History 1301

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History 1301

Drawing examples from The Jungle, discuss three significant events that happened in America during the Industrial Era.

Introduction

In human history, mankind has witnessed two great industrial revolutions. One occurred in the United Kingdom around the middle of the seventeenth century and the start of the eighteenth century. This industrial revolution had led to the United Kingdom becoming a powerhouse in both colonial and economic terms. However, the second industrial revolution witnessed by humanity was in the United States of America. This industrial revolution occurred in the middle of the eighteenth century. This revolution brought around the reformation of the current framework of operations being employed within the United States of America. It transformed it into such a way that the United States of America was positioned to become the leader of the world. America’s industrial revolution occurred after the end of the Civil War. This essay analyses the industrial era on the basis of the three significant events that occurred during that time in the United States of America.

Body

As it is mentioned above the industrial revolution in the United States of America came about after the end of the Civil war. Around this time the nation was still trying to re-solidify its bonds and the entrepreneurs in the United States of America were starting to build on to the advancements done by Britain. Their hard work paid off because in the coming years there was immense innovation in transportation, industry and finally the emergence of electricity occurred. This would definitely transform their standing in the world forever.

The primary significant event that had occurred in the industrial era of the United States of America was the expansion and innovation in transportation. The United States of America was still a bit immature but worked with haste in trying to expand to the west once it got its independence. This westward expansion of the United States of America was partly supported by the large network of rivers and lakes that were present on its boundaries. During the start of the century, the early decades saw the creation of a route by the name of the Erie Canal. This created a route from the great lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. This helped stimulate the economy of New York and further entrenched the city of New York as a well-known trading centre. Furthermore, there was exponential growth in progress in the lake cites and the great river of the Midwest. This is accredited to the reliable form of transportation offered by machines such as a steamboat. Keeping with this trend, the first national road created was started in the year of 1811 and was named Cumberland Road. This road then further became part of the interstates 40.

Transportation had become an important factor for the expansion of the western unexplored hemisphere of the United States. During this time James Watt was the person who had invented the first steam engine. His invention was p0ut to use and became a power source for transporting goods. The steam engine was used as a source of power for riverboats. The fact is that it was not the steamboats that had revolutionized the transportation industry but the locomotives run by the steam engine were the ones that truly brought about the change. Upon the creation of the Rocket by John Stephenson, the locomotive boom was seen in the United States of America and Europe. By the year 1840, there were an estimated three thousand miles of railroad tracks been laid out in the United States of America. Companies started to build and operated numerous railway networks. The fact was that only some of them were profitable, whereas, most of them had to face struggles related to their financials. This way large companies that were profitable in nature started to buy out smaller ones and this led to the progress of huge railway corporations. This advancement in transportation is clearly visible in the novel the jungle, in which the Jurgis and Ona’s family were able to travel so swiftly from Lithuania to America in a matter of days. A journey that would have mostly taken months (Sinclair).

The second most prominent event that occurred during the industrial era in the United States of America is the emergence of the middle class. As time went on cities started to spring up in the western hemisphere of the United States of America. These cities were starting to spring up along major water networks. This also had a positive impact on the industry as well as it grew tremendously during this time. As industry expanded, the lives of the middle class and their number started to grow exponentially. This was the first time in history that a huge percentage of Americans had access to disposable income and also had leisure time for themselves so that they could spend that disposable income. This was due to the revolution in industry, which led to the industrialization of American society. Furthermore, new machines started popping up that had used both in industries as well as homes. In the year 1846, Elias Howe was the genius who invented the sewing machine. This invention of his truly revolutionized the manufacture of clothing. Through this piece of machinery, factories were able to increase their output exponentially and even had an impact on the households. This is because housewives now had at their disposal a machine that could create clothes for their household at their feet.

Furthermore, the middle class had seen enormous benefits from the rise of the industrial revolution. Thousands of new jobs were available to them and this was because of the growing number of businesses and the factories that were being sprung up. Furthermore, the middle moved on from meager work and onto occupations such as shopkeepers, accountants and merchants. This allowed them to move from their current standing and move onto better strata of life. This allowed the middle class to grow even further in size. The more they started to earn they started to have even more access to disposable income. They further had the advantage of having access to affordable amenities. These included things such as fine clothing and furniture. By acquiring thing such as these they were able to give themselves a comfortable life. Furthermore, education became accessible to them as well and they were able to put their children into schools. This way they were enshrining the success in their social standing and that would rise even further in the next generation. However, in the novel the Jungle, the people in the middle class did see some sort of upward movement but the poor class got even poorer. Even the immigrants such as Jurgis and Ona, who had come from so far away had to go through so much and eventually lose everything (Sinclair).

The third most important event that occurred in during the industrial revolution was the introduction of society to electricity, telephones, steel and labour. After the nation had to rebuild itself after the civil war, the emergence of the electrical network would be the driving force behind the change that will transform the country of the United States of America even more rapidly compared to railroads. Building on the work that was primarily done by a British inventor, Thomas Edison invented the first full-functioning incandescent light bulb. He then patented his invention in the year 1879. Afterwards, his ambitions grew and he quickly started promoting the idea of the development of an electrical grid in the city of New York. All of this was so he could power up hid invention. However, Edison’s inventions relie on direct currents and the transmission of such electricity could not be done over a long distance.

On the other hand, the same poles that were supporting this device helped in supporting the lines of the telephone. This device was unveiled by Alexander Graham Bell and the time of its unveiling match with the hundredth birthday of the United States of America. These inventions also played a major hand in the urbanization movement that was sweeping the country. It led to the movement of people from farms to the cities. This urbanization not only attracted people from the farms to the cities but from other countries into America as well. Seeing and wanting to have the American that was being propagated by events as mentioned above cause families from abroad to move to America. One such example was Jurgis and Ona’s family, who were so poor in their own country but want to have a better life and to give a better life to their children and their families they came to America. However, upon reaching America they were met with even more hardships (Sinclair).

Conclusion

The book The Jungle provides a pretty bleak representation of the industrial era of the United States of America. It sheds light on a multitude of topics related to immigrants coming into the country for work. The book is also a great representation of the major events that had transpired during the industrial era. The expansion of the transport system, the emergence of the middle class and the invention of electricity and the development were again some of the events that have shaped the evry history of humanity.

Works Cited

Sinclair, Upton. The Jungle:(1906). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014.

History 1301

What is the goal of the writers of the document?

The goal of the writer of the document is to present the struggles by the Continental Congress in order to achieve their true goal of the colonies, which was independence. He further aimed to describe the purpose of government and the conditions when it can be abolished or replaced.

Why are they writing the document?

The purpose of writing this document is to highlight at what condition, the states become fed up of governmental policies and how necessary it is to establish a legislative structure for all. The Thirteen States could not achieve their rights due to which they became fed up of the government and its legislative structure and thus stood for their rights in order to get independence or to abolish the government.

What rights are the writers claiming that they have?

The writer claimed that the purpose of any government is to protect the rights of the citizens. Here the writer indicated ‘inalienable rights' which are given to every individual from their Creator. They all have the right to live a happy and peaceful life, liberty, and to pursue happiness in the same way as others do. Government is selected by the citizens and thus it is their right to ask for their safety, residence, protection, food, and happiness. In case the government cannot provide them their rights then it cannot rule over them and thus then it becomes the right of the citizens to abolish that government and to lay the foundation for a new government with effective policies.

What is the purpose of government?

The purpose of the government is to ensure the better provision of services to the citizens. The writer highlights that a better government takes care of the security of the citizens, as well as healthcare services. The successful government takes care of the human and civil rights of every individual and establishes any legislative, social, or political framework by analyzing the requirements of all instead of personal benefits.

What are the grievances? Write a brief description of each.

The writer talked about five governances; Armies, taxes without consent, Representative houses, cut off trade, and fair trial.

- Armed forces are established to protect the citizens and to ensure better provision of future security and protection.

- Taxes can be used for the better establishment of the States.

- There were not specified representative houses to state the things which were unfair to the colonists.

- The cutting trade affected the revenue generation of the colonies.

- The colonists were not allowed for fair trial instead they were charged by a single man appointed by the king.

Who is “HE” that the colonists refer to? Why do you think that they blame him?

Here HE refers to ‘King of Great Britain' who had developed policies and legislative structure in order to provide great comfort to Britain while keeping Colonies under control and at unfair state. No, I do not think that the writers blamed him, instead they presented a real picture of that time when it had become necessary to stand for their rights and to ask for the independence, where thirteen colonies could establish their own government in order to get their rights and interests.

Work Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY \l 1033 Jefferson. Declaration of Independence: A Transcription. 2018. 10 2 2018. <https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript>.

History 1301

Name of Student

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Day Month Year

History 1301

What was the Monroe Doctrine?

The Monroe doctrine was formulated by the president Monroe in 1823 under the influence of the secretary state John Quincy Adams. This doctrine stated that the new world and the old worlds should be separated spheres. In his speech at congress he promised that America won’t interfere in the European affairs and any European attempt to colonize nation in the western hemisphere will be taken as the European act of aggression against the America sovereignty. This doctrine was issues when all the Latin American colonies of Spain and Portugal were at point of acquisition of independence from Spanish and Portuguese empires.

Which events touched on American sympathy for revolutionary movements?

When Americans were deprived of their rights, they agitated against this injustice. In this context, the movement in this region got triggered. The overall interests of allied powers were in contrast to the welfare of Americans. Therefore, Americans realized that the political system was against the peace and stability of the region. People of the United States were of the view that it was the time for them to fight for their rights. Citizens had seen the bloodshed and loss of treasure, and these events touched on American sympathies for revolutionary movements.

What did the Monroe Doctrine warn Europe against?

Monroe Doctrine warned Europe against its further colonization and puppet monarchs. It was basically to abstain European powers to not interfere in the affairs in the western hemisphere. Initially intention of the doctrine was to express resistance against the European colonialism but later America backed around 18 attempts for regime change in Latin America and provided the technical assistance and arms to military groups in the civil wars of Honduras and Nicaragua.

