Hist Week 3

History Week 3

Dawn M Rosales Kneubuhl

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Salem Witches Trial

Salem Witch Trials

In 1692, the idea of witchcraft was common in the streets of Salem, Massachusetts that led to numerous executions. Even now, historians have different and often conflicting views when it comes to the interpretation of the judicial proceedings of these accusations that later came to be known in the history books as the Salem Witch Trials.

Some factors contribute to the historical context of their trials. For one, these trials were fueled by the Native American Wars of the 17th century. Feminists say that these wars were the result of the patriarchal oppression that was common in those days. They cite the argument that all the witches were female, and not even one male was executed in these trials. Some scholars even accuse the cold weather as an invisible factor that contributes to this trend of max execution. Lastly, some scholars think that mass hysteria is the contributing factors in these trials.

A question that often comes to mind as we view these factors that how does the interpretation of these factors differs from the historical narrative. This is since those days were highly stress days due to the role of rigid religious doctrines that were often too much for the girls which often resulted in physical symptoms. Since there were no scientific advances in those days, their conditions were viewed as though they were influenced by an evil spirit.

To conclude this argument, these trials have numerous interpretations that are cited by different experts due to their diverse educational backgrounds. But all the experts agree on one thing, that these trials were highly biased and were all against women. Also, these trails were a result of a lack of scientific advances and education, and to some extent, boredom.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Davidson, J. W. (2000). Chapter 3: The Visible and Invisible Worlds of Salem. In M. H. Lytle, After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection (pp. 52-74). McGraw-Hill.

HIST560

Historic City Of Ahmadabad

Student name

Submitted to

Assignment

Date

Historic City of Ahmadabad

The six-hundred-year-old historical city of Gujarat, Ahmedabad has now become the World Heritage City. The effort to achieve this achievement, which has been going on for seven years, finally paid off on Saturday. At the 41st meeting of the World Heritage Committee in Cracow City, Poland, Ahmedabad was granted the status of World Heritage City. With this, Ahmedabad has become the first city in the country to receive the state of World Heritage City. “Signatory countries to the World Heritage Convention promising to guard their natural and cultural heritage, submit nomination suggestions for belongings on their terrain measured for presence in UNESCO’s World Heritage List”( The Better India 1).

Why is it a historical city?

Sultan Ahmed Shah founded this city in 1411 AD, and it was named Ahmedabad after the name of Sultan Ahmed Shah. The city has been a significant camp for the movement during India’s freedom struggle. Not only this, but this city has also witnessed the beginning of many changes related to the freedom struggle. The Father of the Nation Mahatma Gandhi established the Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad. Situated on the banks of the Sabarmati River, this beautiful city is developing very much at present as a trade and commercial centre. Visible as its historical and industrial identity, this city is called the heart of Gujarat. Indonesian architecture started in this city called Manchester of India. Ahmedabad is a place of tourist interest in terms of tourism.

The city remained the royal capital for about 162 years (1411 to 1573). After this, the free Sultanate of Gujarat about to finish during the sovereignty of Sultan Muzaffar-III. During the reign of Sultan Muzaffar-III, there was an atmosphere of chaos in the province. The Mughal Emperor Akbar attacked Gujarat in 1573 and won the region. Although Ahmedabad mislaid its position as the capital of Gujarat through the Mughal rule, Ahmedabad took its status as a major trading centre and the principal city of Gujarat in the country.

The Mughal rulers after the Sultanate of Emperor Aurangzeb were weak. Mughal Viceroys (Subedars) used to fight among themselves and is struggling with the Marathas. As a result, there was chaos in the country, and from 1737 to 1753, Ahmedabad was ruled by the Mughal Viceroy and Peshwa (Raja1).

During the Maratha rule, the rule of Ahmedabad was divided into two parts. One was in the hands of the Peshwas, the other in the hands of the Gaekwads. In this, the Peshwa had a more significant share of jurisdiction. During 64 years of Maratha rule, the situation in Ahmedabad worsened. The reason was the continuous conflict between the Peshwas and the Gaekwads. During this time the roads, palaces, houses and the walls surrounding it also suffered a lot of damage.

In 1753, the armies of Raghunath Rao and Damaji Gaekwad captured the city, putting an end to Mongol rule. Over the 64 years of the reign of Gaekwad and Peshwa, the city has become cleaner. In 1818, the British cunningly took control of Ahmedabad. At that time, the city government was established, and a railway built. The British ruled only the territory that was at their disposal. The whole city was not interested in the British. They did not develop the cultural sphere of his life: they did not build schools, churches and clubs. In other cities controlled by the British, this was not the case. (Darshini et al.1)

For this reason, English is not an official language in Ahmedabad, unlike other large Indian cities. But since Ahmedabad is the international trading hub of Gujarat, the population of the city knows the language. Between themselves, residents speak Gujarati. Tourists can speak both English and Hindi with residents. The locals are generally friendly, so it’s okay if you don’t speak any of the languages officially accepted in India.

The Independence Movement took root in Ahmedabad, and the centre of the movement was the residence of the Mahatma Gandhi, Sabarmati ashram. Ahmedabad combines tradition and modern life. The city is famous for the Navaratri festival, the longest dance festival in the world. Tourists celebrate Navaratri on a par with locals.

In 1864, a railway line was laid between Bombay and Central India Railway between Ahmedabad and Bombay. This made Ahmedabad a critical junction among north and south India in terms of traffic and trade. A considerable amount of public from rural areas established there to work in textile mills and made a healthy industry.

Ahmedabad is a fortified city on the shores of Sabarmati where Hindu, Muslim and Jainist communities have coexisted for centuries. The walled enclave of Ahmedabad includes the citadel of Badhra, the famous stone frescoes of the Sidi Saiyyed Mosque and many other examples of Indo-Muslim architecture, a legacy of rich multicultural history.

One of the most attractive historical buildings of the city is the Sidi Sayyid mosque with double windows. An unusual building is Rajub Bibi - Swing Minarets. The oldest mosque is the Ahmed Shah Mosque, dated 1414. The modern part of the city is located on the west coast of the Sabarmati river, some buildings were erected according to the designs of French and American architects.

Gujarat residents are famous for their hospitality. They are also known to be good businessmen. Ahmedabad is a large industrial city in which the textile industry is well developed. Today, the chemical and oil industries, the IT industry and international trade are flourishing along with it. Ahmedabad is also known for Finance Wizards. The city is famous as a modern center of Jainism.

Works cited

Darshini, et al. “City Profile : Ahmedabad.” Library Home, Centre for Urban Equity (CUE),

CEPT University, Ahmedabad, IN, 1 Sept. 2014, https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/handle/10625/55670.

Raja, Vidya. “How Ahmedabad Became India's First UNESCO-Recognised World Heritage

City.” The Better India, 11 July 2017, https://www.thebetterindia.com/108053/ahmedabad-indias-first-unesco-recognised-world-heritage-city/.

UNESCO World Heritage. “Historic City of Ahmadabad.” UNESCO World Heritage

Centre, https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1551.

