The Stark Law Paper

Name of student

Name of institution

Name of instructor

The Stark Law

Stark law has been in use for a long period of time and mainly defines how referrals should be made. In most cases, physicians do not have all the facilities that might be needed so that they can handle all the problems that their clients have. Patients have the right to the best quality service but is not always easy for them to get it from one point. The physicians that they visit have to refer them to some hospitals that have the facilities needed to be able to provide the best quality services to the patients.

In this case, Dr. S and Dr. V feel that the referrals they have been making because they do not have the cameras have reduced their potential in earning. Stark law prohibits referrals that are made with the intention of getting kickbacks. In most cases, physicians always try to make money by making referrals to hospitals of their choice. In this case, the two physicians wish to make money by using the cameras in the hospital for nuclear imaging. This is because they cannot afford the cameras. This can be defined as an act self referral. They can tell the clients that they will get the services at the hospital yet they know that they will still earn from it. The hospital knows very well that this is a deal that can reduce their revenue by a great percentage. They are mutual business entities and the manner in which the case is solved can guarantee the hospital more clients or not. They still wish to have a good relationship with the physicians so they opt to sublease the camera though it will stay at the physician’s office and it can be used from there. The case can be defined as a violation of Stark law because they two physicians wanted to refer themselves in this case.

The legal parameters that protect the rights of patients in this case are those that are related to getting services fast. It is possible that clients might be in need of services from one service provider and they have the right to get such services. Patients also have the right to get services from one service provider. Most of them do not always support the idea of making referrals. They feel that they should just be served by one person who already knows the problem that they have. Referrals always turn out to be quite expensive on the part of the clients and it important that they come up with ways of reducing it. Both physicians act with the intention of helping them to reduce costs in the process. Reducing costs means that they will have to reduce the amount of money that the hospital has been making from the referrals that they make to them. This is what has angered the hospitals and has hence threatened that they will have to do away with the rights of the doctors to make any admissions. This is a step that is meant to also reduce the money that the two doctors make.

The evidence to this case is basically Stark law. Though the two doctors were acting with the intention of making healthcare affordable to the clients, they acted in a wrong way to refer themselves. This means that they also have interest in the monetary gains that come from such a business. It is what will define whether they can win the case or not. Using the healthcare statutory, they can win the case because it aims at reducing the costs that patients have to incur to get the best services.

References

 Kolber, Morey J (2006). "Stark regulation: a historical and current review of the self-referral laws". HEC Forum. 18 (1): 61–84. doi:10.1007/s10730-006-7988-3.

 Peace, Gail (2015-06-08). "Why it takes 60 minutes or less to find a Stark Law violation at a hospital". Becker's Hospital Review.

The Value Of A Master's-Prepared Nurse

Value of a Master’s Prepared Nurse

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

Value of having a master’s degree in nursing

After spending several years in a nursing school, earning a master’s degree is one of the most controversial questions because it seems so much difficult to go back to school and study. In the current scenario, no one can deny the significance of the master's degree. It is asserted that earning a master's degree is one of the most significant things for a healthy future in nursing (Hoffart,et,al,2019). There are some major benefits associated with having a master’s degree such as high salary. It is obvious that earning a master’s degree is an advanced education and it can give a major boost to the pay scale It would demonstrate valuable expertise that cannot be found in graduate nurses. Nurses would be having a rewarding career because a twelve-hour shift is exhausting for everyone. Earning a master’s degree would make nurses eligible for management positions (Rewa,et,al,2019). There would be more options for a nurse to get herself engaged in exciting positions such as leadership and areas of specialty. It could help to teach future nurses as well. Moreover, earning a master’s degree will help nurses to expand their horizon of knowledge and critical thinking because, with every passing year, the measure of innovations and medical knowledge is increasing.

Earning a master’s degree will help nurses to get jobs at a better level because more knowledge would give a better and critical understanding of the things and occurrences in the field of medicine (Wang,et,al,2019). A nurse would be able to understand the things that are skimmed by technological interference in a nursing school. In a nutshell, earning a masters’ is a complete regulation of the economic, professional and academic features because it will expand all relevant avenues in a better way. Similarly, a nurse would be able to perform a better role in terms of her obligations and duties.

Reference

Hoffart, N., McCoy, T. P., Lewallen, L. P., & Thorpe, S. (2019). Differences in Gender-related Profile Characteristics, Perceptions, and Outcomes of Accelerated Second Degree Nursing Students. Journal of Professional Nursing, 35(2), 93-100.

Rewa, T., de Miranda Neto, M. V., Bonfim, D., Leonello, V. M., & de Campos Oliveira, M. A. (2019). Advanced Nursing Practices: perception of graduates of the residency and professional master's programs. Acta Paulista de Enfermagem, 32(3), 254-260.

Wang, Y., Zhang, L., Tian, S., Wu, J., Lu, J., Wang, F., & Wang, Z. (2019). The relationship between work environment and career success among nurses with a master's or doctoral degree: A national cross‐sectional study. International journal of nursing practice, 25(4), e12743.

The Woman’s Equal Rights Movement & Amendment

The Woman’s Equal Rights Movement & Amendment

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

"Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex."

American society has always confined women to an inferior status. The discrimination has been persuasive and deep. Women were discriminated in every matter of life, so the late 19th and early 20th centuries concentrated on obtaining the right to vote for women. I believe that the constitutions were drafted on the supposition that women did not exist as a legal system in the American society. Women were conceded few rights at common law. The rights of women along with their legal status has gradually improved in the last century. However, I considered the Nineteenth Amendment a marked advance in the 1920s. The statement of ‘Equal Rights Amendments’ was proposed in the United States Constitution to stop discrimination against female gender. The basic purpose behind this amendment was to end the legal distinctions between men and women regarding employment, financial property, martial matters and other stuffs (Lalive & Stutzer, 2010). In 1921, the amendment was proposed in the United States. It is notable to mention that the idea was first presented by Alice Paul and Crystal Eastman. They strived to show a greater message in their journey for the betterment of women in American society.

I believe that the Equal Right Amendment prohibited discrimination based on sex. In the shadow of Equal Rights Amendments, women started the Equal Rights Movement. The main objectives of that movement included federal support for day-care centers, equal pay for equal work, continued legalization of abortion, recognition of lesbian rights, and discrimination against minority and older women (Soule & Olzak, 2004). I believe that if the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) were passed at that time, then it would have addressed all of these issues. I think that the ERA would have resolved the absurdity of a troubled population. However, that amendment stayed on hold for nearly half a century. Men in the constitution assembly believed that women should focus on their family and their house. They did not consider women worthy enough to cast a vote. In the early 1906s, second-wave feminism began in the United States along with the Civil Rights Movements, and it lasted roughly two decades. The movement was started to upsurge the equivalence for women by gaining more than just enfranchisement. I believe that in the aftermath of World War II, the lives of women changed dramatically with the access of household technology. It dramatically increases life expectancies and opened thousands of jobs. Regardless of such opportunities, women were still discriminated in society on the basis of their gender. Many women writers were engaged in writing stuff to highlight the oppression and discrimination (Lalive & Stutzer, 2010). In 1949, The Second Sex by Simone de Beauvoir changed the perspectives of people towards women gender. It raised feminist consciousness by emphasizing that women should have the same status as men in American society.

It is noteworthy to mention that women were treated as a slave in the American society. They were oppressed and sexually assaulted in the society. Even at the workplace, women were given minimum wages as compared to men. A limited number of professions were available for women in society. Majority of the women who worked in 1960 were limited to jobs such as a nurse, teacher, or secretary. There were not allowed to apply in any professional programs. Women only comprised of six percent of total American doctors at that time. There was less than one percent of women engineers and three percent of lawyers. It is miserable to know that women were denied opportunities to advance in any profession. It was assumed that women would soon left their job when they become pregnant. According to my viewpoint, women were accounted for their own actions at that time. They did not make any effort to fight for their rights since the beginning. However, after the emergence of their Equal rights movements, they fought to gain their glory in American society.

In 1962, The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan captured the frustration of women and girls, who considered themselves trapped in the house. They believed that they are not given the opportunity to get a quality education. I believe that Betty Friedan’s book urged women to get out of their comfort zone in order to grasp their right in society. Friedan stunned the nation by contradicting the views of men that women just had to serve their families. The primary purpose of the feminist movement is to dismantle workplace inequality in America. Women wanted to have access to better jobs that incorporate reasonable wages. In 1964, the Civil Right Act was under consideration when Howard Smith, the Representative of Virginia proposed to add the clause of gender discrimination in it. However, many Congressmen greeted him with laughter on this suggestion.

Despite the efforts of women, nearly 50 years passed when that amendment was proposed. In the 1970s, the concept gained increasing visibility due to the efforts of women. I believe that the revival of the women's rights movements was brought in the 1960s. The participation of women in the anti-war movement and civil right movement demonstrated that they had no other dream than social equality in American society. The issue of equal rights won popular support, and it emerged as a national issue in America. Finally, Congress, as submitted to the states in 1972, approved it. On March 22, the Senate approved this amendment by a vote of 84 to 8. Hawaii was the first state to ratify this action on 22 March. By the end of 1972, the amendment was accepted by 22 states, which demonstrates that it seemed well on its way to adoption (Soule & King, 2006). It is noteworthy to mention that eight additional states ratified in 1973. Thirty-five states ratified the amendment by the end of 1977. However, the constitutional requirement was 28 states. In 1979, five states had passed rescission actions. Due to all these circumstances, the Equal Rights Amendment was rejected which meant that the US Constitution did not protect the voting rights of women. However, in the late 20th century, many states have passed their own legislation in order to protect the legal rights of women.

According to my viewpoints, Equal Rights Movement plays a vital role in addressing the issues of women. Women were oppressed and discriminated by men in every aspect of life. They were forced to work for minimum wages as compared to men. Women had access to a limited number of jobs. The Equal rights movement had made it easy for them to have access to better jobs that provide reasonable wages. I would like to mention that equality is a quality and it cannot just be given. It requires hard work and determination. Women made efforts in the past to achieve a reputable status in the society, and now, they have gotten what they needed. I believe that the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment is much needed in modern society, as it will stop the oppression and discrimination. Every person is worthy of enjoying a respectable status in the society. I hope that in the future, women will be able to enjoy a reputable status as men do now.

References

Lalive, R., & Stutzer, A. (2010). Approval of equal rights and gender differences in well-being. Journal of Population Economics, 23(3), 933-962.

Soule, S. A., & King, B. G. (2006). The stages of the policy process and the equal rights amendment, 1972–1982. American Journal of Sociology, 111(6), 1871-1909.

Soule, S. A., & Olzak, S. (2004). When do movements matter? The politics of contingency and the equal rights amendment. American Sociological Review, 69(4), 473-497.

Theoretical Foundations Of Culturally Competent Nursing Care

Theoretical Foundations of Culturally Competent Nursing Care

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the institution]

[Date]

Theoretical Foundations of Culturally Competent Nursing Care

Introduction

The cultural diversity in the occupation of nursing is an important field. It offers a chance to manage value care to patients. Handling the distinct devout and cultural requirements of a patient might be discomforting. Interaction with patients might be enhanced, and care of patient could be improved when healthcare workers tie the division amongst the beliefs, practices, and culture of medication or treatment that make up a patient's' value classification (Dayer-Berenson, 2014). When a nurse is aware of the patient's demographic and culture, the patient would feel more relaxed.

Discussion

If the nurse is aware of the culture, food, practices, environment and religious views of the people, they might be able to deliver the quality care to the patient. Every health care effort to deliver the patient, a high-quality service that might have a positive influence on the health of the patient. Nurses might increase this potential by getting known about the culture of the patients. Getting aware of or know about the culture of the patient is said to practice cultural awareness, sensitivity, and cultural competency. Nurses can work on some approaches to provide the quality care to the culturally different patients. These might include awareness, asking and acceptance (Shez, 2015). The fashion of today's healthcare tends to be further comprehensive of individual and cultural predilections. This requires a conversant and open retort from nurses or health care providers. To provide the quality care, awareness is an important element. It is accentuated in quest of knowledgeable cultural care is recognizing the personal beliefs and principles before caring for the patients. Nurses are anticipated to be attentive of their persona cultural documentations to regulate their partialities that delay the healing relation. Self-awareness contains not only inspecting one’s philosophy but also inspecting the insights and expectations about the culture of the patient. If a nurse is unaware of the cultural beliefs of the patient, he or she better ask or communicate with a patient to understand the beliefs and practices of a patient. It would help a lot in dealing and providing care. Moreover, acceptance is a powerful tool to promote healing. A nurse must offer acceptance in their myriad of issues and difficulties (Shez, 2015). By modest action of acceptance, a nurse can turn out to be an agent of curing.

Conclusion

Nurses are important blocks of the health sector. By adapting the cultural competency, they can improve their services which results in a better provision to the patients.

References

Dayer-Berenson, L. (2014). Cultural competencies for nurses. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.

Shen, Z. (2015). Cultural competence models and cultural competence assessment instruments in nursing: a literature review. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 26(3), 308-321.