What was Monroe concerned about after Mexico broke free from Spain in 1821?

He was of the view that European power may attempt to occupy newly liberated Latin American nations. In addition, Russia’s interest in the coast of North America was also one of his major concerns. Revolutions were on their way against the Spanish rule from some time, but France and Spain wanted to seek reassert European rule in those regions. At the same time British wanted to ensure the demise of the Spanish colonialism. British foreign secretary proposed that London and Washington unite against intervention in Latin America. Monroe debated this idea in the cabinet and feared that European powers might try to take control of the Latin American countries. He was also concerned about the Russia’s attention towards the northern cost of America ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"p4rMWGOY","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Monroe Doctrine, 1823 ***})","plainCitation":"(Monroe Doctrine, 1823 ***)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1593,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/DV56QKGX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/DV56QKGX"],"itemData":{"id":1593,"type":"webpage","title":"Monroe Doctrine, 1823 ***","URL":"http://www.american-historama.org/1801-1828-evolution/monroe-doctrine-1823.htm","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,20]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Monroe Doctrine, 1823 ***).

Why was Great Britain interested in restraining the influence of European nations in the Americas?

The British wanted to ensure the demise of the Spanish colonialism happens, through all the trade restrictions. British secretary proposed that London and Washington unite on the joint admonitions against the interventions in the Latin America. When this idea was debated by Monroe, it was strongly opposed, with argument that British interests imposed such a rule at any occasion, and that the Canning’s suggestion also invited the two powers to reject any plans of occupying regions for example Texas and Cuba. Furthermore, he raised the question that why should the United States toe the line of British man-of-war?

What are the 4 basic points of the Monroe Doctrine?

Four basic points of the Monroe doctrine are:

United States won’t interfere in the wars between the different European powers.

US won’t interfere in the existing colonies and dependencies in western hemisphere.

Due to future colonization western hemisphere was closed.

Attempts of the European powers to oppress any nation in western hemisphere will be considered as hostile attack against the sovereignty of US.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Monroe Doctrine, 1823 ***. http://www.american-historama.org/1801-1828-evolution/monroe-doctrine-1823.htm. Accessed 20 Mar. 2019.

History 216

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Course

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History 216: History and Anthropology

Question 9

An audience analysis provides the speaker with critical information in planning, writing, and delivering a speech

Audience analysis incorporates understanding the audience and modifying the speech to meet their interests, attitudes, level of understanding and beliefs (Sellnow, 147). It gives the speakers boundless effectiveness because the presenter creates content and delivers in a good manner. Speakers identify and analyze the audience through extensive research, which is often difficult to undertake. They rely mostly on observation and imagination to understand the audience.

Audience analysis evokes deeper efforts than just giving the audience their favorite content. It involves changing the style and content. The speaker needs to consider factors such as demographics of a targeted audience, expectations, attitudes towards content/topic, audience size, setting, and knowledge of the topic. Critical consideration of these factors gives the speaker a position to plan, write and deliver the speech. Importantly, the speaker’s content should be simple, easy to understand and uses simple vocabulary. During the presentation, the speaker’s voice should be clear, succinct and words articulated authoritatively.

Question 7

All nonverbal communication is learned and varies significantly across cultures

Nonverbal communication is a quintessential aspect of effective communication. They aid communications and bring deeper meaning to the spoken words. It also conveys the feelings and aspirations of the speaker (Matsumoto, 7). Non-verbal aspects include body language, gestures, facial expressions, posture, and paralanguage. Non-verbal communications are independently learned and are culturally different. Different cultures have different non-verbal cues. This means the meaning or message conveyed by distinct body languages are different across cultures. For instance, most western cultures consider eye contact as a sign of good gesture. It portrays honesty and confidence. In other cultures such as Hispanics, Asians and Native Americans, eye contact means rudeness and offensive expression. Many cultures have a different interpretation of gestures. In the United States, use of hand gesture to may mean, “come here” however, in other cultures it may be offensive (Zhi-peng, 6)

Works cited

Matsumoto, David. "Culture and nonverbal behavior." Handbook of nonverbal communication (2006): 219-235.

Sellnow, Deanna D, and Deanna D. Sellnow. Confident Public Speaking. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth, 2005. Print

Zhi-peng, R. "Body language in different cultures." US-Chine Foreign Language,(12) 12 (2014): 1029-1033.

History 2nd Paper

Author’s name

Instructor Name

Art 101

19 November 2018

Research Essay: Confucianism, Legalism and Daoism

China, in the 21st century has emerged as a global power in terms of its economic growth, over the years. This paper discusses some of the most influential theories, philosophies and worldviews which effect the Chinese society, its economy, foreign policy and culture. A detailed comparison of Confucianism, legalism and Daoism will be made along with their supposed effects on the development of China.

The founder of Confucianism, master Kong did not try or mean to invent a new religion, but to revive the unnamed religion of the Zhou dynasty. The basic concepts of Jen and Li are thought to be the basis of Confucianism. The concept of Jen can be described as the set of values that make human beings distinctively human. According to Confucius, Jen is the basis of all good, but unfortunately, he never saw it fully expressed. Jen is often explained as the sense of humanity towards others, while maintaining your own self-esteem. Confucius realized that a concrete set of rules are required to develop a successful political system. The sets of rules or guides that he proposed, are commonly known as Li. The major set of ethics consist of these five components.

Ren (humaneness).

Yi (righteousness or justice).

Li (Proper rite).

Zhi (Knowledge).

Xin (Integrity)

The rules of righteousness are based on the circumstances that makes a person feel the difference between right and wrong. The rules of ethics, explained by Master Kong, are somewhat similar to that of Emmanuel Kant, as both of them believe that an action ought to be done primarily based on the rightness of the action, and not as a means to an end.

Taoism, also known as Daoism, is an ancient Chinese philosophy which has played a role in the development of Chinese religion over the years, in rural areas. The philosophy of Taoism indicates that there is an inherent cosmic balance which dictates the functioning of the universe, and that human beings must also try to live in harmony it. The original belief, may or may not contain the concept of ancestor worship, but nowadays, Taoists do observe spirit and ancestor worship. The philosophical tradition of Taoism flourished under the Tang dynasty (618-917 CE), as the emperor declared it the state religion ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"tcbFA4q2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Taoism\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Taoism”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":106,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/DTmO0ro3/items/73KTGLTX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/DTmO0ro3/items/73KTGLTX"],"itemData":{"id":106,"type":"webpage","title":"Taoism","container-title":"Ancient History Encyclopedia","abstract":"Taoism (also known as Daoism) is a Chinese philosophy attributed to Lao Tzu (c. 500 BCE) which contributed to the folk religion of the people primarily in the rural areas of China and became the official...","URL":"https://www.ancient.eu/Taoism/","language":"en-us,en-gb,en-ca","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,29]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Taoism”). The origins of the religion, however, are not specifically known, as some reports suggest that the religion originated from an ancient Chinese philosopher known as Lao Tzu. While there is some contradicting evidence also present to refute the claim.

Legalism is a political philosophy, developed in the warring states era of Chinese history. The concept advocates an absolute obedience to the authority of the state. The legalists advocated that a structure of law should be developed which should keep in mind the truths of human behavior and that should be the basis of government ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"PodxJHVG","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Legalism | Chinese Philosophy\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Legalism | Chinese Philosophy”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":108,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/DTmO0ro3/items/7HGPNNC7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/DTmO0ro3/items/7HGPNNC7"],"itemData":{"id":108,"type":"webpage","title":"Legalism | Chinese philosophy","container-title":"Encyclopedia Britannica","abstract":"Legalism, school of Chinese philosophy that attained prominence during the turbulent Warring States era (475–221 bce) and, through the influence of the philosophers Shang Yang, Li Si, and Hanfeizi, formed the ideological basis of China’s first imperial dynasty, the Qin (221–207 bce). The three main","URL":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Legalism","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,29]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Legalism | Chinese Philosophy”). The Qin dynasty tried to implement this philosophy and were overthrown due to it. The legalistic philosophy never recovered from this downfall.

A comparison between the three philosophies would only be fair if we consider the political and ethical aspect of all of them. Confucianism provides a deeper meaning to life along with sets of rules for social interactions, to follow. Legalism only provides us with the understanding of state dominance whereas Taoism comes up with the notion of being one with nature. The best and the most popular of these three philosophies is Confucianism. The reason for that being the case is that it provides a profounder spiritual meaning along with sets of ethical ideas to follow, and is not limited to either one of the two.

These philosophies have proven to be important in the historical context of China, as well. Chinese history is mainly composed of dynasties, and the characteristics of dynasties are such that different dynasties give importance to different philosophies. The Tang dynasty (618-907 CE) saw the sudden rise of Taoism to the status of state religion. Confucianism also flourished during the same era, and became a subject of discussion in schools and temples. Confucianist principles became the norm to participate in civil service examinations. Legalism saw its golden era during the time of the Qin dynasty (221-206 BC), but disappeared with the demise of the dynasty.

The mentioned philosophies have also played a big part in the development of China as we know it today. Confucius is a man, whose philosophy has had a wide effect on one quarter of the world’s population. It has been embraced by the public for over a thousand years and the communist party today is also using the philosophy to justify its rule. People in China, who feel a spiritual gap in their development, also resort to Confucianism. However, even with the enormous popularity of Confucius, he came back into the mainstream of China after about 30 years of hiding, because of Mao’s vehement opposition. As far as legalism is concerned, it is widely supposed that the authoritarian nature of the government of China represents the legalistic philosophy. The legalistic philosophy and the philosophy of Taoism has not been able to play as big a role in the development of modern China as Marxism or Confucianism has, however, they have had their share of followers over the centuries. It is widely acclaimed by western media that as the Chinese government speaks a lot about being Confucianist in nature, it seems to adopt more and more legalistic measures. The western claims can be considered a little biased, but there still remains some truth in it.

