History

History

Edmund Ruffin defends slavery by associating it with the reward and earnings. He claims that slavery had contributed to the welfare of the blacks by providing them labor and work. This was the only thing that offered work and food to the African-Americans. As more work resulted in more reward, slavery was not bad. De Bow claims that slavery resulted in diversification of the southern economy. He states that slavery has contributed to the welfare of the society because it was not possible to fulfill the food necessities of the society. Slavery has a positive side because it contributed to the labor and economic development

Both sources emphasize on the advantages of slavery with the central focus on employment. Most of the people who came to west from Africa lacked food and were unable to find a better place to live. By accepting the slavery they were able to generate reward in the form of food. The argument Bow mentions, “the non-slaveholder of the South is assured that the remuneration afforded by his labor, over and above the expense of living, is larger than that which is afforded by the same labor in the free States”. This reflects that remuneration was not afforded by the labor without the slave state. The facts mentioned by the authors reveal that they have defended the slave system and relates it to the benefit of the slaves. Ruffin has presented similar concerns for defending the philosophy of slavery. He explains that comparison of the post-slavery state with slavery indicates that the labor included majority blacks who were suffering from famine.

Poverty was one of the major factors that convinced blacks to accept slavery. This proves that the slave system played a significant role in improving the conditions of the poor. They lacked food and suffered from starvation, further linked to deaths. The slave system had thus allowed the blacks and the poor to generate reward by offering labor. This created advantages for the people of the society and for themselves. The authors have illustrated the positive side of slavery by highlighting the real facts. Another positive aspect of slavery was high wages during high demand. Ruffin claims, "whenever the demand for labor is much greater than the supplies the wages of labor are much higher than expenses of living". This was due to the fact that the expenses of the labor were minor. They managed to earn high wages during the seasons when their demands were extremely high. This allowed them to improve their living conditions more than their expectations. Wages were also offered on the basis of per day work that allowed the slaveholders to use a system of rules for all laborer. The labor was evaluated individually on the basis of their performance. This means the greater reward or high wagers were given to the workers who put better efforts.

Ruffin claims that slaves, “soon learn to regard present and continuous labor as an evil greater than the probable but uncertain future occurrence of extreme privation, or even famine, and consequent death from want”. The statement reflects that without slavery it was not possible to fulfil the wants of the society. The larger necessity was food that was dependent on the slave or labor system. It was thus important to adopt the slave system for growing adequate crops for the entire population. The author has rejected the criticism on slavery by explaining that without this system the society and the people would have suffered more torment in the form of famine. Crops were directly linked with the slave system so it was crucial to hire more labor. The slavery defence is also justified on the claims that it was not possible to grow crops without this system. Bow claims, "without the institution of slavery the great staple products of the south would cease to grow, and the immense annual results which are distributed among every class of the community”. Slaves were used to working on the fields that allowed the farm owners to create staple products. The demands of the population were high so without labor they would not meet it.

The non-slaveholders of the south had to find work in the crowded cities and were confined t the factories and Bow mentions, “tender women, aged men, delicate children, toil and labor there from early dawn until after candle-light, from one year to another, for miserable pittance, scarcely above the starvation point”. The argument reveals that the conditions of the blacks in the south were no better than the conditions of the slaves of the north. This was due to the fact that the women, children and the men had to work in the factories for long hours.

References

Ruffin, Edmund. “Edmund Ruffin Defends Slavery (1853).” In Documents to Accompany America's History, Volume 1, sixth edition, edited by Melvin Yazawa. 312-313. New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2008.

De Bow, J.D.B. “The Non-Slaveholders of the South (1860).” In Voices of Freedom: A Documentary History, Volume 1, second edition, edited by Eric Foner. 218-222. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2008.

History

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The Significance of Flappers in American History

Introduction

           American history is comprised of different significant aspects that played an important role in the overall development of the nation in various forms. It is vital to critically examine different historical approaches to better apprehend the entire journey of the country’s development over the years. Undoubtedly, it is interesting to examine how various historical ideas and practices influenced the lives of people and shaped the overall culture of American society ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"dttXUv51","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rubio et al.)","plainCitation":"(Rubio et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":246,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/LA24ZYAM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/LA24ZYAM"],"itemData":{"id":246,"type":"article-journal","title":"The role of women in the roaring twenties","author":[{"family":"Rubio","given":"Juan"},{"family":"Daniel","given":"Antonio"},{"family":"García Conesa","given":"Isabel María"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rubio et al.). The concept of flappers is recognized as one of the prominent facets of American history that greatly influenced different aspects of American society. This paper focuses on critically analyzing the significance of flappers during the historical period of the 1860s to 1960s through the inclusion of relevant artifact. 

Discussion

           The generation of Flappers comprised on young Western women during the era of the 1920s. Flapper women attained noticeable position in the American society of that time because they wore skirts, bobbed their hair, and listened to jazz music. The trends of Flappers greatly impacted the overall domain of the period of the 1920s. The generation of flappers was claimed as different because they did what was not expected from the society for the women. It is noteworthy to mention that the generation of flappers was the one who forcefully introduced new cultural spectrums in American society by rejecting the mainstream roles of women. 

           The women of flapper culture were recognized as different because they openly danced to jazz, smoked, wore makeup, and their philosophy was to live in the moment. They rejected various traditional domains and restrictions by accepting a new philosophy of freedom for women. Their entire lifestyle made them different and noticeable in society. The trends of flappers defined as the sociological image of society during the phase of the 1920s. Flapper fashion was established as the lifestyle for the society to develop the new image and position of women in American culture. The entire prospect of womanhood was greatly redefined by the generational movement that appeared as flapper women.

           The age of flappers also named as the Roaring Twenties. It was the time of great transition for American women who expressed themselves openly. The women as representatives of Flapper generation were different because they were interested in strongly sharing their opinion and thoughts with the world. This specific approach was entirely different from the traditional positioning of women in society. The change in fashion eventually helped flapper women to bring change in many other and important aspects of life. It is established that they ensured their social, political, and economic position in society by presenting their active movement. The era of the 1920s was the decade of immense change for American women and the development of flapper generation was the first step of this development ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"XEmzwI4B","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lusted)","plainCitation":"(Lusted)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":245,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/6QNPHB4G"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/6QNPHB4G"],"itemData":{"id":245,"type":"book","title":"The Roaring Twenties: Discover the Era of Prohibition, Flappers, and Jazz","publisher":"Nomad Press","ISBN":"1-61930-262-4","author":[{"family":"Lusted","given":"Marcia Amidon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lusted). The period of the 1920s was the time of great development for women as they won the legitimate right to vote. 

           The changing conditions for women during the 1920s explicitly indicates the approach of flapper generation that reconsidered the role of women as an important entity in American society. The great influence of flappers can be observed in case of many different areas that ultimately impacted the overall functioning of the society in the 1920s. Change in fashion is one significant example of strong influence of flapper generation. The fashion of American women was greatly influenced by the modern thinking approach of flapper ladies. The fashion industry of the country greatly evolved due to new trends introduced by flapper generation. It is vital to identify how flapper women represented the entire domain of a specific era of the 1920s as it turned as a different social positioning for American women. Flappers were accepted as the new style of women in the society who were willing to take charge of different unconventional prospects.  

           Above-the-knee length skirts were the new trend that got immense popularity in a large range of American women. The differences can also be observed in the form of bob haircut by their choice. When it comes to wearing make-up than the flapper generation made it more acceptable to consider women with make-up. The social taboo of wearing make-up as the bad repute was greatly rejected by the women of flapper generation ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"CCrRsHB2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Park)","plainCitation":"(Park)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":244,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/9DKJQ5JW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/9DKJQ5JW"],"itemData":{"id":244,"type":"article-journal","title":"Flapper Fashion In the Context of Cultural Changes of America in the 1920s","author":[{"family":"Park","given":"Soo Hyun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Park). The urge to attaining social status with men was the foundation to achieve the new spectrums of freedom for American women through the practical approach of flapper generation. To achieve equal social position, women of that time were keen to adopt different manly habits. This approach can be clearly observed through the increasing trend of smoking, drinking, and cussing in the case of flapper women. The idea of great liberation was embraced to redefined the status of women in society and rejects the approach of any type of social constraint. 

           The prominent effect of flapper ideology can also be witnessed in the case of the social prospect of women from a traditional perspective. The flapper women were more interested in entering colleges or considered the option of jobs instead of getting married at a young age. This the result of changing the ideological perspective of women in a great manner. Women as the representative of flapper women were more independent and free as compared to conventional women who lived in a society. Breaking the tradition was the prominent feature associated with the practical domain of flapper generation. Flapper women were keen to raise their voices and recognized their position in society. Women accepted flapper ideology were more interested in lived and enjoyed the moment instead of involving serious social and domestic roles as women.   