Historic Movie Paper

History and Anthropology

Your Name here

(1/2 page down from top)

Historic Movie Paper-Lincoln (2012)

Lincoln (2012) is a biopic movie on the American president Abraham Lincoln. It covers the last four months of the US president’s second term when the conflicts between south and north were on peak. This movie has also reflected on the events of civil war, one of the heart aching events in the US history. However, it is focusing the year 1865, when the country was suffering from a war and it had sacrificed thousands of people at its feet. It was the time when the forests and fields of the country were covered with blood and corpses. People were mourning for their beloved ones. Slavery was one of the factors which torn the country into two; the pro-slavery and anti-slavery supporters. It was a crucial time and the president Lincoln decided to come up with 13th Amendment. On the other side, it was felt that the rebellions of south are ready for the peace negotiations.

This movie portrays the struggles of the president Lincoln and he has been in depicted arguing to support the 13th amendment. On the other side, south confederates are willing to give up on war but they are against the 13th amendment. However, the aim of this essay to find out the actual facts and events related to confederate peace demands and the 13th amendment procedure in the legislature.

Furthermore, watching the movie and going through several primary sources the movie seemed factual to me. The overall plot of the movie highlights the early months of 1865, when on one side the confederates were trying to end the war through peace commissioners. On the other side, there was a debate running in the House of Representatives about the 13th Amendment. However, some of the events which were going side by side with these two events and which supported the 13th amendment and helped to end the war, are missing from the movie. For instance, the efforts of Susan B. Anthony a feminist leader who worked hard for women suffrage. However, the movie is focusing two of the events that’s why it does not cover the other historical events of that time. The movie is primarily talking about the president and other politicians who were directly involved in the passing of the 13th amendment in the house. The aim of the 13th amendment was to abolish the slavery system in the United States.

Secondly, the peace movements and the 13th amendments were connected to each other but not the way movie has pointed it out. There are few of the scenes which are absent from the primary sources. For instance, it is shown in the movie that the president Lincoln refuses to the peace talks by Confederates until the 13th amendment is ratified. It is not the truth. The truth is that both of the events were linked and happened at the same time, but they were not connected to each other from beginning, like the movie shows it.

Lincoln is not the 100% percent accurate movie but it is very close to the reality. It is not providing every single detail but more importantly, it has accurately portrayed the major events. It helped me a lot to learn more about the one of the major events of the history. Also, it provides details about the iconic figure of the United States and his efforts for removing social injustice practices from the country.

In conclusion, the movie titled Lincoln is one of the informative movies and it informs about confederate peace demands and the 13th amendment procedure in the legislature in 1865. However, few the events are missing from the movie. Yet, it has closely reflected on both of the events.

Works Cited

Anthony, Susan B. "Susan B. Anthony." The President Speaks (2004): 8.

Sandburg, Carl. Abraham Lincoln: the war years. Vol. 3. Harcourt, Brace & Company, 1939.

Historical Criticism In The Bible

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[English]

[Date]

How did historical criticism call into question the legitimacy of the Bible as the literal word of God?

Introduction

Historical Criticism also termed as higher criticism deciphers the study of literary texts especially ancients texts. The study of such texts refer to the tracing of origination and development of the narrations over the course of time. Historical Criticism is a complex business taking into consideration that there is no validity of the texts that are read in terms of beliefs. It also includes time, medium and interpreter where every situation is defined in terms of surrounding factors. One of the major aspects is the analysis of genre taking into account that there are a number of literal genres and those genres are read and understood differently in their time, addressing particular ideas and needs of the communities. There is a critical debate on the topic of understanding Biblical accounts because of different manuscripts that highlight several textual errors that have been discovered over centuries. In terms of Bible, it can be inferred that the Bible cannot be interpreted as the literal word of God because there are a number of translations that are interpreted by different people, having different beliefs.

Discussion

It is significant to note that during 14 century, Bible was assumed to be written by Moses but this authorship was questioned by the end of 18 century, in the end of 19 century, it was asserted that Bible is more like a verbal account adhering to the polemical approach of text interpretation. It evidently stresses the significance of understanding and highlighting the literal meaning of text, taking into account that the literal meaning of any text is always deeply rooted in the spiritual, prophetic, moral and sometimes eschatological meanings that vary with the scholar and interpreter. (The Biblical World, pp. 291–294). If Bible is defined in terms of rigorous analysis, it carries significant dimensions, asserting if it is treated just as an ancient text without tracing and associating with the idea of holy and divine interaction, there would be a different interpretation. Bible comprises of certain events and ideas that are vague and ambiguous when compared to the present time, taking into account that there would be a difference in the actual scenario and the potential situation in which the text is proposed for making a reference.

In accordance with the advancement of historical-critical scholarship, fine distinction was made between different layers of tradition in the Gospels in which the object of faith became blurred. It is significant to note that when Pope Benedict XVI wrote his trilogy of the works on Jesus of Nazareth, one of the basic purposes was to include all those aspects of historic criticism that were neglected under the tradition of Patristic Exegesis. (Capetz, 2011, pp. 459–488). His aim was to incorporate the limits of historical criticism and reflect the importance of scripture in term of faith. Pope highlighted the problems of the gap that existed between the Christ of faith and the Historical Jesus taking into account that both are poles apart. In the same course, the reconstruction addressing Jesus became more incompatible with the passage of time. It was more like a dramatic situation demonstrating faith because a point of reference was placed in doubt. In a nutshell, it can be asserted that there is no idea that reflects the acceptance of unbiblical inspiration because there is a conflict in the proofs that may be induced by the analysis of the text and the testimony of the Christian community highlighting the authority of the church. (Capetz, 2011, pp. 459–488).

This fact of interpretation conflicts is sufficient to negate the ideology of sola scriptura theory. If Bible is read in terms of the ordinary writing there would be no complications in understanding but if a religious association is made, vague and ambiguous sentences would be equally affected. It refers to the idea that there are different scenarios in which a text is presented, highlighting a particular action and then a response that is expected in order to abide by the religious code of conduct. It would not be wrong to say that if authority and testimony of the church is accepted then there is a clear criticism on the relationship of Jews with God and then the covenant in the Jesus Christ and the Church. This lineage is an adherence to the eschatological reality that is an ultimate triumph of God and His saint in terms of eternity. (The Biblical World, pp. 291–294).

Another picture of this story reflects interpretation of the text in terms of merely human origin. It is necessary to read the text in a reverse order where it is asserted that there is no God and there is no interference of God in terms of formation of Scripture. A more in-depth analysis highlight that Biblical text is just an explanation of the happenings of the time that appears to be a part of supernatural agency. In such a case, Moses would no longer be an archetype of the Christian community or a Chosen Prophet of the church. The only pertaining truth would be the idea that Prophets cannot speak of anything beyond their time span, asserting that the teaching of any prophet is confined to the time and boundaries of their existence. Adjusting to any secular exegete infer to push the Scripture as received taking into account that the interpreter is same as wiping off the layers that are decided and incorporated with the passage of time and over the course of interpretation in different times. It would not be wrong to say that these layers burden on original text with portions and signs that are actually designed to justify the political claims. (Capetz, et, al. 2010, pp. 475–506).