The culture of economics in China is also widely affected by the Confucian understanding of the world. China aims to enter deals of investment with the developing countries by fair negotiation. Unlike the west that tries to negotiate, in most instances, with a coercive policy, China has been able to invest heavily in Asia and Africa. The abandonment of the capitalistic understanding of economics compromising of having the upper hand and maximizing profits, is replaced with the Confucianist understanding of share and mutual benefit. This has caused the developing countries to be receptive to those heavy Chinese investments. The west, by essence of competition, does not appreciate it and is willing to spread propaganda about Chinese trade deals.

The founder of modern China, Chairman Mao who was a firm supporter of Marxism, at the same time, was a critic of Confucianism. This has caused several governments of China to act and speak against Confucius. It was very recently that Confucianism was re-introduced into the Chinese mainstream, and now, the government of China is seen resorting to this philosophy to justify its rule. At the same time, Confucianism also plays its part in the rural culture where people, longing for spiritual nourishment, adopt the philosophy to fill in the gaps.

In essence, the three said philosophies have their pros and cons but the one philosophy which had the biggest say in the Chinese culture and tradition, is Confucianism. It gives the people a sense of spiritual fulfilment and is thus adopted by the majority of the people living in the rural areas of China.

History Analytical Essay

Did writings about Africans and African Americans humanize them? If so, how? If not, why not?

Writer

Institution

Did writings about Africans and African Americans humanize them? If so, how? If not, why not?

Introduction

Africans and Afro-Americans have always been considered uncivilized. While going down the aisle of history, we come to know that these people were described as savages. History reveals that the definition of human was not for them. The places they inhabited were considered as human zoos. Writings about Africans and African Americans humanized them, for these writings presented their lives as a story that is relative and relatable not only to westerners but to humanity at large .

Discussion

The writing about Africans and African American offended those who thought of these people as savages. We construct a social structure and so do they. One thing is worth mentioning here that, Africans and westerners had an exclusive atitudes towards each other.

The thematic significance of the humanistic viewpoint has been consistently emphasized with regard to the struggles of African Americans for freedom. Frequently, the principles employed to define this humanist viewpoint have never been specified but assumed. Owing to this omission, the main practitioners and vital leaders i.e. Afro-American, who came up with the humanistic vision of social reform were simply eliminated .

Writings about Africans and Afro-Americans reflect on the ways these people inferred and practiced those principles by their active engagement and participation in their community . Activists and scholars can be declared as the finest instructional models for discourse and scrutiny on the humanistic insight of freedom. The demonstration also reflects on what has been supposed normally of the features of the humanistic idea .

Conclusion

The writings about Africans and Afro-Americans challenged the coercion by westerns or whites and brought about change in social, economic and cultural spheres. The writings about them made them conscious of their experiences, characteristics, and responsibilities that helped them to have a multifaceted view of humanization. This consciousness ultimately led them to challenge oppression and exclusion.

End Notes

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Behn, Aphra. Oroonoko: Or, the Royal Slave. A True History. Will. Canning, 1930.

Mintz, Steven, and Sara McNeil. “Digital History.” America in Ferment, 2015.

Nell, William Cooper. The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution: With Sketches of Several Distinguished Colored Persons: To Which Is Added a Brief Survey of the Condition and Prospects of Colored Americans. Lulu. com, 1855.

Smith, Venture, and George Moses Horton. A Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Venture: A Native of Africa, but Resident above Sixty Years in the United States of America, Related by Himself. With Poems By A Slave. Lulu. com, 1798.

History And Anthropology

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Questions

How the nation-states discussed in Lecture defined themselves?

The concept of a nation-state is that it is a homogenous state nation that is ruled by its own autonomous state, where every state has one nation. The term is used so widely and commonly but the concept is defined always in a different way. To put it simply there is no one basis upon which such systems are founded. Such state, in other words, is, a regional link that might vary in proportions as of Russia to Singapore, in residents from China to Luxembourg, and that asserts authority over all other relations surrounded by its borders.

How did technological innovations of the Industrial Revolution make New Imperialism possible?

The industrial revolution in Europe began in about 1750 (AD). Before the revolution came to the machines such engines, and factories did not exist. The major things in human life today such as the electricity and the indoor plumbing was not known to the people of Europe. No trains, telephones, and cameras were existing at that time. The industrial revolution in Europe at that time gave birth to the imperialism. Because it gave the people of Europe the motive and the capability to imperialize the nations in Asia and Africa. Imperialism is the creating a chain of colonies, these are the places that are culturally, legally and economically dominated by the other nation. The Industrial Uprising led to progress in European naval and military control that enabled the Europeans to venture supremacy in the weaker nations throughout the world. This may be seen as the reason for the rise of imperialism after the revolution of industry.

The Age of Revolution, the end of kingdoms, & the beginning of nation-states?

During the years of revolution of the economy and social reforms, Western Europe also had to experience huge political change. The fundamental thing behind this was the French revolution. This was followed by a series of revolutions that were it triggered. The French and the American revolution of the late 18th century gave birth to the idea of the nation-states. It is usually defined by an independent state that is governed by a system called democracy? It is an independent state that has its own constitution and the state follows it. It initiated a period that gave rise to the other nation states. The Kingdom systems were coming to an end throughout the world and the nation-states were being formed.

The Age of Revolution, the end of kingdoms, & the beginning of nation-states?

In the past there has to come to a piece of land for a nation to arise, also the social classes, the rulers and the rules, the masters and the objects, etc. If there was no private property and the war between two tribes the nations could not be formed. The state, on the contrary, must have defined territorial boundaries. These days the concept of state is more prevalent than that of the nation. The state is not the creation of the nation rather the nation is the creation of the state the political systems and the ideologies basically gave birth to the state nations.

How nation-states redrew the map of Africa?

A hundred years ago at the commencement of the First World War, the plots of Europe, Asia, and Africa seemed greatly dissimilar than they do nowadays. Historians say several of the boundary variations - decided upon afterwards the war - were made for dogmatic rather than financial motives, generating novel problems whose influence can be touched even today. Four years later of bloodshed and more than 16 million deceased militaries and citizens, three territories that had continued for periods - Austro-Hungarian, Russian and Ottoman - slowly stopped to be existent and numerous new states arose, says Mike Heffernan.

The Revolution in Trade & Consumption? What role did slavery have in this?

The term Consumer disturbance alludes to the age from about 1600 to 1750 in England in which there was a patterned increase in the consumption and hotchpotch of "extravagance" produce and stuffs by folks from numerous financial and social basics. The purchaser strife signified a departure from the usual way of life that was governed by stinginess and scarcity to one of increasingly mass operation in the communal eye. It was the community deviations related with the growth of country markets which made conceivable the fast growth of salary work, predominantly in the 18th century.

About the goals of the Haitian Revolution?

Revolt approved on the objectives to create its individual public. This was for the reason they had a very big and nasty Slave scheme. The uprising was an achievement, though numerous slaves expired, Haiti developed into a free self-governing national with no slavery. Though proximately afterward would be considered very worrying, farmsteads were wavering apart, and the entire landmass was tumble-down.

Was it a success?

The Haitian revolt was the leading fruitful revolution completed by a crowd of slaves. Trade developed to expose to every country, not only France. The slaves weren't enforced to labor in workshops after the occasion. Slaves were free and people of color and they were further acknowledged amid other people.

What were the global legacies of the Haitian Revolution on the slavers & the enslaved?

After the rebels openly announced liberty as their uppermost model, slavery was inevitable to come into question throughout the French Revolution. Even before 1789 critics had attacked the slave trade and slavery in the colonies. The Caribbean colonies were fast to retort to the eruption of the Rebellion in 1789. Americans in the new United States tracked the proceedings.

The Opium Wars & how the British expanded trade into China?

After the Company's employment domination was eliminated in 1834, trafficking of opium into China by European secretive dealers strengthened. The Chinese national was intensely troubled at this and threatened vigor. Britain was ready to guard 'free trade' and, in 1840, they pass on to war. These 'Opium wars' headed to an embarrassing overthrow of the Chinese and an occupation agreement which conceded Hong Kong to Britain

How European imperialists made political alliances to control their colonies?

All through the American Rebellion, the American societies confronted the important trial of showing international negotiation and looking for the international backing it desired to combat against the British. The lone most significant diplomatic achievement of the colonists amid the War for Independence was the perilous connection they fake with France.

What are the long-term consequences of these alliances?

Four days later a French diplomat told the British administration that France had formally accepted the United States as a self-governing state with the signing of the Treaty of Friendship and Trade and the Agreement of Connotation. Britain professed war on France, thus appealing that state in the American Radical War. French admission into war headed to the additional intensification of the war when Spain go in the fight in contradiction of Britain as France's ally, after the ratification of the Agreement of Aranjuez on April 12, 1779.

New Imperialists’ claim of spreading “Christianity, Commerce & Civilization”?

In 1842 a worthy Congregationalist named Thompson Thomas wrote to the sectaries of western Methodists missionary society to urge them to work more in the working class in foreign societies. He asserted the concept of the three ideas civilization commerce and Christianity was a total exaggeration of n amalgam that was integral to the Victorian understanding of the Britain mission.

How New Imperialism was displayed at the World’s Fairs & the Royal Museum of Central Africa?

This major global exposition the sphere had ever seen was watched by more than twenty million people. The exhibition comprised not only the goods, possessions, creations, art, ethnology, teaching, and administration of the Philippine Islets but likewise an exhibition of the ways and civilizations of the Filipino persons. For more than seven periods, the institution presented peers of Belgians their initial, exciting starter to the continent.

How were colonized peoples’ displayed at the World’s Fairs?

Screening alive people and their relics nourished into current ethnic typecast, which world’s fairs both expounded and adapted. In the course of nearly 150 ages of world’s fairs, ethnic typecasts, slowly changed, moving from appearances of Euro-American dominance and colonialism on the way to expressions of patriotism in new states.

Why were they displayed that way?