           The particular media portrayal also played a critical role in developed the idea of flapper generation during the phase of the 1920s. There were examples of many women who established their role on screen as the flapper and encouraged the main philosophy of this growing trend. Women were presented as influential models to successfully conveyed the overall ideology of the approach of flapper as the new generation. There were many significant names who successfully represented their position as flappers on TV screens and films. Clara Bow as American artist was one prominent example of the active role of the media industry in the enhanced popularity of flapper generation in society. She successfully represented the era of transition through his domain of fashion and acting skills. Her appearance on screen represented the modern form of fashion and thoughts under the domain of flapper generation. 

           The poster of Clara Bow is used as the artifact to better explained the changing approach of society during the phase of Flappers generation. Her appearance on the poster clearly indicated the redefined fashion approach in American society. Different standards of flapper generation were greatly represented by Clara Bow considering the most flexible fashion prospect.  

Conclusion

           To conclude the discussion about the significance of flapper generation, it is significant to mention that the idea of flappers greatly represented through different aspects of women’s life. It is also crucial to indicate that the major implications of flapper generation have appeared as different forms of rights for American women. The right to vote was one of the greatest developments that appeared due to bold practical steps adopted by women of that age. 

Works Cited:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Lusted, Marcia Amidon. The Roaring Twenties: Discover the Era of Prohibition, Flappers, and Jazz. Nomad Press, 2014.

Park, Soo Hyun. Flapper Fashion in the Context of Cultural Changes of America in the 1920s. 2014.

Rubio, Juan, et al. The Role of Women in the Roaring Twenties. 2012.

History

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[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

History

Part I

President Thomas Jefferson, who served as the 3rd President of the United States of America, was one of the most remarkable leaders in the history of the United States of America. He held the office of President from April 13, 1743, till July 4, 1826. Among his many contributions to US History, one of the notable works is the Declaration of Independence. President Thomas Jefferson was the principal character, who designed the Declaration of Independence. He was the greatest advocate of the abolition of slavery, which is why he also put great emphasis on the freeing of slaves. President Jefferson expressed his thoughts in strong words like "all men are created equal."

Instead of his commendable views about the abolition of slavery, many critics are of the belief that his opinions for the freedom of slaves were only lipped versing as he himself owned 600 slaves and never freed them. Even in his legacy, he never mentioned any condition to free the slaves, who were in his possession. A possible reason for this behavior could be that although Thomas Jefferson was a rich man with a number of lands and plantations, he was heavily stuck under the burden of debts, and the only profitable trade in those times was the buying and selling of slaves. So, maybe he thought that he would pay off his debts by selling these slaves later.

Part II

President Thomas Jefferson was one of the most prominent advocates of the freedom of slaves and often used to express his views in the words "all men are born equal." His contributions towards bringing equality among the citizens of America are genuinely appreciable, but despite his great thoughts and words on the freedom of slaves, he never freed the 600 slaves that he owned. Even in his will, he never showed any interest to do so. The reason for this act may be that President Jefferson considered them as his family. After the death of his wife, he used to spend time with his slaves and gave them privileges just like his own family.

History



History

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Date Here

President William McKinley spoke to the Congress about the revolution in Cuba against the dominion of the Spanish government, and President Woodrow Wilson talked about the German submarine warfare they had started against the Great Britain, Ireland, and other enemies of them. The similar thing between the points discussed by the two Presidents was that both believed in neutrality of the US government in the issues of warfare, and they had been compelled to tackle with these issues for the cause of humanity, justice, and freedom of the people. The people of Cuba suffered tremendously due to the governing strategies of Spanish sovereignty, and they were forced to live a miserable life. President McKinley argued to intervene revolution surged in Cuba without becoming hostile to the government that ruled there. He stated that the state of Cuba must become able to survive independently. This would result in spontaneous elimination of the invaded forces in their country. President Wilson also held the opinion of taking action maintaining the neutrality of themselves. This would lead to the measures taken for reforming the situation without messing with the universally accepted principles of the international law. These attempts of the US government should not be considered to be hostile, revengeful or aggressive.

President McKinley suggested to the Congress for taking initiative to immediately stop the warfare in Cuba. He emphasized not to remain indifferent to the situation and take necessary action to end the sufferings of the people of Cuba. He stressed to control the situation without starting a warfare with the dominating forces in the state. On the contrary, President Wilson said that they should involve in the warfare practically against the imperial German government, because the German Government had overlooked all the moralities and principles of humanity. He reinforced his opinion by saying that the German submarines had been targeting all the visible vehicles in the sea. Germany had acquired the status of belligerent and it was the need of the hour to suppress those activities with power.

END NOTES

McKinley, W. 1898. "WILLIAM Mckinley: War Message, 1898". Mtholyoke.Edu. Accessed from https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/mkinly2.htm.

Wilson, W. 1917. "Wilson's War Message To Congress - World War I Document Archive". Wwi.Lib.Byu.Edu. Accessed from https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Wilson's_War_Message_to_Congress.

History

History: Literature about Slavery in the New World

[Name]

[Couse title]

[Instructor]

[Date]

Enslaving human beings to subject them to their owner’s whims and wills is something that has existed throughout the history of the world. However, over the course of time, a slave and what entitled that individual to become a slave has changed. Earlier, slavery was passed through generations. The family may be humbled at some point and decide to set their slaves free, even giving them lands and titles if they felt like it. By the beginning of the 18th century, slavery was brought into the new world by European traders . They brought these slaves from an entirely new continent, and that somehow redefined the term slavery and how their trade operated in the new world.

One of the finest examples of what a black slave’s life of like in the new world can be found in Uncle Tom’s Cabin . In the story, the author uses the means of fiction to elaborate what slave’s had to go through and the lengths they went to set themselves free. This book was the reason for the Civil War in the United States of America and laid the basis of freedom for the oppressed back people.

In Incidents from the Life of a Slave Girl , the author tells how freed herself and her children from slavery. The book, a biography, follows the narrative of Uncle Tom’s Cabin and relays the harrowing details of the life of a slave, especially one with children.

Then is the regaling tale of Frederick Douglass in The Life of Frederick Douglass . The man was born a slave, to a slave woman and was most probably fathered by a white master who refused to accept him. He regales the tales of his life, the attitude of the society towards slaves and how it changes people that are kind towards them earlier.

The history of the New World began with the toil of slaves brought in from Africa and the efforts to elevate their situation in life. While their life has been improved for the better since they attained freedom, they have been discriminated against and still being discriminated in a number of areas.

History

History

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

History

Introduction

Slavery and class division have been big issues not only in the United States of America but in the whole world. There has been a lot of work in the area of slavery, racism and class division in American society . Several poets, authors, writers, and scholars have penned many pieces that define the issue and highlight the sensitive nature of this topic. One of them is the book written by Keri Leigh Merritt by the title “Masterless Men: Poor Whites and Slavery in the Antebellum South (Cambridge Studies on the American South)” and the other one is a movie produced by Jon Kilik, Gary Ross, and Scott Stuber, by the name of “Free States of Jones”

Discussion

There are several books and publications present online and in the market that have been written to tell the readers about various social issues prevailing in the American Society. Americans have a rich history and there are a number of event s that have taken place during this long course of time. Sometimes these events were pleasant and left a positive impact on the whole nation while some of these were dark and gloomy, which left the pages of history black in color. “Masterless Men: Poor Whites and Slavery in the Antebellum South (Cambridge Studies on the American South)” is such a book that highlights one of the dark phases of the history of the United States, the Civil war. A number of movies, TV series, dramas, and documentaries have also been made on the subject, that highlight this gloomy period. One of such pieces of production is “Free States of Jones”

“Masterless Men” and “free States of Jones are very much similar in nature. Many researchers, critics, and scholars have pointed out a number of similarities between both the pieces of art. The first and foremost similarity can be seen in the basic theme or the concept of the publication and the movie. Both of them have been written to highlight the issues of slavery, class division, racism, and violence in the history of the United States of America.

Another similarity that can be seen clearly in both the pieces of art is the setting of the story or the facts that have been presented. The book “Masterless Men” presents the facts and figures that were present at the time of the Civil War. The author discusses in detail the factors that led to the Civil War and what were the circumstances that were created after the commencement of the civil war. The movie “Free States of Jones” also sets a pretty similar theme. The movie shows the fight of a man who goes from his farms to the ranks of the Confederate army. His struggle as a farmer and a lower level soldier are depicted in the movie.

