expect Christ to forgive you, come in with something to forgive parricide, blasphemy, adultery instead of all these peccadilloes” (Bainton, 1955, pp.54). This reflects his knowledge of religious teachings and faith in Christ. Luther discovered manuscripts that assisted him in his mission of spreading the right message of religion. He Luther accepted the challenges and stood against the oppressed. He also remained part of western civilization because he focused on ending oppression. He claimed, “but I will not make use of them unless Christ, my protector, be willing, who has perhaps inspired the knight” (Bainton, 1955, pp.134)

He claimed that inequality is prevalent in all aspects that include justice, education and disparities. A groundbreaking revelation related to Roman prejudice reflects that it does not depend on hostile intent or individual negative attitudes. When the power of a single group remain active in the cultural context it represents threats to all other people and groups. What shapes human experiences remains a significant concern for depicting the role of prejudice in real life. Oppressed encounter inequality every day that influences their daily lives and affects their routines. The experiences of Luther shaped the beliefs of the community regarding religion thus convincing them to believe that they are not the sinner. He mentions, "I am not willing to fight for the gospel with bloodshed. In this sense, I have written to him. The world is conquered by the Word, and by the Word, the Church is served and rebuilt" (Bainton, 1955, pp.154)

In 1520, Luther started sermons for promoting the real message of religion. His mission was to shed light on the corrupt practices of the clergyman and church popes. He focused on rebuilding the church on the idea of Christianity defined by Christ. Responses of the public against church leader become visible in movements and their attempts to eliminate exploitation of power. Many studies stigmatize the racism faced by indigenous communities and the strategies adopted for coping with racial issues. He mentioned, “the pretensions of the Roman Catholic Church rest so completely upon the sacraments as the exclusive channels of grace and upon the prerogatives of the clergy, by whom the sacraments are exclusively administered” (Bainton, 1955, pp.137).

Luther criticized the unfair system and claimed that it deteriorated the poor and the common people. Role of self-fulfilling prophecies also remains visible in making people of no power feel inferior. The historical role of popes and clergyman also influenced the creation of an unfair system. The strong and powerful groups always tried to keep entitlements that also reflected non-religious attitudes. The exploitation of power is understood only through experiences. The ideology of Luther suggests that the negative role of a clergyman is the outcome of preconceived beliefs even if they don’t exist in real life. Responses to corruption are more helpful in understanding the concept of power division and its implications on society.

Luther had a necessary role in shaping the contemporary culture behaviours of the people towards religion and church. The discussions of Luther and his debates focused more on the jurisdiction of civil courts and its negative role. Contradictory views appear regarding the prevalence of courts, however, it exists at individual levels, institutional and organizational levels. This reflects the involvement of Luther in socio-political aspects. In the historical context, selling indulgences and was a justification for against violence and wealth appropriation that allowed clergyman to justify their injustices against the common people. Luther claimed, “in as much as this means of grace is administered exclusively by their hands, they occupy a unique place within the Church; and because the Church is the custodian of the body of Christ, she occupies a unique place in society” (Bainton, 1955, pp.138). His idea was to familiarize people with the real teachings of Christ. He claimed that the Bible doesn't give power for gaining wealth to the clergyman. This reflects his concerns for the commoners. His sermons constantly attacked the clergy and religious leaders with the mission of providing fair and just life to the people.

Luther was involved in the restoration of confidence and order. He explained that the reason for the collection of charity is to support the weaker. This reflects his idea of helping the deserving rather than the rich and powerful. Luther's role is not limited to religion and church but he also provided insights in other aspects of life such as politics, order and courts. His central philosophy was that the purpose of the church is to work for the welfare and massive levels of improvements for the deserving and weak. He discouraged the exploitation of power and resources.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY BAINTON, R. H. (1955). Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther. ABINGDON-COKESBURY PRESS.

Luther, Martin. "Disputation of Doctor Martin Luther on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences." Spaeth, Adolph, L.D. Reed, and Henry Eyster Jacobs. Vol. 1. A. J. Holman Company, 1915. 29-38.

Locklair, David H. "THE 95 THESES: DAWN OF THE REFORMATION." (2017).

