Using Functionalism And Social Constructionism Discuss The Consequences Of The Biomedical Model For Understanding Health And Illness In Australia.

Essay

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Essay

Functionalism and Social Constructionism: Consequences of the Biomedical Model for Understanding Health and Illness in Australia

Introduction

The biomedical model for health and illness is the prevalent scientific model for understanding health and illness. Since the Australian public healthcare system comprises mainly of Medicare, this essay will focus largely on Medicare and its impact on health and illness in the context of sociological perspectives. Health is usually perceived in a physical and biological context but the sociological context gives valuable insights into how illness affects society as a whole. In order to understand the sociological context, two major sociological perspectives will be discussed in detail: Functionalism and Social Constructionism. These perspectives will shed light on the importance of sociology in the context of health and illness and a detailed analysis on the implications the aforementioned perspectives will have on the health and illness issues in Australia. The essay will also look at how the biomedical model is influenced by the sociological perspectives and the effect it has on practitioners.

Discussion and Analysis

Health and Illness

A uniform definition of health does not exist because of the varying perspectives and concerns but World Health Organization describes it as “state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” (World Health Organization. 1946). Illness can be defined as the discomfort when patients experience a breakdown in the way they are feeling or thinking. This could be a physical pain, discomfort or the accompanying behavioral change. However, health is dependent on multiple factors such as psychological and sociological that determine the outcome of health and illness issues. The latter will be discussed in detail in this paper.

Biomedical Model

The biomedical model is the primary scientific measure of health and it views illness in a biological context. It regards the patient as a body that can be treated in isolation, without regard to environmental, sociological and even psychological factors. Being the dominant scientific model, the biological model is studied to root out illness and ensure health of an individual. Health practitioners are sanctioned to discover causes of illness and prescribe treatments to overcome the health issue. The Biomedical model is based on biological science – it is wholly focused on getting the answers to queries such as what caused the disease in the first place. However, it does not take into account the social aspect of health, and as discussed in the paper, the social aspect is very important as well.

Sociology and the Role of Perspectives

Sociology plays a huge role in well-being of individuals and ensures their health. The interaction of social life and health is studied together as a single subject and is known as sociology of health and illness. The five key social areas which determine health are economic stability, education, social and community context, health and healthcare, and neighborhood and built environment. It is clear that even when one of the aforementioned factors is adversely affected, health will suffer as a result.

Social factors are crucial in determining health and well-being of an individual. Hence, different theoretical perspectives of sociology have to be deliberated upon to discover the causes of illness, the relevant interventions and treatments.

Sociological Perspectives

A sociological perspective deals with human behavior and its association with the society as a whole. The interaction of social structures and individuals is a major point of focus of sociological perspectives. Two of the major sociological perspectives in history have been Functionalism and Social Constructionism.

Functionalism is a sociological perspective that views social relations in a structural context – it is primarily concerned with each social structure’s role in maintaining societal order and stability. A common value system, such as religion, forms the basis of an orderly system. Functionalism sees each component of a society as a part of the whole, with its own function. When a society is running smoothly and there is order, it denotes that each individual social structure is performing its function adequately. When a certain individual or social structure lags behind or fails to perform its function in an appropriate manner, it becomes easier to identify the perpetrator and responsibility can be fixed. This makes it convenient to address the issue and work towards resolving it so society can return to order.

The functionalist perspective in sociology of health and illness is concerned with the functions being performed by individuals that maintain order in the society in a healthcare context(1). This ensures well-being of citizens and the overall health of all individuals in society. The main proponent of functionalism in the context of sociology of health and illness is Talcott Parsons. Parsons views illness as a social deviance because it hinders the functionality of an individual and paves for the way for disorder in society.

Social Constructionism is the perspective that challenges the notion of essential truths. It considers all ‘universal’ truths to be socially constructed, relegating them from the category of absolute truths. Social Constructionism argues that all ‘truth’ has been socially constructed and hence is susceptible to being influenced by power relations. This leads to the core of social constructionism theory: knowledge is not constant, rather it is changing. The fluid nature of knowledge and truth leads social constructivists to question basic ideals as well as established norms.