The exhibitions of occupied colonizes at World’s fairs became ceremonies inside a ceremonial in which the locations, piles, and acts implemented became typecast both on the halfway and in management exhibitions. But the connotations of these ceremonies have experienced variations from the period that they were familiarized till the current. War balls, wedding rituals, etc., were life cycle ceremonies in their philosophies of source, but at World’s fairs they were existing dramatically

How “Scientific” Racism justified the New Imperialism?

Scientific racism is occasionally mentioned as race natural science. Scientific racism works anthropology particularly bodily anthropology, craniometrical, and further disciplines, in suggesting anthropological typologies backing up the sorting of social populaces into materially distinct human races, that could be declared to be greater or lesser.

Works Cited

History And Politics Of The Middle East Final Essay

History and Politics of the Middle East Final Essay

Mackenzie McConnell

12 December 2019

History and Politics of the Middle East Final Essay

Nationalism originates from having common aims, when a community living in a similar homeland comes together for a similar purpose. It happens when culture, traditions, political aims and economic objectives converge and people get together to achieve what suits their circumstances. In the 19th century, nationalism arose to its modern sense; when people in Europe struggled to assert their unity and wanted independence from regimes that have been crushing their individual aims and objectives. With times changing, nationalism arose to include the concepts of liberty, fraternity and then gradually included the spirit which was then recognized as nationalism. These conceptualizations of ideas paved the way for people in Europe to lead a life, free of despair, chaos and disorder. Similar to this, nationalism among Arabs, is an ideology that promotes the idea of Pan-Arabism. This ideology refers to taking pride in Arab nationalism.

The interesting aspect of nationalism among Arabs, is to witness how different leaders from countries like Egypt, Iraq, Palestine, Syria and Libya came together to carry on the message of nationalism. The time nationalism in the Middle East started spreading, there were less political and strategic motives of the countries. For example, in Turkey, the primary goal was to re-orchestrate the country over different ideological grounds. It was related to Turkey itself, and therefore, was not intervened by any other country. This nationalist movement in Turkey then led to the creation of Turkey, which we know today. Similarly, Arab nationalism was aimed at the political unification of the country. There were negligible aspects that could be related to military or armed intentions. Arab nationalism from those times, originated for the fact, Arab leadership believed that changing global trends were, and still are, threatening Arab culture. There was another motive, other than building a political union of Arab countries.

Jewish nationalism, lastly, is referred to as the Jewish movement of the late 19th century. This wave of nationalism in the Arab continent is slightly different. For example, some believe that nationalism among Jews was based on the motive, retrieving their holy piece of land, Canaan. Another aspect of the Jewish nationalist wave was the anti-Semitism movement. They considered it a threat, which could not be deterred, except by uniting. Similarly, some take the perception of Jewish nationalism as an effort to take control of the land of Palestinians and later the area previously occupied by the Ottomans. These nationalist movements by the Arabs were somewhat different from each other. A general political narrative is hard to find. Some were fighting for a cause purely political in nature, whereas some came together for religious purposes. Such differentiating notions of nationalism in the Arab’s land speaks for disunity, however, non-violent nature.

Arabs had been and are still considered different from Europeans. Not in history, at any time they had converged to fight any common delinquent. These separate notions in political agendas and strategic engagements, propose that nationalism in both regions was based on different agendas, which had not converged, not even for the slightest reason. Bearing in mind all such narratives, it is right to argue that nationalism in Europe played as a factor for the nationalism in the Arab continent. Many Arab leaders from that time believe that European nationalism could be a threat to Arabs, since there is not a single common factor between them. While some of the Arab scholars believe that Europeans always had an urge to acquire natural resources, so they could have benefitted, directly. Lastly, in view of nationalist narratives, both in Europe and the Middle-East, it is right to argue that nothing but ideological motives and politico-economic aims, lead nationalistic movements.

Bibliography:

Choueiri, Youssef M. "Arab nationalism." The Routledge Handbook of Muslim-Jewish

Relations (2016): 317.

Gilbert, Paul. The philosophy of nationalism. Routledge, 2018.

History Annotated Bibliography

History Paper: History Annotated Bibliography

Name

Date

Barelli, M. (2016). Seeking justice in international law: the significance and implications of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Routledge.

In this work, Mauro Barelli presents human rights as one of the primary concerns of the international legal system. The international community is committed to protect as well as promote human rights, but unfortunately, the results are not as satisfactory as expected. International law is criticized for having imperialistic traces due to which it fails to minimize inequality that humans are facing across the world. The main aim of this book is to provide an answer to the question of whether the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples provides protection and fulfills their demands when they claim justice. Another important thing that could be witnessed is the relationship between some distinctive features of the struggle of indigenous people and the response of the Declaration of Independence.

Orakhelashvili, A. (2008). Statehood, recognition and the United Nations system: a unilateral declaration of independence in Kosovo. Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law Online, 12(1), 1-44.

In this work, Orakhelashvili put a few questions against the terms that have been pointed in the Declaration of Independence. The legitimacy of many acts and laws is being challenged so that people could think of it as what they are being given in the form of this declaration. History and related facts are also examined by the writer in this work. Various attempts are being made for explaining the process of secession of political, social and legal terms. The legitimacy of major powers has been checked by implying acceptance of the international order. The reasoning given in this study claims that the current situation of Kosovo is not stable, if considered regionally or globally.

Tsesis, A. (2011). For Liberty and Equality: The Life and Times of the Declaration of Independence. Oxford University Press.

In this study, Alexander Tsesis declares the Declaration of Independence as one of the most important and influential in modern history which led the foundation of democracy. He also claimed that this declaration is a touchstone for evaluating social, legal, political practices. It proved helpful for civil rights activists as they got inspired by proclaiming. At the same time, this proved supportive for the people who decried against the injustice policies of the government and its abuse. One of the spotlights of his subject is the successive generations, as he wanted to explore how they internalized, interpreted and adapted to the meaning of this declaration.

Bibliography

Barelli, M. (2016). Seeking justice in international law: the significance and implications of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Routledge.

Orakhelashvili, A. (2008). Statehood, recognition and the United Nations system: a unilateral declaration of independence in Kosovo. Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law Online, 12(1), 1-44.

Tsesis, A. (2011). For Liberty and Equality: The Life and Times of the Declaration of Independence. Oxford University Press.

History Assigment

Nicolas

Instructor Name

Course Number

7 April 2019

Title: History Assignment

In the book Space, Place, and Gender, the author Doreen Massey expressed various concepts associated with time and space in the context of social relations, which are inescapably filled with meaning, symbolism, and power. The view of space is hence explained in terms of signification and power CITATION Mas13 \l 1033 (Massey). The identity of an individual is a predominant theme of the author which according to her influences space, time, and place in which they exist. One of her main arguments has to do with how individuals should perceive space and time in the contemporary era that we live in. there have been various theories proposed recently in this regard, however, Massey finds them problematic and suggests an alternative approach that is more relevant to social science in today's era. These theories and debates are organized around the themes of gender, place, and space through which Massey traces how ideas associated with the social structure of place and time developed, and how they relate to gender issues in light of feminist theory. Massey introduces a broader notion of spatiality that arises from the intersection of various social relations to explain the social structures of production. In this regard, her approach to the concept of place is one that is hybrid and open, contested and provisional, relating that to contemporary feminist thought.

In Spain after the repressive rule of Franco ended in 1975, a new wave of collective hedonism spread throughout Spain which came to be known as the ‘La Movida’ movement. It was a movement that was based on a rebellion against tradition, a collective drive towards cultural freedom, and the need to restore democracy. The Cultural Revolution can be equated to the one that occurred in Germany after the Berlin Wall came down. The period of cultural and political awakening was soon followed with an economic boom and an explosion of artistic creativity, which was further fueled by music, drugs, and alcohol. The movida was a youthful expression of hedonism and fun by a generation that had just been liberated from fascism and was thus characterized with artistic activity, freedom of expression and new ideas that marked the golden age of Spanish music(Art Jorge). Madrid became the epicenter of the Movida that soon took on a role of an identity within art, music and post-modern thought; explaining why musicians continue to be inspired by the movement even today.

The popular 1950s film Wings of Desire presents a thoughtful outlook of Germany’s past. It was developed in a period in which the French New Wave began to influence German Cinema. The film presents a very personal and artistic view of human emotions at the time when Germany was immersed in conflict and crisis. The clip provides a preview of the expressions and emotions captured by the artist, which for today’s audience provides a deep insight into the times that today’s generation would barely recognize if not preserved in films like this. In this regard, Ward correctly argues that the film serves as a repository of Germany’s past. The angels shown in the film, who come to experience human desires expose to the viewer the city’s wounds and pain, while reacting to the atmosphere and environment that characterized that period of German history, which otherwise would be difficult to sense from written historical records alone.

Works Cited

Anja Plovanic. Wings Of Desire Trailer. 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dwo122meoAA. Accessed 7 Apr 2019.

Art Jorge. Exploring Underground Madrid (Full Documentary). 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V48a-hrWh5s&feature=youtu.be&t=2s. Accessed 7 Apr 2019.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Massey, Doreen. Space, Place, and Gender. 1st. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 2013.

History Assignment

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Harry S. Truman - USA

Harry S. Truman was the 33rd President of the United States of America. He succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt and had big shoes to fill, especially since World War II was still raging on with Japan continuing to put up a fierce resistance.

Some of the major events in the American history are as follows:

1607, the first colonists arrive at Jamestown: This was the start of the process of colonization of the “New World” by the British. Almost a hundred people settled somewhere in Virginia to start the process that would culminate in the establishment of the United States of America.

1754-1763, the French and Indian wars: This was the war that established the dominance of the English over the French on the North American continent. The French were thoroughly defeated and they had to give up most of their possessions in North America as a result.

1776, Declaration of American Independence signed: This was the document that proclaimed the independence of America from the British and declared that their rights will not be stomped upon by any entity.

1783, Treaty of Paris: This treaty officially ended the war between the colonists and England, confirming the independence of USA.