Theory Of Individual Health Behavior

Paper Title

Name

Institution Name

Theory of Individual Behavior

Many models and theories are used for the prevention and treatment of different types of diseases. These theories and models are used to identify different factors that cause the disease and also design strategies and treatments to prevent such diseases or problematic behaviors. Such theories and models are used by the public health policymakers to design effective treatments and also to specify precautionary measures for various diseases, like HIV AIDS, cancer, substance like drugs and alcohol uses.

When identifying different theories and models for disease prevention and health improvements, it is vital to study certain factors such as the health issue that is addressed, the vulnerable population and also the context within which the program is being implemented. The Health Belief Model (HBM) is one such model which was basically introduced in 1996, and still, it is applicable and used by many public health practitioners. This model specifies that if an individual perceives a disease to be severe, recognizes the severe outcome of the disease and also identifies some of the measures to reduce its impact then that person will automatically distance himself from such behaviors which will cause him that specific disease ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"IjYM5TM5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Munro, Lewin, Swart, & Volmink, 2007)","plainCitation":"(Munro, Lewin, Swart, & Volmink, 2007)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":501,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/62MK3PLC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/62MK3PLC"],"itemData":{"id":501,"type":"article-journal","title":"A review of health behaviour theories: how useful are these for developing interventions to promote long-term medication adherence for TB and HIV/AIDS?","container-title":"BMC Public Health","page":"104","volume":"7","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Background\nSuboptimal treatment adherence remains a barrier to the control of many infectious diseases, including tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS, which contribute significantly to the global disease burden. However, few of the many interventions developed to address this issue explicitly draw on theories of health behaviour. Such theories could contribute to the design of more effective interventions to promote treatment adherence and to improving assessments of the transferability of these interventions across different health issues and settings.\n\nMethods\nThis paper reviews behaviour change theories applicable to long-term treatment adherence; assesses the evidence for their effectiveness in predicting behaviour change; and examines the implications of these findings for developing strategies to improve TB and HIV/AIDS medication adherence. We searched a number of electronic databases for theories of behaviour change. Eleven theories were examined.\n\nResults\nLittle empirical evidence was located on the effectiveness of these theories in promoting adherence. However, several models have the potential to both improve understanding of adherence behaviours and contribute to the design of more effective interventions to promote adherence to TB and HIV/AIDS medication.\n\nConclusion\nFurther research and analysis is needed urgently to determine which models might best improve adherence to long-term treatment regimens.","DOI":"10.1186/1471-2458-7-104","ISSN":"1471-2458","note":"PMID: 17561997\nPMCID: PMC1925084","shortTitle":"A review of health behaviour theories","journalAbbreviation":"BMC Public Health","author":[{"family":"Munro","given":"Salla"},{"family":"Lewin","given":"Simon"},{"family":"Swart","given":"Tanya"},{"family":"Volmink","given":"Jimmy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007",6,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Munro, Lewin, Swart, & Volmink, 2007). The public health policymakers use this theory for the individuals who are involved in drug abuse and alcohol use. In this model different strategies are used to keep the youngsters away from such social behaviors.

The examples of the health belief model are the Michigan Model for Health which is a course that is used for application in schools. It is also used to target social and emotional health tasks including health, physical activity, and substance like alcohol and drug use. This model uses components of health belief model which are related to health, knowledge, and self-efficacy. The important point of this model is, it has many short and long term interventions which are designed for the youngsters to take them out from substance abuse ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lmC5cJu2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Poss, 2001)","plainCitation":"(Poss, 2001)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":504,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/R75NSYWS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/R75NSYWS"],"itemData":{"id":504,"type":"article-journal","title":"Developing a New Model for Cross-Cultural Research: Synthesizing the Health Belief Model and the Theory of Reasoned Action:","container-title":"Advances in Nursing Science","page":"1-15","volume":"23","issue":"4","source":"Crossref","DOI":"10.1097/00012272-200106000-00002","ISSN":"0161-9268","shortTitle":"Developing a New Model for Cross-Cultural Research","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Poss","given":"Jane E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2001",6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Poss, 2001).

Although many other models and theories are used for some specific diseases and population, for the substance use, specifically in youth this is the most effective method because in this model the physical and also psychological factors are kept in mind. The short term goals of this program are designed specifically to encourage the drug users that they can get rid of this addiction which ultimately boosts their confidence and they become free of the drug or alcohol use.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Munro, S., Lewin, S., Swart, T., & Volmink, J. (2007). A review of health behavior theories: how useful are these for developing interventions to promote long-term medication adherence for TB and HIV/AIDS? BMC Public Health, 7, 104.

Poss, J. E. (2001). Developing a New Model for Cross-Cultural Research: Synthesizing the Health Belief Model and the Theory of Reasoned Action: Advances in Nursing Science, 23(4), 1–15.

Theory, Practice And Research

Benner’s Theory

Adrineh R

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Theory’s Background and Influential Factors

Benner's Novice to Expert theory is a concept of development of nursing skills and an understanding of the delivery of care at healthcare facilities (Oshvandi et al., 2016). The theory includes knowledge through education and experience. Influential factors of the theory are education, a multitude of experience, practical knowledge, and research (Oshvandi et al., 2016). Dr. Patricia Benner has explained her views in the theory that practical experience is the predominant feature of nurses to become an expert (Oshvandi et al., 2016). Experiences of five levels in nursing are explained in the theory (Oshvandi et al., 2016). Major influential factors of the theory are skills, experience, and expertise in the nursing practice (Thomas et al., 2015).

There are five levels of nursing experience:

Novice

Advanced Beginner

Competent

Proficient

Expert

Novice

These are the nurses having no experience in nursing practice. They have no skills for nursing practice. They need specific cases to learn and the rules are applied universally (Oshvandi et al., 2016). They observe and learn through critical situations and scenarios to gain experience (Oshvandi et al., 2016).

Advanced Beginner

These are the nurses having prior experiences of actual circumstances. They demonstrate and formulate the situations at healthcare facilities to recognize the actions (Munro, 2019). They display acceptable performance and start to formulate the guidelines based on actions (Oshvandi et al., 2016).

Competent

They have 2 to 3 years of experience in healthcare facilities. They have gained experience in actual and practical situations (Munro, 2019). They can take their decisions based on analytical thinking to achieve proficiency in their field.

Proficient

They have a holistic understanding of everyday situations at healthcare facilities. They learn from their experiences to become specialists and capable (Oshvandi et al., 2016). They have improved decision making regarding situations at healthcare facilities.

Expert

They have experience and are not dependent on rules and principles. They connect situations with rules to determine actions (Munro, 2019). They have good experience because of their background knowledge in nursing practice (Munro, 2019). Their practice is highly proficient and flexible.

Underlying Assumptions

For the transformation of a nurse from novice to expert level, the nurses must learn and adopt the situational practice to gain experience (Oshvandi et al., 2016). The theory has significantly provided information that a nurse has various levels of transition (Munro, 2019). The theory delivered information for the nursing practice that it requires knowledge, autonomy development, and learning leadership skills to advance in the nursing profession.

Strengths of the Theory

The theory was simple that describe different levels of practice and development of nursing very well. The theory explained the problem-solving behaviors from novice to expert level (Munro, 2019). It has provided complex interaction and insight for nursing practice into theoretical form (Oshvandi et al., 2016). The role of nurses and their expertise has been explained fairly. Educational and practical experience has been highlighted as a significant factor for nursing practice (Munro, 2019). The theory has used an interpretive approach and theoretical methods to measure outcomes of nursing care plans. The theory has highlighted that nursing practice needs five levels of experience and practical knowledge to become proficient in nursing (Munro, 2019). The theory guides nurses that to become an expert, prerequisite knowledge and situational experience is mandatory. Different levels of practice have been explained in various ways.

Weaknesses of the Theory

The theory emphasized the learning process through experience, whereas, without education, no nurse would be able to gain knowledge (Munro, 2019). Another weakness is related to direct patient care without education (Oshvandi et al., 2016). It has been evaluated through theory that hands-on experience that is also not achievable without schooling (Munro, 2019). The theory is lacking in a few operational features and definitions of nursing career (Thomas et al., 2015). The theory has provided a framework only and has not explained any quantitative application (Munro, 2019). The status of the implications of this data is difficult as one nurse expert in one specific area might be lacking in experience in other areas (Thomas et al., 2015). The stages of novice to expert level are poorly explained in evidence-based research and clinical practice (Thomas et al., 2015).

Clinical Implications

Nursing skills are significantly required for nurses to become proficient in their practice (Thomas et al., 2015). Skills and experience are a significant part of the nursing field. It is required to become excel in nursing practice. The role of nurses and their expertise has been explained as an important factor that can be gained through practice and experience (Thomas et al., 2015). Educational and practical experience has been highlighted as an important factor for nursing practice to deliver quality care to communities (Munro, 2019). The theory has used the interpretive approach that can help to measure patient outcomes (Thomas et al., 2015). Nurses can take advantage of the theory that can help them attain skills through experience (Thomas et al., 2015). The theoretical and practical experience can help them understand the levels of skills and practice (Thomas et al., 2015).

The theory has highlighted that nursing practice needs five levels of experience and practical knowledge to become an expert in delivering quality of care (Munro, 2019). The theory has provided the healthcare providers and nurses that to become expert, prerequisite knowledge and practical experience is mandatory (Thomas et al., 2015). Levels of practice have been explained in various ways to help nurses become experts in quality care (Thomas et al., 2015). The theory has provided evidence for the nursing practice that it needs skills, information and learning leadership skills to advance and progress in the nursing profession (Thomas et al., 2015). Through this theory, nurses can develop their decisions based on analytical thinking to achieve proficiency in their field.

Example

A 60-year-old FG male was presented with severe chest pain and a nurse BD was assigned with the patient with 5 other patients. BD noted initial assessments of the patient. Hello! I am BD recommended to be your nurse for tonight, how r you? I am not fine and have chest pain. Which part of your chest is more painful? The right side of my chest if hurting me. May I record your vitals? Yes, please and do something to relieve my chest pain. If you want, I can have hot packs that will help you in alleviating chest pain. No, I would be thankful if you can do anything that can relieve me of this pain.

Your physician has asked me for a blood report this evening (Munro, 2019). What kind of report? It is a routine checkup for your sodium and electrolyte level (Thomas et al., 2015). Blood was sent for reporting (Munro, 2019). What were my results, have you checked it? Yes, it was normal however, your sodium and cortisol level is low. Are you feeling good? Yes, I am good now. Here is a book for you and it will help you maintain your blood sodium and cortisol level (Munro, 2019). Oh, thank you it would help me to get my health back (Munro, 2019). Yes, though you will be discharged in the evening with some antibiotics and let me know if you have any concerns (Oshvandi et al., 2016). I am grateful that you were there to help me out. Thank you.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Munro, J. (2019, May). Applying Benner’s ‘novice to expert' theory in wound care nursing higher education and practice: protocol for a qualitative multimethod research study to explore the wider effects of organizational policy enactment. In TVS 2019–The Conference.

Oshvandi, K., Moghadam, A. S., Khatiban, M., Cheraghi, F., Borzu, R., & Moradi, Y. (2016). On the application of novice to expert theory in nursing; a systematic review. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9(4), 3014-3020.

Thomas, C. M., Sievers, L. D., Kellgren, M., Manning, S. J., Rojas, D. E., & Gamblian, V. C. (2015). Developing a theory-based simulation educator resource. Nursing education perspectives, 36(5), 340-342.

Therapeutic Patient Education Strategy

Introduction

Health care and proper treatment of the diagnosed diseases play crucial role in order to get rid of health related issues. However, sometimes the recommended treatment plan and medication leads to other health related issues, such as side effects of the medicines. Many such incidents have been recorded in the medical history, when the patients faced great health related issues after the follow up of drug course recommended by the doctors to deal with autism spectrum disorder or drug abuse related issues. The present study also presents a case study analysis in which 33 years old Mr. Smith is facing the side effects of antipsychotic medication. The case study analysis will present a situation in which the reader will analyze how Mr. Smith has been facing great aggression, frustration, metabolic syndrome, and weight gain as a result of medicines intake, recommended by the doctors as a treatment for schizophrenia, substance use disorder, probable intellectual disability, and autism spectrum disorder. Now, the side effects of the medicine are causing rapid weight gain, increasing sexual desire, aggression towards the community members, and lack of self-control to Mr. Smith. Thus, the study presents the assessment methods, effective interventions, evaluation, and recommendations to the patients to control the metabolic syndrome and weight gain, caused by antipsychotic medication.

Diagnosis

The case study is about a 33 years old male, Mr. Smith. The patient is diagnosed with multiple issues since 25th of February 2019, including Schizophrenia, Substance use disorder, Probable intellectual disability, and Possible Autism Spectrum Disorder. For these all diagnosed diseases, the patient been following the treatment plan, as well as completing the medication course. However the side effects of some medicines brought change in Mr. Smith’s sexual behavior, and caused metabolic syndrome leading to weight gain. The forensic report also revealed that due to high impact of the medication on Smith’s sexual desire, he was incarcerated for sexual assault on two women. Also, the intake of Haloperidol, Chlorpromazine, Methadone, Olanzapine, and Clozapine increased Smith’s aggression, and contributed to the metabolic syndrome and the weight gain.