One of the other similarities that can be seen between the book and the movie under discussion is the system under which these workers were working. The system that has been criticized in both these works of art is the capitalist system. The author Keri Leigh Merritt has especially pointed out the flaws of the capitalist system and how it exploits the poor workers and laborers working in the industries and the fields. A similar situation has been shown in the film “Free States of Jones” where the issues of slavery and violence against the people working in the factories and in the fields have been highlighted.

Conclusion

In short, it can be seen that both “Masterless Men” and “Free States of Jones” highlight some very important events that had taken place in the history of the United States. Both these works of art throw light on some very major issues like slavery, racism, class division, violence and forced labor that led towards disastrous events, the most prominent one out of which was the Civil War.

References

Adams, Ephraim Douglass. Great Britain and the American Civil War. BoD–Books on Demand, 2019.

Regan, Patrick M. Sixteen million one: understanding civil war. Routledge, 2015.

History

French Revolution vs. the Russian Revolution

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

French Revolution vs. the Russian Revolution

Revolutions rarely happen in the current world. However, history presents some unforgettable revolutions like the French Revolution and the Russian Revolution. These revolutions played an influential role in transforming the states. Somehow, two of the revolutions; French Revolution and Russian Revolution share common reasons. The history reflects that both of the nations were suffering in the hands of poor rulers and declining economic situations in the country1. Prior to revolution, people on both sides were starving for food that later on forced the people of both countries to come out of their houses and bring a revolution. The French Revolution is older than the Russian Revolution. It took place in the 18th century and before the Russian Revolution, there was a failed prerevolutionary attempt in 1905. Both of revolution aimed at changing the destiny of the country.

Secondly, a massive killing took place during two of the revolutions. French people from the low-income class and middle class came out to kill Marie Antoinette, the queen of France2. However, both King and Queen were executed later. At the same time, in Russia Tsar Nicolas and his whole family members were killed1. Many other government officials were also killed during the revolution. The bourgeoisie of France was continuously ignored by the king Louise XVI. The same thing was happening in Russia, Tsar hated the middle class and he named them as Dumas. The killing of the Royal Family in Russia was more ferocious in comparison to the France. The economic gap was increasing in both of the countries over different time periods.

When the revolution started rulers in both countries rely on their power, for that they imposed harsh rules in order to deal with the uprising tensions in their countries. They even tried to impose emergencies on the working class but they did not stop. However, the results for both revolutions were different. France took steps towards democracy whereas Russia favored communism as a source of rule. Moreover, when dig deeper the internal factors for revolutions in both countries were different. In Russia, the poor performance of government led to catastrophic loss of the Russian Army in World War I2. Therefore, World War I is considered as a major cause of the Russian Revolution. However, there is no evidence of the war that can be considered a cause of the French Revolution.

Furthermore, in the Russian Revolution, the soldiers took a side on the general public. During the parade when officers ordered them to shoot the public they disobeyed, instead they shot those officers. This indicates the army has also wanted a change in the system. One nation fought for free-living whereas the other nation fought for equal provision of resources to live equally. Moreover, in comparison to the French Revolution, the Russian Revolution was more intense and radical in terms of provision of women and family rights. Similarly, both revolutions played in favor of two of the countries. France got its victory in the form of removal of corrupt authorities whereas Russia got a New Economic Policy from Lenin4. This new policy led to the recovery of economy of the country.

In conclusion, both revolutions played a significant role in transforming the social, political and economic structure of the country. When two of the revolutions are studied comparatively, on a few grounds both show some similarities. However, there are some variations based on the causes, results, and choice of the people. In short, after the revolution, France chose democracy to be the ideal form whereas Russia showed interest in Communism. The working class from both of the countries took lead in bringing a change to the country. In short, revolutions brought positive results for Russia and France each.

End Notes

Luxemburg, Rosa. The Russian Revolution, and Leninism or Marxism? University of Michigan Press, 1961.

Mayer, Arno J. The furies: violence and terror in the French and Russian Revolutions. Princeton University Press, 2013

Stone, Bailey. The Anatomy of Revolution Revisited: A Comparative Analysis of England, France, and Russia. Cambridge University Press, 2014.

Skocpol, Theda, and Skocpol Theda. States and social revolutions: A comparative analysis of France, Russia, and China. Cambridge University Press, 1979.

History 1032

America: A Narrative History

David Emory Shi, George Brown Tindall

[Your Name]

[Date]

Introduction

With every wave of immigration in America, the nation responded with a diversity of attitudes that range from the extreme hostile to extreme hospitable. Though the foundations of United States were based on the help, ideas and inspiration from people of various nations, majority of the American raised their suspicions about eth foreigners and immigrants in different times through the landscape of history. During eth period of diplomatic tension with France in 1798, a series of laws were formulated in the states as Alien and Sedition Acts. As immigration was concerned, these bills gave an extension in the residency period of five years to fourteen years which was needed for attaining the citizenship. It also allowed for the deportation of the any people who could be termed as aliens and were considered as dangerous in ensuring eth peace and integrity in the United States. However, by the start of nineteenth century, these sentiments were somehow diminished. But as the German and Irish immigrants came to United States in the later decades, there was a revival of these acts.

Germans and Irish immigrants were forced to leave their homes due to economic and political recession their countries. When these people arrived in United States, the Native Americans resented the idea for American lands being provided to the new arrivals. To them, the wave of strangers in their native lands posed a threat as they found their languages and ways of living mysterious and suspicious. In 1954, these natives and other unknown groups from thirteen states formulated a party whose motives were anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant agendas which was known as ‘Know-nothing’ party. They believed that the native Americas were superiors to the immigrants on the basis that they were poor, culturally and economically backwards and Catholics. The sentiments of resentment towards the Irish immigrants increased as after the civil war, Irish American communities started to become well-established. The popular parlance started to represent the resentment all along ;

“Americans Shall Rule America. This 1856 sketch satirizes Baltimore Nativists out to bully German and Irish immigrants.”

The Irish immigrants were mainly tenant farmers, however, their conditions due to the immigration experiences left them with untrained skillfulness for farm work and neither did they have enough money to travel or buy land. Majority of them were hired with construction groups that primarily built railways and canals. Only a fewer number of immigrants could go to the south, but those of who did find small jobs as planters. Most of the Irish immigrants were massed at the eastern cities and near the port of entry. They worked as domestic servants and unskilled laborers and lived together in small congested towns. However, their sentiments of self-identity and authoritarianism made them resilient and they started gaining highlight in the American politics.

The German immigrants included a lot of independent farmers and laborers with professional skills, and small businessmen. They found themselves some means of establishing on American land with their skills. Several immigrants from Germany came in America due to failure of eth liberal revolutions. These people developed a well-established community with various farcicalities. During the period of industrialism, the immigrant from Asia and Eastern and Southern Europe headed towards United States in larger numbers. As in the east, the Irish immigration was on peak, in the west, the number of Chinese immigrants was increasing immensely. These chines immigrants started working as laborers in mines, railroads and construction in the railways. While others became the agricultural laborers. As the economic recession progressed in America, it caused a backlash against the Chinese laborers in American firms. They were subjected to violence and coercion in order to remove the competition created by the Chinese laborers and small businessmen. It led to the Chinese exclusion act and barred Chinese immigrants from entering the country or obtaining nationality.

The Italian immigrants that moved from the rural and under-developed areas mainly performed unskilled labor works. They too had to face harsh conditions in finding jobs and it was hard for them joining the unions due to their original nationalities.

So, Italians just like Irish immigrants became scapegoats for the economic issues as they could not get any work. Italians who lived and worked in the towns and cities were subjected to the physical assault by mobs with anti-immigrant sentiments.

Though the fear against the immigrants and Americans with foreign-born ancestors still persists in our society that it would stain our culture. However, it is to be considered that they have become uniquely American while still preserving their cultural values. As new immigrants some to United States, the old controversies and tensions might arise against and become apparent. I believe that these immigrant’s resilience though they were the subject to victimization, could not stop them from persisting and making their way through. It is important to perceive their stories of endurance and achievement. It would remain a melting pot with in American history that people from various ethnicities, languages and cultures fused together to from new communities on American land. They had gone through very harsh challenges and they still do. Many disparities and discrepancies in the American social. Economic and political system could be avoided if immigrants were treated cordially and given equal opportunities. Nonetheless, it can still be achieved by giving them, their due share and treating them as other America citizens are given priorities.