1788, Constitution ratified: The Constitution was ratified in 1788 after much deliberation and confusion with regards to the system of governance in USA. The new Constitution made a completely different governance structure than the Articles of Confederation. The debates between Federalists and Anti-Federalists also made things more complicated but the issue was finally resolved with the ratification of Constitution in 1788.

1812-1814, War of 1812: The War of 1812 was another conflict between England and USA, which culminated in a marginal victory for the United States as this boosted American morale after going up against the might of the English Navy.

1846-1848, the Mexican War: This was fought as an extension of ‘Manifest Destiny’, a general feeling in USA that they were destined to expand their country from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. In the end, a huge area including the state of California was added to US territory.

1861-1865, Civil War: The Civil War shaped the future of the country and ended slavery for good. It is one of the most significant events of American history.

1917, American entry into the World War I: The year 1917 saw the entry of America in World War I. This brought an end to the somewhat isolationist policies of the progressive presidents before Woodrow Wilson.

1941-1945, American entry into World War II: Pearl Harbor was attacked by the Japanese and this provoked USA into entering in World War II.

1945, nuclear weapons used: Nuclear weapons were used for the first and only time in the history of the world.

1991, end of Cold War: The splitting of Soviet Union into multiple independent states signaled the end of the Cold War and the triumph of Capitalist system over Communism.

2001, War on Terror begins: President Bush sends troops to Afghanistan, starting the lengthiest conflict in history of USA which is still ongoing.

2017, US leaves Climate Change Agreement: President Donald Trump announces American withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, becoming the only non-signatory country in the world.

Policies of Truman:

Harry S. Truman faced one of the most difficult situations as President of USA. World War II was ongoing in the first few months of his tenure, newly independent nations were being formed due to decolonization and the Cold War was at its peak. He acted with courage and made some great policy decisions that set the stage for America’s victory on multiple battlefronts such as World War II and Cold War. First of all, Truman authorized the use of the only nuclear weapons ever used by any nation in war. It was a decision that would shape his legacy and jump-start the inevitable conflict between Soviet Union and United States of America. The decision itself provoked the Soviets and they started the development of their own version of the bomb. This arms race led both countries to continue developing bigger and more destructive bombs as they both vied for ascendancy in the nuclear warheads contest. The huge drain this arms race took on the meagre financial resources of a communist Soviet Union is thought by many to be the major reason for its downfall. However, this also drained American resources as the defense budget continued to rise and left little room for other welfare and development projects for the American people.

Moreover, Truman also asked Congress for aid to provide for countries that were battling the rise of communism in their territories. The two main countries that Truman focused on were Turkey and Greece that were on the verge of falling to Communism. Truman recognized the threat this posed and swiftly acted by delivering a speech to Congress and obtaining their confidence. Congress approved the funding for Turkey and Greece with a clear majority in both houses. This was dubbed the ‘Truman Doctrine’ as it focused on defeating communism by stopping its spread across Europe and Asia. The non-military approach was a brilliant method of containing the spread of communism and this set the tone for the Cold War as both super-powers used their influence to bring more and more countries under their direct or indirect control. This led to the formation of blocs of countries as well as alliances. The formation of North Atlantic Treaty Organization can be attributed to Truman’s policies as well since the Truman Doctrine focused on containing the spread of Communism. Since, the best method to bring countries under the influence of the free market capitalist system was to ally with them militarily, this is exactly what Truman did. This made the Western European nations feel secure as NATO contains a mutual defense clause which specifies that any attack on a member state of NATO, is an attack on all NATO states. The might of the American military helped bring many countries under the umbrella of NATO and assured others that it was a dependable ally. Thus, Truman’s policies helped create a strong military alliance that permanently deterred Soviet Union and its allies from attacking the USA and this made the average American safer from a Soviet attack.

Another significant policy of the Truman administration was the Marshall plan. This was a disbursement of aid to European nations who had seen the worst fighting of World War II. The idea was that the aid would bring social and economic development to countries of Europe. The development would then help in building a positive image of America as well as the capitalist system in the minds of Europeans. This was another method to control the spread of communism in Europe as a wealthier and more prosperous Western Europe would prove to the world as well as the people of Europe that capitalism was the better system. Truman had hoped that such a plan would convince Europeans of the benefits of capitalist system and then they would reject communism altogether, thereby preventing any socialist inspired revolutions and protests. This was a significant policy and helped USA tremendously. The direct benefits of the Marshall Plan are debatable but there is a simple fact that almost all countries that received American funding, did not see any socialist uprisings. Thus, American people retained their allies in Europe and the average American’s life was better than before since communism was successfully contained and did not spread towards USA.

Letter to Harry S. Truman:

Mr. President, your decision to drop nuclear weapons on Japan is still as divisive a decision as ever. Opponents of your decision state that the war would have been won anyway and there was no need to use such destructive weapons in war. However, the decision did prompt Soviet Union to accelerate its own plans to build nuclear weapons and in retrospect it can be said that the decision started the Cold War sooner than if there had been no nuclear weapons in the mix. The single decision to use nuclear weapons to end the war was extremely popular with the American people as it helped to save more lives than it took. Ending World War II quickly was extremely important in setting the world economy back on track and this ensured development and prosperity in the world. The fact that Japan is one of the biggest economies of the world as well as one of the most prosperous nations is sure to surprise you!

The Truman Doctrine was a successful venture as the aid received by Turkey and Greece helped them fight off the forces of communism. The spread of communism was stopped in its tracks. The people of Turkey and Greece became friendly towards the Americans and the soft image of USA went a long way in ensuring communism did not spread across Europe and Asia as originally feared. This helped the American cause tremendously as people of Europe began to see America as the heroes who were fighting against the evils of communism.

The Marshall Plan enacted by your administration was another success story that went a long way in delivering the American goals in the Cold War. The economic development that accompanied the Marshall Plan made it evident that the free market economy was a better economic model than state owned economy. This simple belief in the capitalist system ensured that people of Europe did not turn to Communism, thereby allowing America to maintain its alliances in Europe to stop the spread of Communism. Thus, your policy of aiding development in Europe was a success that ultimately paved the way for America to win the Cold War.

Works Cited

Zinn, Howard. A people's history of the United States: 1492-present. Routledge, 2015.

Nevins, Allan, Henry Steele Commager, and Jeffrey Brandon Morris. A pocket history of the United States. Vol. 9023. Simon and Schuster, 1992.

Hook, Steven W., and John Spanier. American Foreign Policy Since WWII 19th Edition. Cq Press, 2012.

History Book Review

Am Pham

Professor

Course

11 March 2019

Title: History Book Review

Part 1

Fredrick Douglass is among the most famous black men in U.S. history known for his lifetime of struggle against slavery. He himself was a slave who escaped and lead efforts against slavery through his writings, speeches and activism, eventually becoming a key figure in the abolitionist movement. In the paper, his autobiography The Life and Times of Fredrick Douglass will be reviewed to explore what inspired and enables his escape from slavery and examine the ways he contributed to the abolitionist movement.

Fredrick Douglass was born in Talbot County, Maryland as a slave child to a white father. He did not know much about his father nor could count his age exactly. Slave children in his times would be separated from their mother after being born, while they would commonly be traded or sold by their fathers. The only memory Fredrick had about his mother was that she was a slave woman who would sometimes visit him late at the night. Instead, he was taken care of by his grandmother, who was a kind-hearted woman and brought him up lovingly. Douglass cherished the memories of spending time with his grandmother describing these times as an unforgettable memory. He was, however, soon separated from his grandmother when he was around seven years of age and taken away. Heartbroken at the separation, it made him realize the price of slavery even as a child.

His first introduction to the horrors of slavery began soon after he began living on the plantation, when he saw his Aunt Hester being beaten by Aaron Anthony, her master. It was the first of many that he would continue to observe or be subjected to. Later, he was sent to Baltimore to stay with Sophia and Hugh Auld. These times were significant for him as he began to learn how to read from Sophia Auld. Her husband later barred him from reading, however, he had read enough to see that freedom and literacy were linked. He is later sent to live with Hugh’s brother, Thomas Auld, who could not control him. Douglass was then transferred to a man known as the ‘nigger-breaker’, Edward Covey, which was another turning point in his life. Covey tried to beat Douglass but he fought back and challenged the man to a standoff. These events eventually lead him to be transferred to William Freeland, who was considerably better than his earlier Masters. Freeland ran a school which had forty or more slaves being taught. Here, he began to plan his escape; however, that ended in failure and he was returned to Hugh Auld who trained him as a caulker. The work also provided him with a small taste of independence and freedom inspiring him to continue his journey.

Douglass was the person who mind had already liberated while he was a slave. He saw ignorance to be a tool to enslave a people, as they become mentally dominated by their white slave owners who instill a fear within them and deny them an education. When he was barred from reading, he understood the extent of their deprival, and understood how the road towards freedom was illuminated by learning. His learning made him mentally resolute that he would not be whipped by his owner again, which led to his fight with Covey. It rekindled within him his sense of individuality and manhood and served as another turning point in his journey, motivating him to plan his escape.

After it became clear to Douglass that his reading abilities were key to his freedom, he began to focus his efforts on attaining freedom, making his first escape plan in 1836 with four other slaves. He forged passes for everyone which suggested that permission had already been granted to them to travel to Baltimore. However, he was arrested after one of the slaves betrayed him. Two years later, he planned another escape after he was denied the right to hiring himself out. This time, Douglass was successful in his plan and escaped to New York after borrowing protection papers from a black sailor. After he had arrived in New York, he breathed a sigh of relief and built upon his success to become a powerful abolitionist leader.