Now Smith’s goals are to return to living in the community, where he can show his positive attitude and develop better relationship with someone. In this way, he will be able to control his sexual desires. Also, he is focused on losing weight for which he needs to pay attention on metabolic syndrome. However, the current study will focus only on the issues of metabolic syndrome and weight loss, whereas sexual issues will be ignored. Now, Smith’s weight is 97kg for 5’9’’ height which needs to be reduced as per his BMI. Thus, the current study will assess and present the interventions to deal with the issue faced by Mr. Smith, while focusing on prevention of metabolic syndrome and weight gain.

Assessment

The patient is willing to control his metabolic syndrome and weight gain. However, before making any clinical suggestions, it is essential to evaluate the real cause of the above mentioned issues. Thus, the forensic analysis needs to be obtained to evaluate which medicines have been used by the patients, and how that intake is affecting the patients’ life. In case of Mr. Smith, he is taking Haloperidol, Chlorpromazine, Methadone, Olanzapine, and Clozapine, which are found to be catalyst to aggression, metabolic syndrome, and weight gain. Thus, to prevent such side effects, it is essential to check which medicine is causing these issues. The first priority is to replace the medicine with any alternative, otherwise some alternate interventions and strategies can be adopted to overcome the patients’ complaints.

The forensic report and the medical history of the patient reveals that the medicine intake is contributing to the weight gain in the patient. Mr. Smith is of 5’9’’ height and his weight is 97kg which is 20kg more than the medically recommended weight CITATION 48F19 \l 1033 (48Fitness, 2019). This means Mr. Smith needs to reduce his 20kg in order to come back to his normal weight, as well as require healthy activities to keep his brain calm and relaxed. Only in this way he may live a normal life and can develop better relationship with his community members. Also, the patient desires to have a strong relationship with someone who can understand his issues and can calm him down when he is upset. In other words, Mr. Smith wants to be in a relationship with a female to meet all his body desires. A good life partner also demands a handsome look and healthy lifestyle of a man, and for that he, again, need to overcome his obesity issue.

When analyzing Mr. Smith’s medical history and medicine intake schedule, it becomes clear that he has been taking antipsychotic medicines, such as Olanzapine. The research has shown that the antipsychotic drugs are the real contributor to the metabolic syndrome and weight gain CITATION Chr18 \l 1033 (Aquilante & Vande, 2018). This simply means that antipsychotic medication, the intake of olanzapine and clozapine, is causing metabolic syndrome and weight gain issues to Mr. Smith. Now there are two ways to resolve the issues. Firstly, replace the above mentioned medicines with others but this may leave adverse impact on the patients’ treatment. Also, any sort of antipsychotic medicine will contribute to the metabolic syndrome and weight gain, which means the alternative medicines will also not work effectively to deal with the above mentioned health issues. The other way to deal with metabolic syndrome and weight gain is to make a proper fitness schedule, including proper exercise, healthy activities, and diet plan. Though it is very difficult to follow a defined schedule but this is essential to bring a positive change in Mr. Smith’s life. Thus, the nutritionist must make a proper exercise plan for Mr. Smith, in which the activity timings, daily calorie burning, and calorie intake must be mentioned. Also, the plan must include the food intake, food timing, and prohibited food items, such as glucose. The glucose fasting is also essential to control the weight gain.

The control of metabolic syndrome and weight gain is also essential to keep the patient protecting from other diseases, such as diabetes, blood pressure, and other obesity leading diseases. Timely follow up of diet plan, and exercise schedule will help Mr. Smith to come back in shape and to fight against his health issues. Further, this will help him to live in a community as a positive man, who will be able to control his aggression, hunger, and frustration.

Intervention

As mentioned above the metabolic syndrome and weight gain are caused by intake of antipsychotic medicines, such as Olanzapine. Thus, there are only two ways to prevent the side effects of these medicines. Firstly to use alternative medicine. Secondly, to use effective interventions to deal with the side effects of the recommended medicines. In the case of Mr. Smith, he is recommended to use effective interventions to deal with side effects of the antipsychotic medicines, because the change in medicine course may leave adverse impact on the treatment of the patient.

The effective interventions to deal with metabolic syndrome and weight gain can be suggested by the respective doctor or the nutritionist. However, the already published literature reveals that the proper follow up of exercise schedule and diet plan can bring effective results to the patient. Thus the recommended interventions to the Mr. Smith are discussed in the table below;

Abnormality

Diet plan and Physical activity

Recommended Practices

Obesity (97kg with 5’9’’ height)

Reduce weight up to 77kg

Increase physical activities

Lower calorie intake

At least 30 minutes exercise daily

Metabolic Syndrome

Increase intake of low-glycemic–index foods

Increase Omega 3 fatty acid.

Reduce carbohydrate intake.

Limit alcohol consumption

Consume legumes, whole grains, and monounsaturated fats

Replace soda with diet beverages and water.

Limit alcohol up to two drinks in a day.

Assessment

The patient is willing to control his metabolic syndrome and weight gain. However, before making any clinical suggestions, it is essential to evaluate the real cause of the above mentioned issues. Thus, the forensic analysis needs to be obtained to evaluate which medicines have been used by the patients, and how that intake is affecting the patients’ life. In case of Mr. Smith, he is taking Haloperidol, Chlorpromazine, Methadone, Olanzapine, and Clozapine, which are found to be catalyst to aggression, metabolic syndrome, and weight gain. Thus, to prevent such side effects, it is essential to check which medicine is causing these issues. The first priority is to replace the medicine with any alternative, otherwise some alternate interventions and strategies can be adopted to overcome the patients’ complaints.

The forensic report and the medical history of the patient reveals that the medicine intake is contributing to the weight gain in the patient. Mr. Smith is of 5’9’’ height and his weight is 97kg which is 20kg more than the medically recommended weight CITATION 48F19 \l 1033 (48Fitness, 2019). This means Mr. Smith needs to reduce his 20kg in order to come back to his normal weight, as well as require healthy activities to keep his brain calm and relaxed. Only in this way he may live a normal life and can develop better relationship with his community members. Also, the patient desires to have a strong relationship with someone who can understand his issues and can calm him down when he is upset. In other words, Mr. Smith wants to be in a relationship with a female to meet all his body desires. A good life partner also demands a handsome look and healthy lifestyle of a man, and for that he, again, need to overcome his obesity issue.

When analyzing Mr. Smith’s medical history and medicine intake schedule, it becomes clear that he has been taking antipsychotic medicines, such as Olanzapine. The research has shown that the antipsychotic drugs are the real contributor to the metabolic syndrome and weight gain CITATION Chr18 \l 1033 (Aquilante & Vande, 2018). This simply means that antipsychotic medication, the intake of olanzapine and clozapine, is causing metabolic syndrome and weight gain issues to Mr. Smith. Now there are two ways to resolve the issues. Firstly, replace the above mentioned medicines with others but this may leave adverse impact on the patients’ treatment. Also, any sort of antipsychotic medicine will contribute to the metabolic syndrome and weight gain, which means the alternative medicines will also not work effectively to deal with the above mentioned health issues. The other way to deal with metabolic syndrome and weight gain is to make a proper fitness schedule, including proper exercise, healthy activities, and diet plan. Though it is very difficult to follow a defined schedule but this is essential to bring a positive change in Mr. Smith’s life. Thus, the nutritionist must make a proper exercise plan for Mr. Smith, in which the activity timings, daily calorie burning, and calorie intake must be mentioned. Also, the plan must include the food intake, food timing, and prohibited food items, such as glucose. The glucose fasting is also essential to control the weight gain.

The control of metabolic syndrome and weight gain is also essential to keep the patient protecting from other diseases, such as diabetes, blood pressure, and other obesity leading diseases. Timely follow up of diet plan, and exercise schedule will help Mr. Smith to come back in shape and to fight against his health issues. Further, this will help him to live in a community as a positive man, who will be able to control his aggression, hunger, and frustration.

Introduction

Health care and proper treatment of the diagnosed diseases play crucial role in order to get rid of health related issues. However, sometimes the recommended treatment plan and medication leads to other health related issues, such as side effects of the medicines. Many such incidents have been recorded in the medical history, when the patients faced great health related issues after the follow up of drug course recommended by the doctors to deal with autism spectrum disorder or drug abuse related issues. The present study also presents a case study analysis in which 33 years old Mr. Smith is facing the side effects of antipsychotic medication. The case study analysis will present a situation in which the reader will analyze how Mr. Smith has been facing great aggression, frustration, metabolic syndrome, and weight gain as a result of medicines intake, recommended by the doctors as a treatment for schizophrenia, substance use disorder, probable intellectual disability, and autism spectrum disorder. Now, the side effects of the medicine are causing rapid weight gain, increasing sexual desire, aggression towards the community members, and lack of self-control to Mr. Smith. Thus, the study presents the assessment methods, effective interventions, evaluation, and recommendations to the patients to control the metabolic syndrome and weight gain, caused by antipsychotic medication.

Diagnosis

The case study is about a 33 years old male, Mr. Smith. The patient is diagnosed with multiple issues since 25th of February 2019, including Schizophrenia, Substance use disorder, Probable intellectual disability, and Possible Autism Spectrum Disorder. For these all diagnosed diseases, the patient been following the treatment plan, as well as completing the medication course. However the side effects of some medicines brought change in Mr. Smith’s sexual behavior, and caused metabolic syndrome leading to weight gain. The forensic report also revealed that due to high impact of the medication on Smith’s sexual desire, he was incarcerated for sexual assault on two women. Also, the intake of Haloperidol, Chlorpromazine, Methadone, Olanzapine, and Clozapine increased Smith’s aggression, and contributed to the metabolic syndrome and the weight gain.

Now Smith’s goals are to return to living in the community, where he can show his positive attitude and develop better relationship with someone. In this way, he will be able to control his sexual desires. Also, he is focused on losing weight for which he needs to pay attention on metabolic syndrome. However, the current study will focus only on the issues of metabolic syndrome and weight loss, whereas sexual issues will be ignored. Now, Smith’s weight is 97kg for 5’9’’ height which needs to be reduced as per his BMI. Thus, the current study will assess and present the interventions to deal with the issue faced by Mr. Smith, while focusing on prevention of metabolic syndrome and weight gain.

Assessment

The patient is willing to control his metabolic syndrome and weight gain. However, before making any clinical suggestions, it is essential to evaluate the real cause of the above mentioned issues. Thus, the forensic analysis needs to be obtained to evaluate which medicines have been used by the patients, and how that intake is affecting the patients’ life. In case of Mr. Smith, he is taking Haloperidol, Chlorpromazine, Methadone, Olanzapine, and Clozapine, which are found to be catalyst to aggression, metabolic syndrome, and weight gain. Thus, to prevent such side effects, it is essential to check which medicine is causing these issues. The first priority is to replace the medicine with any alternative, otherwise some alternate interventions and strategies can be adopted to overcome the patients’ complaints.

The forensic report and the medical history of the patient reveals that the medicine intake is contributing to the weight gain in the patient. Mr. Smith is of 5’9’’ height and his weight is 97kg which is 20kg more than the medically recommended weight CITATION 48F19 \l 1033 (48Fitness, 2019). This means Mr. Smith needs to reduce his 20kg in order to come back to his normal weight, as well as require healthy activities to keep his brain calm and relaxed. Only in this way he may live a normal life and can develop better relationship with his community members. Also, the patient desires to have a strong relationship with someone who can understand his issues and can calm him down when he is upset. In other words, Mr. Smith wants to be in a relationship with a female to meet all his body desires. A good life partner also demands a handsome look and healthy lifestyle of a man, and for that he, again, need to overcome his obesity issue.

When analyzing Mr. Smith’s medical history and medicine intake schedule, it becomes clear that he has been taking antipsychotic medicines, such as Olanzapine. The research has shown that the antipsychotic drugs are the real contributor to the metabolic syndrome and weight gain CITATION Chr18 \l 1033 (Aquilante & Vande, 2018). This simply means that antipsychotic medication, the intake of olanzapine and clozapine, is causing metabolic syndrome and weight gain issues to Mr. Smith. Now there are two ways to resolve the issues. Firstly, replace the above mentioned medicines with others but this may leave adverse impact on the patients’ treatment. Also, any sort of antipsychotic medicine will contribute to the metabolic syndrome and weight gain, which means the alternative medicines will also not work effectively to deal with the above mentioned health issues. The other way to deal with metabolic syndrome and weight gain is to make a proper fitness schedule, including proper exercise, healthy activities, and diet plan. Though it is very difficult to follow a defined schedule but this is essential to bring a positive change in Mr. Smith’s life. Thus, the nutritionist must make a proper exercise plan for Mr. Smith, in which the activity timings, daily calorie burning, and calorie intake must be mentioned. Also, the plan must include the food intake, food timing, and prohibited food items, such as glucose. The glucose fasting is also essential to control the weight gain.

The control of metabolic syndrome and weight gain is also essential to keep the patient protecting from other diseases, such as diabetes, blood pressure, and other obesity leading diseases. Timely follow up of diet plan, and exercise schedule will help Mr. Smith to come back in shape and to fight against his health issues. Further, this will help him to live in a community as a positive man, who will be able to control his aggression, hunger, and frustration.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY \l 1033 48Fitness. (2019). Height and Weight Chart for Men and Women. 48Fitness.