Social Constructionism in sociology of health and illness emphasizes upon the interpretation of health and illness in a socio-cultural context(2). Although, social constructivists do not deny the biological reality of pain, disease and illness, they tend to focus on the non-biological aspect of these phenomena. Social Constructionism opines that despite the biological realities behind illness and pain, such experiences are inevitably understood, and interpreted in a social and cultural context. Therefore, it is crucial to look at the issues in a socio-cultural as well as socio-historical context to fully understand the situation. Furthermore, Social Constructivists argue that medical research and the knowledge that is ultimately derived from it is not a steadily progressive process. Rather, the medical knowledge is gained through a step-by-step procedure in which each step is affected by the socio-historical realities of the time. Therefore, it is vital to consider each step in the context of the social, cultural and historical realities in order to understand its progression and significance in the field.

Health and Illness in Social Context

This portion will cover a detailed explanation of how health issues and costs are interpreted in a sociological context. It will also detail the effect this has on the conventional biomedical model.

Medicare covers the basic costs of pregnancy related issues such as infertility. In the biomedical model, a woman would be considered as a body which has to be put back to work after her treatment. It will only look at the resolution of the issue through provision of assisted reproductive treatments such as IVF. On the other hand, sociological perspective such as Functionalism would perceive the situation as a hindrance in the social order and would work towards solving the issue as quickly as possible. This would ensure that the individual in question returns to normal life so the required functions are not left unattended. The Social Constructionism perspective will begin by questioning the very basis of the issue such as the desire for pregnancy. This particular perspective will opine that pregnancy is not necessary to achieve happiness and this notion is only a societal construction. It will go on to detail that the issue of infertility is disturbing the individual’s societal participation and in turn, is bringing imbalance to the society.

In order to cater for this perspective, Medicare also offers pregnancy counselling sessions to ensure that the individual is informed of all the facts of the situation and to clear any doubts(3). These sessions also help the individual who might be feeling different kinds of emotions as she goes through something entirely new. Social adjustment could become difficult and a changed lifestyle might invite new problems that require a pregnancy counsellor’s expertise. This shows the importance of sociological perspectives and their impact on the biomedical model for health and illness. A new type of treatment is added in the universal healthcare system in Australia because of the sociological aspect of a health related issue.

Conclusion

The paper describes the sociological perspectives and their consequences for the biomedical model in health and illness in Australia. Functionalism is an older perspective and is somewhat on the decline in the field of sociology of health and illness. It does not take into account the social life of individuals, and how they react to events on an emotional level. Social Constructionism, on the other hand, is a relatively new concept and has quickly taken root in the sociology of health and illness. It has already impacted the biomedical model by adding new elements like counselling to cater for evolving issues in the field of health and illness. The element of Medicare and how governments are reacting to the changing scenario is proof of the growing importance and need of sociological perspectives such as Social Constructionism and Functionalism in the field of sociology of health and illness.

References:

Kingsbury, N., & Scanzoni, J. (2009). Structural-functionalism. In Sourcebook of family theories and methods (pp. 195-221). Springer, Boston, MA.

Wade, D. T., & Halligan, P. W. (2004). Do biomedical models of illness make for good healthcare systems?. Bmj, 329(7479), 1398-1401.

http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-pcd-pregnancy-support.htm

Vaccines

Vaccines

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Vaccines

A network of organs and tissues which helps in the body getting rid of its unwanted materials such as toxins and other wastes is the lymphatic system. Its function is to transport its generated fluid, lymph, throughout the body which contains the cells involved in fighting infections.

The system consists of the thymus, lymph vessels, adenoid, lymph nodes, tonsils and spleen

The vessels are connected to the lymph nodes; which are similar to circulatory system’s veins and capillaries. Lymph nodes are hundreds in number and are present deeply inside throughout the whole body.

The spleen known to be the largest organ among all the lymphatic organs, which is located just on the left upper side of the kidney. It stores the amount of red and white blood cells and helps in fighting infections and other foreign invaders. CITATION Wal04 \l 1033 (Olszewski, 2004)

The organ which is located primarily above the heart on chest is the thymus. This organ is involved in the storing of immature lymphocytes and helps them become mature lymphocytes to fight against the infection.

Tonsils are found in the pharynx which is just a large lymphatic cluster. They are the body's first line of defense as a part of the immune system.

The lymphatic system helps in removing the interstitial fluid from tissues into lymph fluid. It is effective in the absorption and the transportation of the fatty acids from the digestive system. It transports WBCs to the lymph nodes where adaptive immunity is initiated. Its main function is to fight off the bacterial functions by lymphocytes.