After his escape, Fredrick Douglass became a key figure in the movement to abolish slavery. He became a charismatic public speaker developing strong positions and arguments against slavery, while deriving credibility and authority from his own past experiences. Most of his efforts in life were then dedicated to making the abolishment movement a success. Experiencing the horrors of slavery first had, he could not bear to see other people live a life of constant violence and humiliation as a slave. Therefore, he began to devise some powerful arguments in which he used logic and reasoning to refute some of the common arguments that slave owners commonly presented to justify enslaving the black community. His writings were also powerful as he would share his personal experiences of being a slave and gave his readers a very personal insight into how difficult life is for a slave. His powerful rhetoric and style of narration would draw readers in, who would empathize with his experiences and feel truth emanating from his stories. Moreover, Douglass in his writings would typically describe the common and usual practices and treatment of slaves instead of focusing too much on narrating extraordinary stories. The multiple accounts he narrated helped the readers gain and idea of how slavery impacts individuals and society.

Besides his own writings, Douglass also worked with other key abolitionist leaders such as Abby Kelly, John Brown and Wendell Phillips. He, however, disagreed with John Brown whose tactics he deemed violent. He discouraged incidents such as the one on Harper’s Ferry and suggested a more democratic approach. Moreover, he also focused on addressing the religious aspect of slavery and provided counter arguments to those who thought that slavery was sanctioned by Christianity. He reprimanded those who were silent about slavery because of it and held the interpretation which sanctioned slavery as a form of blasphemy that infringed upon Christian liberty.

Furthermore, he also led achieved foreign support for his movement He traveled to Ireland and Britain in 1845, spending two years of his life there giving lectures in different chapels and churches. His speeches would draw in large crowds and it was within the same time that he attained legal freedom using the funds his British supporters had raised for him, to help him purchase his freedom from Thomas Auld. His British supporters also provided him funds to start his own newspaper North Star which served as a key abolitionist newspaper, which continued to actively publish literature against slavery until the Civil War. In his further visits to Britain, he advocated his anti-slavery stance among British Christians asking them never to support those Churches or leaders that allowed or encouraged slavery.

Douglass disagreed with some of the radical elements and leaders within the abolitionist movement, such Garrison who held that the U.S. Constitution permitted and encouraged slavery. Although, he earlier agreed to the same idea, however, he realized the error in this reasoning and spitted with Garrison, taking a strong stance that the Constitution of the United States is not and should be seen as pro-slavery and rather be used in the battle against slavery.

In the civil war, Douglass was a strong Unionist, who played an active role in recruiting soldiers for the 54th Infantry Regiment in Massachusetts. During the civil war, he also actively advocated using African American soldiers in the Union army, and actively recruited them for the U.S. Colored troops. Owing to his role, activism and prominence in the Civil War, he received different political appointments. For him, the civil war was a critical point in ending slavery, and urged Abraham Lincoln, along with other black leaders to emancipate all slaves to ensure that the U.S would never see slavery again. After the Civil war, he increased his advocacy for bringing amendments to the U.S Constitution, which eventually changed the status of Black Americans in the U.S. The change came through the enactment of the 15th and the 14th amendment to the U.S. Constitution. It granted the right to vote to all citizens and granted citizenship to all Black Americans. In the reconstruction era, Douglass used his political appointments, position and status to advocate and demonstrate that Black Americans had equal capabilities as White Americans. After slavery was abolished, he increased his attention to improving the integration of the black community into different aspects of American economic and political life.

In conclusion, Douglass was born a slave, who educated himself and used his education to lead him, and others out of slavery. His recorded his life events and the atrocities of slavery in the his autobiography The life and Times of Fredrick Douglass which not only provided a detailed account of how he escaped from slavery but provided insights to the reader about how dehumanizing slavery can be. Throughout his life, he fought for abolishing slavery and worked with notable leaders to advocate his cause.

Part 2

The experiences shared by Douglass in his autobiography described the conditions he felt as a black person, fearing that any turning point, road or bridge some white person may be following him. He describes the feelings of being petrified out of fear of being discovered. A similar account was related by Eric Foner who explained that each white person according to law was asked to keep an eye open for fugitive slaves. Therefore, any black person could be stopped and asked to show their documents to prove that they are a free person, or have been given permission to venture outside CITATION Fon15 \l 1033 (Foner). The feelings of fear described by Douglass were a result of suspecting every white person to be searching for him.

The slaves wanted to escape because of two main reasons. One main factor was the physical abuse which involved being whipped, mistreated and abused in a harsh and violent manner. Another key reason for wanting to escape was the fear of being sold. Most fugitive slaves hailed from the upper south, where they were comparatively treated better than the lower South. Moreover, they feared being separated from their families and people they knew. Moreover, they also feared having other members of their families sold and the possible brutal conditions that they might face in the place where they are relocated to.

In New York City, slaves were estimated to be sold for more than $100 in the market, where the average earnings for a working-class individual was close to $250. Foner estimates that about one dozen people would have been involved in aiding fugitive slaves in New York City, but who continued to do so very effectively for a few months. There were documented records for 200 slaves who passed New York City. Although the people in the Underground Railroad who were involved were not too many, but they were actively working. Between 1835 to 1860, Foner estimates that more than 5000 fugitives were aided nation-wide CITATION Fon15 \l 1033 (Foner).

According to Foner, the Fugitive Slave Act was very important in the way that it affected the black population living in the North. The population became vulnerable and as a result saw a mass exodus of fugitive slaves, wanting to escape Northern cities, such as New York. Moreover, the Fugitive Slave Law also applied to those who had already escaped a dozen years ago and were living peaceful lives in the North with their families and earning a wage. Those people also became vulnerable as a result of the law and feared being relocated to the South after being captured. Also, the person who was accused was not provided the right to testify, therefore it became very easy to be picked up, captured and relocated by means of the law. Furthermore, the 186 Civil Rights Act was a very important law that, for the first time, provided equal rights to African Americans without distinction of their race. The fugitive Slave Act also helped provide a model for the Civil Rights Act, since it was a federal law that overrode state law. The Fugitive Slave Law constitutionally established the South’s right despite the opposition from the North, and now the Civil Rights Act was modeled after the same law to penalize any state officials who were looking to put Blacks back into slavery again.

The information used by Eric Foner was obtained from personal memoirs, and from Howard Gray’s manuscript ‘Record of Fugitives’ that were published in Northern newspapers. The entire record was maintained by the journalist, Howard Gay, that was based on his personal meetings with fugitive slaves, and which documented their histories and accounts of escape.

History Essay

Name

Name of Professor

Name of Class

Day Month Year

Pericles Speech

The speech given by Pericles was in the honor of fallen Athenian heroes at the end of the war and was filled with the height of emotions and patriotism. In the speech he disrobed the qualities of Athenians and what makes them great. The idea that they were able to strive hard for the good of their country. Some of the great qualities of Athenians described in his speech are that they share the bonds of trust and have a mutual desire for freedom. What makes them great is that they obey the laws and regulations not because they are bound to do so but because they really want to do it. They are a unique type of citizen; they are intelligent, open-minded, and tolerant. They are able to cope up with any challenge and have become the new ideal for the Greek world.

The state is better than other states of Greek because of their unique system of democracy. He describes this system as "Its administration favors the many instead of the few; this is why it is called a democracy." Their state offers justice to all without any discrimination of the class or wealth. In addition, they do not copy laws of others which makes them unique rather they give a unique role model to the other states. "Our constitution does not copy the laws of neighboring states; we are rather a pattern to others than imitators ourselves."

His idea of the state as depicted in his speech is that the state has the purpose of serving the people of the state. He considers the democracy as the best form of government, and it offers the opportunities to all the men without any discrimination, "class considerations not being allowed to interfere with merit" ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"g0NXo1xc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf ({\\i{}Internet History Sourcebooks})}","plainCitation":"(Internet History Sourcebooks)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1330,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/MC92SSLF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/MC92SSLF"],"itemData":{"id":1330,"type":"webpage","title":"Internet History Sourcebooks","URL":"https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/pericles-funeralspeech.asp","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Internet History Sourcebooks). That is why he has adopted democracy for his state, and he considers the Athenians as superior to any other citizens of the fellow states. Since he calls his state the best and better from the fellow states, his state is the ideal one having democracy as the system in which every capable man enjoys the benefit. Such state allows several occasions to fresh the mind by celebrating games and sacrifices of its people. The freedom is not just in the government, but it also exists in the ordinary life of the citizens so that the Athenians enjoy the same fruits as the fellow states. Such a state is open for the opportunities to the foreigners.

In his speech, he addresses the women from the family of those who died in the war. He advised the women on several issues and matters and guided them, regarding what is their role in the success and betterment of the state. His advice has been reduced to an ideological perception which called for silence form Athenian women. He persuaded women without offending the men in the audience. He believes the role of women is essential in the success of the strategies that he had to use against the Peloponnesians. He appreciated the women who will be widows and advised them not to mourn over the death of the soldiers but to feel proud being their widows, “On the other hand, if I must say anything on the subject of female excellence to those of you who will now be in widowhood, it will be all comprised in this brief exhortation.” ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"cr1tUH7c","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf ({\\i{}Internet History Sourcebooks})}","plainCitation":"(Internet History Sourcebooks)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1330,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/MC92SSLF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/MC92SSLF"],"itemData":{"id":1330,"type":"webpage","title":"Internet History Sourcebooks","URL":"https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/pericles-funeralspeech.asp","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Internet History Sourcebooks). The role of women is not just confined to that of the inside of the house but also outside the house, and they can play the equal role in the betterment of their state and to win against Peloponnesians. Overall women must realize her roles and responsibilities and must be moderate in behavior. "Great will be your glory in not falling short of your natural character; and greatest will be hers who is least talked of among the men, whether for good or for bad.”

He depicts the men who have died sacrificing for their nation and their people like the heroic characters and depicts them as the ideal one must follow. They are depicted as the role models and perfect examples of how a man must live and die. Athens who died in the service of their country deserves appreciation and praise. He pays tribute to the fallen soldiers and embraces the fact that they are the real heroes, “the Athens that I have celebrated is only what the heroism of these and their like have made her” ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"E2X4dLZS","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf ({\\i{}Internet History Sourcebooks})}","plainCitation":"(Internet History Sourcebooks)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1330,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/MC92SSLF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/MC92SSLF"],"itemData":{"id":1330,"type":"webpage","title":"Internet History Sourcebooks","URL":"https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/pericles-funeralspeech.asp","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Internet History Sourcebooks). According to him the value of these spirits who died cannot be described in words, and they deserve the praise and gratitude, “You, their survivors, must determine to have as unfaltering a resolution in the field, though you may pray that it may have a happier issue.” They are the examples which are only celebrated in their own country but will be respected in foreign lands as well.