Aquilante, C. L., & Vande, J. P. (2018). Metabolic Syndrome. Pharmacotherapy Self-Assessment Program (6th Edition).

Thinking About Retirement

Thinking about Retirement

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Thinking about Retirement

Everyone should made their mind for retirement. I have decided to get retired between the ages of 65 to 70. Till this age, it is important to be the part of the economy not only for the nation's progress but also for the good health. Retirement means to leave the work routine that has been followed for so many years. It may result in physical or mental sickness, therefore after 65, it would be the perfect age for retirement. It also helps to get financially strong. In addition, if you like a job it is not just a job. It makes you productive with a healthy mind. Therefore, my will power at the age of retirement will be the key factor for the decision whether I should like to spend more time at work or I am unable to manage it now.

It is important to estimate the income getting during retirement if it is more than the cost of living it will be better to take retirement. If it is less than the cost of living than more years need to be spent on job. Pre-planning is necessary before retirement. I will decide about I will spend my time after retirement. How much money will be required to fulfill my needs as well as healthcare cost. Evaluation of income sources and investment strategy is included in pre-planning ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ZTAecWt7","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Fuscaldo, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Fuscaldo, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":530,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/449FGGKN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/449FGGKN"],"itemData":{"id":530,"type":"webpage","title":"10 Steps to Get Ready for Retirement - Financial Planning","container-title":"AARP","abstract":"Follow these 10 fun and easy steps so you'll be able to afford the retirement of your dreams.","URL":"http://www.aarp.org/work/social-security/info-05-2011/10-steps-to-retire-every-day.html","language":"english","author":[{"family":"Fuscaldo","given":"Donna"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",6,7]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Fuscaldo, n.d.). Psychologically preparation is required before retirement including, interest and hobbies in spare time, and realistic consideration about life after retirement. The social circle will change, office colleagues and friends may not able to meet so often. Therefore, my family time and changing social circle will need to be considered in pre reparation of retirement.

Financial condition, loan, and investment will help in deciding how life should be spent that is whether I am able to spend the life of leisure, volunteer activity or new carrier should be beneficial. However, the new carrier sounds more productive. The amount I will get during retirement,.

and the future retirement income will help to calculate the monthly expenses I should make to avoid any financial crisis and the past investment along with retirement amount will be used to create a new setup or personal business. It can be a general store or jewelry shop ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"8a2HByHw","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Top 10 Ways to Prepare for Retirement}, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Top 10 Ways to Prepare for Retirement, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":531,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/R2G7FVRR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/R2G7FVRR"],"itemData":{"id":531,"type":"article-journal","title":"Top 10 Ways to Prepare for Retirement","page":"6","source":"Zotero","language":"en"}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Top 10 Ways to Prepare for Retirement, n.d.).

I will like to live with my family after retirement. During the job, various occasions come when you are not available for the family due to workload and commitment to the job. However, after retirement, it will be the golden time to spend with the family. I am looking forward to the happy and interactive grandfather with my offspring's families. It will be wrong to disengage with relative not for the relationship but also for the psychological health. Time spending with offspring's family will make me more active both physically and psychologically while disengagement will make my retirement difficult for me. Therefore, there will be no chance that I will avoid family gathering and not spending quality time with them.

During studies, we know that its result will help us to take a good job and while doing the job we all know one day we have to get retired. Therefore, retirement is not negative for me although it is positive in some context like I will get more time for my family. Overall impression of retirement for me is neutral. To take retirement negative create difficulties to adjust in the new situation and schedule. To look forward to the change is helpful to adjust to the new circumstances rapidly.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Fuscaldo, D. (n.d.). 10 Steps to Get Ready for Retirement - Financial Planning. Retrieved June 7, 2019, from AARP website: http://www.aarp.org/work/social-security/info-05-2011/10-steps-to-retire-every-day.html

Top 10 Ways to Prepare for Retirement. (n.d.). 6.

Time Management

Time Management

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Time Management

Response to Question 1

Time is the most valuable asset of humans and time management is all about how one manages self to make most of this asset. It is not possible to manage time but it is possible to manage how one uses it. Time management deals with finding the most productive and healthiest ways of using 86,400 seconds with which each of humans is blessed with every day. Nursing is a profession that concerns with performing different tasks and responsibilities during the course of the day while meeting the time constraint. Therefore, nurses require a sheer understanding of time management skills ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"o32H9c7o","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Nayak, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Nayak, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":552,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/N9BLGG2H"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/N9BLGG2H"],"itemData":{"id":552,"type":"article-journal","title":"Time Management in Nursing–Hour of need","container-title":"International Journal of Caring Sciences","page":"1997-2000","volume":"11","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Nayak","given":"Shalini G."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Nayak, 2018). Delegation can be defined as the transfer of nurse’s responsibility to some other member of staff while keeping the accountability of the consequence of the task. The responsibility of the task can be delegated but the accountability cannot ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"XnnmxHWM","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Assignment, Delegation and Supervision,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Assignment, Delegation and Supervision,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":553,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/PCYRIV3R"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/PCYRIV3R"],"itemData":{"id":553,"type":"post-weblog","title":"Assignment, Delegation and Supervision: NCLEX-RN || RegisteredNursing.org","abstract":"Guide to help understand and demonstrate Assignment, Delegation and Supervision within the NCLEX-RN exam.","URL":"https://www.registerednursing.org/nclex/assignment-delegation-supervision/","title-short":"Assignment, Delegation and Supervision","language":"en-US","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",6,29]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} ("Assignment, Delegation, and Supervision," n.d.). Delegation can be done according to the distinguished practice of every member of staff. For instance, a licensed practical nurse, or a patient care technician cannot be delegated the same level of nursing care. Delegation allows division of responsibilities while prioritizing patient care. Prioritizing is an essential time management skill that all the nurses need to have ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"A4JUQEnd","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}5 Time Management Skills for New Nurses,\\uc0\\u8221{} 2016)","plainCitation":"(“5 Time Management Skills for New Nurses,” 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":556,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/AJAQA9D8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/AJAQA9D8"],"itemData":{"id":556,"type":"post-weblog","title":"5 Time Management Skills for New Nurses","container-title":"Ameritech College of Healthcare","abstract":"Time management skills are essential in nursing. If you're a new nurse, your skills will get better with time, but here are 5 to start focusing on today.","URL":"https://www.ameritech.edu/blog/time-management-skills-every-new-nurse-needs/","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",3,8]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",6,29]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“5 Time Management Skills for New Nurses,” 2016). Since delegation is based on setting priorities as the client's responsibilities change with time. Priority setting skills are therefore essential and they help with time management while delegating responsibilities.

Response to Question 2

Correct delegation allows the shift of responsibility in a reliable manner, saving the time of nurse professionals ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"vgtoppTQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}time-management-tips-for-nurses.pdf}, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(time-management-tips-for-nurses.pdf, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":558,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/SVZL4TDV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/SVZL4TDV"],"itemData":{"id":558,"type":"article","title":"time-management-tips-for-nurses.pdf","URL":"https://www.chw.org/-/media/files/medical-professionals/nursing-students/post-conferences/time-management-tips-for-nurses.pdf?la=en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",6,29]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (time-management-tips-for-nurses.pdf, n.d.). In nursing practice, the delegation must be done within the scope and considering the standards in order to ensure patient safety. It is essential that before assigning any responsibility evaluation of the staff members' abilities to perform the tasks assigned must be conducted. Along with that, appraisal of the job description, scope of practice and experience of delegatee is crucial. For instance, if a registered nurse (RN) allocates a task to a LPN that is not within his/her scope of practice, the RN is putting the patient in potential jeopardy. The five rights of delegation ensure that the right person is assigned the right task within the right circumstances and the right supervision is done ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"IU8URheE","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Nursing, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Nursing, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":555,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/6BQCSQSV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/6BQCSQSV"],"itemData":{"id":555,"type":"article-journal","title":"National guidelines for nursing delegation","container-title":"Journal of Nursing Regulation","page":"5-14","volume":"7","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Nursing","given":"National Council of State Boards","dropping-particle":"of"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Nursing, 2016). The supervision must ensure that the delegated tasks are performed correctly with the required standards of quality and appropriateness. Other considerations that must be made while evaluation and supervising is the legal and legislated scope of practice. Though it differs from state to state some commonalities are as follows. The scope of practice of RN includes his/her legal ability to perform an assessment, planning, and evaluation. The scope of practice of a licensed practical nurse includes performing activities under the supervision of RN. An advanced practice nurse is to perform all nursing responsibilities including prescribing. National Council of State Boards of Nursing has developed state-of-the-art standards for the nursing delegation and supervision.

Response to Question 3

Delegation is the core essential responsibility of the RN and they assign responsibilities to LPN and CNAs. RNs have to do prior planning to enhance productivity ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"87qv0uGV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Chunta & Boothby, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Chunta & Boothby, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":560,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/VMRQCXRF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/VMRQCXRF"],"itemData":{"id":560,"type":"article-journal","title":"Time-management strategies for nurse leaders","page":"2","source":"Zotero","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Chunta","given":"Kristy S"},{"family":"Boothby","given":"Johanna"}]}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Chunta & Boothby, n.d.). The RN ensures that the task that is being assigned to LPN and CNAs is lies within the scope of practice of that nurse and they are competent enough to perform that task. RN evaluates the appropriate education, skills and experiences and the skills of the delegatee. After evaluating the education, knowledge, and experiences, they are matched with the health care needs of patients. The RN delegate care that matches the skills of the delegatee. Delegation is done according to the differentiated level of experience and competency and the RN remains accountable for the actions of the delegatee. In addition, the RN evaluates the outcomes of the tasks assigned to the delegatee to ensure patient safety. RN is also responsible to report all the significant changes regarding the client's condition to the physician or nurse supervisor. Timely communication is the key responsibility of the RN ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Yxmu5bt4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Nursing, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Nursing, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":555,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/6BQCSQSV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/6BQCSQSV"],"itemData":{"id":555,"type":"article-journal","title":"National guidelines for nursing delegation","container-title":"Journal of Nursing Regulation","page":"5-14","volume":"7","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Nursing","given":"National Council of State Boards","dropping-particle":"of"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Nursing, 2016).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY 5 Time Management Skills for New Nurses. (2016, March 8). Retrieved June 29, 2019, from Ameritech College of Healthcare website: https://www.ameritech.edu/blog/time-management-skills-every-new-nurse-needs/

Assignment, Delegation and Supervision: NCLEX-RN || RegisteredNursing.org. (n.d.). Retrieved June 29, 2019, from https://www.registerednursing.org/nclex/assignment-delegation-supervision/

Chunta, K. S., & Boothby, J. (n.d.). Time-management strategies for nurse leaders. 2.

Nayak, S. G. (2018). Time Management in Nursing–Hour of need. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 11(3), 1997–2000.

Nursing, N. C. of S. B. of. (2016). National guidelines for nursing delegation. Journal of Nursing Regulation, 7(1), 5–14.

time-management-tips-for-nurses.pdf. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.chw.org/-/media/files/medical-professionals/nursing-students/post-conferences/time-management-tips-for-nurses.pdf?la=en

TMA01

RUNNING HEAD: HEALTHCARE AND NURSING

TMA01

Name of Student

[Name of the Institution]

Patient-Oriented Skills

Patient-Oriented Communication Skills

Communication skills can be acquired by practice and involvement with the patients. Communication expertise required for patient-oriented care comprises producing the patient's schedule with unrestricted queries, particularly early on, not interfering with the patient, and fetching inattentive, active attending. Understanding the client's viewpoint of the disease and articulating sympathy are important landscapes to be learned regarding patient-oriented communication ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"kibLmnO6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Care et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Care et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":147,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/R99QWP83"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/R99QWP83"],"itemData":{"id":147,"type":"article-journal","title":"Person-centered care: A definition and essential elements","container-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society","page":"15–18","volume":"64","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Person-centered care","author":[{"family":"Care","given":"American Geriatrics Society Expert Panel on Person-Centered"},{"family":"Brummel-Smith","given":"Kenneth"},{"family":"Butler","given":"Dawn"},{"family":"Frieder","given":"Miryam"},{"family":"Gibbs","given":"Nancy"},{"family":"Henry","given":"Maureen"},{"family":"Koons","given":"Eileen"},{"family":"Loggers","given":"Elizabeth"},{"family":"Porock","given":"Davina"},{"family":"Reuben","given":"David B."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Care et al., 2016). Understanding the client's viewpoint involves discovering the patient's approaches, thoughts, worries, and involvement concerning the influence of the disease, also, what the client or patient assumes from the doctor. This is very significant in adapting to the utmost communication skills. Understanding can be communicated by presenting the sentiment; interactive understanding, admiration, and support; and discovering the patient's disease familiarity and reactions. Before illuminating a novel diagnosis, the client's previous information and inclinations for the complexity of the evidence desired should be evaluated ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"dC3S7XJH","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Williams et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Williams et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":148,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/UZIGT5YE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/UZIGT5YE"],"itemData":{"id":148,"type":"article-journal","title":"Patient-centered precision health in a learning health care system: Geisinger’s genomic medicine experience","container-title":"Health Affairs","page":"757–764","volume":"37","issue":"5","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Patient-centered precision health in a learning health care system","author":[{"family":"Williams","given":"Marc S."},{"family":"Buchanan","given":"Adam H."},{"family":"Davis","given":"F. Daniel"},{"family":"Faucett","given":"W. Andrew"},{"family":"Hallquist","given":"Miranda LG"},{"family":"Leader","given":"Joseph B."},{"family":"Martin","given":"Christa L."},{"family":"McCormick","given":"Cara Z."},{"family":"Meyer","given":"Michelle N."},{"family":"Murray","given":"Michael F."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Williams et al., 2018). Despite overwhelming the client with therapeutic evidence, minor chunks of information should be delivered using recurrent sequences of the "ask-tell-ask" methodology. Preparation programs on patient-oriented communication for healthcare specialists can progress communication skills.