Lymph is an extracellular fluid which is accumulated in the spaces of tissues. Continuous deposition of the lymph into the tissues spaces can lead to the inflammation of that tissue which can be harmful. In the maintenance of homeostasis, systems drain out that lymph and pours them back into the blood CITATION Wal04 \l 1033 (Olszewski, 2004).

In the case of homeostatic imbalance from the lymphatic system, swollen glands occur. CITATION Cue08 \l 1033 (Cueni, 2008)

Liposome-based Adjuvant AS01 is a vaccine within the lymphatic system as its injection in the body initiates the activation of the immune cells and dendritic cells in the lymph node which drains muscles. CITATION Mel16 \l 1033 (Melanie R. Neeland, 2016)

References:

BIBLIOGRAPHY Cueni, L. N. (2008). The lymphatic system in health and disease. Lymphatic research and biology.

Melanie R. Neeland, W. S. (2016). He Lymphatic Immune Response Induced by the Adjuvant AS01: A Comparison of Intramuscular and Subcutaneous Immunization Routes. The Journal of Immunology, 2704-2714.

Olszewski, W. L. (2004). The Lymphatic System in Body Homeostasis: Physiological Conditions. Lymphatic Research and Biology, 11-21.

Value Based Program

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Date

Value Based, MIPS and APM Programs

The law requires a Content Management System (CMS) to start a quality program known as the Quality Payment Program. The program rewards the outcomes and values in two ways. One of them is the Merit-based Incentive Payment System (MIPS) and the other one is Advanced alternative Payment Models (APM). In MIPS, clinicians are included if at all they qualify to be of clinician type and have the requirements specified (Sanghera et al 2016). This involves the charges allowed in covering professional services that are found in the Medical Physical Fee Schedule and the size of patients’ services that are found in the Medical Physician Fee Statement.

In measuring the performance, reports from the clinicians' data are used which cover different aspects. This includes Cost, Quality, and Improvement in different activities and Promoting Interoperability. MIPs are developed in such a way that they can update and intergrade other previous programs like Value-Based Payment Modifier, Medical Electronic Health Record among others. The final score is collected from the data collected from various categories. One of them is Quality. Under quality, various aspects are looked at including quality of care delivered and this is based on the measures created by the CMS and other group members. Six performance measures are picked with good suits the practice.

Another category is the PI (Promoting Interoperability), which is being renamed after Advancing Care Information Performance. This category focuses on the engagement of patients and the exchange of electronic information through the use of Certified Electronic Health Technology. The category is being used instead of the previous form which was known as the Meaningful Use. PI is achieved through comprehensive sharing of information with other patients or the clinicians. Some of the information shared include the testing results, a summary of the number of visits paid and the therapeutic plans of the patient.

We also have the category of Improvement Activities. This involves the entry of activities that check on the measures being taken to improve the care processes, enhancing patient engagement as well as increasing the access to care. Appropriate activities can be chosen from the inventory. They include enhancement of Coordination care, decision making and expansion of the practice access. The last category involved is on the cost. This category takes the position of VBM. CMS calculates the cost of care provided basing on the medical claims. MIPS makes use of cost measures in finding the total cost of care spend used on annual basis or the period of the hospital stay.

The aim of MIPS is simply to link payments to efficient cost care, foster improvements in the healthcare processes and the results or the outcomes, reduce the amount of cash spend of healthcare and also to increase the usage of healthcare information. The Performance of MIPS starts of first January and ends on 21st December. By 31st March every year, program participants must provide the data collected during the previous year. This is important in order to avoid having their payments reduced in the preceding year.

Alternative Payment Model (APM) is another system of medical compensation, where an additional amount of cash is awarded for the higher quality provided by the health workers (Braunstein 2018). The level of cost efficiency observed is also put under consideration when it comes to compensation. Such payment models may be applied to episodes of care or even in healthcare populations. We also have value-based programs. In this program, payments are made basing on the health outcomes of the patients. In this case, healthcare workers are rewarded for improving the health conditions of their patients. This also involves reducing the effects of various diseases like cancer and other chronic diseases. In value-based healthcare systems, the ‘value’ is derived from health outcomes and not the cost used in delivering the outcomes.