Whenever there is a question about revelation and the truth about the existence of God, there are certain frameworks that are incorporated without any critical approval taking into account that the Biblical authors have incorporated the task of communicating the divine reaction adhering to different fragilities, limitations, and biases. In such a case, the interpreters are just biblical readers and the individual are well suited in a particular historical context. Unlike Christian theologians, modern biblical scholars are actually the historians who do not make any claim regarding the divine nature of Bible as a word from God, in fact, it is treated as a relationship that is centered in history and faith. (The Biblical World, pp. 291–294). It is asserted that the idea to interpret Bible literally is inherently problematic adhering to a number of reasons. The idea of literal translation and interpretation collapse truth that is actually believed to be true and workable. In accordance with the interpretation of Bible, it is asserted to speak truth equally and unequivocally concerning matters however speaking the truth is actually overturned. there is no staunch reality or guarantee about this fact taking into account that this world is a highly fragile foundation of truth. It is assured that the majority of theological matters are discussed and debated in church, adhering to retrieve references from the Bible. (Aichele, George, et al. 2009, pp. 383–404).

An analysis of the new ideas may be persuasive, absurd or shocking, provided that there would be some ideas that required complete analysis and verification. It highlights that interpretation is connective and it is an inspection of some old and new ideas where every old idea was new in the past. A common example of this fact is the interpretation of Paul's experience to reinterpret the story of Abraham, asserting that there were some of the strong basis of defining man’s relations to God. (The Biblical World, pp. 291–294). However, his explanation was innovative and radical but it was equally, “traditional”. It is important to note that criticizing the degree of fidelity and continuity is an undeniable part of the interpretation of the ideologies of the church. There is no justification that can be guaranteed to be a “lock” on the actual idea or interpretation. (Aichele, George, et al. 2009, pp. 383–404). People interpret as they please, side by side, there are a number of interpretations that don't abide by the fidelity of the Gospel, and there is no legitimate association that could justify the underlying stance. In a nutshell, all the interpretations and reading are borne out of the daily life analysis and day to day practice of faith.

It is significant to note that there are a number of assumptions regarding faithful impulses that are associated with Bible. Faith is more like an abstraction that is fed by the flux of human experience with God and the self-actualization of the scripture. It is significant to note that there are different schools of thought that aim at the identification of different agendas. It is therefore highlighted that the Bible cannot be taken as a literal reading, taking into account that the flow of beliefs vary and intersect with the passage of time. Although Bible is treated as a complete code of life still it has a number of decisions that are actually condescending with time where there are a number of passages that have varied meanings adhering to the situations and requirement of the time when certain ideas were revealed. It is significant to note that words are symbols, there are very few symbols that are universally accepted. (Capetz, 2011, pp. 459–488). A number of symbols have different meanings where an individual is not sure whether the same meaning is retrieved by the hearer or not. The ideology that deals with the interpretation of holy text can be reflected back to the comparison that is made between conveyed meaning of leaf and an individual’s thought when different types of leaves are exposed or displayed. (Aichele, George, et al. 2009, pp. 383–404).

Conclusion

An exegetical and comparative study of the facts and figures highlight that there is no clear ideology that can allow and treat Bible as literal word of god. It is an evident act that there is a great difference in terms of comparison and understanding in the present time. Research has highlighted that about 1800 years ago, it was for the first time highlighted that there is a difference between the actual text and word of mouth. Purpose is the underlying themes in such cases highlighting that it is an undeniable fact that there is a significant purpose of every line that is revealed but there is an ambiguity in the overall interpretation just because of the suitability of a particular time and area. An in-depth analysis reveals that there is no set pattern that is acceptable of abiding by the universal framework, taking into account that each interpreter has a different spectrum adhering to differ social setting. The stance of this ambiguity is not only confined to the realms of teachings, in fact, the complete ideology of events is challenged taking into consideration scores of contradictions that are not well suited. It would not be wrong to say that only those texts are valid that could withstand the scrutiny of time but the text of Bible seems to undergo a shift taking into account that Divine things pertain and persist. It is more like an unsaid thought for which several assumptions and ideas are given adhering to specific and just platforms.

Work Cited

“Our ‘Attack on the Bible.’” The Biblical World, vol. 34, no. 5, 1909, pp. 291–294. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3141947.

Aichele, George, et al. “An Elephant in the Room: Historical-Critical and Postmodern Interpretations of the Bible.” Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. 128, no. 2, 2009, pp. 383–404. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/25610189.

Capetz, Paul E. “The Old Testament as a Witness to Jesus Christ: Historical Criticism and Theological Exegesis of the Bible According to Karl Barth.” The Journal of Religion, vol. 90, no. 4, 2010, pp. 475–506. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/654824.

Capetz, Paul E. “Theology and the Historical-Critical Study of the Bible.” The Harvard Theological Review, vol. 104, no. 4, 2011, pp. 459–488. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41234100.

Historical Film/tv Review.

Title page

Historical film

The film ‘Pocahontas’ 1995 accurately represents the past as the main character appears to be courageous and determined. The association of the female with the colonial settlements of Jamestown, Virginia. The story is based on the folklore legend and her encounter with John Smith is portrayed in the actual way as Pocahontas met him in history. the film has used the original theme by representing her as a strong woman capable of taking bold decisions. Her courage and strength allow her to save the colonist John Smith. The characters of Pocahontas and John smith have not deviated from the history. The events are created as they exist in the past becoming apparent in the creation of war club and execution of John Smith. This film has close link with the original issues faced by the native Americans in past as the unfair role of English colonists.

In the film, Pocahontas is shown having connection with the environment which again links it to the history. She is portrayed having great respect for the traditions and the cultures. She also cares for her people and starts a mission of rejecting the oppression. Irrespective of her love for John she preferred her people and stayed with them. The film captures the same themes of love and empathy of Pocahontas for her people CITATION His181 \l 1033 (History, 2018).

The film plays a significant role by educating the American public by emphasizing on female strength. The film portrays a legendary female character to educate females that they can take courageous roles as independent women CITATION NPS17 \l 1033 (NPS, 2017). The film uncovers the Native American culture and the society. The film gives the knowledge to the audience about the struggles of the native people and their strong willpower to gain freedom. People learn through the film about the role of native women.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY History. (2018). Pocahontas . Retrieved 10 14, 2019, from https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/pocahontas

NPS. (2017). Pocahontas: Her Life and Legend . Retrieved 10 4, 2019, from https://www.nps.gov/jame/learn/historyculture/pocahontas-her-life-and-legend.htm

Historical Journal

Historical Journal

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Historical Journal

Journal Entry

Dear Journal,

I was tired of talking to myself through this sea sickening journey from Russia to the United States. My father and mother think that it is for the best as back home everything is becoming more suffocating by the day. I know I am only a 17-year-old boy but it feels like we have been enduring this pain for centuries. My parents are right in so many ways, the government authorized anti-Semitism became very severe as each day passed (Poole and Marsan). The little property and security that we had left back home were taken over by the programs staged by the czar's henchmen. Further, being a Jew did not do us any well, they would take away 25 years of a man's life by pushing them into fighting fruitless wars, with outdated weapons. This tactic was mainly to show and teach the people discipline. I have high hopes that I and my family’s life in America take a turn for the good.