At that time religion as the religion was deeply embedded in the civic life of people and they could not consider a separation between the state and the church. Participation in rituals was considered a political act. Pericles had a relationship with gods, and he was the spokesman of the civic religion. Due to his attachment to religion, he was inclined to making policies aimed at launching architectural, religious works throughout Attica; and, furthermore, he was engaged in such doings at a time when the city was familiarizing with autochthony He had also developed personal relationships with God.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Internet History Sourcebooks. https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/pericles-funeralspeech.asp. Accessed 11 Mar. 2019.

History Essay

History Essay

Name:

Institution:

Ideologies and western culture

Ideology, knowledge and escalation of ideas have led to positive development in modern western civilization since it has led to positive developments. The discovery of different western ideologies has led to a number of positive contributions that has made the society be successful throughout the years. The knowledge people gained through learning on how to achieve civilization has made it much easier for the dream of western civilization to be a reality.

In addition, the society in western civilization has got to experience major changes for the better in terms of realizing stability of the society and ensuring a harmonious existence and progressiveness towards building the economy. In addition, it has led to the growth of the economy and they are further boosted by the kind of knowledge obtained and focused on building a stronger economy of the states.

On the other hand, in as much as there were people who were learned, there were however people who did not get the opportunity. The people who have not gone through an education process end up following policies set up blindly and they are usually exploited unknowingly. They are always counted on to have different kinds of proposals pass through in the decision making tables because of the lack of an appropriate agenda.

Western civilization has also led to the development of cut-throat capitalism. Everyone is greedy and would use the opportunity of civilization to create a niche for themselves from which they will only focus on self-benefit. Such actions have made various countries struggle to get after the onset of civilization thus a big loss to the mother country. In addition through western civilization it would be easy for the bad leaders to take up available opportunities for making up laws that benefit them only without taking into consideration the interests of those they represent.

Free thought

‘Free thought’ over the 500 years has been important in that one gets to make decision on his or her own way. An individual gets to come up with ideas that directly influences his life. The members of the society get to act on issues they consider as being important and mean a lot to them without being forced into dealing with other issues surrounding the society or that are being pushed down their throat.

Free thought has also created room for creativity as the members of the society go through a period of self-realization and in turn get know their abilities. There is nothing as beautiful as one’s ability to do things in their own way and from what they believe is right. Moreover, free thought gives an individual the opportunity to make an important contribution aimed at transforming their personal lives and can be a chance for self-discovery as one can try to gauge the ideas they and the way it would benefit the society as a whole. It gives them the opportunity to thrive in the entire society and gives others a chance to relate to something they believe in.

On the other hand, free-thought can be a little bit misleading since a lot of self-reliance within the society make individuals lose site of the views of the other people within the society. In addition, the individuals are likely to become selfish and unwilling to cooperate with other people in the society thus making them turn out as being selfish or self-centered. An individual who completely delves into free thought tend to believe he or she is always right and refuse to accept correction. The dangers of such actions is that once an individual puts in his mind that he is always right, he will not be willing change whatsoever however much people may try to convince him otherwise.

Bibliography

Bury, J. B., 2011. A History of Freedom of Thought. Chicago: BoD – Books on Demand.

Nuraan Davids, Y. W., 2018. Universities, Pedagogical Encounters, Openness, and Free Speech: Reconfiguring Democratic Education. New York: Rowman & Littlefield,.

Piketty, T., 2017. Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Chicago: Harvard University Press.

History Essay 1

History Essay 1

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

History Essay 1

During the world war, II USA and the Soviet Union allied and fought against Germany and Japan. However, both countries had tensions before the second world war, and their relationship was tense because of different ideology. Soviet Union was promoting communism around the globe, while the USA opposed it and tried to restrict the expansion of this philosophy. After the world war two, Russia expended in eastern Europe. USA was not in favor of the USSR expansion and tried to control it. Russia felt the intention of USA, and there was an extensive and hostile atmosphere between these two countries (Hewitt & Lawson, 2014).

As the world war II summed up, most of the American officials were agreed to install the best defense mechanism against the treats of USSR. This strategy was called a containment strategy. The US policymakers focused on the restriction of expansive Russian tendencies. According to Harry Truman the president of USA, that they will support those states against Russia who want freedom and would not want to come under the control of communism through outside pressure. This policy of USA continued for several decades. The USA was the only nuclear power in the world that was the potential threat to Russia. The possession of nuclear weapons made Truman to underestimate the power and position of Soviets. The military containment policy established by USA policymakers was to plant their army in different regions to maintain their power and control in this region, and caused severe threats for Russia. The USA provided aid to Europe for sustainability and development after the war, they also offered assistance to Germany and helped them to grow again as a peaceful country. The USA sent their troops to Korea to stop the expansion and influence of communism. They initially took over South Korea.

USA after world war II had reviewed their policy and aligned it with modern changing global conditions. The end of World War started the tension between Russia and United States of America I, that continues and ended up during the Afghanistan and Russians. Currently, Russia is emerging again and dangerous threats for the USA.

References

Hewitt, N., & Lawson, S. (2014). Exploring American histories. Bedford/St. Martin's.

History Essay 2 For Muhammad

History Essay

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

History Essay

The term Union which is also called Union Army during the American Civil War was the army of individuals that fought for the rights of North America. It was a huge man army with several subdivisions to cover the different part of the region. The name of some prominent union armies includes Army of the Ohio, Army of Potomac, and Army of Tennessee. Whereas on the other hand, the Confederate States of America as also known as Confederacy during the American Civil War (Coulter, 2018). The administration of the 11 states in the south of America took the official affairs into their hands and fought a war which ended with their defeat in the year 1865.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Union with effects

Advantages

The good leadership is the major advantage of the Union. The leaders with extraordinary leadership qualities like William Sherman, George Thomas and biggest of them Lincoln are few examples. The leadership qualities of Lincoln made him a President.

The Union had a huge number of the populace. There was no slavery among the Unions, and the people were given allowance to serve the army. With these steps, the number of the army of Union grew by more than 200,000 soldiers.

Unions had a strong economy. Their industrial base and commerce were strong enough to provide them a huge benefit. They made their own stuff and supplies in order to meet the requirements of daily needs. They do not depend on imports(Donald, 2015).

Disadvantages

The Union States were unaware of the terrain of the contenders. This is a huge disadvantage that Union is unaware of the shortest and safest in and out the path of the area under the control of enemies.

Union in American Civil War has to track and plan attacks as well as they work in an aggressive way.

Victory is the utmost desire of the Union States, and they had a lot of political and social pressure of taking the victory. The pressure affected the soldiers in a negative way as they were unable to focus on the war strategies(Donald, 2015).

Advantages and Disadvantages of Confederacy with effects

Advantages

They had an excellent and remarkable spy system which is an important tool in winning any war.

Their war strategies were brilliant and quick. The brilliant war strategies benefit the Confederacy in a huge way.

The had an advantage of fighting at their home field. This gives huge emotional support to the Confederate soldiers and fighters (Goldfield, 2015).

Disadvantages

The transportation system of the Confederate states was very weak and poor. In order to achieve any victory either in war or in trade, the transport and road system of the state must be up to the standards.

There were less industrialized than Unions. They had a very little number of factories to produce weapons. Low productivity means low chances of victory.

They were in small number. Their population consisted of nearly 9 million individuals having a minimum or zero fighting abilities. This had a huge effect in war as it is quite difficult to win with a low skilled and limited number of men (Goldfield, 2015).

Turning Point of American Civil War

The Battle of Antietam was a turning point in the American Civil War. It was the first ever foremost fight to occur in the northern land. The General of the Confederate army planned to produce an uproar by entering his army into Maryland. He was hopeful to won the battle and was determined enough to win on the land of Unions. But the Union defeated the Confederates. This was considered as the bloodiest day in the history of the Civil War (Donald, 2015). The Battle of Gettysburg is also one of the main turning points of the civil war. This battle was a huge defeat to the southern land. The General Lee of south planned to invade Pennsylvania to steal weapons. They failed to do so because of the strength of Union who forced them to retreat to Virginia. Moreover, the Anaconda Plan proved to be a turning point as well. In this plan, the General of South Winfield Scott's made a strategy to use the American Navy in order to block the coast of Confederacy to take control of the Mississippi River (Dew, 2017). This plan caused a huge success to the North, i.e. Union.

Reference

Coulter, E. M. (2018). The Civil War and Readjustment in Kentucky. UNC Press Books.

Dew, C. B. (2017). Apostles of Disunion: Southern Secession Commissioners and the Causes of the Civil War. University of Virginia Press.

Donald, D. H. (2015). Why the North Won the Civil War. Pickle Partners Publishing.

Goldfield, D. (2015). Confederate cities: the urban south during the Civil War era. University of Chicago Press.

History Essay1 For Muhammad

History Essay 1

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

Purpose of Temperance movement:

This was a social movement in which efforts were made to encourage people for having a moderate way of consuming liquor in the beginning of this movement The purpose of this movement was to make people realize that taking intoxicating drinks is one of the leading causes for incorporating demerits in the society that were common in the 19th century (Fletcher,et,al,2007). This movement significantly moved the people and it was seen that people were giving upon drinking by considering more their religious teachings. Purpose of abolitionism:

This was one of the major social reform movements that were started in America for making sure the end of the slavery, this term was used both for formal and informal use. It could be seen that the slave trade was one of the most common things worldwide since long. Mainly this social movement was started to end the slavery of African and Indian slaves. This movement also made sure that there would be no future slave trade as all humans has full freedom and the right to live their life freely. The influence of this movement was that those who were having slaves, most of them let them free.