Bibliography

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Shi, David E., and George Brown Tindall. America  : A Narrative History. 10th ed. W. W. Norton & Company, 2016.

History 1301

Student

Professor

Course Code

Date

Evidently, race relationship has many negative impacts on the society. When racism becomes dominant in a society, development may be hindered and peaceful cohesion within the society distracted. The thesis of the author is to determine how the lowest peak of racism in the south limited development. The major points of the author include the fact that agricultural conditions of the South did not change between the years 1870s and 1930s (Boles 1). Despite the change in periods by almost 60 years, still the poor white and black farmers stayed in cotton fields full of dust and looked as if they were unable to change their lives for the better. Besides, a description is provided that the Southern rural community has remained stationery longer than English people have remained stack anywhere around the world. Furthermore, the author states that blacks had earned themselves limited economic successes, which threatened white’s image of superiority and as a result, the whites developed hate toward blacks to an extent of lynching many of the Blacks in public arena (Boles 2). Besides, the whites in the South disenfranchised the blacks and went further to occupy all the top political seats, electing only their wives to take the posts of southern lady hood, to support the husbands at the polls.

The author concludes by saying that events in the future will reconstruct the south better than those in the past (Boles 6). In my opinion, the author has achieved the thesis since he has illustrated all the incidences proving the existence of racism in the south, its impacts, and a systematic analysis to show how racism has been handled in attempts of reducing it to its lowest levels. I think the article is educative and may be applicable in dealing with racism cases.

Works Cited

Boles, J. The Nadir Of Race Relations. 1-6. (2019)

History 1301

Jephte

[Name of Instructor]

History and Anthropology

20 April 2019

Salem Witch Trials: What Were The Possible Causes?

Introduction

The hysteria for witchcraft began to grow in America in the 17th century. Salem witch trials were one of the most famous cases in the in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. The case resulted in the execution of twenty men and women. The case revolved around two women who claimed to be witches and also accused a number of other people in the neighborhood to be the same. The case led the people who were puritans into massive hysteria which also influenced the trial of the case. A number of issues and factors affected the trials at the time. These factors were largely influenced by religious superstitions and spirituality. The trials held that socio-economic, psychological, personal, religion and precocious imagination. This suggested that the public intentionally diverted their stresses from other issues to the trials and although witchcraft amongst the girls could not be proven, the public was persistent to convict the girls.

Thesis Statement

The paper tends to explore the facts which led to an escalation of the situation, the condition of the girls and the factors that influenced the trial and their outcomes through primary and secondary sources. It also analyses the witch trials through an interpretive lens.

Background

In January 1962, a young girl named Betty and another girl named Abigail Williams who was also the niece of the minister of the Salem village started having fits, which included uncontrolled outbursts of screaming, violent fits and contortions. The doctor could not identify the illness therefore, he suggested it as supernatural powers at play. The supernatural is believed to be the devil's work. Thereafter a lot of other girls also started showing the symptoms of a similar nature. later that month arrest warrants were issued for Betty’s slave and two other homeless women for bewitching the young girls. while the two women denied, Bettys slave girl accepted and also accused other people of working along with her. This caused the people to believe in her story and ed to the outburst of hysteria of witchcraft in the very religious town of Salem. Other women also confessed and named a few more. The court stated giving verdicts and started executing the witches. the people who were going through troubled times hence reflected that the witches caused the drought, the wars and the income inequalities amongst them. Hence it was concluded that the witches were a threat to the society as their motives did not coincide with the notions of religion and shall be eliminated.

Theoretical perspective

A number of scholars believed that the roots in the accusations of witches is directly related to the psychological and sociological schools of thought. The theorist suggests that Betty Paris 1962, who was said have displayed strange symptoms, was actually suffering from psychological symptoms rather than supernatural ones, the Puritans needed to identify these signs and symptoms part from their mythical beliefs CITATION Hen \l 1033 (Jones). Moreover, the natural calamities such as the famine were associated to be within the powers of the witches, and the Puritans believed that they exercised those powers to cause illness and affliction upon others. Therefore they have deemed pagans who deserved to the death sentence from the court without having any right to appeal. In 1585, re4nuigald Scot stated that these symptoms had sociological along with psychological roots. The witches were used as a scapegoat, against the odds of climate which caused the drought by the public.

Discussion

A number of social factors were persistent within the Puritan town of Salem, which led to the accusations on the girls. These factors contributed actively to exacerbate the tensions in the town.

It is believed that wars were going on around and the people in Salem were scared that King Phillis might not capture their land, therefore they could have fueled the trial cases and the executions in order to send a message to the armies at distant from the land that they witchcraft could pose a threat to them as well.

The composition of the town of Salem was that of the business-oriented and agrarian villagers, which divide the two into two factions. Hence stating that the villagers were already divided amongst themselves. the disparities led to division on the economic and political fronts and an increased level of hostility between them. the animosity was also coupled with land and farm disputes driving villagers into spells of poverty and difficult for people to survive. Hence in the situation like this, it was noted that people sought comfort in directing their frustrations towards the vulnerable groups such as accusing people of witchcraft. The public vented their frustrations on witches for bringing misfortune and affliction upon them. Those especially family members who tried to defend the accused were also found to accused of witchcraft CITATION Boy74 \l 1033 (Boyer). It was therefore concluded that political and religious discord in Salem must have influenced the trial and increase public outrage over the witches.

the physiological elements could have also been the reason for the condition people might have been suffering from a natural or medical disorder. According to some spectators, the grains of rye which are said to have been a common wielding in Salem could have been contaminated and gained fungus. The rye seeds could which be stored for longer periods of time could have become infected due to dampness in the storage houses. This could have caused an ergot poisoning amongst the people. the consumptions of the contaminated grain are known to cause hallucinations and convulsions in them CITATION Cap76 \l 1033 (Caporael). The fungus can cause a tickling feeling, crawlings sensations, seizure-like muscle contractions. Moreover, another possible reason for the disease could be the encephalitis lethargic which is transmitted by the birds and insects which causes inflammation in the brain. The condition leads to irritability, abnormality in eye movement, headaches, and tremors. Since the doctors could not diagnose and comprehend the disease. The people largely associated it with the supernatural. Moreover, another theory suggests that the conversion disorder can also lead to neurological disorders which cause cognitive inability and show physical symptoms in complaining behaviors of people. Many states the girls let into such situations since they could not survive in the rigid religious society and hence had to seek refuge in insanity. The phenomena occur when there are psychological distress and conflict in an individual it leads to pain in the body which may not be explained by any natural causes.

The girls accused of which craft; Mercy Lewis, Sarah Churchwell, Abigail Hobbs, and Susannah Sheldon may have been afflicted by any of these diseases. They had had a record of participating in the wars CITATION Car99 \l 1033 (Carlson). Those who take part in wars usually suffer from the post-traumatic stress disorder. It is possible the girls might be suffering from PTSD from the war in Salem at the time. the public could have attributed the behaviors of girls with the symptoms of witchcraft, which can be explicitly explained as a reason for why these girls tested positive for witchcraft in the trial.

Conclusion

A deliberate conclusion of the case trials shows that there was a possibility of many factors that could have led to the accuse, the accused of witchcraft that could have been a result of many other factors that had sociological, psychological and physiological roots., instead of holding the superstitious and unjustified reasoning for the occurrence. The response of people was massively hysterical which shows that people were backward and carried conventionally puritan thoughts which were difficult to change. Although certain scholars suggest that the widespread diseases did not emerge from one single cause,there were multiple reasons that showed y the epidemic spread and afflicted a number of people. The political rivalries. the political instability and the social inequalities led to the hysterical outspread of the witchcraft in the town. Therefore the sufferings of people, their hardships, conditions, and war strife led people to use the girls as a scapegoat to blame their inabilities to overcome adversities. The people believed and were so motivated to put an end to witchcraft that they did not try to look at the issue from a parallel lens. Regardless of whether the girls practiced witchcraft or not the people in Salem found a way out of their miseries only to find the trial as a distraction for them. The trial cases also had demographic and gender connotations, as they highlighted that women were a prime victim of witchcraft and also the ones who practiced it was women. This highlighted themes of patriarchy which existed in the time and represented that women are evil and weak, hence did not comply with the social norms and values. The ultimate conclusion of the trial represents how ignorance in individuals can make them unable to interpret or comprehend or accept changes while showing wisdom could have saved many lives who were executed baselessly. The accusers saw it as a threat to religious beliefs, which makes it even more complexed and complicated, as it is difficult to fight against religious beliefs.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Boyer, Paul S, and Stephen Nissenbaum. Salem possessed; the social origins of witchcraft. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974.

