Essay

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Name of Professor

Name of Class

Day Month Year

Essay

Introduction

Under America's first governing document, the constitution of United States was written and ratified in 1787 undemocratically as to some extent undemocratic means, a government that operates by a fixed system of laws rather than taking into consideration will of the Democrats. During that time, the government used to be weak while the states used to operate as independent countries. It could be witnessed that during 1789 and 1877, people became more interested in politics and the American political systems were democratized during that period as more people got right of casting vote. Undemocratic features that remained to be addressed include “voting, slavery, the electoral college, representation in the Senate, judicial power, elections of elections and limitations of the congressional powers”.

Discussion

Each of the states would be having two senators without considering the size of the state, and it was considered as an undemocratic feature as states with smaller size would become prominent than what they would be having otherwise. There were many causes behind the Mexican war but one that acted as fuel to the firs was the annexation of Texas by the U.S. Insecurity of Mexico was another cause of war, because joining of Texas with the U.S would cast negative impacts on Mexico as it would lose a portion of its territory. Rebellion nature of Texans was one of the leading causes of the Mexican war.

Conclusion

The impact of the Mexican war on sectionalism was that the U.S gained control over the territory of Texas and California and there began a debate whether these lands would be set free or enslave. It was decided that California would be the only free territory and rest of the lands received from Mexican would go to popular sovereignty, and all these things increased sectionalism. The topic, what would happen with the rest of the territories became one of the most favor topics for all for the people of that time.

Essay # 2

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History and Anthropology

Essay 2

Question:

Do you consider the abolition of slavery, the rise of nationalism, or the beginnings of the feminist movement as the most important echo of the Atlantic revolutions of the nineteenth century? Why?

The world societies changed greatly during the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth century. The eighteenth century laid the foundation of change as there were some revolts and the people started demanding their rights, in different parts of the world. The nineteenth century was quite remarkable as a number of great revolutions took place, in the United States of America, which was only America at that time, in France, Britain and some other parts of the world as well. The twentieth century is remarkable as the people demanded quality of rights and recognition in society, after the establishment of the new system of society. One of the most remarkable revolutions of the nineteenth century was the Atlantic revolution which made the society aware of the equality of rights, fair trade, and fair government. The abolition of slavery, the rise of nationalism, and the beginnings of the feminist movement may be declared as the echo of the Atlantic revolutions because all of these demanded the equality of rights, as well as fairness in the society.

The abolition of slavery, not only from the United States of America but also from Britain and French colonies was due to the Atlantic revolution. Although, Britain was the first country to declare it illegal and banned its land from getting involved in the dealings of slaves. The former slaves were also declared free citizens. On the other hand, the slaves in the French colonies, Haiti and the united states of American also started raising their voices, against their discrimination in the society. The British Empire also denounced the slave labor and pressurized other countries of the world as well, to free the slave populations. In additional it, the industrial revolution also contributed in this regard as the slave labor was meant to work in the plantations, while the industries were the new mode of making progress. The slave populations in different parts of the world also protested against the immoral and inhumane practices of the society, and the slave population of Haiti declared itself independent, which gave motivation to other slaves as well.

The rise of nationalism is also the echo of the Atlantic revolution of the nineteenth century. Before the Atlantic revolution, the empires used to rule over the general public. The empires were just supposed to conquer the adjacent areas and rule over the people and had no direct connection with them. Due to this gap, the needs and problems of the general public were not addressed. The Atlantic revolution laid the foundation of nationalism which focused on developing the nations. The governments were meant to make the policies and laws for the progress of society. So, Atlantic revolution played an important role in laying the seeds of nationalism in different countries of the world, which ensured the equality of rights and progress of all the citizens.

The feminist movement is also an important echo of the Atlantic revolution. The suffrage movement was a part of the Atlantic revolution which demanded the equal representation of the women in the society. However, the women had to struggle and fight for a longer period before they finally got equality of rights and recognition in society.

The Atlantic revolution gave rise to the abolition of slavery, the rise of nationalism, and the beginnings of the feminist movement by making the general public aware of the fact that they can only get their rights if they speak and protest against injustice. The Atlantic revolution gave the message of equality of rights, free trade and fair government, which motivated the oppressed public of the society to not surrender to the injustice of the society and demand their rights.

Works Cited

Dal Lago, Enrico. American Slavery, Atlantic Slavery, and Beyond: The US" peculiar Institution" in International Perspective. Routledge, 2015.

Drescher, Seymour, and Pieter C. Emmer. "“Civilizing Insurgency: Two Variants of Slave Revolts in the Age of Revolution,” from Who Abolished Slavery? Slave Revolts and Abolitionism: A Debate with João Pedro Marques, ed. by Books, 2010), 120–132." Pathways from Slavery. Routledge, 2018. 157-170.

Essay #4 -- Bureaucracy Vs. Democracy Submit Assignment

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course CodeDate

Negative Connotations:

The Word bureaucrats often have a negative connotation, the main reasons behind it are that the structure of the system sometimes tends to look backward. They still are running the system that are things of the past. The conflict usually arises when forward-thinking entrepreneurs and visionaries ascertain ways through which the system can be improved. Other problems include slow response time and potential misuse of power and redundancy. One of the main criticism of bureaucracy is the misuse of power for personal gains. Department supervisors and managers may add unnecessary employees to build their power and succeed in their personal gains. Further criticism that can bring negative criticism towards bureaucracy is that they focus a lot on decision rights than decision making, they spend a lot of their time on extending their powers rather than solving actual problems ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"3N8atf75","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}How Much Bureaucracy Is a Good Thing in Government and Business?\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“How Much Bureaucracy Is a Good Thing in Government and Business?”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":210,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jpfyfVgo/items/G8E9SUHG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jpfyfVgo/items/G8E9SUHG"],"itemData":{"id":210,"type":"webpage","title":"How Much Bureaucracy is a Good Thing in Government and Business?","container-title":"HBS Working Knowledge","abstract":"SUMMING UP: Bureaucracies aren't by nature bad, but they aren't necessarily built for crisp decision making, either. James Heskett's readers debate the need for bureaucrats.","URL":"http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/how-much-bureaucracy-is-a-good-thing-in-government-and-business","language":"en-us","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",1,4]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,7]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“How Much Bureaucracy Is a Good Thing in Government and Business?”).

Reasons for Lack of Accountability:

The reason for the lack of accountability in the federal workforce is mainly down to the system. The system usually keeps the documents round and round, from one department to another, from one person to another and when they finally reach the actual decision-maker he usually doesn't understand the problem at all. Proper communication between different departments is also a reason that workforces are unable to progress. One other reason is the dependence of different institutions on one another. If one does anything out of order, the other departments don't interfere because they know that the same thing may happen to them as well.

In an ideal environment, bureaucracy should immediately respond to the directives of the president and head of an institution but in reality, there are some physical real world problems that exist while dealings. Dealings with different institutions and individuals can sometimes cause problems. Accountability and risks are usually correlated. For example one of the senior nurses in the management of focus group suggests that they fear litigation and due to that while ticking boxes during documentation I am very conscious of everything but I fear that something might stand up in a law court in the future ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"nPZ6lnlb","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Murphy and Skillen)","plainCitation":"(Murphy and Skillen)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":212,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jpfyfVgo/items/HDH9TPIW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jpfyfVgo/items/HDH9TPIW"],"itemData":{"id":212,"type":"article-journal","title":"Exposure to the Law: Accountability and Its Impact on Street-level Bureaucracy","container-title":"Social Policy and Society","page":"35-46","volume":"17","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Murphy","given":"Mark"},{"family":"Skillen","given":"Paul"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Murphy and Skillen).

The government and public are two entities that should work to get a common ground. The common ground should represent the views of public as what the government does is actually the representation of public wishes. Both entities should respect others' decisions. For example in 2012 the majority of Americans showed that they are standing firm in their support of President Obama for Israel, but the majority of them also wants a two-state solution ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"g5NQRgFU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Enten)","plainCitation":"(Enten)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":213,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jpfyfVgo/items/IPRLWHGQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jpfyfVgo/items/IPRLWHGQ"],"itemData":{"id":213,"type":"article-newspaper","title":"Where is US public opinion on Israel, Palestine and the Gaza conflict? | Harry J Enten","container-title":"The Guardian","section":"Opinion","source":"www.theguardian.com","abstract":"Harry J Enten: Americans line up solidly behind President Obama in their support for Israel, but a clear majority wants a two-state solution","URL":"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/nov/19/us-public-opinion-israel-palestine-gaza","ISSN":"0261-3077","title-short":"Where is US public opinion on Israel, Palestine and the Gaza conflict?","language":"en-GB","author":[{"family":"Enten","given":"Harry J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012",11,19]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,7]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Enten). The authorities and media are the sources for the public to raise their voices if in any case, the public opinion clashes with government policies. The government should act on what the majority of the public wants because the government, in reality, is the face of the public of a country.

Work Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Enten, Harry J. “Where Is US Public Opinion on Israel, Palestine and the Gaza Conflict? | Harry J Enten.” The Guardian, 19 Nov. 2012. www.theguardian.com, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/nov/19/us-public-opinion-israel-palestine-gaza.

“How Much Bureaucracy Is a Good Thing in Government and Business?” HBS Working Knowledge, 4 Jan. 2017, http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/how-much-bureaucracy-is-a-good-thing-in-government-and-business.

Murphy, Mark, and Paul Skillen. “Exposure to the Law: Accountability and Its Impact on Street-Level Bureaucracy.” Social Policy and Society, vol. 17, no. 1, 2018, pp. 35–46.

Essay 1

Essay 1

Maybelys Avalos

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Essay 1

The US government is responsible for ensuring the safety, security and livelihood of the people of America. These values are practiced, as they are enshrined in the Constitution of America and the Declaration of Independence. The ideas of limited and participatory government, sovereignty, the social contract and republicanism are key to forming administration in the US. In 1776, after the Second Continental Congress passed the Declaration of Independence, a people-oriented mechanism became the cornerstone of the American government. The American Constitution and the Declaration of Independence have certain norms and values that are applied in its republican form of government ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"w6Sq2IKa","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wills 2018, 26)","plainCitation":"(Wills 2018, 26)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":561,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/YDN3858F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/YDN3858F"],"itemData":{"id":561,"type":"book","publisher":"Vintage","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Inventing America: Jefferson's declaration of independence","title-short":"Inventing America","author":[{"family":"Wills","given":"Garry"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}},"locator":"26","label":"page"}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wills 2018, 26). Following are some important ideas and principles enshrined in the two important documents

Limited Government: In this form of government, there are certain limitations which are placed on the representatives for the reason to protect the rights of individuals and their liberties. This form of government, provided the US authorities of the time, a departure from the monarchy at the British Empire ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"8lIOxOAL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wills 2018, 39)","plainCitation":"(Wills 2018, 39)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":561,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/YDN3858F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/YDN3858F"],"itemData":{"id":561,"type":"book","publisher":"Vintage","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Inventing America: Jefferson's declaration of independence","title-short":"Inventing America","author":[{"family":"Wills","given":"Garry"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}},"locator":"39","label":"page"}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wills 2018, 39).