Patient-Oriented Health Education Skills

Health education allows individuals to raise control over individual health. It includes a varied variety of community and ecological interventions that are intended to advantage and defend the health of the public and communities, and excellence of life by addressing health issues and preventive measures to stop diseases ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"usrNE3EJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Care et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Care et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":147,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/R99QWP83"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/R99QWP83"],"itemData":{"id":147,"type":"article-journal","title":"Person-centered care: A definition and essential elements","container-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society","page":"15–18","volume":"64","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Person-centered care","author":[{"family":"Care","given":"American Geriatrics Society Expert Panel on Person-Centered"},{"family":"Brummel-Smith","given":"Kenneth"},{"family":"Butler","given":"Dawn"},{"family":"Frieder","given":"Miryam"},{"family":"Gibbs","given":"Nancy"},{"family":"Henry","given":"Maureen"},{"family":"Koons","given":"Eileen"},{"family":"Loggers","given":"Elizabeth"},{"family":"Porock","given":"Davina"},{"family":"Reuben","given":"David B."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Care et al., 2016). This field focused on drawing people’s attention towards the genetic, ecological, emotional, physical, and medicinal knowledge for the prevention and promotion of health. This field indicates behavior change and behavior management techniques to prevent and control diseases among communities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"eEHTcA4P","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Association, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Association, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":153,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/KA26Z8IX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/KA26Z8IX"],"itemData":{"id":153,"type":"article-journal","title":"4. Lifestyle management: standards of medical care in diabetes—2018","container-title":"Diabetes Care","page":"S38-S50","volume":"41","issue":"Supplement 1","author":[{"family":"Association","given":"American Diabetes"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Association, 2018).

Evidence-Based Health Education

The evidence-based health education of the patient can help in healing as well as it also assists nurses to get admiration from the patients. Health education is a patient-oriented skill that is helpful for both nurse and patient. It is a career of teaching individuals about their health and treatment plans. Health learning indorses healthy behaviors and procedures to promote the health of the patient. This field is exactly focused on the delivery and education of societies to embrace healthy behaviors, education on nutrition, and well-being routines ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"XEeQ6IV2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Williams et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Williams et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":148,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/UZIGT5YE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/UZIGT5YE"],"itemData":{"id":148,"type":"article-journal","title":"Patient-centered precision health in a learning health care system: Geisinger’s genomic medicine experience","container-title":"Health Affairs","page":"757–764","volume":"37","issue":"5","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Patient-centered precision health in a learning health care system","author":[{"family":"Williams","given":"Marc S."},{"family":"Buchanan","given":"Adam H."},{"family":"Davis","given":"F. Daniel"},{"family":"Faucett","given":"W. Andrew"},{"family":"Hallquist","given":"Miranda LG"},{"family":"Leader","given":"Joseph B."},{"family":"Martin","given":"Christa L."},{"family":"McCormick","given":"Cara Z."},{"family":"Meyer","given":"Michelle N."},{"family":"Murray","given":"Michael F."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Williams et al., 2018). A few examples of health education are informative training programs on unintentional pregnancies, substance abuse, and nutrition. This knowledge and information are directly linked with the health of a patient. Nurses can play a vital role in the development of the health status of the patient by consolidation and supporting and taking care of the mental and emotional health of the patient side by side with the anticipatory therapies ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"qitqqyKN","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Care et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Care et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":147,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/R99QWP83"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/R99QWP83"],"itemData":{"id":147,"type":"article-journal","title":"Person-centered care: A definition and essential elements","container-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society","page":"15–18","volume":"64","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Person-centered care","author":[{"family":"Care","given":"American Geriatrics Society Expert Panel on Person-Centered"},{"family":"Brummel-Smith","given":"Kenneth"},{"family":"Butler","given":"Dawn"},{"family":"Frieder","given":"Miryam"},{"family":"Gibbs","given":"Nancy"},{"family":"Henry","given":"Maureen"},{"family":"Koons","given":"Eileen"},{"family":"Loggers","given":"Elizabeth"},{"family":"Porock","given":"Davina"},{"family":"Reuben","given":"David B."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Care et al., 2016). . Nurses can play a vital role in the development of the health status of the patient by consolidation and supporting and taking care of the mental and emotional health of the patient side by side with the anticipatory therapies. Healthcare facilities providing services need to center on patient-centered care, and patient-oriented skills such as health education should be adapted and promoted to improve the health of communities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5sNuvF2a","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Association, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Association, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":153,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/KA26Z8IX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/KA26Z8IX"],"itemData":{"id":153,"type":"article-journal","title":"4. Lifestyle management: standards of medical care in diabetes—2018","container-title":"Diabetes Care","page":"S38-S50","volume":"41","issue":"Supplement 1","author":[{"family":"Association","given":"American Diabetes"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Association, 2018). To encourage patients, motivational and success stories should be displayed prominently in the healthcare facilities to promote health education. Nurses can improve their knowledge by taking and attending evidence base lessons on prevention and health education.

Acquiring Communication Skills

There are no specific and particular plans and strategies that can improve a healthcare provider's communication skills. However, the adaptation of empathy and patient-oriented care can significantly help in improving communication skills. Patients usually admire and respect those healthcare providers who have shown better attention towards them and have a better understanding of disease ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"p75DFj4L","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Care et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Care et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":147,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/R99QWP83"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/R99QWP83"],"itemData":{"id":147,"type":"article-journal","title":"Person-centered care: A definition and essential elements","container-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society","page":"15–18","volume":"64","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Person-centered care","author":[{"family":"Care","given":"American Geriatrics Society Expert Panel on Person-Centered"},{"family":"Brummel-Smith","given":"Kenneth"},{"family":"Butler","given":"Dawn"},{"family":"Frieder","given":"Miryam"},{"family":"Gibbs","given":"Nancy"},{"family":"Henry","given":"Maureen"},{"family":"Koons","given":"Eileen"},{"family":"Loggers","given":"Elizabeth"},{"family":"Porock","given":"Davina"},{"family":"Reuben","given":"David B."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Care et al., 2016). Patient-centered care is an effective technique that can improve the health status of communities. The patient-centered skills and learning new information can help healthcare providers to adapt and become the best communicators. Healthcare facilities should start those programs at facilities to improve staff communication skills. These programs should be available to the patients also for a better understanding of patient-oriented skills.

Acquiring Health Education Skills

There is no specific strategy that would result in better health outcomes regarding the safety of individuals from diseases, healthy communities, and quality care. This is continuously evolving and twisting and needs mutual collaboration at all levels to help staff understanding better communication (Williams et al., 2018). It indicates that the stable state of patient security, care, and safety cannot ever be attained without universal approaches such as patient-oriented skills and patient-oriented care. These requirements must be announced by nurse policymakers and leaders at all levels.

A Significant Decrease in Disease Burden

Availability and provision of caring and safe environment, better communication abilities, accessibility to services, and responsibility of nurses is very vital to provide facilities like better patient safety and quality care. This would help healthcare facilities to reduce disease burden significantly. Better health education and improved communication skills must be implemented at the community and domestic level. Additionally, assessments and decisions made at one level will eventually distress all further stages ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ukGzudgp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Williams et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Williams et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":148,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/UZIGT5YE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/UZIGT5YE"],"itemData":{"id":148,"type":"article-journal","title":"Patient-centered precision health in a learning health care system: Geisinger’s genomic medicine experience","container-title":"Health Affairs","page":"757–764","volume":"37","issue":"5","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Patient-centered precision health in a learning health care system","author":[{"family":"Williams","given":"Marc S."},{"family":"Buchanan","given":"Adam H."},{"family":"Davis","given":"F. Daniel"},{"family":"Faucett","given":"W. Andrew"},{"family":"Hallquist","given":"Miranda LG"},{"family":"Leader","given":"Joseph B."},{"family":"Martin","given":"Christa L."},{"family":"McCormick","given":"Cara Z."},{"family":"Meyer","given":"Michelle N."},{"family":"Murray","given":"Michael F."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Williams et al., 2018). This would be an outcome in accumulative disease burden, caseloads, and responsibilities, and thus perhaps raise in diseases as well as late recovery of patients ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"8vtwFYLW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Association, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Association, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":153,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/KA26Z8IX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/KA26Z8IX"],"itemData":{"id":153,"type":"article-journal","title":"4. Lifestyle management: standards of medical care in diabetes—2018","container-title":"Diabetes Care","page":"S38-S50","volume":"41","issue":"Supplement 1","author":[{"family":"Association","given":"American Diabetes"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Association, 2018). This concludes that from policymakers to doctors, from individuals to societies, from youngsters to parents, they can emphasize simple approaches such as better communication skills to recover and reduce the disease burden from countries.

Bibliography

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Association, A.D., 2018. 4. Lifestyle management: standards of medical care in diabetes—2018. Diabetes Care 41, S38–S50.

Care, A.G.S.E.P. on P.-C., Brummel-Smith, K., Butler, D., Frieder, M., Gibbs, N., Henry, M., Koons, E., Loggers, E., Porock, D., Reuben, D.B., 2016. Person-centered care: A definition and essential elements. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 64, 15–18.

Williams, M.S., Buchanan, A.H., Davis, F.D., Faucett, W.A., Hallquist, M.L., Leader, J.B., Martin, C.L., McCormick, C.Z., Meyer, M.N., Murray, M.F., 2018. Patient-centered precision health in a learning health care system: Geisinger’s genomic medicine experience. Health Aff. (Millwood) 37, 757–764.

Topic 2 DQ 1

Topic 2 DQ 1

Name

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Implementation of Evidence-Based Practice

Evidence-based practice is the indicator of an advanced and progressing healthcare system. To effectively implement evidence-based practice, scientific knowledge and decision making is significantly required. It has been observed that the implementation of evidence-based practices has faced many fences and barriers. The major issues were to meet the standards to qualify the expectations of stakeholders ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1c79tr1lhc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Abbas et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Abbas et al., 2018)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1081,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EIA6H7QH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EIA6H7QH"],"itemData":{"id":1081,"type":"article-journal","title":"Innovative Curriculum: Evidence Based Practice For Nursing Professionals","author":[{"family":"Abbas","given":"Syed Muslim"},{"family":"Usmani","given":"Ambreen"},{"family":"Imran","given":"Maroosha"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Abbas et al., 2018). They are the members who take part in policy-making, decision making, and implementation of programs and policies. Stakeholders actively involved in the management and implementation of principles will receive feedback positively ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1c79tr1lhc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Abbas et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Abbas et al., 2018)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1081,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EIA6H7QH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EIA6H7QH"],"itemData":{"id":1081,"type":"article-journal","title":"Innovative Curriculum: Evidence Based Practice For Nursing Professionals","author":[{"family":"Abbas","given":"Syed Muslim"},{"family":"Usmani","given":"Ambreen"},{"family":"Imran","given":"Maroosha"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Abbas et al., 2018). Major barriers include knowledge and information of the evidence-based practice, scientific research, and education in a particular field to get the desired results of the program. Advanced technological aspects of healthcare facilities, lack of human resources, and rich knowledge through research are the additional barriers in the implementation of evidence-based practice.