Caporael, Linda R. " "Ergotism: the satan loosed in Salem?" Science (1976): 192 (4234): 2.

Carlson, Laurie M. A Fever in Salem: A New Interpretation of the New England Witch Trials. Chicago, 1999.

"Mather, Cotton. 1846. Strange phenomena o New England: in the seventeenth century: including the "Salem witchcraft,1692." Jones, Henry. " From the writings of "the Rev. Cotton Mather, D.D.". n.d.

History 1301

History 1301

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History 1301

Westward expansion

Thomas Jefferson, the former US president believed that westward expansion can save the future of the nation. In 1803 the size of United States was doubled by purchasing Louisiana and 7 million of the native Ame5ican migrated towards the west in the year 1840 in order to secure some property (Merk).

People believe that the western part of the country has all the resources that will make them prosperous. The expansion strategies that made the westward expansion possible where were the growth in population and the economic opportunities over there. The send important idea was Manifest Destiny that led the local control to many lands. The submersion of Texas and Oregon with the United States occurred after the Mexican war. The first group of settlers settled west to the Mississippi River after the purchase of Louisiana and the second wave of settler went to California (Dahl and Allord).

It was the belief that it as the God-given duty to the settlers to expand towards the west and settle in the North American continent. It was a simple impolitic agenda to get to the resources of the western side as used by the European settlers, who used to believe that white man is responsible to spread Christianity and claim the land. Manifest destiny was used to justify the Mexican and American war in the 1840s. In this war, one million square miles of land was occupied that previously belonged to Mexicans. The settlers turned into cash cropper and started growing marketable product (Merk)

Causes of Civil war

The North American civil war was fought on the issue of slavery. The other factors were territorial expansion and the state rights issue (McPherson and Lincoln). Kansas-Nebraska Act, caning of Charles Sumner, Panic of 1857, Dred Scott decision and the election of 1880 were the main causes.

Slavery issue

The European invasion of North America brought the concept of slavery in America and which became weak after the American Revolution. Slavery was soon given a religion though and being declared as a sin. The slaver was abolished by the abolitionist moments called “free soil”, the political bodies wh+o declared some states free of slavery. The radical abolitionism was also helped to free the slaves (“Slavery in the United States”).

There was an intense slavery master relation. Pro-slavery arguments were generated and slaves were bought to do huge tasks. There were several compromises that abolished slavery in the United States and those were the Missouri compromise of 1820, slave-trade compromise and the Compromise of 1850. All of these helped to remove slavery from Northern America.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Dahl, Thomas E., and Gregory J. Allord. “History of Wetlands in the Conterminous.” US Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper, no. 2425, 1982, p. 19.

McPherson, James M., and Abraham Lincoln. Ordeal by Fire. McGraw-Hill Companies, 1993.

Merk, Frederick. History of the Westward Movement. Knopf, 1978.

“Slavery in the United States.” American Battlefield Trust, 18 Dec. 2008, https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/slavery-united-states.

History 1301

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Abraham Lincoln- the 16th President

Abraham Lincoln was a lawyer, a legislator and most of all a challenger of slavery. He served as the sixteenth President of the United States. President Lincoln was a best military strategist and a statesman. He proved his leadership abilities in the time when the country most needed Unity. His address at Gettysburg is one of the best pieces of oratory in our history. In April of 1865, President Lincoln was assassinated by John booth who was a Confederate sympathizer.

Abraham Lincoln’s Political Career: for the first time in the year 1846, Lincoln won the election for Congress. He was a strong opponent of the U.S- Mexican war. For his anti-war stances, he was unable to get re-elected and returned to Springfield in 1849. He returned to national politics after the passage of Kansas- Nebraska Act of 1854. After the passage of this act, he came in front of the voters and spoke against slavery, calling it a violation of the Declaration of Independence. After joining the Republican Party, he again ran for the Senate seat in the year 1858. Because of his speeches against slavery, he raised to new heights and in the years of 1860s, he witnessed extreme popularity. In the same years, the republican choose Abraham Lincoln as their candidate for the Presidency.

Abraham Lincoln as President: Abraham Lincoln is remembered as the great emancipator. With his leadership skills, he remained successful in uniting the country after the civil war. He is famous for his anti-slavery speeches and ultimately freeing the United States from slavery. During his Presidency, he made all efforts to make the Republican Party strong. Holzer argues that the Emancipation Proclamation Act is the most famous work of President Abraham Lincoln ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"q9xU1lm9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Holzer)","plainCitation":"(Holzer)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":266,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/LGCCFM68"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/LGCCFM68"],"itemData":{"id":266,"type":"book","title":"Lincoln at Cooper Union: The Speech That Made Abraham Lincoln President","publisher":"Simon and Schuster","ISBN":"0-7432-2466-3","author":[{"family":"Holzer","given":"Harold"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Holzer). He issued this Act in 1863, two years before his murder.

Issues in the Presidency of Abraham Lincoln: During the Presidency of Abraham Lincoln, the only crisis the country faced was the Slavery issue. At this point in the United States’ history, it was wide emancipation that the country might break into two parts, the one who support slavery and the others who are against institutionalizing slavery. After his Gettysburg address, which was supposed to be a furious speech, he emphasized working together to achieve the ideals of the declaration of independence.

Why is he famous for? Abraham Lincoln is famous for many reasons some of them are

His self-motivated efforts which rose him to the level of American Presidency.

The setbacks he faced in his personal life when he lost his three sons.

His role as the President in uniting the country during the civil war.

Passing of the Emancipation Proclamation Act, after which slavery was considered illegal.

Works Cited:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Holzer, Harold. Lincoln at Cooper Union: The Speech That Made Abraham Lincoln President. Simon and Schuster, 2004.

History 1301

History 1301

The picture reflects the historical event when Charles Summer was beaten on May 22, 1856. The event holds great significance in American history because it occurred in the Senate. The picture highlights the savage beating of Senator Summer in the Senate. The member of House of Representatives entered the office and attacked the senator that turned his unconscious. The incident occurred three days after Summer’s comments on the explosive issue of Kansas. The issue addressed the topic of admitting Kansas as a slave or free state. Senator Summer’s hate speech “Crime Against Kansas” promoted negative feelings in the public CITATION Sen15 \l 1033 (Senate).

Representative Preston Brookes who was Kinsman at South Carolina entered the Senate with the motive of attacking Senator Summer. He was against Summer's speech and wanted to protest by responding in a violent manner. Brookes entered the office where Summer was attaching copies of his hate speech. He found the perfect time and approached Summer with his metal-topped cane. Brooke struck him over and over again that caused him injury and made him unconscious. Several beatings caused bleeding and Summer's was carried for rescue. The event is recalled in the American Senate because it made both persons heroes in their respective regions. After the incident, Brooke resigned from his position.

The event gave birth to different views including support and opposition. The opponents of the incident considered the act as a cowardly assault from Brookes. The agenda of Summer’s was to oppose the Kansas Nebraska Act 1854. His concerns were to rectify the Fugitive Slaves Act and Compromise of 1850. Summer’s predictions claimed that Kansas will affect the future due to the issue of slavery. There had been strong opposition against the slavery clash.

Summers mentioned in his speech, “the rape of a virgin Territory, compelling it to the hateful embrace of Slavery; and it may be clearly traced to a depraved desire for a new Slave State, hideous offspring of such a crime, in the hope of adding to the power of Slavery in the National Government” CITATION Edw18 \l 1033 (Alexander). Brookes was absent from the speech and stated that Summer's had disrespected him and his native state because he was southern. He also claimed that Summer's had made a violent speech that disrespected South Carolina. The act of Brooke’s prevented Summer’s from attending sessions in the Senate for the next three years. Summer's availed the benefits when the Senate decided to give the vacant chair as a symbol of power to him. The event reminded aristocrats about the slaveholding of the south.

The event has profound impacts on highlighting the issues of the Confederacy as it was used for raising awareness against injustice and discrimination. The southerners united for Brookes while the people of the north supported Summer. There was a clear division between the two groups. Summer’s determined that were pushing leaders to adopt radical treatment towards the south. The act reflected contentment by southerner elites in which whipping was the right of the powerful. Abraham Lincoln then defeated the south confederacy four years after that incident. The nation gathered against the slavery culture and supported Lincoln in his mission of ending slavery. This incident also has significant impacts on standing against the violence and southern powers. The central concern of the opponents was to criticize the culture of brutal practices in slavery. Brooke contributed to face strong criticism due to his act of adopting a violent attitude.