Natural Rights: The forefathers of American states believed that the British Monarch had been violating the natural rights (unalienable rights) of the American people ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"EfOOT7eN","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wills 2018, 39)","plainCitation":"(Wills 2018, 39)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":561,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/YDN3858F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/YDN3858F"],"itemData":{"id":561,"type":"book","publisher":"Vintage","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Inventing America: Jefferson's declaration of independence","title-short":"Inventing America","author":[{"family":"Wills","given":"Garry"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}},"locator":"39","label":"page"}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wills 2018, 39). For the American forefathers, the spirit of individuality and being a human remained most sacred. John Locke, who was among the authors of the declaration of Independence, believed that the pursuit of happiness, life and the liberty are unalienable rights, and therefore, they were enshrined in the American constitution as well.

Republicanism: The famous phrase ‘No taxation without representation’ led the basis for this form of government. Amongst the criteria set for governments in the world, republicanism distinguishes the American way of government. This phrase intended to introduce the people with the ideals of true democracy, and to make them feel that meeting their demands is conditioned in certain manners.

Social Contract: Social contract chiefly authorizes the duties and the rights of both the people of America and its government. The idea of a social contract intends to offer a converging mechanism to both stakeholders in America.

Popular Sovereignty: Popular sovereignty erupts from the strength of vote. The British monarch was powerful and made the people of America their subjects, which proved devastating for the people of America. The Declaration of Independence and the American Constitution both overemphasize over the power of people and provide an intrinsic power to the people of America ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ScnHKw2F","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Harbison and Belz 1983, 98)","plainCitation":"(Harbison and Belz 1983, 98)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":562,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/EEW8ZX4Y"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/EEW8ZX4Y"],"itemData":{"id":562,"type":"book","publisher":"WW Norton","source":"Google Scholar","title":"The American Constitution: its origins and development","title-short":"The American Constitution","author":[{"family":"Harbison","given":"Winfred Audif"},{"family":"Belz","given":"Herman"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1983"]]}},"locator":"98","label":"page"}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Harbison and Belz 1983, 98).

The United States Supreme Court, formed in 1789, gradually reduced the number of judges to nine. There were a number of cases being heard in the US Supreme Court, but most prominently, the number of the cases at the Supreme Court’s disposal remains hundred for the year. The cases heard and decided by the Supreme Court have a lasting impact on the country. Some of the cases and the executive orders which have had a lasting impact on the country include Marbury v. Madison (1803), Munn v. Illinois (1877) and Buck v. Bell (1927) etc. ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"qyEYTvls","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pasley n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Pasley n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":564,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/HJR5WK83"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/HJR5WK83"],"itemData":{"id":564,"type":"webpage","abstract":"The US Supreme Court has made many sweeping, landmark decisions. Here's a primer on 45 of the most important ones, and how they changed American life.","container-title":"Business Insider","title":"45 landmark Supreme Court cases that changed American life as we knew it","URL":"https://www.businessinsider.com/landmark-us-supreme-court-cases-2019-8","author":[{"family":"Pasley","given":"James"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,27]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pasley n.d.). In addition, there were several cases and executive orders which left a lasting impact over American history.

In Marbury v. Madison (1803), the Supreme Court declared that the powers for the judicial review rests with the Supreme Court and not with the lower courts. The verdict declared that Madison’s refusal was unconstitutional and therefore implied that the formation of courts was illegal ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"nmXsPWji","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hall 1999, 56)","plainCitation":"(Hall 1999, 56)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":566,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/35QHKVPA"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/35QHKVPA"],"itemData":{"id":566,"type":"book","publisher":"Oxford University Press","source":"Google Scholar","title":"The Oxford Guide to United States Supreme Court Decisions","author":[{"family":"Hall","given":"Kermit L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1999"]]}},"locator":"56","label":"page"}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hall 1999, 56). Similarly, in Munn v. Illinois (1877), the legislation set a bar for private companies in order to charge specific amounts. The Supreme Court later held that the law is derogatory and it impacts the industries and the private sector in the most pejorative manner. Lastly, the Buck v. Bell (1927), held the verdict that sterilization for any purpose and certain circumstances do not stand opposite to the spirit of laws in the US ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"O4w7sPyy","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hall 1999, 59)","plainCitation":"(Hall 1999, 59)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":566,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/35QHKVPA"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/35QHKVPA"],"itemData":{"id":566,"type":"book","publisher":"Oxford University Press","source":"Google Scholar","title":"The Oxford Guide to United States Supreme Court Decisions","author":[{"family":"Hall","given":"Kermit L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1999"]]}},"locator":"59","label":"page"}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hall 1999, 59). These decisions of the US Supreme Court suggest how the court’s ruling, remain worthy for a country.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Hall, Kermit L. 1999. The Oxford Guide to United States Supreme Court Decisions. Oxford University Press.

Harbison, Winfred Audif, and Herman Belz. 1983. The American Constitution: Its Origins and Development. WW Norton.

Pasley, James. “45 Landmark Supreme Court Cases That Changed American Life as We Knew It.” Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/landmark-us-supreme-court-cases-2019-8 (January 27, 2020).

Wills, Garry. 2018. Inventing America: Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence. Vintage.

Essay Exam 2 Final

Essay Exam 2 Final

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

Essay Exam 2 Final

Introduction

There was a conflict in 1970 that took place between America's first political parties. These political parties were led by Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson also called Republicans or Democratic-Republicans. Being the first political party in the Western world, a major role was played by them in causing the Civil War (Hall et al. 2019). Hamilton had the foresight to see the United States emerging as one of the militaries as an economic power that has the potential to surpass Great Britain and the other European powers. On the other hand, Jefferson is chiefly responsible for the disentanglement of both religion and government along with general consensus at the time of Revolution that would be most of its officeholders elected (Kenan et al. 2019). This paper aims at the analysis of the two visions, Hamiltonian and Jeffersonian in accordance with causative agents of civil war.

Discussion

Civil war is one of the central events in the history of America. There are a lot of reasons behind the war ranging from social to political factors and one of the factors is the vision of dominant figures. History quotes, Hamilton had the foresight to see the United States as an arising military and economic power that can surpass all European powers and the potentials of Great Britain. All Hamilton's policies and he himself acted as a treasury secretary and the president of Washington's closest advisor who was designed to convince fellow Americans to think continentally. Hamilton always wanted to think of his ideology as Americans first, not only as Virginians and New Yorkers (Kenan et al. 2019). Hamilton succeeded in creating an American sense of identity by creating institutions that can help to bind people to their respective national government rather than respective states. It was all the efforts of Hamilton that America emerged as a superpower during the 20 century. It is important to note that Hamilton’s economic version was different from that of Jefferson (Adams et al. 2019).

Jefferson was a politician, a statesman, intellectual, and a philosopher. He always believed in the say of majority and this stemmed from the deep optimism in the persistent of human reason. Jefferson also felt that the central government should be simple and rigorously frugal in nature. Jefferson also committed to the presidency so that he can protect civil rights and the liberties of the minority groups. He wanted to let the majority rule by the say of others as well. It is highlighted that his sense of what matters most in his life grew from the preference of agriculture and appreciation of farming as he found it as one of the most important human activities (Hall et al. 2019). In contrast to Hamilton, he found agrarian democracy as one of the major drivers of success and development of the country where Hamilton wanted to promote industrialization and the importance of mechanical progression. He was of the view that the financial speculation can snatch and threaten the independence of the farmers and factories can rob them of their economic autonomy that is essential for the republic citizens (Kenan et al. 2019).

Here, it is highlighted that Jefferson was not an anti-modern man but he was having one of the most brilliant and scientific minds that made him fearful of the technology because he views human falling at the wings of technology. It was one of the reasons that have supported international commerce that could benefit farmers and he wanted to see the new technology incorporated in the ordinary farm and the households so that production at home can be made with complete inclusion of technology. With the passage of time, the importance of the democracy of Jefferson limited and even shunned the grand vision of Jefferson that was technology-oriented and it pushed women as well as children to the forefront of the industrial labor (Hall et al. 2019).

Along with the other visons that were confined to the realms of political realms, there were some major reasons that ultimately lead to the cause of civil war. Although there were several reasons for the civil war, there are some reasons that are a point of conflict between Jefferson and Hamilton. One of the primary causes was Hamilton’s notion of technological growth (Kenan et al. 2019). He wants the United States to become an industrial country. Here, it is asserted that the difference between farming and industry is the reason that the economies of many Northern states moved away from the tradition of farming and they were in favor of industrialization. Hamilton and his fellows were the ones who strolled in favor of the military and economic power of the United State while Jefferson, in contrast, wants the United States to opt for agricultural innovations because the major population belonged to farmers (Adams et al. 2019).

Also, Jefferson wanted that instead of setting new timelines and platforms for industrialization, special attempts should be made for bringing the same stance of technology in farming so that people don't have to shun a particular profession and opt for another one. It was the point of differentiation or contrast that brought a difference between vision and promoted to the causative agents of the civil war. State Rights is another major cause of the civil war, taking into account the fact that the two leaders have a different vision regarding state rights (Hall et al. 2019). Here, it is highlighted that Jefferson wanted the state to have its own rights. He kept on asserting that states should be made self-sufficient to such an extent they should be able to manage their affairs on their own and they should not be needing some other authority in the form of central authority that can govern them or deal with their affairs. In contrast, Hamilton was not in this favor, he wanted the empowerment and authority of the central government that can control all the relative state and the state affairs. These points of conflict are more like an ideology because both the leaders had an inverse vision and it was also one of the major causes of the civil war (Hall et al. 2019).

The notion of slavery in terms of having slaves and mitigating slavery is another major ideology that promoted and highlighted civil war. It is highlighted that Jefferson was of those leaders who promoted the idea of slavery because he himself had some slaves. In contrast, Hamilton promoted the idea that slavery should be abolished because slavery is one of the major and dark aspects of any of the nation and the country as well. Both the leaders presented opposite visions and ideologies in the favor and opposition of this argument and it is another major reason for the civil war. Jefferson wanted to legitimize slavery while Hamilton was against it at any cost (Adams et al. 2019).

Conclusion

Civil war, one of the most tragic events in the history of the United States has several different reasons and few of these reasons are found in the vision of the leaders Jefferson and Hamilton that they proposed as best for the United States. Although both the leaders played a central role in the modification and upbringing of the United States into the form it is today, i.e. a well-developed country. In a nutshell, the differentiating notions such as state rights, the legitimization of slavery and the preference of industrial growth over the agricultural progression were some of the major points that paved the way for civil war.