Organizational change, such as the hiring of skilled professionals, especially nurses, and the use of advanced technology to provide facilities to nurses for the research and training, can be helpful ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2a2bt3mk5f","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Latessa, 2003)","plainCitation":"(Latessa, 2003)"},"citationItems":[{"id":919,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/JIHT29F5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/JIHT29F5"],"itemData":{"id":919,"type":"article-journal","title":"The challenge of change: Correctional programs and evidence-based practices","container-title":"Criminology & Pub. Pol'y","page":"547","volume":"3","author":[{"family":"Latessa","given":"Edward J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Latessa, 2003). Effective and transforming leadership and enabling the environment to facilitate nurses to excel in a particular profession can play its role significantly in the implementation of evidence-based practice ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1c79tr1lhc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Abbas et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Abbas et al., 2018)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1081,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EIA6H7QH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EIA6H7QH"],"itemData":{"id":1081,"type":"article-journal","title":"Innovative Curriculum: Evidence Based Practice For Nursing Professionals","author":[{"family":"Abbas","given":"Syed Muslim"},{"family":"Usmani","given":"Ambreen"},{"family":"Imran","given":"Maroosha"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Abbas et al., 2018). It is important that leaders of healthcare organizations, political commitment, and professionals such as nurses re required to eliminate outdated practices in the healthcare profession ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1c79tr1lhc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Abbas et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Abbas et al., 2018)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1081,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EIA6H7QH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EIA6H7QH"],"itemData":{"id":1081,"type":"article-journal","title":"Innovative Curriculum: Evidence Based Practice For Nursing Professionals","author":[{"family":"Abbas","given":"Syed Muslim"},{"family":"Usmani","given":"Ambreen"},{"family":"Imran","given":"Maroosha"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Abbas et al., 2018). Advanced interventions and interferences should be employed to improve the skills of nurses ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2ch61sqrf7","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Tuazon, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Tuazon, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1079,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QRR6KKXW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QRR6KKXW"],"itemData":{"id":1079,"type":"book","title":"A Case Study on the Meaning of Evidence-Based Practice among Bedside Staff NursesWorking in the Intensive Care Unit","publisher":"Northcentral University","ISBN":"1-339-67425-4","author":[{"family":"Tuazon","given":"Nelson"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tuazon, 2016). Encouraging and promoting the environment is required to effectively implement evidence-based practices ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1c79tr1lhc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Abbas et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Abbas et al., 2018)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1081,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EIA6H7QH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EIA6H7QH"],"itemData":{"id":1081,"type":"article-journal","title":"Innovative Curriculum: Evidence Based Practice For Nursing Professionals","author":[{"family":"Abbas","given":"Syed Muslim"},{"family":"Usmani","given":"Ambreen"},{"family":"Imran","given":"Maroosha"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Abbas et al., 2018). Therefore, the study has observed that individual level, as well as organizational level barriers, exist, but the barriers related to education and information will essentially be required to improve healthcare systems.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbas, S. M., Usmani, A., & Imran, M. (2018). Innovative Curriculum: Evidence-Based Practice For Nursing Professionals.

Latessa, E. J. (2003). The challenge of change: correctional programs and evidence-based practices. Criminology & Pub. Pol’y, 3, 547.

Tuazon, N. (2016). A Case Study on the Meaning of Evidence-Based Practice among Bedside Staff NursesWorking in the Intensive Care Unit. Northcentral University.

Topic 2 DQ 2

Topic 2 DQ 2

Name

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Strategies to Review and Critique literature

Critiquing and reading research are important skills for advanced practice nurses. The process of critique is usually analyzed or evaluated by researchers, faculty member or advanced nurses. An article critique is an important part of training and education in nursing. It has been observed that evidence-based research is utilized in practice and that nurses are being trained to critique the proposed research. Article critique is always an important step in nursing as nurses are always in the pursuit of finding novel interventions ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2eaihjbm76","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Collaborative et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Collaborative et al., 2017)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1112,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/HWNQLPQ7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/HWNQLPQ7"],"itemData":{"id":1112,"type":"article-journal","title":"Iowa model of evidence‐based practice: Revisions and validation","container-title":"Worldviews on Evidence‐Based Nursing","page":"175-182","volume":"14","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Collaborative","given":"Iowa Model"},{"family":"Buckwalter","given":"Kathleen C."},{"family":"Cullen","given":"Laura"},{"family":"Hanrahan","given":"Kirsten"},{"family":"Kleiber","given":"Charmaine"},{"family":"McCarthy","given":"Ann Marie"},{"family":"Rakel","given":"Barbara"},{"family":"Steelman","given":"Victoria"},{"family":"Tripp‐Reimer","given":"Toni"},{"family":"Tucker","given":"Sharon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Collaborative et al., 2017). The evidence-based practice in advanced nursing is important for the professional development of nurses.

A problem-solving attitude will focus on evidence-based research and practice to systematically utilize the best practices in nursing. As it is important to note that patient's preferences and accurate diagnosis are significant for advanced nurses therefore, evidence-based practices would be preferred over traditional practices. Research critique is a process that starts with a problem of statement and a score of 5 out of 6 will indicate that the problem discussed in the research is good but still needed perfection. APRN score will provide the information related to the research critique ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a210plhfhsk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Abbas et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Abbas et al., 2018)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1081,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EIA6H7QH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EIA6H7QH"],"itemData":{"id":1081,"type":"article-journal","title":"Innovative Curriculum: Evidence Based Practice For Nursing Professionals","author":[{"family":"Abbas","given":"Syed Muslim"},{"family":"Usmani","given":"Ambreen"},{"family":"Imran","given":"Maroosha"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Abbas et al., 2018). Another step is to acquire the most relevant and best evidence to support the problem in the critique. Then it is also important to appraise the article critically such as validity, applicability, and relevance. Application of evidence to the patient's preferences and clinical expertise and values would also be an important strategy to review the literature ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ad65g4vff2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(De Marchi et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(De Marchi et al., 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1113,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/KK33E5U7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/KK33E5U7"],"itemData":{"id":1113,"type":"article-journal","title":"From evidence-based policy making to policy analytics","container-title":"Annals of Operations Research","page":"15-38","volume":"236","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"De Marchi","given":"Giada"},{"family":"Lucertini","given":"Giulia"},{"family":"Tsoukiàs","given":"Alexis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (De Marchi et al., 2016). Lastly, assessment of efficiency and effectiveness of all the steps mentioned can be taken as appropriate strategies to improve the capabilities of assessments, appraisals and acquirement. Therefore, relevance, applicability, and assessment of evidence-based practices as an advanced nurse to analyze and critique the literature pertinent to the nursing profession.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/HWNQLPQ7"],["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/KK33E5U7"]],"omitted":[["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/JIHT29F5"],["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QRR6KKXW"]],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbas, S. M., Usmani, A., & Imran, M. (2018). Innovative Curriculum: Evidence-Based Practice For Nursing Professionals.

Collaborative, I. M., Buckwalter, K. C., Cullen, L., Hanrahan, K., Kleiber, C., McCarthy, A. M., Rakel, B., Steelman, V., Tripp‐Reimer, T., & Tucker, S. (2017). Iowa model of evidence‐based practice: Revisions and validation. Worldviews on Evidence‐Based Nursing, 14(3), 175–182.

De Marchi, G., Lucertini, G., & Tsoukiàs, A. (2016). From evidence-based policymaking to policy analytics. Annals of Operations Research, 236(1), 15–38.

Topic 2 Family Health Assessment Assignment

Family Health Assessment

Name

Institution

Family Health Assessment

Family health assessment is a simple test which is performed by gathering enough information from the family to suggest health promotion and disease prevention practices. It is crucial in learning how to administer any form of care CITATION Mel13 \l 1033 (Mellanie Rollans, 2013). It is essential to make additional inquiries from the family members who have been diagnosed with a health condition for identifying the potential medical risk due to genetic reasons. In this Report, family health is assessed by interviewing individuals of the family and evaluating the collected data. A random family is selected for this purpose, which has recently moved to Australia from South Asia. Mother is a Nurse and Dad is an accountant at the bank. They have three kids, two girls and a boy. Orem self-care model and Gorden assessment patterns are used to showing the family’s lifestyle.

Social Determinants of Health

Social Determinants of the Health (SDoH) comprises of specific parameters or conditions in which individual or a family lives in, goes to work, born at, and grow old. These conditions vary from person to person under different circumstances. Because of these circumstances, there is a lot of difference in health status within or between countries. These circumstances are build up due to unfair distribution of wealth, power and resources. Social, economic, and living conditions, along with lifestyle choices, play a vital role in shaping the health of a person. These lifestyle choices include; exercise, diet, smoking, consumption of alcohol, sleeping pattern, even mode of commute, any many more. SDoH should be adopted by the organizations for their employee, as it is crucial for the health and well-being of its employees. As the family under study has just migrated to Australia, it is hard but not achievable for them to adapt to SDoH. Thankfully necessary infrastructure for health assessment along with practices of SDoH is available in most of the institutes here in Australia. As the family is religious and are regular in attending church, they should participate in the social gathering at their local church, by doing so they will get to interact with the locals and even foreigners like them. As the mother is a Nurse, and she is familiar with the healthy practices, she can play an essential role in adopting a healthy social environment. The father being the primary source of providing bread at home, it is his responsibility to give the family a healthy lifestyle. CITATION Lyn10 \l 1033 (Lynne Fernandez, 2010)

Screening Process & Recommendations

One girl and a boy are in primary school, and the elder daughter is in secondary school. All of them are assessed in detail, along with mom and dad. It is observed that the family has a good sleeping pattern and healthy eating habits, but are not physically active. Screening of an individual is performed using a standardized tool ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Gh6yGU6W","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Chung et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Chung et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":450,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/uHsb2Xzj/items/UTPER5CT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/uHsb2Xzj/items/UTPER5CT"],"itemData":{"id":450,"type":"article-journal","title":"Screening for Social Determinants of Health Among Children and Families Living in Poverty: A Guide for Clinicians","container-title":"Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care","page":"135-153","volume":"46","issue":"5","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Approximately 20% of all children in the United States live in poverty, which exists in rural, urban, and suburban areas. Thus, all child health clinicians need to be familiar with the effects of poverty on health and to understand associated, preventable, and modifiable social factors that impact health. Social determinants of health are identifiable root causes of medical problems. For children living in poverty, social determinants of health for which clinicians may play a role include the following: child maltreatment, child care and education, family financial support, physical environment, family social support, intimate partner violence, maternal depression and family mental illness, household substance abuse, firearm exposure, and parental health literacy. Children, particularly those living in poverty, exposed to adverse childhood experiences are susceptible to toxic stress and a variety of child and adult health problems, including developmental delay, asthma and heart disease. Despite the detrimental effects of social determinants on health, few child health clinicians routinely address the unmet social and psychosocial factors impacting children and their families during routine primary care visits. Clinicians need tools to screen for social determinants of health and to be familiar with available local and national resources to address these issues. These guidelines provide an overview of social determinants of health impacting children living in poverty and provide clinicians with practical screening tools and resources.","DOI":"10.1016/j.cppeds.2016.02.004","ISSN":"1538-5442","note":"PMID: 27101890\nPMCID: PMC6039226","shortTitle":"Screening for Social Determinants of Health Among Children and Families Living in Poverty","journalAbbreviation":"Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care","author":[{"family":"Chung","given":"Esther K."},{"family":"Siegel","given":"Benjamin S."},{"family":"Garg","given":"Arvin"},{"family":"Conroy","given":"Kathleen"},{"family":"Gross","given":"Rachel S."},{"family":"Long","given":"Dayna A."},{"family":"Lewis","given":"Gena"},{"family":"Osman","given":"Cynthia J."},{"family":"Messito","given":"Mary Jo"},{"family":"Wade","given":"Roy"},{"family":"Yin","given":"H. Shonna"},{"family":"Cox","given":"Joanne"},{"family":"Fierman","given":"Arthur H."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",5]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Chung et al., 2016). The family is divided into three groups to conduct proper screening. Group 1; Mom (39 years) and Dad (42 years), Group 2; Teenage (15 years) daughter, Group 3; Younger daughter (6 years) and Son (10 years). As this family cannot be observed throughout the day, it is recommended to design a questionnaire (asking general questions) for the family. These questionnaires should be different for each Group.

Group 1:

As Group 1 includes adults, and they are the source of income for the family, questions asked in the process of screening should be off work and stress related. Below are the examples of screening questions

Are their pays justified by the amount of work they are doing?

Do they serve suitable hours as by the law? And do they get enough breaks during those hours?

Does the company provide lunch? If yes, determine if it’s healthy.

Is there a healthy social atmosphere in the office?

Do they have time to spend with the kids when they are home?

Group 2:

Teenagers are at a different stage of growing and learning; questions asked in the process of screening should be of varying nature. They should be about social activities at school, bullying issues, puberty, after-school social life, diet, sleeping pattern, involvement in physical activities.

Group 2:

Question asked the kids of this age should not be aggressive. They may be about the attention they are getting from parents, school’s environment, their friends, their diet and sleep. In addition to that, it should be asked that if they are a victim of child abuse, do they have any friend who is a terrible influence on them and are they involved in physical games or not.

These questions and the step involved in the screening process are crucial for ensuring the Social Determinants of Health. Along with the problems, a variety of other means can be used to screening the person for a health assessment.

Health Model

It is suggested that Orem self-care model and Gorden assessment should be used in creating a plan of action for a better and healthy lifestyle. Orem model perfectly suites this family as it focusses on the self-reliance, which means that everyone should be responsible for their well-being and should also take care of other family members. As we have divided the family into three groups, Orem model suggests that everyone is a distinct individual and should be treated accordingly CITATION Nar12 \l 1033 (Naroie, 2012). As the mother is nurse, her knowledge of health problems is an essential part of Orem model.