Hidden Figures Book Preci

[Name of the Writer]

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Hidden Figures Book Précis

“Hidden Figures” is a non-fiction novel, written by the American writer, Margot Lee Shetterly. The book was widely acclaimed by both the readers and the critics equally and it secured a place in the “The New York Times Non-Fiction Best Sellers” list. The book was also rewarded with the Anisfield-Wolf Book Reward for non-fiction in 2017. It was adapted as a film by the same name. It got released in 2016 and was nominated for three Oscars, apart from receiving numerous other rewards.

Hidden figures is an account of the real-life of four daring females Dorothy Vaughan, Katherine Johnson, Christine Darden and Mary Jackson, who worked as a “human computers” at National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). They were mathematicians and worked very hard to fight the forces of discrimination against gender and race. Set in 1961, the story revolves around the struggle of these ladies who never gave up against the prevailing evils of gender-based and racial discrimination. They proved that although they are women and belong to the African American race, still they are no less than anyone and can excel in any field, even the space sciences. One of the females out of them, Christine Darden, even got promoted to the post of Senior Executive Service for her outstanding performance.

In a nutshell, the non-fiction publication, "Hidden Figures" is a must-read for the people of all age groups especially females and young girls. It gives a lesson of bravery and unbeatable passion and teaches the readers never to give up on their dreams, no matter how hard the situation is. The four real-life characters, portrayed in the book arise as a true inspiration for the young generation. Moving from the cold time period of World War II towards the golden era of NASA, the book excellently gives the glimpses of the civil rights movement, women rights movement, the Space Race and Cold War.

Works Cited

Shetterly, Margot Lee. Hidden figures. HarperCollins Nordic, 2017.

His 130 Research Paper

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

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[Date]

The Blues Genre And How It Affected African American Culture

Introduction

Blue genre traces its roots to the African-American culture chants, works songs, and spirituals. Several of its earliest and well-known artists were African-American. Both jazz and blues music played a significant role in the movement of Civil Rights that hit its peak during the second half of the twentieth century. It has been believed that blue genre is evolved from the recently emancipated slave's field chants in the South as it was considered to be a form of lower art which was not worthy of attention. During the 1920s, several blues were being played all around the United States of America but there were only two strands which deserved the attention. This report describes the effect of blue genre on African American Culture.

Discussion

Blues tells the story of the difficulty of life and if someone thinks for the moment then he can realize that they take the toughest life realities and then put them into the music in order to come out with some sense of triumph and sense of hope. The influence of African American has been significant in the blues since the start. Blues were developed in the southern part of the United States after the civil war of America. It was influenced by the field hollers, work songs, minstrel-show music, church music, ragtime, and also some famous white music. Blue was largely played by the African American most of them come from the agricultural worker's surroundings.

Black Women like Bessie Smith, Ma Rainey, and Mamie Smith made the first recordings of the blue during the 1920s. Such stage singers were primarily backed by the singing of jazz bands that was generally known as Classic Blues. World Wars and great depressions lead to the Blues geographical dispersal as several Black people left southern America and headed towards the north which results in the adaptation of Blues in the sophisticated urban environment. During the time of slavery, the dancing and music of African American kept their land's cultural memory of their traditions and provenance. By maintaining the several rituals of Africa. The cultural significance of Blue genre exists in the revolutionary African American element that created their own aesthetics. As a result of slavery, African Americans were deprived of cultural means and material due to which Blues can be performed with the help of simple instruments. It represents the oppressed part which the oppressor could not touch so it is considered to be deeply human nature expression (Pedro, 80).

The identity of African Americans was shaped in the environment where language, political and society structure built by the same people who had denied them any dignity or right. Although the moral and aesthetic culture were dictated by the culture of dominant white still black were able to create their own that diverged from the existing order of the society. So, the music of Blues represented the opposing voice which refused to be silenced by segregation and oppression. Politics were not considered to be the main reason for making blues a powerful and inspiring event. It was authentic, raw expressions of feelings anger, pleasure, love, and pain. The blue genre also carried the human essence which tells the Blues social significance which was expressed with simplicity, honesty, and clarity. Musicians of delta blues were wound up in Chicago and then adopted electric and amplification instruments and then started to attract the huge range of urban audience (Washington,100).

Conclusion

So, it is concluded that Blue genre was the communication principle medium and also the expression of solidarity and community. It was the ability for the continuation to live by the development of music of Rap, Roll, Rock, Soul, and Jazz. The influence of Blues on other genres of music made it possible for it to continue to impact on African American culture.