References

Adams, E. D. (2019). Great Britain and the American Civil War. BoD–Books on Demand.

Hall, A. B., Huff, C., & Kuriwaki, S. (2019). Wealth, Slaveownership, and Fighting for the Confederacy: An Empirical Study of the American Civil War. American Political Science Review, 1-16.

Kenan, R., & Hsu, G. (2019). Notes Toward an Essay on Imagining Thomas Jefferson Watching a Performance of the Musical Hamilton. Southern Cultures, 25(2), 12-18.

Essay For History

Student’s Name

Professor’s Name

Institution

Course

Date

Russia and United States of America

Changes after World War II and Cold War

The period or cold war and the world war have been a consistent nuisance to the relations between the two countries. Since the 1922 to 1991, Russia dominated the Soviet Union. United States of America and USSR have been consistent rivals over the period of the cold war. The relevant authorities had taken it upon to be the epic in the countries and establish rival grounds of who wants to be the super power. They wanted a global domination that created sanctions amongst themselves. After dropping the rival issues, the Russians developed a democratic and capitalist structure. The World War II marked the relation of America and other countries. The main fight was between the Nazi Germany and the members of the Soviet Union. United States of America dominated by providing millions of dollar weapons to the Soviet Union to fight against the Nazi Germany.

Is it true that the cold war ended? This question is posted always. The end of the cold war could have been in the papers but not in practical circumstances. Most Americans especially those that grew during the cold war period still do not believe that the cold war ended. The increasing relations between Russia and the western leaves doubts in the Americans about the ending war.

Improved relations between nations have been the concern in the present. Combined efforts from the nations continuous to be evident and support the growth of the nations and the global markets. Prior to the end of the cold war between the United States of America and Russia, there was growing tension that sanctioned the operations and economic relations between the two nations. Since the break-up of the Soviet Union, things changed and America tried to enhance their relations with the Russians. Previously there were trade sanctions and heavy duties imposed on the trading.

Since the end of the cold war, America has had a different perception on Russia. They have stopped viewing Russia as its arch-nemesis. The perception has shifted to China, Iran and north Korea (Arbatov, Dvorkin, & Steinbruner, 2011). These countries form the country’s rival list. This constitutes the late occurrences that tend to threaten the trading nature between American and the mentioned countries. However, after ending the cold war, Russia still uses its Veto power to influence the United Nations security to block American’s proposals. Besides, most Americans are still suspicious of the Russia’s especially those that grew during the cold war period. Russia’s relation with the Syrians has been a continuous problem to the American. The problem has arisen due to the cooperation that might lead to lose of patience with the Americans.

The changes after the fall of the Soviet Union had an impact on both the USA and Russia. People took a different position. They decided to overthrow their own bosses, overthrow the government and the black and brown people ganged against their own and fighting the white colonialism. Fighting against the whites and overthrowing the government was not forceful. A democratic process involved the actions of black and brown people.

Russia and United States of America Goals

Americans are working together today. They aim at eliminating major problems that are facing the international community. Despite having some issues, they are focusing on eliminating international terrorism and nuclear proliferation. Residents of the two countries aim at building the relationships. United States of America aims at growing the Russian’s and Chinese influence in Latin America. The current president, Donald Trump is making efforts to ensure that there are improved relations in Latin America. Foreign policies implemented aims at ensuring that –Latin America continuous to buy weapons rather than moving to the other markets. Both china and Russia are making use of the economic ties to ensure that relations with the Latin America improve.

America and Russia are aiming at improving their ties and solving their issues. They aim at improving trading activities and general relations as nations. The changes in the global environment and improving technology give the two countries a mileage. With the importation of labour, experts from Russia engage with the government to assist in the production of weapons and improve trade. The world economy depends on the United States of America as most of the currency is pegged on the USA currency. Therefore, having a cool environment and good relations encourages the countries to have a common ground to support their activities. The current USA president continuously provokes the economy and institutes various tariffs on the trade. The fall of the Soviet Union opened a new ground for the two nations. New developments and improvements occurred from the people of the nations. In addition, Russia wanted to dominate the market and be a super power. Resulting from the end of the cold war was a peaceful environment that allowed people from the two nations to trade.

Considering the type of leadership, the USA influenced Russia to adopt a democratic and capitalist form of leadership improving their ties with the nations and allowing citizens to exercises their rights. Introduction of the United Nations and the joining of the nations opened a new page that aimed at improving the relations of the countries.

Russia aims at producing outstanding weapons and selling them to the rest of the world. USA aims at improving the relations with other countries. Therefore, the improved relations and the aim of America trying to be a super power continuous to shine the interest of collaboration.

My thoughts about Russia on America’s interest

I have reservations as to whether the previous condition was eliminated. Evident relations and continued underground cold war becomes the purpose of my argument. After the fall of the Soviet Union, it is difficult to believe that there are good intentions between the Russians and Americans. Recent confrontations support the problem existing between the two nations. Russia has not stopped the war. It is in papers that the war ended but Russia still uses its veto power to block America’s proposals.

From my point of view, the war has not ended as the two nations have a common interest. The world super power theme is still affecting the two nations. Changes in technology and implementation of new policies expose the countries to a different background. Russia continuous to make deadly weapons as America is also testing their own skills on weapon making. Therefore, two nations aim at becoming super powers and develop their own markets. From the new developments and continued research, I see a situation where there could be another war. If the war elapses, then it will be a deadly one compared to the previous wars. In this, the nations have advanced and made weapons that are more dangerous.

Conclusion

Poor relations among the nations create an avenue for war eruption. Russia and America’s relations before the end of World War II and cold war were that of continuous fights. These relations contributed to the decreased interests in economic growth forcing the economies to be independent. There was a lot of trade sanctions affecting the countries and exposing them to the global economy. Therefore, the growth of a country depends on the nations relations with other countries. in addition, improved relations contribute to economic growth and improved information sharing.

Reference

Arbatov, Alexei, Vladimir Dvorkin, and John D. Steinbruner. Beyond nuclear deterrence: transforming the US-Russian equation. Brookings Institution Press, 2011.

Essay One

History and Anthropology

Name

Date

In 1899 to 1902 a war between United States and Filipino is known as the Philippine-American War. As a continuance of the Philippine revolution against Spanish rule it is an upheaval that may be seen. From Spain to the United States the Agreement of Paris relocated Philippine dominion in 1898 but was not predictable by Philippine leaders. Without the capital of Manila, these forces effectively controlled the whole archipelago. For an imaginable war against Spain Navy Theodore Roosevelt place the US-Asian squadron in grounding of Assistant Secretary. In April 1898, war was declared and George Dewey who was Brigadier General, from Hong Kong set sail. On the morning of May 1, 1898 the Spanish armada in Manila Bay defeated. Until the ground forces reached 3 months later was powerless to overcome Manila. As the stressed condition became poorer American and Filipino groups were challenged in 1899.

US forces occupied the capital Manila building, Aguinaldo's army occupied a trench adjacent the city. Bloody war on the evening of February 4, 1899 Soldier William Grayson of Nebraska Volunteers fired the first shot. On a group of Filipinos, Grayson fired impending his site provoking an armed response. The ten mile US-Philippine lines the fire rapidly spread up and down causing hundreds of casualties. From Admiral Dewey's fleet by bombing, at the eruption of hostilities, American groups, while causing thousands of casualties quickly overcome the Philippine positions. Overseas from Manila, within days, US troop’s deployed, using, mobile weaponry, sea facility to the maximum, and superior firepower.

By November 1899, Aguinaldo and his troops were pushed further into the main island of the Philippines and realized that he could not fight the Americans with conventional military units. To fight the US military he ordered his followers to switch to guerrilla tactics at that point. The war consist of massacres, punishments, and ambushes. From the point on which is not prohibited the war has become a brutal paramilitary war. In brutal slaughter and violence both sides were involved. Prisoners were tortured, civilians killed, villages were destroyed, damaged with a host of other atrocities. "the only good Indian was a dead Indian” Applying the old belief, non-comrades and Many American officers aided in the Indian wars hold such believe in their relation with Filipinos. Local forces reciprocated such attitude. The organized opposition of Emilio Aguinaldo followers vanished when he was arrested in March 1902. On July 4, 1902 despite the formal end of the declared hostilities, individual tribes in Muslim Moros and Luzon on the southern islands initiated additional risings for another period or so left 2 less-than-ideal options: in exchange for contrasting the trade bill or rebuilding funding forgoing economic sovereignty, approving a trade deal, and trailing the reintegration package but upholding some measure of economic self-rule, were left by the government in Manila. To help the Philippines move from colony to independence The Philippine Commonwealth era designed. One of the most tempestuous eras in island history is to be proved by this. With the commencement of World War II one of the most modest areas in the Pacific Theater is the Philippines. With the passage of time towards independence, in the closing hours of the Commonwealth the legislature approved the trade agreement. The right to buy and own real estate the mainstream shareholders on granting this process to Americans.

Bibliography

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY “Philippine-American War | Filipino History | Britannica.” Accessed November 22, 2019. https://www.britannica.com/event/Philippine-American-War.

“The History Guy: Philippine American War.” Accessed November 22, 2019. https://www.historyguy.com/PhilipineAmericanwar.html.

“The Philippines, 1898–1946 | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives.” Accessed November 22, 2019. https://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/APA/Historical-Essays/Exclusion-and-Empire/The-Philippines/.

Essay Over Chapter 20 Any Topic In The Book Only

Native American Experience in Post-Civil War

Progressive Reformers, Social Issues, Acts and Congress

Kemp Shahlu

History and Anthropology

16th February 2019

In the post American Civil War Era, the Americans experienced many changes, such as social democracy, rise in movements demanding reforms for women, social reforms etc. A widely held belief by the end of nineteenth century among many Americans was that the reason for rising problems in the country was rooted in industrialization and urbanization. For them it was important to impose a system of law and justice in a society which was at the very of chaos. This belief among the Americans was termed as progressivism. Though this phenomenon was diverse, which only began as a local movement, but it successfully brought innovation in society, both politically and socially.

The proponents of progressivism discussed the issues such as racism, role of women, how immigration will impact the society. The local efforts of progressives soon turned to be national, and as a result American presidency experienced change. 1917 was the time when America had joined World War I and the federal government also had drawn out its engagement within American life.

As the name suggests, the progressives were optimistic, they believed that the Americans were capable of progress, growth and advancement. This optimism they regarded to be nation’s fate. But for all this the progressive reformers thought laws such as of free market, or social Darwinism were not enough and for the amelioration of society human intervention is crucial. Since the progressives did not always agree on what form should the intervention take, so there were various reforms. “Antimonopoly” was one of the most robust social reform, which centres around the fear of concentration of power and impetus of limiting the wealth and authoritarian control.