Quality of life will significantly enhance upon applying all the aspects of Orem model, and it will have a positive impact on lifestyle. The family should adopt to self-caring and nursing as they are much dependent on each other. Giving small responsibilities to the kids daily will be a little but a decisive advance towards self-care.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Chung, E. K., Siegel, B. S., Garg, A., Conroy, K., Gross, R. S., Long, D. A., … Fierman, A. H. (2016). Screening for Social Determinants of Health Among Children and Families Living in Poverty: A Guide for Clinicians. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care, 46(5), 135–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cppeds.2016.02.004

BIBLIOGRAPHY Lynne Fernandez, S. M. (2010, May 17). FAST FACTS. The Social Determinants of Health in Manitoba, pp. 1-2. Retrieved from http://winnspace.uwinnipeg.ca/bitstream/handle/10680/1555/The%20social%20determinants%20of%20health%20in%20Manitoba%20--%20What%20we%20know%20about%20health%20inequity%20in%20Manitoba.pdf?sequence=1

Melanie Rollans, V. S. (2013, April 8). Negotiating policy in practice: child and family health nurses' approach to the process of postnatal psychosocial assessment. BMC Health Services Research, 13(133). Retrieved from https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6963-13-133

Naroie, S. (2012, March 31). Effect of Applying Self-Care Orem Model on Quality of Life in the Patient under Hemodialysis. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. Retrieved from http://zjrms.com/en/articles/93608.html

Topic :Possible Problems Or Issues That Affect Intervention Studies

Issues that Affect Intervention Studies

Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees

Institutional Affiliation(s)

There are several issues that affect intervention studies such as budget, time, location, demographical conditions and etc. The research social part of the need to propose solutions to the social problems in the context of our multicultural reality that seeks to build answers to the various ways builds knowledge from the problem which is based on cultural diversity based on meeting of knowledge that occurs between learners and educators.

The first thing that affect intervention studies is budget. Sometimes, budget is not sufficient to conduct the research completely. Meeting the deadline is the most difficult thing that intervene with studies. When the characteristics of research in social sciences has been discussed, this has mostly been based on diagnoses and contemplations of reality. In the current process, not only is it enough to describe the reality that involves analyzing data and facts, but we must establish generalizations empirical theory (Walker, & Gonzalez, 2007). The problem manifests itself in an object, this is conceptualized as a part of the reality that is abstracted as a consequence of grouping the phenomena, on which one acts in order to solve the problem posed. The object of the investigation (is the what of the research), is that part of the objective reality on which the researcher acts, both from the practical and theoretical point of view, with a view to solving the problem posed. The object of the investigation must be characterized by specific and specific concepts, with which it is clear the qualities of the object, as well as the operations that can make observable such qualities at a given time. This makes it possible for the researcher to operate with definitions throughout the research process.

These elements should help us predict the behavior of educational phenomena and establish forecasts within the limits of the odds in a system open, contradictory, multidimensional composed of many components and takes on the characteristics of internal factors such as the level and nature of nutrition (Zarit, 1989).

References

Walker, I. D., & Gonzalez, E. W. (2007). Review of intervention studies on depression in persons with multiple sclerosis. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 28(5), 511-531.

Zarit, S. H. (1989). Issues and directions in family intervention research. Alzheimer's disease treatment and family stress: Directions for research, 458-486.

Topic For A Research Paper-Fibromyalgia

The prevalence of Fibromyalgia among the women in the Unites States.

[Name]

[Institute]

[Date]

The prevalence of Fibromyalgia among the women in the Unites States.

Research Objective:

The Objective of this research paper is to investigate the causes of FMS in women of the United States and to identify its clinical and demographic features. The population that I have selected for this research is the women of the United States as they are most effected by Fibromyalgia. This research is time bounded and will take full time assigned to it.

Background:

Fibromyalgia is a syndrome that reduces bodily functions and is expressed by acute body pain. It needs frequent use of health care (Busch, et al., 2007). The patient with Fibromyalgia will show symptoms of illness like muscle fatigue, the problem with memory and patient will not be able to give concentration, headache and irritable bowel syndrome will also be experienced (Wolfe et al., 1990).

The individual will also experience a lot of other symptoms along with FMS. Symptoms like lack of sleep, depression, fatigue, and swiftness. These symptoms might not let the people with Fibromyalgia perform exercises but the majority of the people get exercise training. Exercise training comprises of aerobics, stepping, stretching and walking and using machines for resistance. Exercise is found out to be the best procedure to cure FMC along with medication and education programs (Clauw, 2014).

Medications like antidepressants along with painkillers are taken and talking therapies work to minimize the syndrome of fibromyalgia. Relaxation technique will also lessen down the body pain and will help to get quality sleep.

The exact and accurate cause of fibromyalgia is not known but it is mainly related to an abnormal release of certain chemicals in the brain tissues and the levels of those chemicals change in nerves and spinal cord and another part of the central nervous system as well.

The cause of fibromyalgia could be genetic as well, some patient gets it from their parents. But in most of the cases, the conditions are experienced due to emotional or physical stressful events like giving birth, injury or infection, breaking down of a close relationship, death of loved one or by having a critical operation (NHS.uk, 2019)

Anyone can develop fibromyalgia but it affects women seven times more than men. The condition mostly occurs at ages 30 and 50 but can occur top people of early ages. Some researches show that one individual experience fibromyalgia out of every 20 people. It is very difficultly diagnosed so it was not clear how many people got affected by it and the symptoms are similar to other illnesses (NHS.uk, 2019). Scientific society has not developed a mechanism for FMS management and it is a common practice that appears to be studied in rheumatology (Topbas et al., 2005).

Rational of the study:

Fibromyalgia is a mystery and it cannot be diagnosed with laboratory tests. It affects women up to 90 percent of the cases. And the United States its report rate is 2-6.4 percent. If the patient is not having any inflammation in joints then it is difficult to diagnose. Most of the women do not know that they have FMS and are not aware that whether it is FMS or some work-related anxiety or stress. Researchers have not made it clear how an individual will know whether he/she is having normal work-related stress or a severe FMS. So the rationale of this research is to let the women of the United States know about the clinical causes of FMS and how it can be diagnosed and cured.

The research will identify the best treatment procedure for FMS and what exercises will be best to get quick recovery. The research will also highlight the causing factors of FMS and will give suggestions to avoid getting FMS. The research will make it clear that the physical and psychological connections that boost up FMS. This study will help the women of USA to easily fight against the symptoms of Fibromyalgia. They will not mix it with work-related stress and it will be cured before getting worse.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Busch, A. J., Barber, K. A., Overend, T. J., Peloso, P. M. J., & Schachter, C. L. (2007). Exercise for treating fibromyalgia syndrome. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (4).

Clauw, D. J. (2014). Fibromyalgia: a clinical review. Jama, 311(15), 1547-1555.

Wolfe, F., Smythe, H. A., Yunus, M. B., Bennett, R. M., Bombardier, C., Goldenberg, D. L., ... & Fam, A. G. (1990). The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia. Arthritis & Rheumatism: Official Journal of the American College of Rheumatology, 33(2), 160-172.

Topbas, M., Cakirbay, H., Gulec, H., Akgol, E., Ak, I., & Can, G. (2005). The prevalence of fibromyalgia in women aged 20-64 in Turkey. Scand J Rheumatol, 34(2), 140-144.

Clark, P. (1990). The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia. Arthritis & Rheumatism: Official Journal of the American College of Rheumatology, 33(2), 160–172.

Fibromyalgia. (2017). nhs.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2019, from https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/fibromyalgia/

Topic Proposal

Proposal

Name

Affiliations with Institutes

Proposal

Patient safety is defined as an effort that is taken to prevent adverse events and medication errors from reaching patients. The adverse drug event can be divided into communication, administrative, medication, surgical, decision making and documentation errors. In the current health care system, the patient's safety is a major issue. Safe administration of medication denotes one of the most complex responsibilities of nursing care. The underreporting of medication error can result in negative consequences such as increased economic burden and prolonged hospital stay. The reporting of medication error offers an opportunity to correctly identify the medication error that threatens the safety of the patient. It has been reported in previous studies that, over the last decade, the rate of reporting of medication errors has been very low. A medication error is described as any preventable event that can lead to improper use of medication and harm patients. It has been reported that medication error consequences are serious.

Purpose

Patient safety is one of the most important indicator of the quality of health care. Studies have shown that approximately one-third of all adverse drug reaction occurrences are linked to medication error. Registered nurses are usually responsible for the administration and evaluation of medicinal therapeutic responses. Previously very few studies have been carried out to determine the perception of nurses regarding medication error. The main purpose of this study is to determine the nurses existing knowledge on medication error and to determine the factors associated with under-reporting of medication errors ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Jember</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>388</RecNum><DisplayText>(Jember, Hailu, Messele, Demeke, &amp; Hassen, 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>388</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2s2s0zrapsf0pbe5efuvv20f9rszvx0sd2fe" timestamp="1579089230">388</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jember, Abebaw</author><author>Hailu, Mignote</author><author>Messele, Anteneh</author><author>Demeke, Tesfaye</author><author>Hassen, Mohammed</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Proportion of medication error reporting and associated factors among nurses: a cross sectional study</title><secondary-title>BMC nursing</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>BMC nursing</full-title></periodical><pages>9</pages><volume>17</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><isbn>1472-6955</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Jember, Hailu, Messele, Demeke, & Hassen, 2018). This study will be significant in creating a culture of reporting medication errors in the hospital. If the medication errors are detected and reported, then it can lead to the improvement in the health care system. To prevent medication error, nurses should implement a proper process for the administration of medication including five rights: right dose, right route, right patient, right time and right drug ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Rutledge</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>387</RecNum><DisplayText>(Rutledge, Retrosi, &amp; Ostrowski, 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>387</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2s2s0zrapsf0pbe5efuvv20f9rszvx0sd2fe" timestamp="1579089163">387</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rutledge, Dana N</author><author>Retrosi, Tina</author><author>Ostrowski, Gary</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Barriers to medication error reporting among hospital nurses</title><secondary-title>Journal of clinical nursing</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of clinical nursing</full-title></periodical><pages>1941-1949</pages><volume>27</volume><number>9-10</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><isbn>0962-1067</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Rutledge, Retrosi, & Ostrowski, 2018).

Problem Statement

Medication errors constitute a major threat to the safety of patients and lead to increased morbidity and mortality. It is determined that medication errors cause the death of almost 70,000 patients every year. In the United States, the total cost associated with medication error exceeds $40 billion every year. In addition to this cost, patients experience physical and psychological pain as a result of medication error. The medication error reporting will increase patient safety and will also provide important information for the medication errors prevention in the future. Assessing nurses’ perception on the reporting of medication error is a primary step in enhancing the medication error reporting. Medication errors affect organizations, nurses, and patients negatively and also reduce the efficiency of the healthcare. The development of effective strategies regarding the reporting of medication error will help in improving patient safety.

The main goal of this study is to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with the medication error and to increase the voluntary reporting of errors by the nurses. The voluntary reporting of medication error includes error recognition and assessment of the need for error reporting. In this study, the theory of planned behavior will be used as it explains the relationship between attitude, behavior, and intention. According to this theory, the behavior of a person is based on his intention to perform work ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lee</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>389</RecNum><DisplayText>(Lee, 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>389</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2s2s0zrapsf0pbe5efuvv20f9rszvx0sd2fe" timestamp="1579089289">389</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lee, Eunjoo</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Reporting of medication administration errors by nurses in South Korean hospitals</title><secondary-title>International Journal for Quality in Health Care</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>International Journal for Quality in Health Care</full-title></periodical><pages>728-734</pages><volume>29</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>1353-4505</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Lee, 2017).

A medication error can occur during dispensing, prescription and administration and are one of the most common preventable causes of patient harm. Making medication errors usually undermines the confidence and self-esteem of nurses.

The target population in this study will be registered nurses working in different tertiary hospitals. A survey will be conducted using a questionnaire. The questionnaire will be comprised of different questions that help to determine the knowledge of nurses regarding the medication errors and factors associated with underreporting of medication error by nurses ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lee</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>389</RecNum><DisplayText>(Lee, 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>389</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2s2s0zrapsf0pbe5efuvv20f9rszvx0sd2fe" timestamp="1579089289">389</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lee, Eunjoo</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Reporting of medication administration errors by nurses in South Korean hospitals</title><secondary-title>International Journal for Quality in Health Care</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>International Journal for Quality in Health Care</full-title></periodical><pages>728-734</pages><volume>29</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>1353-4505</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Lee, 2017).

References

ADDIN EN.REFLIST Jember, A., Hailu, M., Messele, A., Demeke, T., & Hassen, M. (2018). The proportion of medication error reporting and associated factors among nurses: a cross-sectional study. BMC nursing, 17(1), 9.

Lee, E. (2017). Reporting of medication administration errors by nurses in South Korean hospitals. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 29(5), 728-734.

Rutledge, D. N., Retrosi, T., & Ostrowski, G. (2018). Barriers to medication error reporting among hospital nurses. Journal of clinical nursing, 27(9-10), 1941-1949.

TOPIC: Discuss The Difference Between A Positive Linear Relationship And A Negative Linear Relationship

Difference between Positive Linear Relationship and Negative Linear Relationship

KENIA

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN POSITIVE LINEAR RELATIONSHIP AND NEGATIVE LINEAR RELATIONSHIP

A linear relationship represents a relationship between variables through a line hence the term ‘Linear’. Linear relationships are expressed commonly through graphical illustrations. They represent a relationship between the constant and the variable through a straight line. The variation in the independent variable always produces a corresponding change in the independent variable, this is also known as correlation. This is elaborated through positive and negative linear relationships on the graph.

The positive linear relationship suggests an association between two variables which demonstrate increase simultaneously. This states that increase in one variable exhibits similar change in the other variable. The straight line that goes upwards from left to right on a graph shows a linear correlation. A positive linear relationship is a representation of the steady increase in the variables. The linear relationship is measured through a coefficient, the coefficient of the correlation, if the correlation is greater than 0, it is considered positive. A positive linear relationship is known to be strong when the coefficient is +1.0 CITATION Kat16 \l 1033 (Jacobsen, 2016). The example of effective nursing care towards brings better health prospects hence commencing a positive relationship between the two CITATION Sha15 \l 1033 (Mohamadirizi, Kohan, Shafei, & Mohamadirizi, 2015).