My parents tell me that things are quite easier for us as opposed to the people in the past, the voyage that we were on hardly took one week long and now we are here in a country that will be our new home, hopefully. The journey was not as bad as I thought it would be, I thought I was going to catch my death when we first left. I am upset and I feel that I have abandoned my country in a way but America was our only hope to escape persecution. I will be living with my Uncle Boris in the lower east side of New York.

I have reached New York and as my ship stopped I could see many Americans surround the decks and looking at us. As I got down from the ship, my Uncle Boris called me out and embraced me in his arms (The Charter of New England, 2019). He took me with him to the big city and there it was, the warmth of the urban setting enveloping me like a kind embrace. It was my escape from all the discrimination, beating, poverty and prosecution that I saw in Russia.

It has been quite some time that things have been a little difficult. Life here is tough and I have to work to make ends meet and jobs here are not the easiest. There are many immigrants from Ireland as well, they chose to move to the United States after the potato blight which caused a massive Irish emigration. I can tell that the majority of the people living in New York are either immigrants or they are the children of the migrants. The apartment that I live in is very small, I share a room with my Uncle's son. Due to the massive immigration, most of the people live in apartment complexes and it can get a little cramped up.

This patch of life is hard-hitting but it gets tolerable every time Uncle Boris tells me about the contributions that were done by the immigrants. He tells me about Samuel Gompers, an immigrant from England who laid the foundation of the American Federation of Labor beginning in 1886. It felt good that immigrants had been aiding in the American economy, however, the gold rush era that concluded in the Chinese Exclusion of Act of 1882, made me think otherwise. One is bound to get second thoughts when it comes to such a scenario, what if there are bitter thoughts for my people as well? What if we cannot get by in this country? However, regardless of all the negativity, there is a lot more positivity as well which is making me look on the other side of the grass (Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 2019). My journey as in immigrant to the United stated so far has been bitter-sweet and I hope it gets better as time passes.

Adrik.

References

No Irish need apply. Written by John F. Poole... H. De Marsan, Publisher, 54 Chatham Street, New-York. Monographic. [Online Text] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/amss.as109730/.

The Avalon Project : The Charter of New England : 1620. (2019). Avalon.law.yale.edu. Retrieved 27 August 2019, from https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/mass01.asp

Our Documents - Chinese Exclusion Act (1882). (2019). Ourdocuments.gov. Retrieved 27 August 2019, from https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=47

Historiographical Essay

Historiographical Anthropology

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Introduction

There could be seen many flaws and issues with histories of those countries that are being called as one of the most influential countries of the world at present, but when talked about American history, it could be seen that there were many problems with it, that forced people to leave American territory and move other nearby places. One of the major concerns that a person could easily find by taking a look at the American history is transatlantic abolition, slavery, and sex that not only fascinates people of that time but even today many people, especially students and scholars, shows great interest in this topic. By taking a look at American history, it has been observed that there is a significant role played by the British territory and people though this issue first arose in America. Being one of the most interesting topic and issue of history, there could be seen various authors and scholars who have written on these issues and have shared their perspectives regarding this issue. There could be different perspectives that different people may hold likewise it was seen that various perspectives have been given regarding this concern and people cannot be blamed for sharing their views. There could be various things that one could see and learn by taking a look at different written material that spots a light on the same topic or issue.

Discussion

Similarity

By taking a look at the two different texts, written by two different authors, it could be seen that maybe there exist various angles from which a topic could be seen. There are many essays that are being written by various writers on sex, slavery and transatlantic abolition, but by taking a look at two essays on the same topic written by Caleb McDaniel and Marc-William Palen, many similarities and differences could be found in both article. By taking a look at both the articles, it could be found that in both the articles America was blamed for promoting this social and ethical issue. It could be seen from the history that slavery was found in America and there started anti-slavery movements that were not supported well in American society but when the same kind of movements started in British society, it was seen that there were healthy impacts and slavery was discouraged on all levels.

Another similarity that could be observed in both the articles is that “slavery” has been discussed as the main topic that was addressed as the root cause of other moral and social issues. In both the articles, another thing that could be found as something common in both, was the think of people and their efforts, that were made for ending slavery and letting man free as it was his right to have a complete freedom of what he wants to do and what he does not want, as every individual is born as a free man, not as a slave. One of the main things that has been addressed in both the articles is that the British society has been credited for breaking the autonomy of the class who were ruling and were having slaves. Comparatively, a useful role was played by the transatlantic abolitionists and counterparts who were not ready to stay quite and tolerate this injustice by taking a look at the critical situation that the slaves used to had at that time. One more common thing that has been pointed out in both these articles, is newspaper that was the only active media source of that time. Newspaper played a significant role in spreading this movement to far off areas. In these articles, both the writers are trying to highlight the issues that were in the limelight at that time, as Americans were in favor of slavery but most of the British people were against slavery, and transatlantic abolition movement spread at comparatively greater speed in British society.

Differences

There have been many similarities as well as differences in both these articles. By critically viewing these articles, one could easily find many differences. As two different writers could have similarity in thinking, likewise a clash in thinking could also be found in their thinking. There could be witnessed differences in the perspectives of the two writers. Comparatively, Palen has discussed this issue from a religious and social perspective while in other article, McDaniel has discussed this issue more like a historical issue. In Palen’s essay, it could be witnessed that he has discussed this issue by introducing many modern concepts such as imperialism and capitalism, while McDaniel had not highlight such terminologies.

Another major difference, that could be seen in both articles, was the involvement of the government towards these issues. In McDaniel’s essay, it could be seen that American government is comparatively less engaged in this issue, but on the other hand, it could be seen that the British government remained loyal, heartfelt and showed more anti-slavery sentiments than American government. Victorian free- trade has been discussed by Palen as something that would help in making a state more prosperous and peaceful as free trade would need a free man, not the slaves. Both articles, also differ in having a foresight as from Palen's essay it could be seen that British people were more concerned with global change that they want to see everything as they talk about the free trade but on the other hand, Americans were more concerned with slaves and don’t want to set them free as the Americans wanted to follow the traditions and rituals that was inculcated in them by their society, where there was no conception of freedom of slaves. It has been seen that South was also at the side of Britain.

Another major difference is that in Palen's essay there could be seen the intervention and pieces of evidence of Marxism, but in McDaniel's essay particular, there are no shreds of evidence of the use of any theory. It could be seen that Palen's essay though highlights transatlantic abolition but it talks more from an economic perspective, so this essay involves theory of Marxism according to which, there are both “haves and have nots”. In McDaniel’s essay, it was seen that any Southern who aids a slave in escaping used to be punished at that time and that’s why Southern people were more on the side of Britain, who was more concernede with the moral and religious teachings when it comes to slavery and were more active for supporting anti-slavery movement, while in Palen's essay Southern was appreciated and supported for aiding the slave who wanted to escape. In Palen's essay, it could be observed that the leaders of the anti-slavery movement were also supporting the truly free market which depicted that free labors could add a lot in the progress of any country as free labors would be less expensive economically and would be more efficient as well when it comes to work.