Many progressive reformers stood for the social issues, which encompassed the elimination of alcohol, capping the divorce rate, hampering prostitution and impeding immigrants. To restore order in society it was important to cut down the consumption of alcohol among the Americans, because inebriety was a cause of disruption, the male workers spent their limited wages buying wine in the bars, there were murders. A hope rose among the female members that progressives through this reform of temperance will be able to dix the behaviour of male members which will lead to a better life. The consumption of alcohol by the workers was regarded to impede the efficiency of industrial units because the laborers used to forget times, or they were too much intoxicated to work properly.

Even before the Civil War, Temperance movement existed with the same mission but after 1873, it became more powerful and popular. With many people joining it, a demand was put forward on completely prohibiting the sale and production of alcohol. Pressure eventually grew, and it was in 1916 when nineteen states passed complete prohibition laws of alcohol. The final push to the lawyers of temperance movement was given when America entered World War I and alcohol was a beverage that was needless. Progressives with the support of rural fundamentalists, who were inimical to alcohol on the grounds of religion and social norms, drove through a constitutional amendment passed by the Congress. With the exception of two states Connecticut and Rhode Island, which had large population of catholic immigrants, in January 1920, the Eighteenth Amendment was enacted as law.

Despite the differences on how to respond to the challenge of immigrants, all the reformers were of similar view that the growing social ills are due to the influx of immigrants. Some reformers wanted to limit the flow of immigrants in the country while there were other who had the idea that new inhabitants must adopt the American ways. A common theory which circulated in the society was that these immigrants infect the nation’s racial stock. Under the chairmanship of Senator P. Dillingham of Vermont, a study revealed that the new immigrants which belonged to either or Southern or Eastern Europe were barely integrating. According to the report the immigration had to be restricted on racial grounds. Though there were people who rejected this idea of restriction but did support the idea that to solve the urban problems which included unemployment, overly crowded cities it was necessary to limit immigration.

The idea of limiting immigration won the support of America’s leading progressive reformer, Theodore Roosevelt, but there were opponents to this approach who believed that immigrants were important as they are a source of cheap labour and the political representatives of these opponents blocked the restriction movement. Eventually, World War I began, and the influx of new immigrants was limited.

Theodore Roosevelt, to progressives was not just a president but an idol, who became the youngest president of America in 1901, when he was only forty years old. Roosevelt, who associated himself with progressives, was an advocate of change and a reformist. According to him to safe America from radical challenges it was important to bring certain reforms. His policies were to investigate corporations and publicly declare the results. In 1904, presidency campaign, Roosevelt advertised “square deal”. After he won the election he emphasized his efforts on the railway industry. One previous effort for regulating railway industry was the 1887’s Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC). With the introduction of Hepburn Railroad Regulation Act in 1906, ICC was given some powers to oversee railroad rates, these powers had earlier been restricted by the courts.

Though Roosevelt introduced many reforms during his tenure as a president yet there was little control exervised over the industrialized economy. The differences between Conservatives and Roosevelt widened and the former blamed for introducing “mad” economic policies, which created a disaster. In 1909, Roosevelt retired from presidency and William Taft became the new president.

An old progressive demand was to lower the protective tariffs rate, and Taft was unsuccessful in doing that. Taft became unpopular when he replaced James R. Garfield, Roosevelt’s Secretary of interior, who was also a conservative with a corporate lawyer, A. Ballinger. Thus in 1912, after a lot mis happenings, a presidential content was held, between the reformers and conservatives, where Woodrow Wilson became the nominee of Democratic Party. In 1912, Taft resigned, and Wilson with his idea of “New Freedom”, won the election. Wilson brought reforms in the banking system of America, lowered protective tariff, modern income tax was imposed.

Woodrow Wilson brought many innovative ideas which increased the efficiency of government and thus he laid the foundation of long-term growth in federal power. He brought reforms for farmers, banned the delivery of goods by minors across the state, he also gave vast child labour laws, and federal tax authority was used an instrument for social change. Heavy taxes were imposed on child labour products and endowments were provided for extending agricultural education.

During the late 19th century the desire for reforms and in the beginning of the twentieth century, triggered American people to recognise themselves under the banner of “progressives”. For different people, this term had different meaning, but the foundation of this idea was that with the combined efforts of humans and government, a society could improve. Progressivism became robust, a force of transformation in the life of many Americans.

The urge to bring reform, which began as a local movement, reached federal level and national politics, soon affecting the government. It was believed that prosperity of the society was possible only if federal government actively participates in the process. Roosevelt and Wilson were two national leaders who pushed the nation forward in the period of reform, and a consequence since the Civil War, Washington became centre of power. Though progressivism couldn’t solve the problems in America, but it was successful in providing the country with movements, institutions, governments new instruments to face the challenges.

Bibliography

BIBLIOGRAPHY Brinkley, Alan. 2005. "The Progressives ." In The Unfinished Nation, by Alan Brinkley, 488. New York : McGraw Hill .

Essay Part B

Name

Name of Professor

Class

Date

Essay Part B

The Treaty of Versailles is recognized as one of the critical events of the European history that dramatically changed this region in many different aspects. This particular treaty was signed on June 28, 1919, with the objective to officially ended the second world war between Germany and the other powerful countries who were the main stakeholders. It is worthy to mention that the Treaty of Versailles is referred to as the crucial factor that ensures to outbreak the adverse phenomenon of second world war. Here the focus is to determine whether the Treaty of Versailles was a good settlement to ensure the peace and help Europe recover from the war or not.

The effectiveness of the Treaty of Versailles can only determine by evaluating its influence on the lives of people who directly involved in a second world war. It is significant to identify how successfully the objective of this treaty is achieved considering the idea of practical measures to positively deal with the difficulty of war. The role of Woodrow Wilson in this whole scenario is critical who proposed the idea that it is essential to publicly explained what was happening instead kept things secret.

The events after the treaty explicitly indicate that it was the failed agreement to provide better foundations to Europe when it comes to the prospect of peace for the region. The objective of international security is ignored referring to the facet of the Treaty of Versailles. The implications of this treaty adversely affect the aspect of peace for the country of Germany. This specific treaty never provides fruitful provisions for the economic approach of Europe.

In conclusion, it is vital to mention that the Treaty of Versailles can never rank as the balanced agreement as it failed to provide better domains to Europe to attain the ultimate objective of peace after the chronic form of second world war.

Essay Question

Title

Name

Institution

Essay Question

The Spanish remarked that “the maxim of the conquer must be settled” so what he possibly meant from this remark is the most important reason for the takeover of a new and foreign territory is to find out lands in order to find and conquer new places to occupy develop. War happens and people fight with each other so that they can extend their power and this can only be possible if they extend their territory and to possess new territories people must fight with each other, one fights to protect its land and the other fights to take over the land in order to extend its power. The conqueror needs to widen up his territory by finding new places and when they occupy then they send their citizens in that places, they start establishing themselves, and also they make their culture dominant in those areas by forcing the people to adopt it.

As it is a known fact that the Spanish conquerors search for the entire world to form colonies by effectively manipulating the natives of the newly occupied territory to embrace and accept the Castilian culture and religion. Likewise, the English settlers also brought their government, social rules, culture, and laws. In the New World also, many European people arrived in the land to settle permanently (Foner, n.d p.3). Among all the settlers who came the most successful and influential of them all were the English colonizers who left their motherland to find new and better opportunities in the US. At first, the new settlers were quite vulnerable to the attacks from the native Americans which caused them to perish. But during the kingship of King James, the majority of the Englishmen preferred to migrate to the New World to escape religious persecution. They started to trade and cooperate with the real Indian nation to avoid the bitterness and harshness of the new environment. They also brought with them their well-established and organized culture and their form of government. This was a pretty smart move from their side because in the future this also helped them to make their roots strong in the new environment. Also as long the New Settlers were good to leave the natives alone there was peace, and nobody was going to attack them.

The Europeans were quite fast in settling the new world, and this attempt was prominent specifically from 15th through 17th century. According to the Scotish writer Adam Smith the discovery of America was one of the greatest events in the history of mankind (Adam, 1776, n.p). The Europeans sought to expand its power via a rigorous exploration of the world; this period also marks early colonization of many parts of the world by forming an uninterrupted interaction with Africa, America, Asia, and Oceania. This contact between the Old World and the so-called New World of the Americans helped in producing the Columbian Exchange, where a mass exchange of foods, animals, plants, people also including slaves and also culture between the western and eastern world took place. It is a fact that most of the merchants and manufacturers are normally not happy with the monopoly of the home market, but they also desire for the extensive and widespread sale of their goods so to do that they travel throughout the world. The history of colonial North America revolves around the struggle of England, France, Spain and Dutch to rule and gain control of this particular continent. Settlers from different parts of the world crossed the Atlantics for various reasons and also their style of government took diverse methods to their settling struggles.

These different governing styles produced equally positive and negative effects that also significantly affected the future of the New World. Among these settlers France and Spain, for example, were ruled by autocrat sovereigns and their rule was absolute, their colonists migrated to America as subservient of the crown. On the other hand, the English colonists enjoyed much freedom and also they were allowed to govern themselves as long as they were sincere to the King and were happily following the rules. Another reason why the English colonial population boasted, so the fact is that, unlike the Spanish and French, the English allowed immigration from other nations as well. As a result, by 1763, the English showed clear dominance in North America by successfully defeated both French and Dutch in the Indian and French war. However when the Europeans started to migrate in North America then they brought many deadly diseases with them and one of the deadly diseases was smallpox and the inhabitants of North America were unable to tolerate it due to which millions of them died this gave the opportunity to other Europeans to migrate and get settled in the new place because the place was becoming less populated for them and it was becoming easy to get settled there without facing any resistance from the native people.

As far as the English colonists were concerned the detachment from England and economic assembly permitted the settlers to establish native governments and also to tax themselves as long as they were loyal to the crown. In case of the French colonies, the colonies were fully subjected to the King, and also there were no political rights or local governments, and also they were bound to inform the Crown before organizing any public meetings which were also a hurdle in their place. In the case of the Spanish colonies, the colonies were governed by a viceroy ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0c5ELRp7","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}1 We Shall Remain After the Mayflower - YouTube,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“1 We Shall Remain After the Mayflower - YouTube,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":760,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/E3JEM4WV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/E3JEM4WV"],"itemData":{"id":760,"type":"webpage","title":"1 We Shall Remain After the Mayflower - YouTube","URL":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ybyj7uMSCq8","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,8]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“We Shall Remain After the Mayflower - YouTube,” n.d.). All the settlers were bound to obey the king, and they were not allowed to make their own choices. These were the methods that were adopted by each of the settlers. Therefore, the impact of each method was also massive. As a result, the English settlers were able to effectively overrule the Spanish and French settlers, and they were successful in dominating the region with their powerful strategies.