There are various ways in which value-based can factor both MIPS and APMS programs. For instance, looking at the main focus of value-based programs is to improve the final outcomes of the patient. Apparently, MIPS and APM program also have the same goal, only that the concentrate much on meeting various standards set (Agarwal, et al 2018). In AMP, for instance, cost efficiency is rewarded. In this case, if Value based programs are incorporated in these systems then definitely the target of reducing cost will be attained. This is because, in value-based, more concentration is on providing the best services so that the patients can improve on their health condition. If at all this happens, then it is expected that fewer costs will be incurred since less medical resources will be utilized by the patients and also the time spent in the medical institutions will significantly reduce.

In a value-based model, the health workers achieve efficiency and great patient satisfaction. This is due to the good interaction created between the patients and the health workers. As a way of ensuring that the health condition of the patient is well restored, then other factors like providing psychological support and being friendly to the patients must also come in. If at all good relationship between the patient and the doctors are created, then there are high chances of obtaining quality results due to the kind of cooperation that would be enhanced. This means that as much as other programs focus on attaining different goals, some of the key strategies that are being practiced in the value-based program need to be used in order to attain the objectives set.

As much as MIPS and APMS are relevant in the medical institutions, there are various barriers that prevent them from being implemented or rather maintained for a longer period of time. One of them is the lack of adequate resources needed to transform value-based techniques into MIPS and AMPS (Sanghera et al 2016). In order to transform fully into the use of electronics when dealing with the patients, a lot of costs must be incurred and also the records of both the people in the society and the health workers need to be moved into the system. This means that there will be a need for spending a high amount of cash in installing various technical devices and also maintaining them.

Another barrier is lack of adequate skills among most of the health workers when it comes to dealing with complicated electronic gadgets like the desktops. Most of them are used to traditional methods of taking care of the patients, where much concentration is only on attempts to improve the health condition of the patient. It would, therefore, require all health workers to gain more education on various skills required in order to fully transform into the use of MIPS and APM.

Access to stared data is also another problem. Health providers who are not part of larger organizations may experience difficulties in accessing the shared patient information. Because of this, the rate of providing a various report will also reduce since much time and resources would be used in gaining access to the required data. Therefore as much as there will be sharing of data, it won’t be easier for all users to operate efficiently. For this reason, there is the need of having most of the things being first out into consideration. This includes the training of the health workers among other things.

The recommendation I would give to a physician who must choose between participating in MIP or APM is to participate in MIPS. This is because MIPS is closer to the fee-for-service. In this model, CMS is allowed to increase the compensation basing on the clinical quality scores, practice improvement, and important electronic records. The performance of the physicians will be compared to peers or even to them themselves in determining the number of resources they have utilized. In this program, the compensation is not very high as compared to those that would be expected in APM. The good thing with this approach is that the chances of being compensated are high. In the APM model, the risks are high since there is no reward to the physicians who fail to meet the matrices set by the ACO.

Generally, value-based programs are helpful when it comes to reducing healthcare cost. For instance, in this approach healthcare work as much as they can in ensuring that the patient's outcomes are improved and apart from that, the chances of having the same health issues are also reduced. If at all this is done to all patients then it is an indirect way of having the whole society being transformed into a healthy society. Less medical resources will, therefore, be used in patient treatment. In this approach, patients are also encouraged to lead a better kind of lifestyle, thereby reducing the chances of contracting diseases that might arise in issues like taking an unhealthy diet. Basically, the value-based approach is the best when it comes to ensuring that the health costs are reduced. The idea of aiming at long-term solutions is also another strategy of ensuring that minimum resources are being utilized on patients. Other than that, technological items that are associated with this approach are also less, thereby less cost when it comes to maintenances.

References

Agarwal, N., Kashkoush, A., Baucom, E. T., Ratliff, J. K., & Stroink, A. R. (2018). Quality Reporting in Neurological Surgery: Practice Adherence to Quality Payment Program Guidelines. Neurosurgery.

Sanghera, G. S., Kumar, A., Singh, R. P., & Tiwari, A. K. (2016). Sugarcane Improvement in Genomic Era: Opportunities and Complexities. Agrica, 5(2), 69-97.

HYPERLINK "https://www.policymed.com/2016/12/part-two-more-mips-and-apms.html" https://www.policymed.com/2016/12/part-two-more-mips-and-apms.html

Braunstein, M. L. (2018). Health Informatics on FHIR: How HL7's New API is Transforming Healthcare.