Works Cited

Pedro, Josep. "An intercultural history of blues in Austin, Texas: from the Negro district to the global rock circuit." Atlantic Studies 14.1 (2017): 66-81.

Washington, Ahmad Rashad. "Integrating Hip‐Hop Culture and Rap Music Into Social Justice Counseling With Black Males." Journal of Counseling & Development 96.1 (2018): 97-105.

HIST 1301 Assessment Paper

Name

Professor name

Subject

Date

Hist assessment paper

Document# 1

Daniel Webster opposes doctrine of the ability of state to nullify federal laws. He justifies the claims by emphasizing on the absurdity. He states, “the people's Constitution, the people's government, made for the people, made by the people, and answerable to the people” (Webster). The central argument made by Webster is that same source is used by the government and state government for deriving power. He has focused on the constitution for all which means no individual state of war is apparent. Posterity according to him could only be ensured by promoting unity and preserving union for the generations. He claimed that without constitutions governments are nothing more than confederations. Constitution’s power will be limited when it comes to exert control over government related decisions.

South Carolina justified its argument by stating that the congress was exceeding its power by imposing taxes on South Carolina while only constitution had the right of making supreme laws. South Carolina was supporting free trade because it was generating high profits. The imposition of taxes in the region resulted in criticism from the people of the region. South Carolina blamed that the government was crossing its boundaries which makes the power of constitution less significant. They claimed that the federal laws are nullified because the constitution has violated the actual meaning and intent of the law. The failure of congress to equally impose tax burden on states also reveals the weakness of the laws. Constitution according to them had become unfair because it was not taking fair decisions. I think the arguments made by the people of South Carolina were more valid because taxes were imposed unequally that reflected congressmen’s intentions of collecting more revenues. This proved that the congressmen had greater power than constitution.

Document# 3

The examination of 1851 political cartoon depicts that southerners argued against Northern protest of 1850 fugitive slave act. The cartoon exhibits differences between the views of slaveholders and abolitionist. It reveals that the slaveholders were willing to recognize the US laws for keeping slaves. However the reaction of abolitionist were different because they were advocating anti-slavery agenda. The law was declared as unjust that evoked the conscience and beliefs of the antislavery proponents. South was involved in the conspiracy of spreading slavery through coercion irrespective of the voting of North. the image can be related to the issues of nullification raised on the document# 1 and document# 2. By using the evidence from first document it can be claimed that the Fugitive Slavery Act was flawed because it did not followed the simple rule that constitutions is “people's Constitution, the people's government, made for the people, made by the people, and answerable to the people” (Webster). The act was developed for addressing the powerful slaveholders only. Document# 2 can be related to the cartoon because the Fugitive Slave Act proved that the congressmen will have more power than the constitution. The laws that are for their own interest make them null and void. This proves that congressmen can always exceed their power.

The cartoon can be related to the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 that gave the right of keeping slaves to the owners. The cartoon represents the same themes of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in which dispute occurred between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery supporters. This act opened dispute and violence in the region. In the end anti-slavery settlers outnumbered the supporters of slavery. Therefore the constitution was drawn up. The image can be used for understanding how slavery act divided the settlers that made laws ineffective.

Document# 5

Dred Scott Decision support the doctrine of nullification in Document# 5 that limits the ability of federal government to limit expansion of slavery. This is because the popular case Dred Scott v. Sandford slaves can be treated as property who are lacking any legal rights. This gives every power to the white citizens to treat them in anyway. The case proved that whites are not bound to respect slaves because they were only considered as commodities CITATION Ran11 \l 1033 (Kennedy). The laws were unconstitutional and were declared as nullified. This also limited the ability of the federal state to restrict expansion of slavery or to impose penalty over white owners who mistreated their slaves. Supreme court had assigned the position of non-citizen to the African-Americans. The court, “established that any person of African descent, enslaved or free, could not be a citizen of the United States”. This reflects that the blacks were not accepted as American citizens and court recognized them as property CITATION Ann051 \l 1033 (Rubin).