In the beginning, the indigenous people were quite comfortable with the migration of the new settlers in their area; they used to attach them only once they were trying to invade their culture and government. Before the arrival of the white, the people of North America were nature lover they used to live in the desert and oceans. They were also hunters and great productive hunter. When the French, English, Dutch, and Spanish explorers came, they also brought changes with them ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"dw7ls00G","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}1 We Shall Remain After the Mayflower - YouTube,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“1 We Shall Remain After the Mayflower - YouTube,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":760,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/E3JEM4WV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/E3JEM4WV"],"itemData":{"id":760,"type":"webpage","title":"1 We Shall Remain After the Mayflower - YouTube","URL":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ybyj7uMSCq8","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,8]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“We Shall Remain After the Mayflower - YouTube,” n.d.). The Europeans brought with them the hidden enemy who were diseased the native people were not immune to these diseases, Europeans were used to these diseases, but the Indians had no resistance to them, and millions of people died. Once the Europeans settled, their then the natives started to adapt their lifestyle by using their products. As the Europeans needed to build a house for themselves, so they started to hire slaves for this job as a result the concept of slavery became common in this region (Slavery And The Making Of America, 2005, n.p).

References

Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (London, 1776), Vol. 2, pp. 190– 91, 235– 37.

Foner, Eric. Voices of Freedom: A Documentary History (Fifth Edition) (Vol. 1) (Page 3). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

Slavery And The Making Of America (2005) - (Part 1 Of 4) - The Downward Spiral - Video Dailymotion." Dailymotion. N. p., 2019. Web. 8 Mar. 2019.

We Shall Remain After the Mayflower - YouTube. (n.d.). Retrieved March 8, 2019, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ybyj7uMSCq8

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY

Essay Response

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

The impact of US expansionism on Native American culture from 1865-1900

During the 19th century the United States federal government acquired vast land in the west of the Mississippi River. The result of this acquisition was an extensive migration to the west, known as Westward Expansion. This expansion affected American society in a significant manner. This essay will analyze the effects of US expansionism on Native American culture from 1865-1900.

Farmers in the old west in America heard about the Allegheny Mountains in Pennsylvania. They were optimistic about the opportunities in the New West. The federal government also encouraged these farmers to move towards the west. Thus, thousands of went to west ton pursue a new life in the West. Before this migration in the mid of the nineteenth century, the land of the Mississippi was mainly uncharted. Early explorers who visited these lands before the mid-nineteenth century also confirmed about the territory that it was as an arid wasteland ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rBmRxipL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Shi and Tindall)","plainCitation":"(Shi and Tindall)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2546,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/2LBUBD3K"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/2LBUBD3K"],"itemData":{"id":2546,"type":"book","title":"America: A narrative history","publisher":"WW Norton & Company","ISBN":"0-393-26596-X","author":[{"family":"Shi","given":"David E."},{"family":"Tindall","given":"George Brown"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Shi and Tindall).

However, when the Federal government started offering different incentives to farmers to take the challenge of grasping these bumpy lands, they started moving. Government-aided them on their trip and bearded the cost of moving families. The government changed its focus towards commercial farming in the West due to the economic Panic of 1837. Thus, there came the Dawes Act in 1887 and required each Native American to get some land in the West.

Consequently, the main reason for migration was economic but there were also some philosophical and cultural reasons. Americans had a strong belief in Manifest Destiny. They consider it their duty to spread in the world and advance the lives of the native populations. Moreover, during the first half of the 19th century, the debate about the continuation of slavery or abolishing it grew intense ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"JUf5mioW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Billings)","plainCitation":"(Billings)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2547,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/FVGEJRQJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/FVGEJRQJ"],"itemData":{"id":2547,"type":"book","title":"Planters and the making of a\" new South\": class, politics, and development in North Carolina, 1865-1900","publisher":"UNC Press Books","ISBN":"1-4696-4006-6","author":[{"family":"Billings","given":"Dwight B."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Billings). This also served as a major factor in the migration towards the West.

This migration has wedged American society in numerous ways. People were migrating to the west of the Mississippi River for prospecting gold and silver prospecting as well as for the development of land for agriculture and industry. Thus, one of the major impacts of migration was the establishment of American industries. After the migration of American to West, there arose the need for products and merchandise to survive. As a result, there was an establishment of different industries. Additionally, opportunities for gold also resulted in massive wealth in society ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2jLnMpN2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Shi and Tindall)","plainCitation":"(Shi and Tindall)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2546,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/2LBUBD3K"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/2LBUBD3K"],"itemData":{"id":2546,"type":"book","title":"America: A narrative history","publisher":"WW Norton & Company","ISBN":"0-393-26596-X","author":[{"family":"Shi","given":"David E."},{"family":"Tindall","given":"George Brown"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Shi and Tindall). The California Gold Rush of 1849 also caused people from all over the world to come to this region. These industries were further supported by the transport system such as the building of the National Road.

Also, the migrations also resulted in the population and cultural expansion. US territories stretched to the Pacific Ocean.  People after migration shared civilized unity. These people were given free land as well as jobs were offered to them. The arid western part also required the establishment of Massive irrigation projects to supply water to lands ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"52w1a0ql","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Shi and Tindall)","plainCitation":"(Shi and Tindall)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2546,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/2LBUBD3K"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/2LBUBD3K"],"itemData":{"id":2546,"type":"book","title":"America: A narrative history","publisher":"WW Norton & Company","ISBN":"0-393-26596-X","author":[{"family":"Shi","given":"David E."},{"family":"Tindall","given":"George Brown"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Shi and Tindall). There started damming and diverting rivers as well as the use of different farming techniques. All these strategies resulted in devastations of the Dust Bowl in the 1930s. 

The migration also impacted American society negatively. During the migration, the military killed a great number of natives ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"H071kcIi","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Billings)","plainCitation":"(Billings)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2547,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/FVGEJRQJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/FVGEJRQJ"],"itemData":{"id":2547,"type":"book","title":"Planters and the making of a\" new South\": class, politics, and development in North Carolina, 1865-1900","publisher":"UNC Press Books","ISBN":"1-4696-4006-6","author":[{"family":"Billings","given":"Dwight B."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Billings). Consequently, treaties were also made to mediate any cultural differences. The results of the development of railroads were also negative. The development not only used a lot of lands but it also used Chinese salves. Besides, the government did not treat Native American tribes as autonomous nations. They started confining them to different reservations to divide them into states. This put the cultural identity of these Native American at stake.

Works cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Billings, Dwight B. Planters and the Making of a" New South": Class, Politics, and Development in North Carolina, 1865-1900. UNC Press Books, 2017.

Shi, David E., and George Brown Tindall. America: A Narrative History. WW Norton & Company, 2016.

Essays I (Chapters 1-2)

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Date

Essays I (Chapter 1- 2)

Cahokia

Cahokia was certainly a small city of 20–30K with more people in surrounding areas that seem to have sprung up around 1050, where a ritualised sacrifice was practiced but only 1% of the site has been excavated and research is still being carried out. Describing it as an Empire may be somewhat premature until there is a lot more research, nevertheless fascinating.

2440301232535It was a vast city and likely encompassed a large area of influence along the Mississippi River. I don’t know of any civilization that lived peacefully with its neighbors and didn’t war or try to gain wealth/territory or impose the rule. The Aztecs are a prime example of this since they were hated by most of their neighbors who in turn helped the Spanish conquer what’s now Mexico City. The Aztecs’ origins, in fact, may have been from what’s now the USA, possibly the Southwest or even Midwest.

California Peoples

California’s and its people’s importance to the United States cannot be understated. As the most populous state with the largest economy, one that ranks as the world’s fifth-largest, its economic contributions and political influence are both tremendous. It contributes more in tax revenue than it receives in federal benefits, and much of that tax revenue goes to support Red states that enjoy incessantly vilifying it. Its two main metropolitan regions are innovation hubs, generating ideas, inventions, innovations, and technology that induce economic growth; these are what drives economies, not financial incentives.

It is also a bellwether state, the harbinger of social and cultural changes in American society. California is socially progressive, and the social changes that first occur here inevitably percolate throughout the rest of America. The entertainment produced here exerts tremendous influence throughout the world. California is overall very liberal and tolerant, with an eclectic culture that has absorbed numerous demographic groups. The demographic changes that begin here will inevitably sweep the nation.

89090860425The agricultural sector in California is also the nation’s largest, producing a large percentage, if not a majority, of the fruits and vegetables consumed in the United States. It is the largest producers of many different fruits and vegetables. In summation, California’s importance to America is economic, political, cultural, and agricultural.

2. Europeans

During the era of 1400 – 1500, the political and environmental both climates was changing from the warm medieval period to the little ice age in that century. It was creating a situation of restlessness among the people and all types of bad and unexpected events were taking place. Western Europeans (not all white Europeans) were having it especially bad so they went Viking and started to explore for options desperately.

Iberians were the ones, along with the Nordics, with the harshest climate when it came to crops. During the medieval warm period, while all of Europe’s population had been growing, the Iberian population had been dropping steadily 1 million people per century. The climate was murderous at that time, especially for Castile. In 1400 the medieval warm period was giving way to the “little ice age” and the climate was just getting out of hand (the plague, the kazillion droughts all across Europe, all happened in 1400 because of that transition). It was being a particularly hard transition in Iberia. There are even many references and examples present, in the previous transition, during the 800, on the record of people starving to the point of eating each other.

Portugal’s climate dried out considerably and in Castile and Aragon, it became chaotic. Iberians were hungry, in fact starving to death. Portuguese were not used to this kind of weather and Castilians were terrified of a repeat of the droughts they enjoyed during the warm medieval period. To top things up, France was suffering hardship too, even if not so much, and the thing one does when one is in a hard place is war and take land and resources from neighbors, so they were justly terrified. France was the main military power in the west at that time. The Muslim world was also starving, so they were also “getting restless”.

The Ottoman Empire was rising and as soon as they took North Africa, Iberia and Italy were next and they knew it. They needed more population but they were not able to feed it. They needed resources in order to do so but had nowhere to take them from, so they explored around looking for something, anything, options in general. They started developing naval innovations precisely to look around in search of options and actually spent decades on it. It was very similar to what pushed Vikings to explore, commerce, colonize and raid, and the mind frame the Iberians had while exploring was similar. They had all those options in mind and at the same time none of them. As far as they were not planning on colonizing, they were “out for exploration”.