Values, Ethics, And Conflict Resolution

Values, Ethics, and Conflict Resolution

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Values, Ethics, and Conflict Resolution

A family is a basic unit in society. It means having someone to accept all your shortcomings and love you unconditionally. It is a dream of every person to start a family yet due to several reasons most people are unable to fulfill their dream. Due to the latest technologies, many people have been blessed with the happiness of becoming parents. However, an issue that also came along with the latest technologies is child identity. People utilizing this technology often find themselves in an ethical dilemma where at one point, they think it is the right of their child to know his or her biological parent. On the other hand, many think that keeping the identity of the donor anonymous will help their child in living a healthy life without identity issues.

The donor’s anonymity is a topic of debate since the arrival of the latest technologies. I believe that the identity of donors should be kept anonymous. This is because the people who are unable to reproduce are already struggling with this issue every day in their life. Moreover, infertility is considered a disability in our society that impacts the mental health of an individual. So, choosing an artificial way of getting pregnant is a struggle in itself (Macpherson, 2019). Furthermore, children also suffer a lot as they face several difficulties in accepting that their parents are not their biological parents. So, it is better to keep the identity of donor anonymous. The Utilitarian approach suggests that ethical action is considered right when it is for the greatest good for a greater number of people (Driver, 2009). So, keeping donor's identity anonymous will not only benefit the individuals taking donation yet it also benefits the mental health of a child as well. The parents of a child should no longer have to be afraid that their child would leave them in search of his or her biological parents. However, in the end, it is parents who decide whether a donor's identity should be kept anonymous or not.

References

Driver, J. (2009). The history of utilitarianism.

Macpherson, I. (2019). Ethical reflections about the anonymity in gamete donation. Human Reproduction, 34(9), 1847-1848.

Variations In Approaches To Care

Variations in Approaches to Care

Ky

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Variations in Approaches to Care

The United States of America is known for its unity in diversity. It is a progressive land of different people all collectively known as Americans. Though everyone takes pride in being American, yet public life shows another facet in reality. As the United States of America has no universal health care coverage, so variations are more widespread in the land. Consider black ethnicity in California as there are several African-American neighborhoods in the vicinity. They have their own cultural and social ways of life. Various Health care reports suggest that black population are more hyper-tensed, more obese and more homicidal. Primarily, two approaches are working in the health care industry in America. One is a community-oriented approach and the other one is Market-oriented approach. The community-oriented approach sheds lights on the roles of primary and secondary groups in the well-being of an individual. Whereas, the market-oriented approach is all about competition in providing quality and services at a lower cost ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"u4sGlFKD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Inequality and the health-care system in the USA - ScienceDirect,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Inequality and the health-care system in the USA - ScienceDirect,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":592,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/UN4TW2GQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/UN4TW2GQ"],"itemData":{"id":592,"type":"webpage","title":"Inequality and the health-care system in the USA - ScienceDirect","URL":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673617303987","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",7,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Dickman, Himmelstein, & Woolhandler, 2017).

This market-oriented approach is good which aims for more competitiveness in health care. Nevertheless, it is important that both approaches should be harmonized in a way that caters the main health issues of the colored people in California ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"YcQSp1Bu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}California Universal Health Care Bill: an economic stimulus and life-saving proposal - The Lancet,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“California Universal Health Care Bill: an economic stimulus and life-saving proposal - The Lancet,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":589,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/QELANXE9"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/QELANXE9"],"itemData":{"id":589,"type":"webpage","title":"California Universal Health Care Bill: an economic stimulus and life-saving proposal - The Lancet","URL":"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)32148-7/fulltext","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",7,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Galvani, Durham, & Vermund, 2017). As it is about providing the best health care facilities to those people who are more vulnerable in society. The California black health program ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lL4ZOmVV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}California Black Health Network,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“California Black Health Network,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":587,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/3U7RDJJT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/3U7RDJJT"],"itemData":{"id":587,"type":"webpage","title":"California Black Health Network","URL":"https://www.cablackhealthnetwork.org/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",7,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“California Black Health Network,” n.d.) is a good initiative to deal with the pressing health issues of African-Americans. It has strived a lot in providing best services to this ethnic community. However, there are still some shortcomings in the scheme as accessibility and cost are still problematic areas. Health care services are often restricted to poor and other ethnic communities in America. Besides the market-oriented approach need to harmonize itself with the peculiar community needs in order to yield better results in healthcare and services.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY California Black Health Network. (n.d.). Retrieved July 12, 2019, from https://www.cablackhealthnetwork.org/