Fredrick Douglas finds inconsistencies with the founding principles of the nations. He claimed that the great principles of political freedom and justice are not applicable over the blacks. He stated, “the rich inheritance of justice, liberty, prosperity and independence, bequeathed by your fathers, is shared by you, not by me” CITATION Mas07 \l 1033 (M. Douglas). The arguments made by Douglas reveals that the principles of founding fathers were not fair because people belonging to African decent were not enjoying the same level of freedom CITATION IBR17 \l 1033 (Kendi). They lacked freedom of choice because white masters controlled them. Dred Scott’s decision confirms Douglas’s claims that the great principles are unjust and unfair. Scott was denied of freedom because he was black and the court declared blacks as non-citizens CITATION Fer45 \l 1033 (Douglas). This case supports Douglas’s arguments because Africans were never accepted as humans.

Document# 7

According to William H. Seward irresistible conflict claimed that United States will either become entirely a slave holding nation or entirely free labor nation. He mentioned, “the laborers who are enslaved are all negroes, or persons more or less purely of African derivation” (Document# 7). Seward in his speech accepted that slaves are only black people which makes a clear distinction between them and whites. The reason for prevalence of slavery is its acceptance by the black people. However, he also alarmed that a free-labor system will create resistance in African decent. He stated that slavery is distrustful and dangerous because it lacks uncertainty. Therefore free labor is better because it works as a system having certainty CITATION Gar97 \l 1033 (Gallagher).

Alexander Stephens defined that confederacy is based on “the great truth that the Negro is not equal to the white man” (Document# 8). By confederacy he attempted to analyze the American system in which black were never considered equal as whites CITATION Wil98 \l 1033 (Blair). Stephens mentions, “with us, all of the white race, however high or low, rich or poor, are equal in the eye of the law. Not so with the negro” (Document# 8). The purpose of confederacy was to create a clear line between blacks and whites CITATION Woo99 \l 1033 (Holton).

President Lincoln initiated Civil War in an effort to restore union and as a moral imperative. He aimed at imposing the true meaning of equality advocated by the American forefathers. He stated that the purpose for creating America was that all men are equal. He united people to fight for the freedom that is for bringing justice and equality to all. Lincoln mentioned, “a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal” (Lincoln). The purpose of civil war was to end slavery and give the status of American citizenship to the Africans.

Reflection

I agree that states had the power of nullifying federal laws. Document# 1 reveals initial attempts of Daniel Webster to nullify the laws of constitution. I realized that constitutional laws were weak and criticized by different people in the history. South Carolina also rejected the validity of these laws when congressmen imposed heavy taxes. I learned from Document# 1 and 2 that the constitutional laws are more strong enough to restrict the power of the congressmen and political leaders. This because evident when they exceeded their power of imposing heavy taxes.

After reading the documents I managed to learn about the history of slavery in America and important events that strengthened its foundations. In Document# 3 I learned about the political cartoon of 1851 that was a response to 1850 Fugitive Slave Act. The document can be connected to the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 that divided the slaveholders and abolitionists. By reading the document the history of African slaves is revealed who were lacking freedom. The popular case of Dred Scott v. Sandford also added to my knowledge that blacks were treated not more than property. I think this was one of the reason for blacks to realize their status. This becomes visible when Fredrick Douglas criticized the great principles of fathers of nation. Lincoln was the first leader who stood for ending slavery and bringing equality for the blacks CITATION Eri14 \l 1033 (Foner). I think Civil War had many positive consequences such as abolition of slavery was not possible without that. After than most of Africans became free labor and better conditions for work were developed CITATION Bri19 \l 1033 (Padden). I also think that this war played significant role in lives of black people by giving them the right to education and freedom. They made progress socially and economically.

Work Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Blair, William. Virginia's Private War: Feeding Body and Soul in the Confederacy, 1861–1865. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Douglas, Feredrick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. 1845.

Douglas, Massey. Categorically Unequal: The American Stratification System. . New York: Russels: Sage Foundation, 2007.

Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty. W.W Norton & Company, 2014.

Gallagher, Gary W. The Confederate War. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997.

Holton, Woody. Forced Founders: Indians, Debtors, Slaves, and the Making of the American Revolution in Virginia. University of North Carolina Press, 1999.

Kendi, Ibram X. Sacrificing Black Lives for the American Lie. 2017. <https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/24/opinion/sunday/philando-castile-police-shootings.html>.