While Aragon found a commercial way to the East, during this exploration and went with commerce, the Portuguese African exploration hit Guinea and found gold, a relatively low population density. Both these nations were weakened both by the Arab Empire’s slave trade and religious wars and by the same climatological instability that was pushing Portuguese out, but too far away to conquer in a traditional sense, so they started a model of exploitation we call colonization now. They took riches without incorporating the land and extended their control only as much as they needed to take what they could (slaves and gold in this case). In the case of the Canary Islands or the Azores islands, they went for regular conquest. So, it can be said that it was very much a Viking situation plus climate changing and bringing all sorts of calamities around that time.

ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH METHODS

Ethnographic Research Methods

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Ethnographic Research Methods

Introduction

Ethnographic research extends to an exclusive diversity of methods which accumulate different aspects of traditions each ethnicity have. The persistent strategies that are followed by these people, the degree of dependence on the economy, religious practices, health issues, and education. These are all the main fundamental aspects of the ethnography which are heavily emphasized and discussed by the authors of the two readings. The research essay requires a comparison of the research methods used in the two studies by different authors. It also focuses on identifying the author's relationship with there readings and to what extent the research methods influence them. The use of all the researched information such as the methods, the place and time, the relationship of the anthropologists with the communities they worked in, are all exuberant material required to analyze the methodologies properly. Demonstrating an understanding of ethnographic research methods would properly enable a cultural contrast amongst the two studies.

Discussion

Research Methodology on The Ju/’hoansi

The methodologies identified in the first reading “The Dobe Ju/’hoansi” by Richard B. Lee ranges the selected ethnographic’s social and economic conditions. This small South African region where social change along with a degree of other factors needs much apprehension is an essential monograph of independence. There are challenges of poverty, loss of culture, exclusion, and availability of alcohol which influence the given circumstances. There are two external issues other then these and those are identified as the invasion of Hereros and the prospect of major mind development in Nyae Nyae. The methodologies designed for these specific problems would outline the subsistence strategies, the degree of dependence on cash, education, health issues, and religious practices. Due to this rapid social and economic change, the ethnic people of Ju/’hoansi would have to embrace modernity and reject the past to respond to these challenges. Thus the first methodology would explain the subsistence strategies on food, wildlife, and farming.

The anthropologists involved in this interview method were Laura Meschino and Rhea Wallington from the University of Toronto. Through the interview, the researchers found that the major source of food for the locals was wild food instead of the farm, store-bought, or government handout food. Another survey based on the degree of dependence on the cash economy listed that only a few families had wages and pension as there income sources with no regular cash flows or such. Most jobs were governmental or general stores. Moreover, craft production was another major source of income for women in particular. Then come the health issues and these were mainly HIV/AIDS, TB, and Malaria. This research done in Nyae Nyae found that the rate for HIV was 15.3 percent and the rate for TB was high among the Ju/’hoansi. Birthing practices were also encouraged in regional hospitals and clinics.

Although, most of these births took place in the Bush instead of a clinic or a hospital. The religious practices for the indigenous or missionaries were mainly defined as a healing dance in a circle. Moreover, the education levels for schooling in Nyae Nyae were very low for the older age group and high for the younger ones. The level of education with the waged labor seemed interesting as better education meaning better jobs. Furthermore, another questionnaire included asking them about there attitudes regarding their lives in the Bush. In the years 1968 till 1969, half agreed yes and half no, but in 2010, almost all agreed yes, and none agreed no. The reason to why they regard the bush so much is because the food is free and plentiful, there is peace and quiet, a part of their cultural tradition, no alcohol, and less stressful or boring.

Research Methodology on Immigrants in American Society

While comparing the aforementioned research analysis with the methodologies used in this research article, there are so many important aspects that can be identified. The author of this book Leo Chavez “Standard lives: Undocumented Immigrants in American Society” prefaces the ethnographical context which unveils the academic and personal interests of Mexican migration. The researcher involved in this ethnography and methodology is identified Mitch Ingram from the University of Texas who talks about the balance of expository data accompanied by a narrative. The Mexican ethnic minority describes there stories through reflecting upon the post problematic situations such as the separation, employment, family history, curiosity, and adventure. The symbolic and physical transition and incorporation of the Mexicans while crossing the borders came from influence in one way of life to another. The researcher discusses the fact in which many Mexicans die while crossing the borders and the stories are just piled up.

The process of assimilation into the United States and the degree of immigrants accepted or rejected from entry are just astonishing. The methodology used to assess this was only through a familiar educational context. The summary of the book focuses on the anthropological audience but talks more about the immigrant population and the offer which the author offers concerning them. There are multiple methodologies used in this paper to compare the lives of the Mexican citizens with the Ju/hoansi methodology, but they were similarly going through some awful situations which made them do illegal assimilation the U.S. It focuses more towards the breaking of social stigma and the surroundings. The book serves a rich context on social sciences and employes multiple methodologies. The methodologies consisted of observation examination, structured and unstructured interviews, social events, and data gathering. Moreover, the research focuses on the central immigration in America and the challenges they accompanied associated with the passage.

The research can be a useful guide for policy makers and future researchers. Only a few things were held meaningful in the U.S. such as the housing law, and funding. The author himself does his research on this book as an anthropologist as he affiliates himself with the Mexican citizens. He shares their sentiments through being aware of the present and past experiences and the anti-latino advocates which widen the historical lens of the country. What the research has to conclude is that even after most people come across the border into the U.S., they still live in fear and a shadow. The journey of these immigrants identifies and upward mobility. They live in poor conditions, face opposing attitudes, and barriers to education. This methodology and research can serve as an up and for the Mexicans to bring forward in the light. Thus the place and times identified and discussed are similarly proportionate.

Conclusion

The aforementioned research methodologies gathered from the provided readings discuss the different ethnographies and the problems they faced while living in their societies. The research methodologies analyze the social stigma and the societal pressures which two ethnicities go through while assessing from surveyor questionnaires. The results from the methodologies identify that most of these minorities or indigenous people go through life-prolonging harsh influences. Mostly related with either low standards of living and no significant source of income. Serious health concerns along with no primary place to live are the principal concern and a major analysis which is compared within the two contexts.

End Notes

Lee, Richard. The Dobe Ju/'hoansi. Nelson Education, 2012.

Chavez, Leo R. Shadowed lives: Undocumented immigrants in American society. Cengage Learning, 2012.

Europe Between The Wars

Title page

Europe in wars

The US and Germany both encountered economic troubles during the late 1920s and 1930s. For United States this had been a significant factor for reaffirming to thee traditional values because it isolated itself from European affairs and the country was turned inward. Tariffs were passed for restricting trade and strict sanctions were imposed on immigrants. Great depression encouraged American leaders to promote traditional American values such as capitalism and national interest. The corporate firms prospered in 1920s because profits reached highest levels and state rewarded businesses. High corporate profits were derived by businesses that were based on capitalist model. The companies earned enormous revenues while wages of labor declined CITATION Nic10 \l 1033 (Crafts & Fearon, 2010). By 1929 the wages of workers were 10 to 20 percent lower than in the beginning of the decade. The productivity in the manufacturing sector increased by 40% but the wages declined. The reactions in Germany were different because Great Depression reflected Nazi’s propaganda not cultural ideas. Financial crisis created frustrations as masses suffered from starvation. Americans invested in the booming markets but German’s failed to endure retract to cash.

In 1930s many influential cultural trends emerged in America. Literature, art and music acted as important vehicles for transmitting American values. The New Deal program supported writers and artists for displaying culture and presenting it to the masses CITATION Nic10 \l 1033 (Crafts & Fearon, 2010). The Federal Art Project launched in 1935 remains one of the visible efforts of the state for engaging artists in the creation of murals, paintings and posters that transmitted the themes of American values and culture. Economic troubles also promoted black segregation and millions of immigrants were culturally isolated and reflected American regionalism. In 1932 when majority of the Americans were unemployed the prevailing cultural norms kept women out of industries. This massive market downturn was a prominent reason for discouraging women from entering wage-paying economies CITATION Nic10 \l 1033 (Crafts & Fearon, 2010). Max Weber highlighted workplace challenged faced by labor in his book ‘Protestant ethic and spirit of capitalism’. The focus was to make workplace better for labor where they could work with free spirits. Religion-spiritual faith system were promoted in the period that encouraged the workers to create a meaningful workplace. This era focused on personal values such as work goals, societal norms about working an work-role identification.

Compared to America, Germans were entrapped in situation of hopelessness that disconnected them from traditional values. They homelessness, starvation and unemployment created misery for the working class. They were unable to take part in religious activities and suffered dire consequences. The central reason for this difference between two countries was the powerful role of Nazi in Germany CITATION Nic10 \l 1033 (Crafts & Fearon, 2010). In America economic troubles of 1920s and 1930s lead to the affirmation of democracy resulting from political movements. The Civil War in the beginning of 1930s and Marxist movements stressed on the adoption of humane models based on revolutionary ideas of equality and social justice. People of all social classes learned the importance of economic value.

Social and political upheavals were common in Germany but the power of state prevented population from engaging in political movements. Compared to America, democracy was non-existent due to the authoritative role of Nazi. The government policies and actions didn’t represented the interest of masses CITATION Die69 \l 1033 (Petzina, 1969). The comparison between America and Germany depicts that the formed managed to reaffirm traditional American values like democracy, capitalism and protestant work ethic. The reactions were different in Germany because economic downfall played negative role and threatened the values of masses.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Crafts, N., & Fearon, P. (2010). Lessons from the 1930s Great Depression . Oxford Review of Economic Policy , 26 (3).

Kennedy, D. M. (2016). The Great Depression: An Overview. Journal of Gilder Lehrman Institute .

Petzina, D. (1969). Germany and the Great Depression . Journal of Contemporary History , 4 (4), 59-74.

Exam

Your Name

Course Code

Instructor’s Name

Date

The articles of confederation were the initial official document that established the function of a national government in the United States. It helped in the creation of a central government but failed to give significant power to it. The central government prevented its states from creating their own foreign diplomatic structure. Before independence, different colonies were concerned that a central government would mean less power and that feeling also continued after the independence as well. After the formation of the government through Article of confederation, the delegates agreed on state voting but left the issue of individual stats’ claim to the western lands. Another issue which aroused in 1778, when the states of Maryland, Delaware and New Jersey refused to accept the “Articles of confederation”. The article restricted the rights of individual states to create diplomacy and foreign policy. One of the main failures of the Articles of confederation was its lack of structure to unify all the thirteen colonies together. One other major issue was the control over taxes and tariffs. The present form of the United States government is known as second form of the government under the constitution. To correct the weaknesses of the current government under the constitutions, it created the second government of the United States. The new state had full control over taxes, borrowing of money, setting of duties, imports, exports, exercises. The shift of power was mainly observed through:

Separate legislative, executive and judiciary branch

The courts were empowered to interpret fundamental and statute law

Act of federal government on people rather than state government

The new government also faced several problems and challenges after its formation. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, which were carried out by their respective legislature took their stance against Alien and sedition acts. These resolutions argued that any state can declare an act unconstitutional which is not clearly defined or authorized by the federal constitution.