Conclusion

As a whole, it could be concluded that different writers have given different perspectives regarding the same issues and people who are interested in history could read text written by various authors and scholars for broadening their knowledge about history and related issues. Though both the writers discussed various things and gave their point of views but mainly in both the essays, one of the leading American historical issues has been addressed.

End Notes:

Cobbs, Elizabeth, Edward Blum, and Jon Gjerde. Major Problems in American History. Vol. 2. Nelson Education, 2011.

History

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

History

Part 1

The American Revolution, the French Revolution and the Russian Revolution are considered the most influential revolutions in the history and all of these revolutions were used to overthrow the monarchs. The most dramatic revolution among these three was The Russian Revolution as it shaped the history of the world forever. Russian revolution played a crucial role in the second world war. It became the reason of defeat for the Germans. Russian Revolution ended the Tsarist autocracy and made a society based on the ideals that were unique to the world. It introduced the world to an entirely different social and economic system to the world. Many of the world conflicts originated from the Soviet Union, and the Russian Revolution was the reason behind the creation of Soviet Union. Both American and Russian revolution paved the way to creating the most powerful nation on earth. However, the effect of Russian revolution was not limited to the country itself but speared throughout the rest of the world. Russian revolution gives inspiration to many other revolutionary movements such as the Chinese revolution. The chain of events that the Russian revolution set in motion changed the history of many countries. It can be considered the most influential revolution as it changed the course of history on current path.

Part 2

The American Revolution, the French Revolution, and the Russian Revolution are the most critical revolution, and all of them changed the fate of their respective nations. These revolutions embark the three nations on a path that ultimately decided not only the future of these countries but the event of history as well. All the three revolutions have somethings in common such as the ending of monarchy, equality of rights and separation of church and state. The three revolutions inspired many other countries to follow in its path. The revolution gives them the power that they currently have and the influence that they now wield. These revolutions put them on a track which changed the not only their history but the history of the world as well.

History

Title page

Empires

Global world empires

The factors that contributed to the rise of first global empires during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries include expansion of trade, new discoveries and building of commercial networks across the world. During the sixteenth century Europe expanded its trade routes that allowed generation of more wealth from various sources. Expansion of Christianity to east and new regions is also identified as a crucial factor of success. The period from sixteenth to seventeenth centuries is known as age on exploration during which Europeans identified new ways for trading such as sea ports were established. Knowledge transformed the world through modern science. European colonizers were involved in trading of metals and other equipment that resulted in the creation of enormous wealth. Technology helped in improving the methods of mapping and navigation. This allowed the society to use new and reliable nautical maps compared to the unreliable portolan charts CITATION Ama19 \l 1033 (Briney, 2019).

Trade was not limited to metals but food, plants and animals were also traded to different parts of the world. Another significant factor that contributed to the rise of European empires include slave trade. Slaves from Africa provided labor for setting massive plantation in these empires. These empires were different from the preceding ones because old empires discouraged trading activities. The empires during seventeenth century promoted skills trade that was missing in previous empires. Sailors discovered new routes for trade to Africa. New routes were built in Africa that resulted in exploration of new world. The world was less connected before these empires because limited trade routes existed and leader gave little attention to expansion of trade. This was also due to technology because previously empires were relying on less reliable maps. Mercantilism is important factor in the success of these empires because they believed in gaining maximum benefits through trade.

European states

In 1500s most of the European states were weak compared to the empires of Africa and Asia. But until 1900 European states became so powerful that they were controlling the while world. Britain and Dutch Republic were two powerful countries during this period. Britain defeated Napoleon in 1815 is the beginning of its progression after war. Britain empire expanded to Africa that played significant role in replacing the lost wealth of American colonies. British values replaced African trade and new business methods were introduced that resulted in growth of business till 1840s. The power allowed Britain to maintain direct and indirect control over Indian sub-continent CITATION KIN88 \l 1033 (Brauer, 1988). Larger extension was also received by the country after World War I. expansion of plantation is identified as a leading factor that allowed Britain to generate enormous wealth. Slavery was abolished in 1838 and compensations were made to the owners. New railway lines were opened in 1837 after completion of 112-mile line. The country also invested in the health of the people and vaccination was introduced in 1840 for the poor. Government’s policies were effective that also played positive role in deriving progress. Income tax was introduced in 1842 that provide a permanent source of revenue generation to the government.

Dutch empire was also a powerful country that was known for its Golden Age. Art was used as an expression of freedom and significant progress were made in science and technology until 1850s. Dutch society was associated with modern achieves in the fields of science, politics economics and social relationships. Innovation has been the central reason behind the progress of Dutch society. Books such as The First Modern Economy of Vries presented the principles for building strong economies and countries.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Brauer, K. (1988). The United States and British Imperial Expansion, 1815–60. Diplomatic History , 12 (1), 19-37.

Briney, A. (2019). A Brief History of the Age of Exploration . Retrieved 12 16, 2019, from https://www.thoughtco.com/age-of-exploration-1435006

History

Reconstruction

Lo-An Lu

08 August 2019

The era post-civil years added to the reconstruction of America as a country. This led to the readmission of eleven southern states within the American Confederation. The era of Reconstruction is marked from 1865-1877. The American government had to make plans to unify the north and south, therefore reconstruction was sought as a solution. President Lincoln’s plan for the reconstruction held unifying the country was pardoning southerners and free slaves. However, the plan was rejected by the Republicans who introduced laws to suppress blacks, by holding the congress power in their favor.

The plan extended the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the freedmen; banning slavery, awarding citizenship, and right to vote. The freedmen bureau was established to provide shelter, food, and access to school and hospitals. Although slavery was established but farming persistent and the blacks were still not qualified enough for high end earning professions. Therefore, they worked hard on plantations and gave the owners their share. This created a new sense of inequality amongst the society known as sharecropping

Lincoln was assassinated by the time and the new President Andrew Johnson did not make any changes and followed Lincoln’s plan. The situation accelerated and the south was divided into carpetbaggers, blacks and scalawags. The carpetbaggers abused their privileges of rich, blacks were marginalized while the scalawags were republican whites who owned plantations.

The emerging inclusion of the African Americans was feared by the ex-confederate soldiers, who formed the Ku Klux Klan. The Ku Klux Klan was a covert force led by terrorist motives involved in bombing, lynching, murder, brutalizing rape and arson against the blacks. The group killed blacks and white sympathizer’s in order to contain the blacks from using their new rights.

The 1877 election dejected the reconstruction as the votes of four states remained disputed and the republicans got hold of the government by becoming the president. The northerners had already grown tired of accommodating the southerners who were persistent in denying the rights to blacks by voting against them regularly. Regardless of the amendments and laws, the reconstruction was not able to eradicate the stereotypes, prejudices, oppression, racism, segregation and discrimination, dehumanization and genocide against the blacks. It endorsed the concept of separate but equal citizens in the eyes of law.