The negative linear relationship reflects an association between two variables whereby a variation in one variable is followed by an opposite adjustment in the other variable. The negative linear correlation is determined when a decrease in independent variable leads to a significant increase in the dependent variable. In a negative linear relationship, the straight line on a grid runs downwards from left to right, showing a steady rate of decrease in the variables. If the coefficient of the correlation between the variables is less than ‘0’ it is considered as a negative linear relationship. A perfect negative correlation is determined if the correlation is ‘-1.0’ CITATION Kat16 \l 1033 (Jacobsen, 2016). An example of the negative linear relationship suggests that effective healthcare shows a significant decrease in diseases.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Jacobsen, K. H. (2016). Introduction to Health Research. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.

Mohamadirizi, S., Kohan, S., Shafei, F., & Mohamadirizi, S. (2015). The Relationship between Clinical Competence and Clinical Self-efficacy among Nursing and Midwifery Students. International Journal of Pediatrics, 1117-1123.

Toronto Grant Hospital

Toronto Grant Hospital

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Toronto Grant Hospital

Introduction

Many significant problems have been identified in the post-acute (subacute) sector of an aged care or rehabilitation program. There are many barriers to discharging patients out of the rehabilitation program due to the adverse patient outcomes and prolonged admissions (Post Acute Care Rehabilitation (PACR) Program, 2019). A systematic literature review based on the post-acute care to discharge defines and measures the prolonged stay in the hospital of the patients which acts as a key demographic, clinical variable. Thus, the discussion of this research proposal would elaborate the barriers to discharge patients in the rehabilitation program.

Discussion

Identification

The classification of emancipation obstacles and classification causes abbreviate the multidisciplinary process in which development of post-acute inpatient care requires immense focus. The study focuses on the classification of systematic problems which were responsible for discharge barriers rather than blaming the patient (Jolley et al. 2013). One significant barrier to discharge patients out of the rehabilitation program is evaluated as a patient's activity limitations, dysfunctions, body functions, and safety considerations. Moreover, another important barrier related to the environment is limited readily available resources due to optimization. Furthermore, inability to home modifications or ambulatory rehabilitation does not enable discharge to proceed. Other ramifications include less or no carer funding, recruiting and training for the in-home patients or no accommodation to where the patient can be discharged and move to. All of these barriers to discharge are generally known as inadequacies or inefficiencies in the obtainability of disability, communal, or fitness services (Dorner, & Friedrich, 2018).

Conclusion

Recommendations to patient flow from non-rehabilitation settings oblige a valuable basis for progressive examination which measures the causes of barriers acute hospital, inpatient rehabilitation program (New et al. 2013). The identified barriers to exit patient rehabilitation program can only be minimized if the analyzed ramifications can be solved and more patient approaches are present. Improved patient flow through post-acute care should be voluntarily available.

References

Dorner, B., & Friedrich, E. K. (2018). Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Individualized Nutrition Approaches for Older Adults: Long-Term Care, Post-Acute Care, and Other Settings. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 118(4), 724-735.

New, P. W., Cameron, P. A., Olver, J. H., & Stoelwinder, J. U. (2013). Defining barriers to discharge from inpatient rehabilitation, classifying their causes, and proposed performance indicators for rehabilitation patient flow. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 94(1), 201-208.

New, P. W., Jolley, D. J., Cameron, P. A., Olver, J. H., & Stoelwinder, J. U. (2013). A prospective multicentre study of barriers to discharge from inpatient rehabilitation. Med J Aust, 198(2), 104-108.

Post Acute Care Rehabilitation (PACR) Program - Toronto Grace Health Centre. (2019). Toronto Grace Health Centre. Retrieved 15 January 2019, from http://www.torontograce.org/programs-services/slow-pace-rehabilitation/

Toxic Trespass

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Toxic Trespass

Toxic Exposure

Toxic exposure refers to the exposing oneself out to an open environment which contains high traces to chemical substances. These toxic substance may be available in the air in the form of vapors or in drinking water which can get mixed with the dirty and toxic water sources CITATION Coh07 \l 1033 (Cohen). It can even be in the soil which may receive its water supply from the nearby factory and the plants may get watered from the same water which may prove harmful for the pants as well as humans and animals. This presence of these chemical and toxic substances results in the marker diseases and premature death of individuals who are at risk.

Who is at a greater risk?

Toxic exposure is a serious threat to everyone nowadays and every person is at a risk of catching hazards from the toxic substances. Any person who is expose to the outside environment, has the risk to catch any diseases regarding the toxic chemicals, but the most threat is faced by following types of people:

People living in urban areas.

People working in chemical

People working in radioactive plants.

People living near any factory or factories

People living in industrial areas.

Government is taking multiple steps at various levels to cate to the issues of health and public safety and create a safe and healthy environment for the people to live. In fact, the problem is not only limited to a specific country, state or city; it has become a global issue. It is a rising concern in the field of science and global politics. Some of the policies devised in order to make and keep the environment clean are

Keeping the industrial area far away from the residential areas.

Encourage the industrialists to expel less amount of toxic substances in the environment.

Providing certain benefits to the industrialists or business owners who control their toxic emissions (Haldane).

Works Cited

Haldane, J. B. S., Michael D. Bowes, and Karen L. Palmer. Using economic incentives to regulate toxic substances. Routledge, 2017.

BIBLIOGRAPHY \l 1033 Toxic Trespass. Dir. Barri Cohen. Perf. Barri Cohen. 2007. Documentary. <http://docuseek2.com.libproxy.csun.edu/v/a/x4F/1/0/0>.

Transcultural Assessment Model On Cambodian American

Asian American- Cambodian

EVENS PLANCHER, NUR1020

FLORIDA SOUTHWESTERN STATE COLLEGE

Asian American- Cambodian

Caring for patients from varying cultural backgrounds can be a matter of imminent challenge for nursing professionals because their values, beliefs, perceptions, attitudes and orientations may hinder the nature of interpersonal relationships and responses to particular treatment plans to a greater degree. Based on the urgency of the matter, nursing students must learn how to provide care for multicultural patients in a professionally competent manner. Now the question arises, why is it important to contemplate one’s cultural values whilst conducting care plan? The answer is unexpectedly simple; healthcare is much more than just physiological wellbeing; it also encapsulates the wellbeing of the six dimensions of human life. The book, Lippincott Course for Taylor: Fundamental of Nursing, emphasizes these six dimensions stating that, “health integrates all the human dimensions- the physical, intellectual, emotional, sociocultural, spiritual, and environmental aspects of the whole person” (Taylor, 2019).

How would nurses care for an Asian American-Cambodian? What essential knowledge nursing students need to master in order to conduct the best assessment practices while caring for an Asian American Cambodian? To execute better assessment and treatment practices for this ethnic group, nurses ought to gain knowledge about the trans-cultural assessment model of Giger and Davidhizar which is based on communication, time, space, social organization, environment control and biological variations (Taylor, 2019).

Communication

It is not only the language that nurses must take into account in this domain in order to assess the patient but also the way he/she communicates; verbal or nonverbal communication. A census conducted in 2011 estimates that over three-quarter Cambodian Americans aged five or older, speak Khmer at home (Bankston, 2014, p. 385). It may be difficult to learn a patient’s language, but this purpose can rightfully be served through learning some basic words. Many people, particularly patients, feel relieved if one shows interest in their culture. It is also very important to learn about nonverbal communication because it shows variation from culture to culture. The same facial expression to a culture may have a different meaning for patients belonging to another culture. The best way to understand nonverbal communication from a different culture is to pay close attention to the facial expressions, sounds, gestures and silence when addressing the patient.

Time

The use of time includes punctuality, time for social interactions and work. Every culture has its own conception about the use of time. For the American people, time is very valuable and they are very strict when it comes to punctuality. For other cultures, time may not be so important. For Cambodian American, being late to an appointment or work does not mean anything (Culture, Crossing, 2017). It does not make any difference for being on time or late. Cambodian Americans like to spend time with family and friends hence it is alright for the nurses if they are a little late.

Space

Another cultural aspect is personal space. Cambodian Americans, when interacting with friend or family, seem to be distant as they do not favor physical contact while meeting (Culture Crossing, 2017). Although all the Cambodian Americans do not follow this typical trend but it is always wise not to be too close while interacting; the estimated space is equivalent to an arm’s length (Culture Crossing, 2017). Another factor that acts as a moderator between space and nurse-patient relationship is gender. After contemplating the literature, no sources were found about male nurse providing care for a female Cambodian or a female nurse providing care for male Cambodian. Ideally, a male person is not supposed to touch a female in public. In formal settings, developing physical contact is inappropriate between men and women (Culture Crossing, 2017). Hence, nurses must take even stricter care of space when it comes to caring for patients of opposite gender.

Social Organization

Social organization includes culture, race, ethnicity, role and function of family members, work leisure, religion and friends. The Cambodian Americans immigrated to the U.S. in years of 1975 in an attempt to escape the hardships imposed by Cambodian Government (Julie Lun, 2017). Although most of them migrated to California, many of them are certainly settled in different parts of the country. Cambodian Americans practice different religions including Theravada Buddhism that comprises about 95% of the population, whereas, the other 5% population practices other religions like Christianity and Islam (Culture, Crossing, 2017). It must be noted that they are quite family oriented, most of them live together as extended family and men are usually the head of the family (Stratis Health 2018, para. 8). Hence, while making important decisions regarding healthcare plans, nurses must take the head of the family under confidence and must discuss an all-inclusive aspect of diagnostic and treatment interventions with him. Besides this, Muslim Cambodian Americans prefer same-gender nurses and are highly strict when it comes to keep fasts in their holy month hence assessment and treatment plans must purely synchronize with their religious beliefs (UNDP, 1979).

Environmental Control

This aspect of Giger Davidhizar’s Trans-culture Assessment Model contains culture-friendly health practices, values and definition of health and illness (Taylor, 2019). Although health is classically defined as the absence of illness, or the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being yet other cultures may define health in their own perspective (Taylor, 2017). Majority of Cambodian Americans believe in Khmer which often equalizes good health to equilibrium and adopting the Chinese philosophy of balancing hot and cold. Khmer who stick to their tradition believe that illness is the alternate form of punishment from God resulting from increased engagement with sins and evil doings in the past (Stratis Health 2018). Nurses should accept their faith and must carry medical practices accordingly because they may not believe in certain western medical practices that emphasize the organic dysfunctions behind illness. Since everyone is unique, it is better to ask how patients would like certain procedures to be done; assuming that all Cambodian Americans have same beliefs is a less favorable idea particularly with reference to the healthcare practices (Houtart, 1986).

Biological Variations

Transcultural assessment model in biological variation includes body structure, skin color, hair color, and other physical dimensions. Biologically, like all other ethnic groups, Cambodian Americans’ body structure follows holistically distinctive patterns. Everyone possesses some unique features, traits or characteristics, however, as group it is very easy to estimate their Asian origin. Most Cambodian Americans have fairly black skin, their body structure and hair style resembles Indian body structure and hair style (Bankston, 2014). Moreover, they might have their own genetic predispositions and susceptibility for some illnesses and relevant coping skills which must be assessed before planning final treatment interventions (Davidhizar & Giger, 2006).

In a nutshell, nurses must remember that learning about other cultures does not happen overnight, yet when nurses encounter differences in their practice, and if those differences are not illegal, they should see them as an opportunity to learn and become culturally competent. The Giger trans-cultural assessment model carries significance importance in assessment and treatment interventions in multicultural patients that include communication, time, space, social organization, environmental control, and biological variations.

References

Taylor, C., Pamela, L., Jennifer, L., Bartlett, L. (2017). Course Point for Taylor: Fundamentals of Nursing. Retrieved from https://coursepoint.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781975101336/

Davidhizar, R. & Giger, N. J. (2006). Using the Giger-Davidhizar Transcultural Assessment Model (GDTAM) in providing patient care. Practice Nursing, 56, 20–25. 

UNDP (1979). Report of the Kampuchea Needs Assessment Study. New York:

US Agencies Working in Cambodia

Houtart, M. (1986). Brother Enemy: The War after the War. San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

Bankston, C. L., III. (2014). Cambodian Americans. In T. Riggs (Ed.), Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, 3(1), 381-393. Detroit, MI: Gale. Retrieved from https://link-gale-com.db07.linccweb.org/apps/doc/CX3273300040/GVRL?u=lincclin_ecc&sid=GVRL&xid=94fb94ed

Culture Crossing Guide (2017). Cambodia. Retrieved from

https://guide.culturecrossing.net/basics_business_student_details.php?Id=9&CID=35

Respect Ability (2017). Why and How the Cambodians Settle in Long Beach, California. Retrieved from https://www.respectability.org/2017/09/how-and-why-did-cambodians-settle-in-long-beach-california/

Stratis Health (2018). Cambodian in Minnesota. Common Health equity Issues for Cambodian populations. Retrieved from http://www.culturecareconnection.org/matters/diversity/cambodian.html