Purpose of prison and asylum reform movement:

This was a reform movement in which Dorothea Dix raised her voice for the ones who were treated with no difference then the animals and caged birds in prisons. She argued that the prison was a kind of asylum for them. She notably raised her voice for the mentally sick people living in prisons. Because of this movement, mentally ill prisoners were being given some additional comforts and were given more care than other prisoners.

Purpose of Women’s suffrage:

It was another significant social reform movement that talked about the rights of women that were not given to them just for being women. One of the main purposes of this movement was that women should have the right to cast vote (Kraditor,et,al,1965). The influence of this movement was that women had been given few of the rights in the beginning and they were given the right to vote.

Two main leaders:

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Henry David Thoreau

Both these leaders emphasized the view that individual is at their best when they are independent and self-reliant. The purpose of this movement was to make people realize about the triangular relationship of God, men, and nature.

Transcendentalism

Transcendentalism was a philosophical, political and literary movement that arose as a reaction against the intellectual and spiritual hold of that time. This movement was entirely about the inherent goodness in people and nature (Rose,et,al,1981). This encouraged many social changes in the 19th century as it was emphasizing on the subjects’ intuition rather than the objective empiricism. Emergence of Transcendentalism was all about the relation that there exist a close relationship among God, men and nature which gave an insight to the all the followers and believers of this movement through the preaching and argumentation of founders of this movement. He believed that God has created everything for man so that he could have a satisfied and contented life on earth so all the social hurdles should be broken down by taking ethics in account.

The society was indulged in many immoral and religiously corrupt affairs that needed to be changed, so this movement led to the genesis of many of 19th century social reforms that focused more on how God wants to see man living life on earth (Boller,et,al,1974). This movement was the source of inspiration for other social reforms as it could be seen that this movement emphasized more upon on the point that all individuals should be equal despite any discrimination. For example, women suffrage movement was started when people got inspired by the vision of Transcendentalism. This movement incorporated the social sense in people as it could be seen that transcendentalist from the start had this sense that society that exists around them was deficient of morality and ethics.

References:

Rose, A. C. (1981). Transcendentalism as a social movement, 1830-1850. Yale University Press.

Boller, P. F. (1974). American Transcendentalism, 1830-1860: An Intellectual Inquiry.

Kraditor, A. S. (1965). The Ideas of Women Suffrage Movement (pp. 1890-1920). New York: Columbia University Press.

Fletcher, H. B. (2007). Gender and the American temperance movement of the nineteenth century. Routledge.

History Exam 1

History exam 1

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

History Exam 1

1.

Ethnicity and race are the two prominent features of American society. The original 13 colonies consisted of native British and slaves from Africa. After the expansion of the American land, many Europeans started coming to America and the inclusion of native Indians also occurred. The admittance of Texas brought the Mexican ethnic group in American society. Thus a brief glimpse of the history of America makes it evident that the concept of ethnicity and race originated in America due to the influx of other ethnic groups at various times and stereotypes attached with each race or ethnic groups resulted in what becomes the USA.

The white man’s burden is a notion which encouraged the Americans for annexation and colonization of lands. According to this framework, Americans believed that they are the most civilized societies and it is their moral and religious obligation to civilize other societies. This created a sense of superiority in the whites. As a result, a number of stereotypes originated against the people of color and whites started discriminating them on different levels. In addition to this since the African Americans were slaves prior to emancipation proclamation, therefore, they were always treated as inferior beings. People coming from other parts of Europe was incorporated in the society as white and were granted white prerogatives. But since Asians and Japanese are not considered as white therefore they were also treated differently. So these are the reasons which created the concepts of ethnicity and race in American society. The increased discrimination forced the ethnic groups to raise their voice for equality and in the last few decades, they became successful in achieving it.

To cap it all, the above discussion sufficiently proves that the idea of race and ethnicity originated through ideas like white man's burden and through the influx of people from all over the world. Today America is a melting pot due to equal rights to all after a number of protests from minority groups.

2.

There is always a love-hate relationship between Americans and immigrants. While on one side the natives were encouraged for expansion of land they also created a sense of superiority in them which instigates a feeling of hate for the people coming from other regions. Historical experiences of Irish, Italians and African Americans make it apparent that they were all treated similarly by the Native Americans. However, there were a few differences in how they were treated based on their skin color or the era in which they entered the American land. Hence the paper aims to discuss the similarities and difference between the Irish, Italian and African American experience in America.

Middle-class, Irish Protestants started entering America in the 1840s. They were poor, uneducated and started working as domestic servants and labor on docks and mines. This created their image as people who are lazy and foolish and Americans started treating them accordingly. Likewise, the Italians came to America during the "New Immigration" period. These people were unskilled and displaced farmers. Due to their history, they were considered a violent and impulsive race. As a result, Italians suffered violent attacks like in 1896 a mob broke into a jail and killed three Italian prisoners in Louisiana. These incidence of violent attacks are similar to the experiences of African Americans. Ku Klux Khan is one of the greatest examples of anti-African American feeling and act of violence. Thus it is ostensible that the experience of violence faced by the African Americans, Irish and Italians is the same. The only difference is that since African-Americans were slaves their inclusion in the society was more challenging and the acts of violence against them were more severe.

Hence the above discussion illustrates the differences and similarities between the experience of Irish, Italians, and African-Americans in the United States.

History Exam 2

History Exam 2

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

History Exam 2

USA has about 50 states under the control of the US federation. Each of the states is autonomous and can make their own rules and regulations. However the national law is the superior law, and the laws of the country should be made aligned with the federal requirements. Across the globe racism has created numerous issues due to the inferiority of one race, and superior race exploits its rights. This can cause disregards for the deprived runs of the world. Especially the African Americans in the USA had live in America as the slaves. The white Americans exploited their rights for a long time. There is a myth that African Americans were brought into the USA from Africa for slavery. The black Africans during the 17th century were picked and shifted into the USA for salver. According to the report, millions of people were transferred to different states of the country. The population of black Americans has soared in the last few centuries. Nigger is an insulting name used by whites to the Americans of African origin. They were inhabited and worked as a slave in the big farms in the south part of the country. The slavery ended in 1865; however, the racism still exists, and the discrimination through racism had a significant psychological influence on the lives of people.

In the 1960s there were two significant movements took place, the civil rights movement, and the black power movement. Both the movements had a slogan to protect the fundamental rights of African Americans. The civil rights movement started from 1961 to 1968, during the movement John Kennedy died. Kennedy supported the civil rights movements because he believed in the equality and justice. This movement has resulted in many benefits for the African Americans in the long term. Prior to these movements, the black community of the country was paid less than that of the white counterpart. Most of them worked as low waged farmers, working at factories, and domestic servants. Moreover, they were discouraged to join army and military forces. After threatening the government for a long march to Washington and demands for their fundamental rights as the citizen of the country. These movements helped the African Americans to get their fundamental rights of the living. Ultimately the black community got their basic rights and got to colleges, got handsome jobs and better lifestyles.

Both the movements were same because of their same agenda which was the complete racial equality. There were a lot of people who were suffering the racial discriminations from the last few centuries and were treated as a slave. The remarkable difference between both the movements was that the Black Power movement’s supporters were ready to the violent strikes to get their rights forcefully. While the participants in the Civil Rights Movement were ono-violent and they believe to pressurize the government by their long term and peaceful strike. The primary objective of these two movements was to highlight the issues of political and structural inequality. Black power movement had explored the black identity, and the activists also highlighted the class differences and gender discrimination. Because of the Civil Rights Movement, an act was passed, The Civil Rights Act 1964, which banned the discrimination in the employment and recruitment process, racial discrimination, and inequality based on color, religion, gender, nationality origin. It was the major success factor of this movement to compel the government and pass legislation for the protection of the rights of the black people of America (Hewitt & Lawson, 2014).

The African Americans in the USA were treated like the slaves, all the rights and benefits of the citizenship of USA. They were deprived for many centuries and were not allowed to achieve a respectable job in the society. Some protestants changed the paradigm of this inequality and discrimination by two significant movements.

References

Hewitt, N., & Lawson, S. (2014). Exploring American histories. Bedford/St. Martin's.

History Exam Essay

History exam essay

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

History exam essay

The partnership between the Soviet Union and the United States was an alliance of necessity during the wartime. Both Nations put aside their ideological differences to combat Nazis because it appeared as a threat to both countries. But when the when the cold war ended which was a prolonged Military, economic and political dominance countries moved towards Post World war.

The united stated denied recognition of USSR until 1993, and the policy was reversed by President Roosevelt, but both countries had troubled relations with each other. At that time the view os Henry Wallace who served as a Truman secretary was more concerned about drawing a hard line against the Soviet Union because Stalin was pushing for policy expansion to surround themselves with friendly countries to protect their borders. In the year 1947 United States to pressure the Soviet Union to withdraw from Iran and other east European countries to because it appeared a threat to the democratic system of western Europe as well. Truman applied the policy of containment to maintain access to Asian colonies and the middle east. Greece was considered a sphere of influence for the United States.

During the cold war the cornerstone of Ameican foreign policy known as Truman Doctrine was to protect the democratic countries and control expansion of communism (Hewitt & Lawson 2014). George Kennan Applied another version of containment to control the development of communism by providing economic and political aid to Europe. Stalin, on the other hand, considered this Marshal plan as a hostile attempt by the United States. As a result, the Soviets in 1948 engineered a communist coup for the remaining democracy of eastern Europe.

The cold war intensified after 1947, and both countries started military spending to enhance their presence. The cold war operated in full force, and anti-communism was considered a potent weapon. The doctrine of George Kennan leads to permanent military alliance such as the war in Korea or NATO. The continuing war of Korea and beginning stage of NATO administration of Truman increased military plans around the world. Spendings on Cold war helped to boost the economy of United States but the property it brought portrayed some serious troubles at home over teenage culture and civil right.

References

Hewitt, N., & Lawson, S. (2014). Exploring American histories. Bedford/St. Martin's.