Kennedy, Randall. The Persistence of the Color Line: Racial Politics and the Obama Presidency. New York: Pantheon Books, 2011.

Padden, Brian. Polarized Politics Deepen Divide Over Who Is a 'Real' American . 2019. <https://www.voanews.com/usa/polarized-politics-deepen-divide-over-who-real-american>.

Rubin, Anne Sarah. A Shattered Nation: The Rise and Fall of the Confederacy, 1861–1868. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005.

HIST 2010 FINAL



[Title]

[Name of Student]

[Name of College/University]

Part I – Identifications

Andrew Jackson

Andrew Jackson (1767-1845) who was born in poverty became a rising young politician and earned the title of a national military hero during the war between the US and Britain. After losing the 1824 presidential election he returned with winning the 1829 presidential elections. With the development of the American Political Party System, he became the leader of the new Democratic Party. The center of political power transferred from East to West when he became the first frontier president and his elections were the turning point of American politics.

Trail of Tears

Nearly 125,000 Native Americans lived on the land in Florida, North Carolina, Alabama, and Tennessee that had been occupied by their ancestors and were cultivated for generations. After the invention of the cotton gin the white settlers wished to grow cotton on the lands of Indians. Therefore, the federal government forced them to leave their native lands across the Mississippi River. This was, however, a deadly journey in which thousands of Cherokees died. This incident is known as the ‘trail of tears’ story.

John Brown

John Brown is known as a man action who cannot be deterred from his mission of the abolishment of slavery. On 16th October 1859, he had a raid of the federal arsenal at Harper Ferry along with 21 men. His plan was to arm the slaves with weapons but most of his men either died or captured. Brown failed to emerge as a significant figure despite his contributions to abolish slavery.

Frederick Douglass

Prior to becoming a public speaker, author, and activist, Frederick Douglass was an escaped slave. He was the leader of the abolitionist movement that ended the practice of slavery. He continued his human rights and civil rights even after the abolishment of slavery and the Emancipation Proclamation. Moreover, the was the practitioner of the women’s rights particularly the women's right to vote and was an inspiration to the civil rights movement.

Harriet Tubman

Harriet Tubman was also an escaped slave and later she worked as a conductor on the railroad. Prior to the Civil War, she was leading the slaves to freedom, and she was also a supporter of women suffrage, a Union spy and a nurse. She was one of the most recognized women in US history and legacy inspired many people with different backgrounds. She found new ways to fight slavery when the Civil War broke out.

Bleeding Kansas

The term Bleeding Kansas is used to describe the violence that happened while settling the Kansas territory. The Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 overturned the use of Missouri Compromise as the boundary between free territory and slave. The settlers of Free-state and Proslavery flooded into Kansas so that they could influence the decision. As a result, violence erupted between the two factions.

Battle of Gettysburg

The Battle of Gettysburg is believed to be the most significant engagement of the Civil War that started from 1st to 3rd July 1863. General E. Lee, after a great victory over Union forces, marched his army into Pennsylvania. At the crossroads town of Gettysburg, the advancing Confederates conflicted with the Army of Union lead by G. G. G Meade. There was even severe fighting the next day because the Confederated attacked the Federals. This resulted in thousands of rebel casualties.

Grimke Sisters

Grimke Sisters were prominent activists for women rights and abolition, Angelina Grimke Weld (1792-1873) and Sarah Grimke (1792-1873) who were growing in the cradle of slavery. They became virtual outcasts in the South after their conversation to Quakerism. The sisters were not only known as proponents of women rights but also as abolitionists. Even though, they had not attended the Seneca Falls convention in 1848.

Mexican American War

The war between the US and Mexico helped in completing the “manifest destiny” of America from 1846 to 1848 for expanding its territory across North America. The border skirmishes followed by a series of victors for the US. After the war, one-third of the territory was lost by Mexico along with contemporary California, New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah. The reason for the war was that the US wanted to purchase the land from Texas to the Pacific Ocean, but Mexico wanted to have a vast area.

Monroe Doctrine

President James Monroe, on 2nd December 1823 used his annual message to the Congress and become the cornerstone of the US foreign policy. He proclaimed that both the Old and New World have different systems and needs to remain in different spheres. There were four basic points of the Monroe Doctrine: the US will not interfere in the internal affairs of Europe, the US will not interfere in the existing colonies and recognizes them, the Western Hemisphere will be closed for future colonization and any movement of the European powers towards Western Hemispheres will be considered as an active war against the US.