The Hartford Convention was another issue that the federal government faced after its formation. Federalist Party of New England met in Hartford Connecticut. They raised certain issues regarding the ongoing war of 1812 and the excessive power abuse by the federal government. They also raised points on the issues of trade laws and the three-fifth compromise of slaves.

The Nullification crises also aroused from the United States political situations of 1832-33. The conflict between the federal government and South Carolina occurred during the tenure of Andrew Jackson. This situation further escalated when legislation of South Carolina declared the federal tariffs laws unconstitutional and determined it null and void within the jurisdiction of the state laws.

Exam 2

Exam 2

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Exam 2

Introduction

Ever since the United States came into existence, it has been seen that the laws and attitudes towards immigration and immigrants have constantly changed. Either the immigrants have been welcomed with open arms or straight up barred depending on how they impact the culture of the United States (Smith, 2017). The immigrants have faced a fair share of challenges and experiences over the course of time. In this paper, the immigration trends in the United States from the 19th Century to 1945 will be discussed and compared to the trends of the contemporary USA.

Discussion

In 1892, Ellis Island, America’s first immigration station opened in New York Harbor. Annie Moore a teenage girl from the County Cork in the United States was the first immigrant to step in the United States through the immigration station. So, in between 1892- 1945 around 12 million steps into the United States through Ellis Island. In 1907 the immigration of the United States saw a peak once again as around 1.3 million immigrants stepped into the United States. 1907 was also the time when the Gentleman's Agreement was signed between the United States and Japan. Americans were having issues with the increasing numbers of Japanese and taking the jobs to which this agreement was signed under the Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt. Under the agreement, Japan agreed that they will limit the Japanese immigration and Roosevelt urged Sans Francisco to stop the segregation of Japanese and white students in the schools.

By 1910, around three-quarters, if New York City's populace consisted of first-generation Americans and new immigrants. In 1917 racism had reached new heights on account of American contribution in World War 1. Majority of the Asian countries were restricted from immigrating to the United States and there was a new criterion of the immigrants having a certain qualification in order to enter the United States. By 1924 things changed more. The restrictions increased as per the Immigration Act of 1924. The number of immigrants allowed in the United States were limited and only allowed via the yearly quota. Only 2% of all nationalities were given the chance to apply for the visa. Further, immigrants from the northern and western Europe were favored, these areas only covered three countries; Ireland, Germany, and Great Britain. The act completely left out the immigrants from Asia, other than the Philippines. These limitations increased illegal immigration to the US (Smith, 2107). This led to the establishment of the US Border Patrol, restricting any illegal immigrants from the borders of Mexico and China. Then the United States faced labor shortages during World War 2, which led America to form the Bracero Program. This Program allowed the Mexican agriculture workers to enter the United States but it ended in 1964.

Talking about the immigration situation today, there are certain aspects that are similar to the old times but there are also things that are different. Back in the day, the immigrants were not given white-collar jobs, that part has changed but the inequality is similar to the old days. The immigrants today do not get the same opportunities as whites due to racism. Yes, they are qualified for the white-collar jobs but are denied for no good reason. Racism was present back in the day and still is an issue currently. New policies from Donald Trump have made things worse. His vision of making America great again is by excluding the immigrants. Again, there is a ban on majority Muslim countries and there is a vision of a wall between Mexico and the United States.

Conclusion

The issues that are being faced by the immigrants today are still similar to the problems faced in the past. The differences are in the policies. Racism would be the most substantial similarity that has stayed constant (Smith, 2017). There might be new countries who must have been restricted by the US based on the impact they might bring to the culture, but the basis of doing so will always go down to racism.

References

Smith, R. C. (2017). Transnational Localities: Community, Technology and the Politics of Membership within the Context of Mexico and US Migration 1. In Transnationalism from below(pp. 196-238). Routledge.

Exam 3

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Instructor Name

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Date

Exam 3

Racial issues in America are not uncommon to the American population and the rest of the world. African Americans have a history of painful events with the narratives of their subjugation and inhumane treatment at the hands of the White Americans. Moreover, the White Americans normalized the racial prejudices through propaganda literature and spreading hate for the Black minority group in the social avenues of the White dominant group. In this context, the institutionalized practices of marginalizing the African American community cannot be overlooked. Their civil liberties were denied by the state, administration, and the legal justice system in the United States of America. This essay analyzes the social prejudices prevalent in America concerning African Americans. Likewise, it discusses White supremacist control and its legitimization by denying them healthcare facilities, tarnishing their social reception through mass media, and spreading racial hate as a normalized practice.

In lieu of multiple agendas and policies, the legal and humanitarian rights of the African Americans were denied by the White Americans. The latter considered them both morally and racially superior over the other. Similarly, due to the lust for power and resources present in the African colonies, the Americans viewed it as a massive opportunity to utilize it for trade. As a result, the White Americans earned huge capitals by unlawfully controlling the lands of the black people and further pushed them into slavery. They were overworked and underpaid which was against humanity. In the same manner, this illegitimate control was institutionalized under the slogans of Manifest Destiny and the enforcement of Jim Crow laws. Likewise, a huge population of Black citizens was taken as slaves and thousands of children were born into slavery. President Lincoln abolished slavery through Emancipation Proclamation but the racial stigmas were so strong and rigid that the racist White population rejected such bills and continued violating the rights of the already repressed minority group. Similarly, the Jim Crow laws encouraged the racial segregation of the Black population from various public spheres and educational institutions that were meant for both the communities. For many centuries, they were not given the right to speak for their legal rights and they continued to be dominated by the racial policies of the American state. This situation resulted in mobilizing the Black community and their struggle for getting their civil liberal rights.

Healthcare facilities are one of the most fundamental rights of every citizen and the state takes extra measures in safeguarding these rights. However, during the twentieth century in America, a white doctor named George Gey took cells from the cervix of a Black woman named Henrietta Lacks. This was a clear violation of both his profession and the human values, the doctor used these cells for commercial practices. In the same manner, these cells were taken from the bodies of Black females without their knowledge and permission. These cells were further engineered to generate a lot of commercial income (Race and Health Care — An American Dilemma?). The poor Black lady’s health deteriorated and she remained a cripple throughout her life. Besides, this incident signifies the inhumane treatment of African Americans and their oppression as a normalized practice in America. Moreover, medical science in America has a history of inhumane medical treatment and experiments done on Blacks. Under the White supremacist agenda, Black lives do not matter and due to racial hatred, they are received miserably in society. Moreover, medical experimentation violates the basic human rights of the Black people and presents it to the world as a great scientific discovery. It also points to the centuries-old practice of conducting experiments on the Black population. Quite on the contrary, African Americans could not protect themselves from these uninformed activities and they were not given the right to protest. The Henrietta Lacks case is one of many examples of the racially biased medical practices prevalent in America.

Mass media is a powerful and common media to spread hate propaganda among the population. The representation of black people through a mass medium has always been problematic. Likewise, African Americans are generally portrayed as criminals, rapists, and uncivilized beings in both the news and the movies. Due to this ideological framing of the Black identity in the popular culture, the dominant group glorifies their actions and the white race as a civilized race. This generalized and colonial representation of the minority group allows the White Americans to manipulate the cognitive abilities of both the local and global audiences. In the same manner, this representation also exercises itself as a soft power tactic in the digital age (Race, Multiculturalism, and the Media). Such representation promotes racial profiling and on the other hand, makes the black population believe about their expected roles in a multiethnic society. For instance, in the twentieth century, White comedians would paint their faces Black to use Black identity as a caricature. This practice allowed them to disrespect the legacy of Black history and various contextual references. This practice triggered anxiety among African Americans and promoted anti-racial and hate sentiments in the White dominant group. Likewise, their comic representation normalizes racial stereotypes in American society. For the longest period, White actors performed the roles of Black characters and they were either shown as villains or misfits. In contemporary times, the Black representation has improved and Black characters are played by Non-White actors (Race Relations in a New Age). However, they are still struggling for their narrative that allows the social groups to represent their culture in its truest form in front of the global audience.

The mass hate towards the Black people harbored the xenophobic ideology in the White population and due to this prolonged issue, racism was normalized in America. The political leadership would enjoy a strong vote bank by evoking racist ideologies. In America, systematic inequality further pushed the African Americans and when they tried to seek justice from the legal systems, it always sided with the White Americans (Racialized Politics: The Debate about Racism in America). The cultural significance of Black communal values allowed them to seek solace in each other’s company and they mobilized themselves for the decades-long struggle to regain their civil rights. Blacks became successful in getting their civil rights, however, the White society, in general, was plagued with racist ideas. In the same manner, they had always Othered the Black community and their sense of racial superiority never let them deviate from violent practices (Racism on the Internet: Young People of Color React). Despite the economic growth, the social sphere deteriorated in the United States of America. The African Americans were continued to be racially profiled in the colonial pattern. For instance, Black people were prohibited from buying property in the residential areas, designated for the white localities. Moreover, the minorities could not use public spaces and most importantly, educational institutes specifically built for the White citizens. This racial superiority, on one side, corrupted the White community both ethically and morally. On the other hand, it created social unrest among the Black population and they remained aloof to their legal rights for many centuries.

The institutionalized racial practices allowed the White Americans to subvert the fundamental rights of equality, justice, philanthropy, and social well-being of the African Americans. The dominant majority group did not accept this difference as a mere variance of facial color. However, they exercised their illegal and hegemonic control based on this sole difference. Similarly, the Black population was denied healthcare facilities and their bodies were used for medical experimentation. In the same manner, their identity and cultural heritage were tarnished by the White comedians and their control over the mass media. All these factors gave way to anti-racial hate sentiments in America.

Work Cited:

“Racism on the Internet: Young People of Color React | The Brink | Boston University.” Accessed December 17, 2019. http://www.bu.edu/articles/2019/internet-racism/.

“Race Relations in a New Age.” Accessed December 17, 2019. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2009/04/race-relations.

“Racialized Politics: The Debate about Racism in America - Google Books.” Accessed December 17, 2019. https://books.google.com.pk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=zoHbVRqlRiIC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=racism+and+institutions+in+america&ots=ISE9TB9VgD&sig=i67HsIlUZAz_Rzum2755z5mdxcY&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=racism%20and%20institutions%20in%20america&f=false.

“Race and Health Care — An American Dilemma? | NEJM.” Accessed December 17, 2019. https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM199609123351110.