End Notes

BIBLIOGRAPHY Bois, W. E. B. Du. n.d. "Black Reconstruction: An Essay Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860-1880 (1935)." http://ouleft.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/blackreconstruction.pdf.

Green, John Patterson. n.d. "Recollections of the Inhabitants, Localities, Superstitions, and Ku Klux Outrages of the Carolinas. By a "Carpet-Bagger" Who Was Born and Lived There (1880) ." https://docsouth.unc.edu/southlit/green/green.html .

History, Digital. n.d. Overview of Reconstruction. http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/era.cfm?eraID=8&smtID=1.

n.d. "Select Freedmen's Bureau Documents (1865-1867)." https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/freedmens-bureau/highlights.html.

History

Women in American society during the ninetieth century

Author name

10th August 2019

In the early 19th century, women in American society had specific and limited roles such as general homemakers. They were also involved in providing free manual labor on the farms to assist their families. However, there was a shift in their roles after World War I and the industrial revolution. This essay will analyze women’s roles in the United States during the nineteenth century and the effect of these roles on their standard of living.

Sojourner Truth is one such activist of the nineteenth century that was an itinerant preacher and public speaker. She advocated for women's rights and is known for her impulsively fervent reply to Frederick Douglass's 1847 suggestion . Moreover, Harriet Beecher Stowe published her novel in 1852, “Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly”. Stowe used her sentimental novel to show the reality of slavery at that time . The novel was so powerful that it started the civil war that was a major turning point in improvising women life in American society.

Likewise, Mary Ames also wrote a book, “From a New England Woman's Diary in Dixie in 1865” to show the experiences of women in the nineteenth century . Mary Boykin Miller Chesnut's a Diary from Dixie is another effort to share the experiences during the Civil War .

In addition, the American Revolution also shaped the roles of women in society . It was not only a war for national independence but was a struggle to address the issues of equality and constitutional rights in the society.

During the 19th century with the increase in demand, women were required to enter into the workforce. This provided them a chance to have gender equality in the United States. Therefore, during the 19th-century women got many new roles in the United States that also improved their lives.

Bibliography

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY AMES, MARY. From A NEW ENGLAND WOMAN’S DIARY in DIXIE in 1865. The Plimpton Press Norwood Mass. U. S. A., 1906.

Chesnut, Mary Boykin Miller. A Diary from Dixie. Harvard University Press, 1980.

Digital History, n.d. http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/era.cfm?eraID=3&smtid=2.

Gilbert, Olive. Narrative of Sojourner Truth: A Northern Slave, Emancipated from Bodily Servitude by the State of New York, in 1828. Vol. 553. author, 1850.

Stowe, Harriet Beecher. Uncle Tom’s Cabin: A Tale of Life Among the Lowly. Frederick Warne, 1889.

History

History

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

It is notable to mention that Tuner’s best explained about the history of America through “The Significance of the Frontier in American History”. In order to reflect on the importance of the frontier line, the author states that it is a meeting point between savagery and civilization. The author tried to highlight the historical events during 19th century by demonstrating the significance of frontier line. One of the most important effects of the frontier was the promotion of individualistic democracy. In the 19th century, the frontier line was considered as a way to exercise centralized political power. According to Turner, the frontline line was major source that developed American culture and democracy. However, dispute of frontier line provoked Indian wars in the US in 19th century.

According to the “The Gospel of Wealth”, it was presented that rich persons should need to distribute wealth to those who are in need of it. In the 19th century, American social and economic condition was problematic due to the unequal distribution of wealth. Therefore, “The Gospel of Wealth” presented with the idea to use surplus wealth in an appropriate manner. In order to increase living standards of people in the 19th century, Carnegie introduced public libraries, which proved to be effective. The system that was presented through “The Gospel of Wealth” enable majority of families in the 19th century to rise above poverty.

It is important to understand the fact that the closure of the frontier line was a revolutionary period for America as it provided ease to the concept of American expansionism. United States journey towards power was made possible through the closing of the frontier line. in the 19th century, if the decision regarding frontier closing was not made, then it would be impossible for America to practice true democracy in the country.

END NOTES

Carnegie, Andrew, and Edward Chase Kirkland. The gospel of wealth. FC Hagen & Company, 1889.

Turner, Frederick Jackson. "The significance of the frontier in American history." (1893).

History

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

History

Glided age

Glided age is an era of rapid growth that occurred during the 19th century starting from 1870-1900 in the United States. During these years, America was moving towards developing state from a backward state, where few of the elites were the wealthiest, and the lower class were suffering from social downfall, identity, and economic crisis. There was a rapid economic leap, that was leading towards an industrial state. Wealth and opportunities were limited to the richest four thousand people, the rest of people were limited to a few opportunities, and the nation was divided into social positions. These economic inequalities were increasing in parallel to development, and industrial revolution after world war.

Glided age was an era, when political corruption in the United States was on peak, which increased the importance of political criticism, and social novels. The wealthy class, including politicians, bankers, and industrialists, were enjoying the corruption in wealth at the expense of lower class in the state. During the era of Glided age, the wealthy tycoons were inconspicuously gaining power along with the politicians. The elites, at that age, considered themselves as the royal families in America, and set wealthy estates for themselves which a distinction for them. There was an income inequality among the working and elite class. The working class was skillful, who would work in the farms, industries and worked as servants, while their wages were very low. Wealth and income were controlled by the upper class, and the poor class people were becoming poorer. However, during this era the labor unions rose; the disparities between the wealthy and lower class were not going to last for longer. These labor unions demanded an increase in their wages, safe working environments, the safety of women, and immigrants.

Progressive era

During the 20th century, business expansion was increasing rapidly and the

Progressive era was in the parallel line. The Progressive Era started from 1890-1920; socio-political platforms were aiming to make progress to ensure a better and peaceful society. Era aimed to eliminate unethical and unequal practices from the power of the federal government. Initiatives were started to control corruption, and reduce the continuing effects of industrialization, which were negatively influencing societies. Workers were not provided with secure environments, women were limited to fewer roles, and consumers were not strengthened. But, during the progressive era, women were given the right to vote, consumers were supported with more business opportunities, and workers were provided with a safe working environment.

Industrialization was becoming a reason to create more opportunities for employment, and during this era, the living standards of people were raised. But the problem with industrialization was unethical practices i.e., low wages and violence were common in the state. Immigrants working in the factories were treated brutally, and they were subjected to perilous work conditions. Political corruption was one of the reasons for enriching politicians and this was increasing the gaps between people about "haves" and "nots." Response to these unequal and unfair effects, was emergence of movements like Progressive movements. Progressive reformers aimed to regulate the industry and started initiatives to provide safety to working class, women, and consumers. The Progressive Era aimed to the purification of institutions in the government, encourage the participation of women, and improve the educational reforms. The major reform during the Progressive era was allowing the business class to transport and sell alcohol. However, there was no appreciable effort of the progressives for the civil rights and racism took deep root in society.