Part II – Essay

Introduction

The ideals of the revolution failed to affect the lives of blacks. However, Equality of all citizens is one of the basic tenets of democracy and that is the foundation of American political structure. It was, however, hypocritical for many American to demand liberty and equality while they had held blacks in bondage. The liberty of an oppressed class started after the revolution. However, they had various conflicting ideas about liberty but were lacking its understanding. This eventually grappled with issues related to state practices.

Discussion

This notion made the people of the north more pervasive to abolish slavery and to end the racial discrimination and segregation. Moreover, the abolitionist wanted to achieve immediate emancipation of slaves. These goals made them distinguished from the political opposition. However, during the revolution, the abolitionists had strong feelings end slavery, but did not confront the militant crusades till the 1830s. They viewed that it was each person’s moral responsibility to abolish slavery and uphold the rule of law. The north flooded with petitions, agents, and antislavery literature that demanded Congress to end slavery. When the Southerners bothered to giver reason, they called slavery a natural phenomenon, for example, they viewed that the whites are superior over blacks in various ways such as the capacity to fight, technological prowess, knowledge, morality, and intelligence. Nonetheless, this notion persuaded the people in the north as it involved moral and legal concerns.

Moreover, Lincoln’s leadership further made northern more pervasive to abolish slavery. As he had always said that slavery will be considered wrong. However, his views on slavery were at odds with the leading racist fillings of Illinois citizens. For Lincoln, the complete antebellum debate came down to the question of whether the slaves are human beings are not. If they are human beings, then they should be in the proposition that all individuals have equal rights. For example, the life to right, the life to marry, the right to divorce and the right to work. But the southern was claiming that every society on needs have a slave population because there are various kinds of works that are degrading or too difficult, and slave would do these jobs. The northern viewed this notion as utopian because if they included in that proposition, then it will be against the law of nature and against the constitution that every individual ought to be free. Moreover, the abolishment of slavery advanced the interests of northern because they had not owned slaves. For that reason, they added a strong ideology to the antislavery movement. As their essential proposition was that the nation was devoted to free the slaves. In this regard, Republicans asserted that Congress possessed the duty and power to abolish slavery from the states. Moreover, the north maintained that racial prejudice was not a monopoly of the south. The southern insisting of going to impose the inner opinion on the people, the result of many men in the North and the coming of the Civil War, concluded hopes of Lincoln for a kind of patient emancipation (Geyl & P, 1951).

Because of numerous dissimilarities between the north and south, the Civil War was inevitable concerning social development, slavery, and governments. Moreover, the leavers of south refused to consider proposals to compensate for slave-owners free labor, the evolution of their plantations and the loss of their slaves. (Towers, & F. 2011). However, during and before the turning of the Civil War, Lincoln tried to persuade slave states, in fact, the states that were not in rebellion such as Delaware. However, they denied the compensated emancipation because the idea was expressed in religious terms. Eventually, no compensation was ever paid to the slaves or slave-owners except when the Columbia was made free territory. Racism, on the other hand, played a vital role in why the south chooses to fight the war that they never win. The south bears the complete responsibility of the break out of the controversy into a Civil War. (Towers, & F. 2011). As a result, the intricacy of US civilization increased accurately after the war because of the restoration of slavery as a workable economic system. A powerful and peculiar interest was started in the South about slavery, an interest that endeavored after expansion. It is, however, known to everyone that this interest was the only cause of the Civil War (Towers, & F. 2011). Neither party expected the duration and magnitude of the war which it had already attained. Both were looking for an easier win, and effect less astounding and fundamental.