Work Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, Edward. The Caning of Charles Sumner. 2018. 21 04 2019 <https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/caning-charles-sumner>.

Senate. The Caning of Senator Charles Sumner. 2015. 21 04 2019 <https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/The_Caning_of_Senator_Charles_Sumner.htm>.

History 1301

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History 1301

Essay 1: The Critical Period

Introduction

Given picture, "The Critical Period" is portraying the era of “Articles of Confederation” as critical for the future of the United States. A destructive scene could be looked upon in the given image that points towards the major changes that America underwent after the American Revolution. Slavery issue has also been highlighted in this picture as one of the darkest realities of this Revolution. State government took radical steps against farmers and other few groups by paving way for more democratic reforms that were not in favor of farmers at all. A portrayal of revolt is also pictured in the image as anti-slavery societies in all the northern states increased in number with time. Drifting towards anarchy, it could be said that the Treaty of Paris was accepted during this time and independence of America was recognized by the British. Farmers also demanded an increase in paper money, reduction in taxes and ending of imprisonment for debt. Main issue was with Articles of Confederation and a change in it was demanded as anarchists see it as the only solution. Especially farmers proposed some changes that they wanted to see.

Body

In the given picture, “The Critical Period” a river with little rocks could be seen. This given picture could be parted into two halves. On one hand, there is a boat carrying some soldiers, having oars in their hands. It seems like they are in a boat that has the title "Articles of Confederation" but in-depth analysis shows that these soldiers are being sent by the state government for dealing with the anarchists. While anarchist, (farmers) who are on the lower side of the river, are greater in number. They are weaker in strength and are fighting for their rights by proposing some changes in the Articles of Confederation, so that they could get some relaxation and an escape from the feeling of loss of their farms.

This picture asserts that purposely, USA army boat (that is entitled with Articles of Confederation) is being portrayed at the upper side to show government's superiority over the anarchists. This attitude of Americans sparked frustrations of Massachusetts farmers whose farms were being taken over and they lose their farms. Conflict was there between the state government and the farmers who rebelled against the government as they wanted to end farm foreclosures. This conflict and violence between the authorities and anarchists cast severe impacts of the overall American Revolution and made them realized that it (American Revolution) has lasting destructive effects on the society as well.

Conclusion

It won’t be wrong to say that sometimes government policies don’t support some groups and same was the case with the farmers who rights were snatched and they were forced to rebel against the state as they lose their farmers. They demanded some changes in the “Articles of Confederation” so that they could have little relief but in fact they were treated inhumanly by the troops being sent by the state government. So as a whole, it could be promulgated that Articles of Confederation, was the source of unrest between the state and anarchists who want the government to change it.

Essay 2: Westward Expansion/Manifest Destiny

Introduction

Second picture points towards “Westward expansion/Manifest Destiny”. Manifest Destiny was the phrase coined in 1845, which centers on the idea that it is the fate of the United States to expand its dominion for spreading both capitalism and democracy across the North American continent. This picture portrays territorial expansion by using the justification of the forced removal or departure of the Native Americans along with other groups from their homeland. Given picture presents a portrayal of the settlers of the 19th century. A movement started by the Louisiana Purchase was fueled by Gold Rush that made this territory attractive for the neighboring people and countries. Westward migration of Americans started because of the influence of Manifest Destiny as this idea motivated them for migrating to some other land. This destined ideology helped them first in the expansion but later the same ideology became the source of conflict which resulted in the Mexican American War as Americans started claiming that only Americans deserve all the American land, not the Mexicans.

Body

Given picture was painted by John Gast, who is a Brooklyn based lithographer and painter. He painted this picture in 1872 for George Crofutt. In this picture, a great ethereal, luminous and feminine kind of figure “American Progress”, can be observed. The spirit of America heads Westward along with farmers, settlers, prospectors while rest of the creature is moving away with Native Americans before her advancements. A star can be seen on her forehead and long wavy hair leads the travelers, settlers, and miners to West from East. She is holding a schoolbook as well as a wire in her right hand (Murphy et al, 2019). Darkness fades away as she ushers in a new light. Bunch of men is following her along with a variety of transportation that includes horseback, carriage, ships, steam engines, and covered wagons. Mississippi river could be seen as well flowing in the background at the right quadrant.

In the right lower corner of this picture, farmers are cultivating the land. A house is also evident in this picture that is marked by trees and a split rail fence with a boundary. A rider is being followed by three men in the central bottom portion and out of these three men one is carrying a shotgun and the other man could be seen wearing a red shirt, smoking a pipe and a miner's shovel on his shoulder (right). On the extreme right side of the image, a river is flowing beneath the peaks of snow-topped mountains with a bear and bison in the scene as well. Some Native Americans could be looked in the image as well who are looking back as they are moving with dogs towards darkness at the left. A tomahawk is being raised by a bare-chested man while the other man is carrying a bow and arrow.

A horse is drawing a travois, carrying a child and mother. Another woman could be seen in the picture also who is walking with the Native tribe as their member; bear breasted who is looking at her left shoulder. In this picture the presence of the dominating and centralized angelic being seems to be distracting and softening the reality of violence of the 19th century movement that started for winning West territory. A clear depiction has been given in which Native Americans are departing the frame as non-natives are claiming as prospectors, travelers, and settlers. People depicted in the picture seem as they are claiming their freedom and are looking for new livelihood because life seems completely new to them. It seems like people are departing in order to escape their sufferings and persecution. A lasting consequence of Westward Expansion includes trails, compromises, wars, and purchases that cast hazardous effects on various social groups.

Conclusion

Taking a look at the given picture, it could be said that it shows scenario of 19th-century movement that was influenced by Manifest Destiny. It was believed that American land would spread to far off lands and this expansion is its fate. Manifest Destiny is the ideology that becomes the main cause of conflict and war between the Mexicans and Native Americans.

Essay 3: Bleeding Kansas

Introduction

It is the picture of Bleeding Kansas or the Border War which was followed by a series of violent civil confrontations between 1845 and 1861 in the United States that emerged because of the ideological and political debate over the legality of slavery in the proposed state of Kansas. The admittance of Kansas as a slave state or Free State was the source of main conflict. Kansas-Nebraska Act passed in 1854 that made many settlers to travel to the newly populated Kansas territory and soon this land started being visited by a variety of people who used to come for different purposes i.e. in order to find new opportunities for settling on the land, political reasons and building a new life. Main conflict was between the Southern and Northern people as they (Southern) wanted to reduce the advantage of Northern that they were getting from Congress. Southern people wanted to preserve slavery but the Northern people were against the preservation of slavery as they wanted to prevent the spread of slavery at any cost. Due to the destructive attitude of Northern people against slavery, thousands of pro-slavery moved into Kansas from Missouri though they were not allowed to vote. In 1855 these men were able to elect a territorial legislature that was in favor of Northern people.

Body

Given picture is known as “Southern Chivalry” and was painted by John L. Magee in 1856. A cruel portrayal has been portrayed in it and violence seems to be at its peak. Southern people are attacking the Northern leader and other common people who were there in Senate at that time for imposing their decisions on them. In the given picture, it could be seen that Preston Brooks is attacking Charles Sumner when he was busy in making some sort of agreement. On 21 May 1856, both the groups Missourians and pro-slavery Democrats invaded Lawrence, Kansas where they created violence and set few of the newspaper offices on fire. In the image, it could be seen that Charles Sumner is holding a pen in his right hand and in left hand there could be seen a kind of book on which it seems, he was writing something when Preston attacked on him. Preston is holding a heavy cane with which he almost killed Sumner on the Senate floor and this action of Preston electrified the nation which deepened the parting of South and North communities.

Another appealing thing that could be looked upon in this picture is that Preston is hitting Sumner with his heavy cane but still there is peace on Sumner’s face. Faces portrayed in this picture are having two expressions i.e. some of the democrats are smiling as they are happy seeing Preston hitting Sumner while other democrats are having aggression on their faces and apparently it looks as they want Preston to kill Sumner at once (Mielke et al, 2019). In the portrayal, there could be seen a table as well some papers dropped down and few flew in air after the Senate was attacked by the Democrats. A pot of ink could be witnessed if the given picture is looked upon closely that drops off to the ground. This incident cast long-lasting effects and the movements were fueled which focused on the separation of Southern and Northern areas and people.