California Universal Health Care Bill: an economic stimulus and life-saving proposal - The Lancet. (n.d.). Retrieved July 12, 2019, from https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)32148-7/fulltext

Inequality and the health-care system in the USA - ScienceDirect. (n.d.). Retrieved July 12, 2019, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673617303987

VARK Analysis Paper

VARK Analysis paper

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

VARK Analysis paper

Introduction

Every human in this world is unique. Different people have different learning styles that help them out in learning new things and grabbing new concepts. The term “learning styles” refers to the preferred way or the appropriate method in which a person receives, absorbs, processes comprehends and retains information. There are multiple learning styles, which suits a person according to their personality type and learning capability.

As there are a number of learning styles, there is a variety of techniques as well to check and determine the specific learning style, which suits a specific person. These techniques comprise of various tools like surveys and tests. One of these techniques is the VARK test. The VARK test is the abbreviation of visual, aural, read/write and kinesthetic and is a very effective tool to check the learning preferences of any person (Drago, & Wagner, 2004). It is a questionnaire that consists of 16 questions and can be easily found at http://vark-learn.com/the-vark-questionnaire/.

I took the VARK learning style test recently and I was learned a lot about my learning styles. The results were exactly according to my expectations and I was pretty much pleased to see the accuracy of the results.

Discussion

My Learning Style Summary

The results of my VARK Test showed that my preferred learning style is Multimodal (AK). The detailed scoring allowed me to know that I had scored 4 in the visual section, 1 in the read/write section, 14 in the Aural section and 15 marks in the Kinesthetic section. A combination of two more preferences meant that the person had a multimodal learning style.

Comparison of my current learning style with my identified preferred learning style

In my opinion, my preferred learning style was more of a kinesthetic sort of a style. The kinesthetic style of learning comprises of making use of all the senses in understanding and grasping the knowledge about any concept. Moreover, a person with a kinesthetic style of learning prefers to learn the thing through his or her own experience, rather than listening or reading it through someone else’s eyes of experience.

I, personally, always prefer to learn from my own experience. I like to experiment and experience things, rather than listening about it from some other person or reading about it from some source. I prefer to experience various concepts on my own and then derive inferences out of it, based on my own personal encounter. It helps me develop a clearer and elaborated understanding of the notion.

Importance of the identification and understanding of the individual learning style for a learner in the education sector

The identification and understanding of the individual learning style proves to be of immense importance in the case of the education sector. It is beneficial for both the learner and the educator. If viewed from a learner’s perspective, it can prove to be greatly advantageous for a student or a learner as they can get know-how about their preferred learning style and adopt various means to grasp the concepts according to them.

In case of the educators, like teachers, professors and even researchers, the identification and understanding of the individual learning style is of extreme importance as it helps in determining the unique learning style of each and every student. It would not be wrong if said that the identification and understanding of individual learning style plays a key role in the career of an educator, it won’t be wrong (Nisbet, & Shucksmith, 2017). The various strategies of identifying a student’s specific learning style and understanding it facilitate the learning process as the educator may adopt that those measures and means through which the student learns quickly.

Importance of understanding of learning styles in the promotion of health care

The identification and understanding of the unique learning style of every individual prove to be greatly helpful in the area of health care as well. By understanding the individual learning style of every patient, a medical practitioner may adopt the suitable mode to explain the complication of the disease from which the patient is suffering (Liu, et al., 2014). This approach does not only apply to the patients but can also be used while disseminating knowledge to the friends and family of the patient.

Identification and understanding of unique learning styles may pave a way in bringing behavioural changes within a patient. This technique is especially beneficial in the case of very old or very young patients, to whom the deliverance of the complications of any issue is tough and who are usually easily irritated if they do not fully understand anything.

Conclusion

In short, it can be seen that the understanding of the individual learning style is very much important, especially in the field of education. It is both helpful for the teachers as well as the students in identifying their preferred learning style and then adopting those means or modes which suits their preferred learning style. There are various methods that can be used to determine a person’s individual learning style and preferred capability. One of the most effective methods out of all the techniques being used is the VARK test. VARK test provides amazing accurate results and provides a description of the identified preferred learning style as well.