Treaty of Versailles

After four years of war, in early 1919, victors of war agreed to not continue war anymore to avoid further loss and signed the Treaty of Versailles. The negotiations were signed by allied powers in which Germany participated a little, and boundaries for Germany were reassigned. Germany was also held liable for the reparations when Germany agreed to pay the reparations according to pans, which were Dawes Plan and the Young Plan got canceled in 1932. After World War I, Germany was held responsible for stating the war that is the reason; it was held responsible for massive destructions and costs.

The reason for the rise in power of Hitler in Germany and World War II was the shame of defeat, while the Second World War was fought after 20 years later. The initial requirement of this treaty was dematerialization of the Rhineland, which lead to 13 percent of losses of prewar terror tries of Germany, and Germany was also held responsible for the reparations. A special status for Saarland was demanded, however it was going to be under control of French government,

This Treaty could not satisfy the defeated powers, Germany, Austria, Bulgaria and Hungary considered this Treaty as a punishment, and the decisions made were unfair for these powers. These powers started to violate the financial and armed terms made during the treaties. However, this Treaty encouraged cooperation between Europe, and increased the pre-existing issues, which were reason for World War I. Treaties and policies after World War I failed because of unsuccessful negotiations including faulty lines being made in Europe that led to occurrence of World War II. It was possible to make maximum negotiations while signing the Treaty of Versailles but was also unsuccessful to avoid any war in future.

Harlem Renaissance

Harlem Renaissance is linked with the African American culture and this is also known as the Negro Movement. During the years of 1920 and 1930s, the Harlem Renaissance Era was encouraging the Black artists, intellectuals, and writers to explore their cultures and their identities. Racisim was prevailing in the Amercian society which was a reason that Africans were not able to benefit from economic resources. After World War, I and in the middle of the Great Depression the cultural movement, “Harlem Renaissance” started, and one of the reasons for this movement was the Great Migration in the early 20th century. In the south, African Americans experienced socio-economic and cultural oppressions and at the same time, they found opportunities in Jim Crow laws, which were sources for their escape.

Lack of political freedom and prevailing racism did not let the Africans living in America to speak up for their rights, although they were able to express their concerns via artistic means. The young artists of African Americans were becoming a reason for the motivation among other people in the American societies. Politics was not only a single reason for this movement, but also the social constructions about the Black people, which can be called racism became a reason for the Harlem Renaissance. However, the movement declined because of several factors, which contributed to the decline. The Great Depression caused economic crisis and pressures in the environment, organizations supporting this Renaissance in the 1920s were not able to continue their support because of pressures in the economy. Organizations i.e., Urban League a supporter of Renaissance, had to shift their interests towards the social pressures caused by the Great Depression. Another reason for decline is that, writers stopped their writings which influenced African American people by then. This movement encouraged writers and artists to express their emotions towards social constructions of racism. This movement also led people to act against social inequalities through their arts, music, and writings.

Response to question one

The Second Industrial Revolution was the era of advancements in technology, and these series of innovations caused huge changes in American society, where people were able to earn, and find job opportunities. Electricity was made available during this era and innovations i.e., steel production, automobiles, airplanes, and petroleum were new attraction of people from business class. Second Industrial Revolution started in the mid of 19th century, during this period, pre-existing industries started to expand to new industries, and several industrialists shifted their interests to the production of steel, electricity, and oil. Industrial Revolution made changes in the transport sector: the introduction of planes and public transport. People made new improvements in their production and manufacturing methodologies. For the developments in the communication sector, telephones were invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876, and Guglielmo Marconi in 1901, radio waves were sent for the first time to all over the Atlantic Ocean.

The Second Industrial Revolution made impacts on socio-economic conditions. There was a huge impact on the economy, and it was transforming rapidly. These transformations were based on agriculture, handicrafts in the large scale industry, manufacturing of products with the latest machines and new factory systems. This was the era, when the resource exploration and utilization contributing to manufacturing of material goods was increased, while division of labor increased in the society.

Industrial revolution, led to a number of job opportunities, natural resources were explored and more facilities of education were provided to people. Due to abundance in job opportunities, the typical urbanization was increasing when new and multiple factories were established, where a high number of labors were required. With an increase in the demand for labors, safe environment of these workers was ignored, the quality of life was deteriorated, and life expectancy was decreased.

Response to question two

Progressive Era is also known for intensified socio-economic transformation by middle and working class, during 1890s- 1920s. This era aimed to bring three main reforms in society for the development of people which included social reforms, political reforms, and economic reforms. Social reforms were introduced to improve the living standards and help needy people from lower and middle classes. Political reforms aimed to give more power and control to common people over the government to end corruption. Whereas, economic reforms were supposed to control and regulate large scale businesses.

There are several causes for the occurrence of the Progressive Movement which includes; women sufferings, corruption in the government, big scale businesses, black populism, and fight against trade of alcohol. Black populism was the result of the Industrial Revolution, which led to class inequalities based on religion, ethnicity, race, and identities. Due to these inequalities, the quality of life was decreased, workers were exposed to unhealthy working environments, where, they were treated violently. Men and women from all societies led the Progressive Movement, and these societies included union activist, democratic republican political parties crusading journalists, educationists, and members of the priesthood.

Main goals of the Progressive Era were to address social inequalities, injustices, corruption by government and business class, women sufferings, public health issues, protection of natural resources, improve the quality of life of working people, and to bring political reforms. The Progressives were successful to accomplish their goals, however, during this era, policies were made to ensure the quality of life of people, equality, safe working environment, and sale of alcohol was prohibited by introducing 18th amendment. Women were able to cast their votes, they were not limited to their homes, and child protection was made sure by that time.

Response to question three

Urbanization is a process in which people move to big cities from rural areas due to which population of these larger cities, and towns grow. People move to other cities and towns to find job opportunities, facilities to fulfill their needs. It is believed that, urbanization leads to socio-economic and political growth, while the Industrial Revolution was a reason for urbanization in the United States, where there were more employment opportunities. The social factors including better standards of living, cities were the center of attractions, and there were education facilities. Urbanization was an opportunity for those, who were looking for jobs, but this made huge impact on the United States. Crime rate, violence, and harassment cases were increased because of an increase in population of the United States. Pollution and congestion were caused due to which, people were got affected by environmental diseases, and immigrants were also held responsible for the transmission of diseases.

Population in urban cities increased, New York and Philadelphia were having a population of 50,000 in 1879, but later in 1900, population crossed to one million. Cities, which were industrialized were increasing and expanding because of population increase. The Native Americans considered immigrants as a threat and dangerous, there was also a difference in their languages. During 1882, immigration was limited and workers on contracts were banned in the United States, while, major immigration banning initiative was the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882. This Act was not encouraged by Chinese which influenced their trades and economies, however, this law was repealed in 1943.

During the era of urbanization, people of America were able to buy agricultural land, farmed their lands extensively, they also invested in modern technology including reapers, threshers, and plows rather than investing on labor force. Cities were developed, their physical composition changed, people were able to use latest transportation means. However, the environmental risks increased promoting global warming and population was increased rapidly.