Reconstruction brought fundamental social, political and economic changes. The overthrow of Reconstruction left the coming nation the upsetting of racial justice. The Civil War was to breathe full meaning into their newly attained freedom. While it as central to Reconstruction that they claim their rights as citizens. In fact, they were actively participating in determining Reconstruction. Northern victory in the war decided the fate of slavery and the Union but brought various challenges such as reuniting the nation, the system of labor and above all the status of the former slaves. For many of this century, Reconstruction was significantly viewed as an era of misgovernment and corruption that allowed blacks to take part in the social political and economic affairs of the country. This interpretation helped in justifying the segregation in the South. While historians view the Reconstruction with a different perspective of genuine progress for the south in general and former slaves in particular. The post-war period also witnessed the establishment of white vigilante groups, for example, Ku Klux Klan that tried to bring back the white supremacist status quo through intimidation and violence. No doubt, the northern triumph in the Civil War can be perceived as a sign of victory of freedom and democracy. It was beyond America that encouraged reforms in Europe like in France people contrasted the repressive measure in the second half of the nineteenth century that led to the proposal for a gift of the statue for the nation. With the victory of Union, the status of the former slaves in the reunited nation turns out to be the central point of postwar Reconstruction politics. Political participation becomes a vital aspect of freedom in society (Geyl & P, 1951). While the right to vote was one of the desires of the former slaves along with autonomy. In the South, the former slaves came together and organized their ‘freedom ballots'. While in the North, former slaves were supported by the Radical Republicans as an act of justice and prevented Confederated from dominating the politics of the South.

Conclusion

The American nation needs to carefully consider the notion of liberty with political traditions. However, the American has been holding various interlocking but different notions of the term. Liberty, either be regarded as protection of natural rights or denoted as self-governance of a local group or community (Scott, C. E. 2014). But essentially, the decade of Reconstruction and the Civil War raised many questions that remain essential to the nation's understanding of itself as a nation. What needs to be the balance of power between state and or national government practices? Who is entitled to US citizenship and what are the meanings of liberty, freedom, and equality in the US. Today, these question still remain controversial in the US political arena. That is to say, yet, the Civil War is not ended. Today, the sacrificed made during and after the Civil War are considered worthy in international politics. With no denying the fact, the Unionist had strong sentiments in the North after the conflict had broken out and established the sense of sacred obligation (Geyl & P, 1951). From the beginning, Lincoln comprehended that an appeal to this belief will have a reuniting effect on the opinions of Northern, and possibly had an impression in the South.

References

Geyl, P. (1951). The American Civil War and the problem of inevitability. New England Quarterly, 147-168.

Scott, C. E. (2014). The five conceptions of American liberty. National Affairs, 20, 164-183.

Towers, F. (2011). Partisans, New History, and Modernization: The Historiography of the Civil War's Causes, 1861–2011. journal of the civil war era, 1(2), 237-264.

HIst 216

HIST 216

QUESTION 3: Why do you think some ……together in fighting the English?

Some Native people who converted to Christianity chose to fight with the English because they thought it is essential for their religion and most of their tribes did not get together to battle with English because some natives agreed to help English.

QUESTION 4

1. You are part of a Native American nation that needs to choose sides in the war between the British and the Colonists. Which team do you prefer? What is your rationale for your choice? You may use bullet points to state the facts you want to debate with your tribe.

I will be on the side of colonist because;

The colonist was not harsh, and they at the same time, the colonialists brutally dealt with the native inhabitants of the island, who kindly welcomed the Europeans and allowed them to settle on their lands. According to the British version of the events, the Indians planned to expel the settlers, and they struck first. However, historians are inclined to believe that this legend was invented by the colonialists themselves to justify the massacre.

QUESTION 5

1. Download and open the PDF packet. In a brief sentence or two, answer only the Post-Viewing questions, and attach your assignment for grading.

2-

Could the Cherokee Removal process employed by the United States Government in the 1830's be considered a "black page" in American history? Please explain why or why not.

In 1838, President Martin Van Buren deployed federal troops to march the remaining southern Cherokee 1,200 miles into India on the plains. Disease and hunger raged, and thousands of people died along the way, giving this winding journey the nickname "Trail of Tears. "However, the Seminole group refused to leave and squatted in Florida. They fought the federal forces for almost a decade before their leader was killed and they finally surrendered.

QUESTION 6

1. Use the internet to research one California tribe and explain their contact story. Remember that a contact story is a time when a tribe met with Europeans for the first time. How did your particular chosen tribe fare?