Moreover, the identification of the individual learning style also helps significantly in improving the quality of health care in different health care units and departments. Once a service provider learns that what specific learning style work for an individual, they can adopt those strategies and try to explain the procedures to the patients in that certain way.

References

Drago, W. A., & Wagner, R. J. (2004). Vark preferred learning styles and online education. Management Research News, 27(7), 1-13.

Liu, Q., Peng, W., Zhang, F., Hu, R., Li, Y., & Yan, W. (2016). The effectiveness of blended learning in health professions: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of medical Internet research, 18(1), e2.

Nisbet, J., & Shucksmith, J. (2017). Learning strategies. Routledge.

Vascular Dementia

Vascular Dementia

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Vascular Dementia

Introduction

Aging is a constant process and most probably the only constant thing. Everything goes through this constant process of aging. Aging is the process of wear and tear in anything, whether it’s a living thing or a non-living thing. The speed of this process varies for every little thing. Some things take a long time to age and some things age in a very short time. Same is applicable for human beings as well.

The human body constantly undergoes a process of wear and tear. As already discussed this process of aging varies from individual to individual. Some people show signs of aging at a very young age while others remaining young for a very long time, but6 aging cannot be denied. Every person becomes old and undergoes the natural process before death. And it is not only the body that undergoes this process, the human mind also undergoes the aging process.

The human mind or the brain becomes a victim to various ailments as a person progresses towards his or her later stage of life. The human mind also becomes old and goes through wear and tear. This wear and tear are shown in the form of various kind of diseases like depression. Dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. One of the most common mental issues found in the elderly is Dementia. Dementia is a collective term used for the conditions and the diseases that are characterized by loss in memory, problem-solving skills, language and thinking skills. The skills that are affected as a result of aging or more appropriately Dementia are the ones that are used in daily life and if elevated, they can affect the daily life of the person.

Dementia has a number of types and every type has almost the same symptoms but some of the types are more server in nature as compared to the others. One of the most common types of mental illness is Vascular Dementia. Vascular Dementia is a general term describing the issues with reasoning, planning, judgment, calculations, memory, and other thought processes. These issues are caused by the brain damage that is caused by the impaired blood flow to the brain. A person can develop Vascular Dementia if they undergo an injury and or a stroke on the brain. Any blockage in the arteries supplying blood to the brain can also cause the issue of vascular dementia. The following paper will discuss the disease in a little more detail, including the symptoms, causes and finally the treatment of the illness. Moreover the following research paper will also look at the ways that how medical practitioners especially nurses should behave around and take care of a patient with Vascular Dementia.

Discussion

Treatment

The first step, the hardest step, is to inform the Primary Physician. They are fully capable of running a very brief test of cognitive skills. It won’t determine if the person has dementia but it can point to whether everything is fine or if something may be going on. If there are problems the Physician will refer the person to a Neurologist who will conduct a more thorough cognitive exam. The Neurologist will also order a variety of tests to weed out the possible conditions that can be fixed and to confirm the potential dementia diagnosis. Chances are very good that the worst a patient will face is called mild cognitive impairment which should be considered a wake-up call. Full-blown dementia is defined as cognitive impairment that interferes with daily life.

The reason to see a Neurologist is that there are forms of dementia that can be halted in its tracks and in some cases reversed. Now, Vascular dementia is not one that can be reversed, but there is dementia caused by a vitamin B-12 deficiency, and alcohol and drugs can sometimes be reversed. Depression can cause symptoms that mimic dementia, and an underactive thyroid is another one that can sometimes be reversed. But all of these are rare and most cases of dementia that are caused by disease or injury cannot be reversed and are progressive in nature. Vascular Dementia can definitely be slowed down by the proper maintaining of the levels of blood sugar, cholesterol, and blood pressure. Any person or medical practitioner cannot undo the damage but with the proper maintenance and changes in the lifestyle they can slow it way down and maybe halt the progression.