Conclusion

Taking a look at the above discussion, it could be said that in 1856, the United States was parted between two halves such as Southern and Northern. Southern wanted to spread slavery while Northern was supporting the idea that slavery must be ended as it is the exploitation of a free man. Sumner was working at his office when was attacked by Preston in the Senate. So as a whole, it won’t be wrong to say that Southern was unable to bear the growing advantage of Congress that was favoring the Northern people.

Works Cited

"The Critical Period of American History, 1783-1789." Google Books. N. p., 2019. Web. 20 Nov. 2019.

Mielke, Laura L. Provocative Eloquence: Theater, Violence, and Antislavery Speech in the Antebellum United States. University of Michigan Press, 2019.

Murphy, Andrew R. "American Covenant: A History of Civil Religion from the Puritans to the Present. By Philip Gorski. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2017. 336 pp. $35.00 cloth.-The Politics of the Sacred in America: The Role of Civil Religion in Political Practice. By Anthony Squiers. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 2018. 181 pp. $129.00 cloth, $99.00 e-book." Politics and Religion 12.1 (2019): 195-202.

History 1301

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The Jacksonian Character

The essay by Edward Pessen, “The Jacksonian Character” is the work that covers the comments given by the visitors about the political, society and economic life of Americans. The visitors had four ways in which the community of America and they included emotional traits or personality, mental traits, habits or manners, and values (Pessen, pp. 9). The paper will discuss how these categories were used in describing the American community.

An example of a habit that is reported by the visitors to America is the spitting portrayed by men who chew tobacco. Many of the men in Americans were observed to have a notorious habit of spitting which was a negative manifested behavior (Pessen, pp. 9). The American people also were identified to have a habit of being busy in which they were restless and moved from one place to another especially the New York City.

An example of a trait that is presented by the essay is Shrewdness, and it can be considered as a personality and intelligence trait, and it was among many Americans visitors interacted with in the nation (Pessen, pp. 9). The Americans are said to have the power of judgment in making their decisions.

The other category of observation of Americans according to the article is values of the American people. The Americans are described to be hospitable, affectionate, brave and frank (Pessen, pp. 9). According to Marryat, Americans are good-tempered people and good people. Also, Harriet Martineau found that the Americans were pleasant people and very affectionate.

An emotional trait or personality that was used to define the Americans was that most of the Americans were cold. Combe says that the individuals were cold and reserved and they never welcomed the visitors or even wish them a goodbye when they leave the hotels (Pessen, pp. 9). Miss Martineau is one person who faced the coldness of the Americans in her visit to America.

Work Cited

Pessen, Edward. Jacksonian America: society, personality, and politics. University of Illinois Press, 1978.

History 1301

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History 1301

Question: 1

The "Myth of the Lost Cause" is the belief of the Confederate supporters of the United States of America that although the Confederate forces lost the American civil war, they were supporting the right ideology. The myth denotes the false belief of the supporters that white supremacy should have been upheld and slavery was not the main cause of the American civil war. The myth was created by the supporters of Confederate forces after the few years of the American civil war and it was sustained by the activities and support of the groups like “United Daughters of the Confederacy” and “Sons of Confederate Veterans (Cox, 18).”

Question: 2

The "Confederate Culture" is the culture of the southern states of the United States of America, where slavery was a major part of the structure. White supremacy and Jim Crow laws were the other important components of the Confederate culture. The symbols associated with this culture were the flag, as well as discriminatory practices of the society, against the African American slave community. The white supremacists were the groups responsible for this tradition and their main objective was to keep slavery in the society, instead of giving equal rights to the enslaved African American community (Cox, 23).

Question: 3

The specific aspect of the American history that the author has not discussed in the book is the role of the northern state in providing support to the efforts of the enslaved community and the major reason of this is the focus of the author on the circumstances of the southern states.

Question: 4

United Daughters of the Confederacy was a hereditary association developed by the southern women, belonging to the white community of the society. The purpose of the organization was to remember and support the sacrifices of the fathers, brothers, husbands and son who took part in the American civil war, to support the ideology and objectives of the southern states however lost their lives in the war. The southern women became the members to recognize and support the efforts of the male members of their household toward saving the Confederate culture and slavery in the southern states. The group evolved through its activities, memoirs and scholarship (Cox, 39).

Question: 5

Cox has characterized the "New Man," as the one having the passion of restoring the Confederate culture in the southern states of the United States of America. The motivations and goals of these men were to support the activities and ideology of their father. They reserved their efforts to support and preserve the culture and ideology of the southern states before the American civil war. These men differed from their fathers in the way that they were more passionate about reviving the old system, structure and culture in the society, for which their fathers had sacrificed their lives (Cox, 55).

Question: 6

The women's organization wanted to ensure the fact that the sacrifices of the Confederate soldiers are not forgotten or left unacknowledged. Therefore, they committed to building monuments, in order to recall and recognize their efforts and services. They collected the funds through the fundraising activities and ensured the placement of the monument building. They also contacted Congress, in order to get the funds and build the monuments which could not only support the history but also create it. They desired the impressive monuments, which could shed light on the bravery of the soldiers (Cox, 27).

Question: 7

The concept of "benevolence," as introduced and supported by the United Daughters of the Confederacy and the progressive era was that the white supremacist comminute of the southern states of the United States of America was not cruel towards the slaves. They were of the view that the white supremacist was actually more caring and kind toward the slaves and provided them with a better chance of living. They were of the view that the white community taught civilization and Christianity to the slave community, which provided them enlightenment and they were happier living their lives as slaves (Brundage, 56).

Question: 8

The views of the United Daughters of the Confederacy about history was that their husbands, fathers, sons and brothers had sacrificed their lives for a just cause, which should not only be remembered by the other sections of the society, but they should lend their support to the cause. The ideology of the Confederate soldiers should be preached and the society should work to gain their objectives. They spread their ideology by holding seminars and building monuments in society. Their view on education was that the history of the Confederate soldiers should be included in books and taught to children. Moreover, they also ensured the provision of education to the children of the soldiers who have died during the war (Cox, 43).

Question: 9

The vindication and reconciliation as it relates to the United Daughters of the Confederacy are supported through the educational activities of the women organization. They also supported the ideology of their fathers and male members of the society by building monuments to regard and acknowledge their efforts and sacrifices. The specific examples include the building of the monuments as well as including the details of the war in the books and ensuring the education of the children of the martyrs of war (Brundage, 45).

Question: 10

According to Cox, the views of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, and by extension, the South, change and then challenge the Civil Rights Movement by supporting the existence of slavery in the southern states. They were of the view that the slaves were happy with that type of lifestyle, as they were being treated with love and kindness. Moreover, they were also teaching Christianity to the slaves and there was nothing wrong with such a culture of the society (Cox, 83).

Works Cited

Brundage, W. Fitzhugh. "Exclusion, inclusion, and the politics of Confederate commemoration in the American South." Politics, Groups, and Identities 6.2 (2018): 324-330.

Cox, Karen L. Dixie's Daughters: The United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Preservation of Confederate Culture (New Perspectives on the History of the South). University Press of Florida, 2003.

History 1301

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Professor’s Name

History 1301

4th March 2019

Federalist Question and Answer

Why, according to Madison are factions dangerous?

Factions tend to bring out divisions in almost all populations. Instability, injustice and confusion are what propel these vicious groups in the public arena, as Madison illustrates citizens interest are divisive, in nature and when ideas are introduced on how to resolve pressing issues, public opinion is categorized into majority and minority. Public administration came up with a strategy of determining the cause of action by declaring the majority as winners. Hence in there always those who feel left out, the solutions offered are not all-inclusive bring about unsteadiness and increased alarm for private rights. It has also lead to unequal distribution of wealth and resources all over nations due to selfish and opportunistic leadership.

What, according to Madison, are the two possible methods for responding to the evils of factions

By eliminating the causes of wings and taking charge of its effects.

Which method for dealing with factions did Madison prefer? WHY?

He preferred controlling their side effects, guided by the republican principle (which guard’s against the tyranny of both majority and minority cabals) it would ensure that factions would not be able to execute and disguise their violence under the forms of the constitution.

According to Madison, what difference does the size of a political unit make in the development of factions and their influence?

Even in a large republic, the number of representatives must be restricted to guard against the confusion of profusion and however small a democracy is the number must be raised to a certain threshold to defend against the actions of a few. And as such candidates will be voted in by a more significant congression of people, it makes it more challenging for unworthy candidates to successfully carry out their uncouth acts hence leaders with merit and the most deserving will be chosen.

What, according to Madison are the advantages of a physically large nation?