Response to question four

America was neutral towards fights between Germany and Austria-Hungary because the American society was diverse, where immigrants were living and it was home for them. American companies decided to continue their shipping of food items and raw materials to Allies and Central Powers. Although, British naval block by Germany was a barrier for trade between the United States and Central Powers, which was severely curtailed. Economic interest was one of the reasons for entry in World War I, in which Allies and Central powers had to repay money to the United States. Another reason was the sinking of Lusitania ship, which was carrying 1200, people including 120 Americans, and this was criticized by people of the United States. Diplomatic relations between Germany and the United States were not better, because they attacked this passenger ship.

Due to World War I, the manufacturing and production of weapons was boomed in America to keep supporting war. This production in a short time led to develop new technologies to meet governmental needs as well as needs of people. Women participated the most in factories, however, when men came back from war, women had to stop working. Women were able to work domestically in the absence of men, and they were able to earn and acquire new skills to be effective in the manufacturing factories. War increased diplomatic and antiwar sentiments, which was another reason for entry of the United States into World War II as well. World War I led the United States to gain economic interests, gain power, and this also led to introduce innovations in production, and manufacturing of weapons and machines.

History

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

History

XYZ,

355, Blue Rose Avenue

ABC City, EF 12345

August 1, 1945.

President Henry Truman,

President Lodges, White House,

1600 Pennsylvania Ave NW,

Washington, DC 20500

R/ Mr. President,

I hope you will be in good spirits. I am writing this letter to you in order to discuss about something extremely important, considering the sensitivity of the circumstances currently going on. SI have been observing the recent situations very closely and as you know, I have been providing many pieces of advice to you via mail or sometimes in person, in order to reduce the crucially of the situation as much possible as I can. But this time I have heard a rumor which has shaken me to the inside. I have heard that the government of the United States of America is planning to declare an atomic war against Japan.

Mr., President, I am truly aware of the current crucial situations going on. I completely understand that the circumstances have become quite tense after the Japanese attack on our Navy fleet in Pearl Harbor, and I strongly condemn it (Toland). Although the intention of the Japanese government and the Axis forces was to disable the armed forces of the United States and break the spirit of the America people, it was a complete coward and heinous act. I understand precisely that the World War II is in full swing and the axis forces are trying to crush us in various ways and the Pearl Harbor attack was a part of this illogical and senseless mission (Humphreys). I am really very sorry to hear about that 2403 casualties that happened as the result of

Despite all of this, I would strongly recommend you not to use an atomic bomb against Japan. It is not about Japan or America, it is about humanity. I am just thinking about humanity at an overall level when I say this. The people who lost their lives in Pearl Harbor were my people, they were my pride, and my heart truly bleeds for them, but this does not mean that we initiate more killings. Whether it is done in the United States or in Japan, destruction is destruction.

We all know how much capable an atomic bomb is to bring destruction as a mass level. If we drop the atomic bomb at any city of Japan, it will devastate the whole city and it does not end here. The destruction may go far beyond that. It can affect the other areas as well, even the far off places. Moreover, nuclear bombing technology is still in testing phases; no one knows how much destruction a single atomic bomb can cause. We lost 2403 souls, but we can never predict that the death toll as a result of a nuclear attack may go to thousands, even millions. And the after-effects of the atomic bomb are not just restricted to that specific time frame, they travel till generations (Kamiya). My point is that whether the people die here or there, it is only the humanity that suffers. It will be only a loss to humanity. And after all, an eye for an eye will make the whole world blind.

In the end, I would like to again remind you that the whole American nation, including me, trusts you and your wisdom, and look towards you for the progress, prosperity, and safety of this nation. We hope that you will take the most appropriate decision that will bring the most benefit or at least destructive for the whole world or especially the American nation, at this critical time.

Yours Sincerely,

XYZ

Works Cited

Humphreys, Robert Arthur. Latin America and the Second World War: Volume 2: 1942-1945. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016.

Kamiya, Kenji, et al. "Long-term effects of radiation exposure on health." The lancet 386.9992 (2015): 469-478.

Toland, John. But not in shame: the six months after Pearl Harbor. Ballantine Books, 2016.

History

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Course Code

Instructor’s Name

Date

What is the author’s main argument (theme, focus, etc.)?

Answer: The story revolves around the hardships and struggles of a light-skinned slave named Mary Walker. The story is an illustration of the difficulties and challenges that runaway slaves faced and the usual support they got from abolitionists. It also describes how southern slave masters treated their slaves and northern abolitionists acted against them.

Why did Mary Walker run away in the first place?

Answer: The exact reason why Mary took the decision of running away is unknown, however, she previously had some confrontations with her owner Cameroon. He threatened to send her away from Alabama to his family’s plantation. The plantation was run by Cameroon’s son and Mary feared that he will be more coldhearted than his temperamental father.

What is the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 and how did it influence Walker’s decisions?

Answer: When the fugitive slave law was passed in the year 1850, Mary felt an imminent danger that her master may take her away. Due to that reason, she flew away from there and moved to Boston which was the country's center of abolitionism. In Boston, Walker lived with a new abolitionist family Peter Lesley and his wife, Susan.

Describe at least one of the liberation attempts.

Answer: In the summer of 1848 when Mary Walker was 30 years old, she escaped from slavery. Walker’s owner, Duncan Cameron brought her to Philadelphia to attend to his daughter who was there for her medical treatment. Mary tried to escape from there and left her children and mother in North Carolina.

What was the role of Susan and Peter Lesly?

Answer: Susan and her husband Lesley played an important role in Mary’s life. She was welcomed by the Lesley family, who were abolitionists. Under them, she became a well-read, literate, and well-spoken lady. There she became a seamstress and worked in the household as well.

What was the role of religion in Mary Walker’s life?

Answer: Religion played an important role in Mary’s life. In her spare hours and on Sundays, she would read passages from the bible or sing hymns. She prayed and sought her answers from the god in difficult moments for her children when she received the news about Duncan Cameroon's death.

What makes Mary Walker’s story unique?

Answer: The story of Mary walker is unique due to its documentation and facts. There are many slave stories but Sydney Nathan has found enough evidence to make the story relevant and factual. Her love for the family was there in her mind but her desire for freedom was more than that. It is now a part of Cambridge history.

How does the author use sources in this book – particularly primary sources?

Answer: The story is very authentic and reliable because the primary sources in the books are mainly letters and diaries of the people with whom she spent time with i.e. her former slave-holders and Lesly family. Mary spent most of her life with these families.

List three things you learned and/or found interesting from this book.

Answer: The three main things that I found interesting in this book are:

Struggles of Runaway slaves

Difference between South and Northern people mindsets

Effect of fugitive laws in northern states

Did you find this book successful? Why or why not? (In other words, did you like it?)

Answer: Yes, I found this book a very successful and interesting reading. The author has tried to make it as authentic as possible. However, since the writer is primarily a historian and not a Novelist, I felt a lack of drama and emotions while reading it. Though it in no way weakens its contribution towards preserving literature.