“Race, Multiculturalism, and the Media: From Mass to Class Communication, 2nd Ed. - PsycNET.” Accessed December 17, 2019. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1995-98693-000.

Examination Of Teh Researching History Guide

EXAMINATION OF THE RESEARCHING HISTORY GUIDE

Student’s Name

Subject

Date

EXAMINATION OF THE RESEARCHING HISTORY GUIDE

Historical research needs thorough and in-depth analytical skills that can be developed by following a well-devised set of instructions and guidelines. In this context, Patrick Rael’s “Writing, and researching for history: a guide for college students” is a significant help. The book is written with the association of Bowdoin College in 2004 and proffers a preamble and core comprehension regarding the formal historical studies for university-level students. Throughout the content, underlying concepts and aspects of historical researches are elucidated that also include the usage of secondary and primary historical sources. The textbook comprised of various authentic writing pieces and explicates the proper documentation and implications of scholarly guidelines and references. Moreover, it is highlighted how students can draft, compose, edit, and write an excellent history paper by implementing the research rudiments ascribed in the book.

The book elaborates several instructional points that are necessary to consider while writing a research paper. Students generally miss the underlying intricacies of history, and in turn make substantial mistakes in their history research papers. Rael starts from the start and asserts that it is imperative to pinpoint a valid topic so that students have something extraordinary to delve in and yield productive and impressive outcomes from their research. After analyzing the book, it becomes evident that in the modern era of technological advancement, it is convenient to surf the web to acquire relevant information. The vast horizons of internet and online archives proffer bright chances to explore the essential pieces of history just through a few clicks. However, the ease of technology always associates with a definite tinge of suspiciousness in the context of authenticity. Internet is laden with a myriad of websites and blogs that are based only on content generation, and they have nothing to do with accuracy and authenticity. Therefore it is advocated to always concern the authentic books and other historical annals for the research inclusion purposes.

However, still gathering authentic data in history research is the main difficulty in the chronological research process. It happens because most of the first-hand knowledge generically comes from the primary sources and the primary sources can infuse a hue of biases into the research. There are several instances of primary sources that involve a lot of preferences as well as the influence of personal perspective of the narrator, and that can somehow alter the course of research and can establish discerned conclusions. However, the main problem is that it is not easy to differentiate between the prejudiced and original account of incidents that could affect the authenticity of a history research paper. Rael incorporates an exacerbated account of historical research information and the bullet style elaborative content is effectively relayed. However, the content should be more enhanced as it is explicitly written for university-level students.

Regardless of all intricacies, complications, and difficulties, it is evident that the mentioned book is a valuable source and by following the instructions and the provided framework, history students can polish their writing skills. In this regard, the most significant factor is the sequence that underlines the history research process from scratch and proceeds gradually. Throughout the chunky data, the book enwraps all the fundamental ideas that can be extremely helpful in developing conceptualization and establishing compelling propositions. The very content of the discussed book assisted me in clarifying a few ambiguous aspects of historical research that were otherwise unknown to me completely. On the other hand, with the help of this book, I have created a mind map that equips me with directions to follow the step-wise process, and it becomes easier for me to have an accurate picture of my progress in the research process.

Bibliography

"Reading, Writing, and Researching for History." Accessed May 8, 2019. http://www.napavalley.edu/Library/Documents/reading.writing.history.pdf.

Falling Rome

[Name of Writer]

[Name of Subject]

[Name of Instructor]

Falling Rome

Introduction

The time period during 300 to 600 BC was the era when every religion of the world was gaining fame in the world. This was the time when in Rome the only religion that used to exist was the worshipping of their Gods. This was the time when the Roman Empire was at its peak and everyone was happily following all those rules and regulations that were imposed on the people of Rome by their Rulers and the people were also following it like the blind faith as it was in their rituals and customs and traditions that they cannot go against their family and the rule of law. With the passage of time, things were not changing, but everything remained highly stagnant, and there was only the rule of law.

During the mid-century, the thing was abruptly starting to change when the new religion of Christianity started getting fame, and it came into the Roman Empire. Initially, nobody took this religion , and the rulers also considered it as a joke. With the passage of time it was observed that there were various people who were dragging towards this religion, and they started to preach this religion as well into the community where people learned about the real facts and figures of the God and realized that the religion which is practiced in the city of Rome is a self-created religion, this religion has no worth in history and neither in the future. This was the red alarm for the Roman Empire, and it was noticed as well that they tried to save it through brutality and many other ways but all these went in vain, and there was no solution. As a result, the Roman Empire started to fall, and the only religion that prevailed was Christianity.

Discussion

The other religion that started to gain fame was the presence of the Sanskrit and Buddhism which have somehow the similar teachings in respect to the message provided by their Gods. In the religion of Sanskrit Lord Siva and Lord Vishnu and Lord Brahma were the three Gods who have given their message to the mankind and they formed a trinity in the world presenting the message of peace and then describing the three phases of life which include the birth death and destruction. This was the time when the thought processes of the people also changed, and all these concepts within no time moved them, and Sanskrit became the leading religion of the world. All these factors have a significant influence on the changing of religions all across the globe. The other factor which was noticed during this time period was the message of Buddhism. The teachings of Buddha have also influenced mankind and have moved them in their thoughts. He taught the basic concept of life which says that having the two extremes in life is the only way where people can destroy their thinking and their life as extremism always results in destructions and gives out nothing to the people but leading a moderate stance in all the aspects of life can give a positive ray of hope to the people where they can live their life comfortably.

Conclusion

With the end to the various Dynasties, the Chinese Han dynasty was the only dynasty that emerges in form f the ruling dynasty of the world, and they followed Buddhism where everything was about loving people and spreading peace in all the aspects. This was the time when the teachings of Buddha were highly practiced everywhere, and the only religion which was being followed in the world was Buddhism similar to that of the time when there was a fame of the Roman Empire, and the empire was leading everywhere and people learned from all these aspects that with the time, there comes a religion which is followed everywhere in the world and the leading empires may fall shortly.

Work Cited

"W. W. Norton & Co.." Digital.wwnorton.com. N. p., 2019. Web. 23 Feb. 2019.

Federalist V Anti Federalist

Harris

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Federalists Vs. Anti-Federalists

Federalists are those who strongly support the constitution and state democracy. On the other hand, people who do not officially accept the Constitution that is in favor of small local governments. It is to be noted that federalists and Non-federalists both agree about preserving human rights and freedom. But they disagree over a matter that government with full control will either pave the path for a country enjoying the freedom or it will subsequently abolish the practice of free rights. They believed that a large and strong government was essential to create a powerful union through better bonds between states. Before this, a general assumption was made that the state could operate competently only when it was local and small, which Federalists defied. They clearly stated that a powerful state can better provide individual rights and freedom to people and the rights of a minority will not be violated by the majority. Also, federalists wanted to protect the infrastructure of states. They wanted to build the code of rule by consensus and through a strong government based on widespread authority, but without losing control of states. This will help secure the legality of the new government formed.

The anti-federalists were not united until, in 1787, when they presented objection to the Constitution approval. Anti-federalists were against expanding control of the national government and preferred local governments. So, a union of states could only protect peoples' rights and freedom. They also shared the concern about the deficiency of a bill of rights as the constitution was not adequate to protect individuals' rights. This subsequently directed the passing of Bill for Rights as a term for approval in North Carolina, Virginia, New York, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"70jHwUDr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Would You Have Been a Federalist or an Anti-Federalist? - Bill of Rights Institute})","plainCitation":"(Would You Have Been a Federalist or an Anti-Federalist? - Bill of Rights Institute)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":34,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YgsdZK9k/items/FI3WYNF3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YgsdZK9k/items/FI3WYNF3"],"itemData":{"id":34,"type":"webpage","title":"Would you have been a Federalist or an Anti-Federalist? - Bill of Rights Institute","URL":"https://billofrightsinstitute.org/would-you-have-been-a-federalist-or-an-anti-federalist/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,7]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Would You Have Been a Federalist or an Anti-Federalist? - Bill of Rights Institute).

The Articles of Confederation postulated that every state would have to approve another constitution, so that it can be effective. To handle this situation, the representatives added a new section in the constitution which described a new method of ratification. After nine out of thirty had approved it, firstly articles would be replaced in the Constitution in these nine states. The representative had predicated accurately that the other twenty-one state would not be able to endure without it and would have to approve it. Secondly, as it empowered the smaller states even more than Articles of confederation had, so these states rapidly endorsed it. But the approval of other resolution was not this quick or calm. It led to disturbances in numerous cities and the public arguments between Federalists and Anti-Federalists became intense.

Federalists were in favor of powerful government and implementation of the Constitution appositely but also wanted a slightly freer decentralized government. The main argue between Federalists and Anti-federalists was how much control the national government can have overall states. They agreed on giving authority to the national government meanwhile keeping the state governments with more control. The common influence among Anti-federalists was that they believed that the national government could snatch freedom and rights of the public. They also resisted the political authority granted to the national government. Although for marinating check and balance, the federalists formed three divisions in the Constitution: legislative, judicial and executive. This structure was to assure the people that the president will corrupt the government or misuse the power. The authority and power will be equally divided between national and state governments. The Federalists responded to anti-federalists to demonstrate the significance of the constitution.

In conclusion, to complete the process of approval of the constitution and to satisfy concerns of Anti-federalists, the Bill of Rights was written, which contained ten constitutional revisions to ensure fundamental rights of every citizen. After embracing the Bill of rights, it has become a significant for many and more often debated in court cases than the articles. ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zhAV5tMn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ugonna Eze)","plainCitation":"(Ugonna Eze)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":36,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YgsdZK9k/items/IEAQ8NP7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YgsdZK9k/items/IEAQ8NP7"],"itemData":{"id":36,"type":"webpage","title":"The Anti-Federalists and their important role during the Ratification fight - National Constitution Center","container-title":"National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org","abstract":"On this day in 1787, the debate over the newly written Constitution began in the press after an anonymous writer in the New York Journal warned citizens that the document was not all that it seemed.","URL":"https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/the-anti-federalists-and-their-important-role-during-the-ratification-fight","language":"en","author":[{"literal":"Ugonna Eze"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",9,27]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,7]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ugonna Eze)

If Anti-federalists had not protested the Federalism two centuries ago, many human rights would have been violated.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Ugonna Eze. “The Anti-Federalists and Their Important Role during the Ratification Fight - National Constitution Center.” National Constitution Center – Constitutioncenter.Org, 27 Sept. 2017, https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/the-anti-federalists-and-their-important-role-during-the-ratification-fight.

Would You Have Been a Federalist or an Anti-Federalist? - Bill of Rights Institute. https://billofrightsinstitute.org/would-you-have-been-a-federalist-or-an-anti-federalist/. Accessed 7 Nov. 2019.