Large countries are more likely to have a significant variance of parties and motives, which decreases the probability that a majority of the total would unity for similar motives. It is more difficult for those willing to come together in strength of numbers and enact changes with each other help hence there fewer chances of influence and self-identity among the population.

On the basis of your reading, would you describe Madison as an avid Democrat or an earnest republican?

He is an earnest republican; he quotes himself as a member of the Republican Party, he further outlines that his proud of the principles embedded in the declaration of his party. Madison also recommends a republic remedy about the factions menace over the democratic rule which seems to impose on divisive measures and his opinion that it does little to curb the causes of factions.

What is a faction? Provide a modern example of a faction.

It is a section of citizens in a given nation whether the majority or minority united by similar motives, disadvantageous to the rights of other citizens or to the eternal and mass concerns of society. An example is lobbyist groups advocating for different initiatives cutting across the sectors to influence government decisions.

According to Madison, what is ‘the most common and durable’ cause of a faction?

Is deeply integrated in the nature of beings .For men have differing opinions in almost all aspects of their lives and seek to express and exercise leadership over such. Different leaders may contend for power and fortune at the expense of citizens hence dividing humanity into parties and inflaming them with correlative animosity.

Work Cited

Morgan, Edmund S. "Safety in Numbers: Madison, Hume, and the Tenth Federalist." James Madison. Routledge, 2017. 139-156.

History 1301

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[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

History 1301

Thomas Jefferson was the third president of the United States, and he is known to be the notable figure in the early development of America. He was the one who motivated American colonies to get freedom from the British Rule and succeeded unite the nation. Thomas Jefferson’s opinions about slavery are difficult. He spoke against the slavery practice and struggled to end the slavery practice whereas he owned hundreds of African American Slaves. Although he wrote papers in favor of anti-slavery, he could not free his slaves.

Despite owning a slave, Jefferson criticized the British Rule for trading Slaves to the American colonies in the 18th century. However, during his leadership in Virginia, Jefferson banned the importation of slaves to Virginia. His written work is considered controversial. He writes in the Notes on Virginia that the rich usurps the power and enslave the powerless people. He further criticizes the social injustices by white people being racial superior.

Showing his concern about slavery, he writes in the State Constitution of Virginia that societal criticisms oppose the liberation of the slaves and it stops the people from accepting the change (Jefferson, np). It seems that Thomas Jefferson was very interested in the freedom of Slaves while the practical life of the President shows something else. The hypocrisy can be reflected from his life that his own about 400 slaves and his father-in-law was a trader of slaves. This clearly opposes his written work against slavery.

The Constitution, the Declaration and the Bill of Rights have some clear resemblances. All of these are based on the theme of fundamental rights which will protect the citizens (Jefferson & Shuffelton, np). All of the three documents were supposed to form the Government. It seems that the political leaders of that era were trying to overcome the slavery practices. Therefore, they came up with the idea of fundamental rights. These laws would protect every individual; from discrimination.

Works Cited

Jefferson, Thomas, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, Federal Edition (New York and London, G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1904-5). Vol. 2. 3/4/2019. <https://oll.libertyfund.org/ti

Jefferson, Thomas, and Frank Shuffelton. Notes on the State of Virginia. New York, N.Y: Penguin Books, 1999. Print.

History 1301

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History and Anthropology

What mistakes did the early settlers at Jamestown make that threatened their survival?

Before the United States was considered a modern nation, the first Europeans who came to the lands of what is now known as Virginia built an infamous colony called Jamestown. A recent study has just clarified that its first tenants were forced to do the unthinkable to survive.

During the first years of Jamestown's life, the English settlers who lived there had problems to take advantage of the lands and thrive in a hostile environment full of internal threats (the Powhatan Indians) and external threats (Spanish ships); however, his hardest test was yet to come.

It was during the winter of 1609 that the inhabitants of Jamestown suffered one of the worst famines ever lived. The lack of grains, meat, herbs and fruits forced the first settlers to do the unthinkable. During the first days of that period, people began to eat cats, dogs and whatever animal they were; later, the leather of their belts and boots ended up in their stomachs as a pale reminder of what led them to conquer strange lands, prosperity and abundance.

Why were the settlers unable or unwilling to feed themselves?

Settlers was unable or unwilling to feed themselves. Hunger was rampant in the colony. The food was so scanty that when the seven sailing ships delivered 300 more settlers, it became clear that the outpost, located in the marshland, could not feed everyone. The first settlers expected that the ships would bring not only new colonists, but stocks of food to feed the settlers, but the ships came almost empty.

What role did John Smith play in the history of Jamestown?

John Smith plays an important role in the history of Jamestown. The adventure of John Smith and his comrades, from the crossing of the ocean to meetings with the native population, to the construction of the first city and the struggles of power between settlers. He relies on a minimal and allegorical design that allows him to take his narrative to an almost mythical dimension, while remaining deeply rooted in reality.

What steps did leaders of the Joint-Stock-Company take in 1609 to re-organize Jamestown to protect their investment?

The corporation would have full regulator and would rule by a ruler who would exercise complete powers in the colony.

What, according to the author, saved Jamestown from extinction?

According to the author, the production of tobacco, saved Jamestown from extinction.

Why were the relations between the settlers and Native Americans in the area strained?

The Native Americans do not desire the settlers there and the colonizers do not desire the Indians there though the settlers cannot effort out the Native Americans as they will have nothing to eat.

What did John Smith mean by the “Character of the immigrants” was one of the major problems that had to be overcome in order for Jamestown to survive?

The settlers did not experience like working which led them to have nothing to eat; those colonizers that persisted were so antagonistic to any kind of labor.

Why is John Rolfe identified as the savior of Jamestown?

John Rolfe became tobacco agri-business in Jamestown which produced a frugality for the colony.

What were Smith’s views toward Native Americans?

Smith took a keen concentration in the Native Americans; Pocahontas saved his life; he was persuaded that they might be combined into the English expenditure.

What did Englishmen expect to find in North America? What were the sources of their expectations?

They believed it would be like England, by little time working.

History 1301

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History 1301

The title of the first picture is “the critical period: 1783-1789” and is likely to a presentation of the happenings during that period of time. There is no known author that is presented in the picture but the picture happens to be one showing the historical context of the United States of America. The picture mainly shows a boat moving towards a steep edge that can probably result into an accident. The people on the boat seem like they are celebrating something. It is a cartoon that was drawn to show the situation as it was after America attained independence. Most people celebrated without knowing of the impending problems that they would have to face in the next days. The movement of the boat shows the movement of the days as the people move towards self government. Towards the left end of the picture, it seems like the country was headed for an anarchy type of rule. The picture presents the manner in which independence could also come with its own problems. Many people thought that it would be better if they stayed on their own but did not take time to look at the problems that they could be facing in the next few days.

The historical context of the picture seems to be a period after independence. The author of the piece wanted to warn the people celebrating that it was too early to celebrate. The author wanted to inform the public that there could be other serious challenges they would have to deal with if they were to rule themselves. Different bodies within America were already forming and it was possible that each one of them wanted to be recognized as the leaders of the country. It is a factor that made it easy for the author to show the message. The cartoon was mainly published to bring to the attention of the people that they would more problems to deal with.

Picture 2

The second picture does not have a title but shows people towards the western side. It is a picture that shows people moving in groups and even carrying their belonging as if they are searching for new settlement. The bigger clearly shows that the speed with which the people needed to move to the western was urgent. The dress code of the people clearly shows that they were colonizers who had visited the country and were now moving to the interior of the country. It is the period of the westward movement when the white setters had just got into America and settled at the Atlantic coast and were interested in getting into the inland. The picture clearly shows the difference between the places where they are walking from and where they are headed to. From where they are coming, there is few vegetation cover which shows that they had a lot of interest in activities that ended up clearing the natural vegetation cover in the region.

The picture also shows the extent to which the people are increasing in number. Most of the colonizers got to America during this period and headed towards the inland because the coastal region had already been occupied by their colleagues. As they came into the darker part of the country, they also brought with them good things like electricity which is the reason why the eastern side of the picture is brighter than the right side. The author of the picture wanted to show the manner in which the Britons entered America and effect of their stay in the country. The author published the cartoon to clearly show how colonizers moved from the coastal region to the inlands.

Works cited

Armitage, David. The Declaration Of Independence: A Global History, Cambridge, Massachusetts:Harvard University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-674-02282-9.

Ross, Dorothy. The Origins of American Social Science (1992), pp. 143–71, 303–89 on early sociological studies