In the coast, lived two tribes of the Algonkin family: Yurogg and Viyots. To the south of the atapasca, several clans of the Yuki family were settled: the Yuki proper, the henna and the weapon. The tribe of models, who lived in the northeast of the region, Kroeber refers to the Lutuami family. The main elements of the Californian culture were formed, obviously, in this ancient period, which can be approximately dated between 2000-1500 and 500. BC e. In the period following this, the penetration from the north first of the Algoikins, then of the Atapaskas, began; probably, in the same second period, the Penutis settled along the river. Sacramento, with the result that the Hock tribes were divided. Shoshone tribes began to descend from the south and through. Large Pool towards the ocean; the Shoshone crashed between the southern and central hawks. Pentti groups ended up between the central and northern hawks. In the second period, the influence of the culture from the south (even earlier than the pueblo culture) was manifested in the use of flat grater grains (metate). The production of vessels from steatite began.

2- Do you believe that the California mission system was beneficial to the Native Americans living there at the time? Why or why not?

California Indians stood out for their farming. The basis of their existence was gathering; additional activities were fishing and hunting for small game. They were not engaged in either farming or cattle breeding; they were not familiar with a sedentary lifestyle. Therefore, they are usually not only considered the most primitive tribes of North America, but also ranked among the primitive peoples of the world, along with Australians, fire-earths, and Bushmen. However, a comparison of the accumulated ethnographic and historical data makes one doubt that this previously widespread representation is exact.

QUESTION 7

1. Research the meanings behind the characters on a totem pole. Then, design your totem pole and explain your selections.

Totem poles were made in the United States by Indian tribes living in the states of Washington and Alaska and Canada by the province of British Columbia. They may be parts of houses or individual memorials to deceased persons.

2- Why do you think the Canadian and American government both placed bans on the Potlatch ceremony? What was to be afraid of, from a governmental point of view?

The animal figures and other characters in the totem pole are symbols of genera and clans, just like the animals of the European pedigree. In the tribes of the West Coast, each person belonged to a particular family or group considered to be magically associated with one specific animal, plant, or other natural or supernatural being or phenomenon. This item was called a personal totem. The relation between the totem and the people was considered to be related and similar in nature and other characteristic features. The totem pole symbolizes the connection between the clan and its totem.

QUESTION 8

1. Use the attached PDF file to answer only the Post-Viewing questions, in brief, one to two sentence answers. Attach your paper for grading.

WSR_TG_EP4.pdf

Jeronimo's fury towards Mexico was soon interrupted by the advent of a new adversary. America, as it is recognized today, was formed against the background of cultural separation. They claim and divide the land without taking into account the interests of indigenous peoples. Agreements such as the Guadalupe-Hidalgo agreement and the purchase of Gadsden, not to mention the gold rush, introduced the ancestors of modern America to this mixture.

2- Was Geronimo, a Hero?

Jeronimo (1829-1909), a military leader of the Apache tribe, who led the opposition to US policies to relocate his people on the reservation, the most terrible leader of Native Americans, who became a national star. For some, Geronimo was a formidable and legendary warrior. For others, it is a sad symbol of the oppression of Native Americans. With cult figures such as Geronimo, truth is always difficult to understand. He came from a tribe, but still stood out as a celebrity. Throughout his extraordinary life, he never stopped fighting by any means to return to the land that he loved.

QUESTION 9

1. View the artwork on page 346 of the Townsend text depicting Custer's Last Stand. Answer the three questions about the artwork.

(NO TEXT ATTACHED )

2- Does Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce epitomize the plight of the Native Americans during the Indian Wars? If so, why do you believe that is so?

By June 14, 1877, about 600 Nez-Perses from the Joseph and White Bird bands had gathered in the village of Tepahlevame, a traditional spot on Lake Tolo on the Camas Prairie, six miles west of present Grangeville. On June 13, the White Bird band held a tel-link-leen ceremony there. Warriors in their holiday attire, riding horses, travelled around the camp, and each boasted of its military prowess and talked about military exploits. One of the older warriors named Red Bear Grizzlies began to dispute several young warriors whose relatives were killed by the Whites, but their death has not yet been avenged. Then the white authorities did not respond to the request of Nez Perce to make a fair trial of drunken miners, and the crime remained unpunished.

Work cited

Bailey, Thomas Andrew, and Dixon Ryan Fox. A diplomatic history of the American people.

Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980.

Greven, Philip J. "Historical demography and colonial America." (1967): 438-454.

Hennessy, Alistair. The frontier in Latin American history. London: Edward Arnold, 1978.