Life Expectancy

It's dismal however evident that individuals with dementia, for the most part, have shorter lives. In any case, precisely how much shorter their life will fluctuate hugely from individual to individual. Here's the key data about future, yet recall, these are just broad measurements so ponder whether you truly need to know, before you read on. The future is one of the key gives that somebody determined to have dementia or their loved ones, need to know, however there is no straightforward answer. Dementia is frequently called a 'real existence constraining' condition in spite of the fact that individuals have been referred to live with it for up to 26 years after they first start indicating side effects. As a rule, the future of an individual with dementia relies upon the kind of dementia they are determined to have, their age and wellbeing. Most studies appear to show that the normal number of years somebody will live with dementia in the wake of being analyzed is around ten years. It's significant not to take this number – or some other – as reality, however to utilize it as directed, and an approach to get ready and make the most of consistently.

Realities about what's to come

Concentrates into the fundamental kinds of dementia have uncovered the accompanying about future

Alzheimer's Disease

General future for somebody with Alzheimer's is around 8-12 years from finding in spite of the fact that this depends on age and wellbeing. In the event that you were generally fit and sound on determination, you could live impressively longer than this. Individuals who are analyzed around the age of 60-65 will in general decrease more gradually than the individuals who are matured 80 or over. Be that as it may, with the correct consideration and treatment, a fit and sound multi-year old could at present life into their nineties.

Vascular Dementia

Since vascular dementia is regularly connected to strokes individuals who are living with it very well may be in less fortunate general wellbeing than those with different kinds of dementia. Studies have indicated their normal future to associate with four years after determination, however, their possible decrease is frequently connected to additionally strokes.

Dementia with Lewy Bodies

After finding, the normal life expectancy of somebody with dementia with Lewy bodies was seen in one study as around 5-7 years after beginning. Anyway, individuals have been known to live somewhere in the range of two and 20 years with it, contingent upon their age, and other ailments they may have, for example, Parkinson's malady which can be identified with dementia with Lewy bodies.

Frontotemporal Dementia

The normal life expectancy for somebody with frontotemporal dementia is around eight years from when their side effects previously began, yet by and by, this can shift significantly from individual to individual. Numerous individuals have lived for over ten years with this sort of dementia. Nearly everybody who creates one of the principle types of dementia will live more on the off chance that they are by and large healthy or are moderately youthful when analyzed, that is, in their mid-sixties as opposed to mid-eighties.

Anyway, this is tragically not generally the situation when somebody is determined to have youthful beginning dementia. For reasons which are as yet being logically examined, youthful beginning dementia appears to advance all the more rapidly. For instance, an individual who is determined to have frontotemporal dementia between the ages of 30-50 could live, by and large, around two years short of what somebody analyzed in their sixties or seventies. Notwithstanding, this might be on the grounds that more youthful individuals are frequently analyzed when their condition is further developed so the ailment appears to advance more rapidly than it really does. While each individual is unique, and each dementia venture is extraordinary, in the event that you need greater lucidity about to what extent you or your cherished one may live, contemplates recommend that the primary components to consider are:

1. Age (old individuals will, in general, have a shorter future)

2. General wellbeing when analyzed (ie, in the event that they are generally healthy or are additionally adapting to other ailments).

3. Which type of dementia they have (as should be obvious from the data over, some advancement more quickly than others).

4. The amount they can at present accomplish for themselves every day. Specialists call this 'utilitarian capacity,' and it appears to issue more than 'psychological capacity'. As it were, individuals who keep on taking a stab at getting things done for themselves, regardless of whether their dementia is very best in class, will, in general, live longer than the individuals who stop.

Difference between Vascular Dementia and Alzheimer’s disease

Dementia is a symptom of a long term brain disease, in which the brain is unable to perform at a level good enough to let the patient live a normal life. On the other hand, Alzheimer’s is the most common degenerative illness that causes dementia in the elderly, but there are many others, such as Lewy Body dementia, frontotemporal and even Parkinson’s. In all of these, neurons die away in a one-by-one pattern, mostly because of toxic byproducts. The difference in symptoms depends on the regions that suffer the biggest loss of neurons. In Alzheimer’s, it happens mostly in regions that have to do with memory, but in FTD it’s the frontal regions, which manage behavior. Vascular dementia is a completely different thing in which strokes or small hemorrhages destroy batches of neurons at different times in scattered regions of the brain. So, in Alzheimer’s type dementia the patient gets a progressive and steady loss of faculties, mostly memory, and the rest of symptoms (apathy, paranoia, clumsiness) stem from that.

In vascular dementia, the patient gets a worsening in “steps”, which can affect different areas of the brain. Gait and balance tend to be affected rather early, as well as mood and behavior. The memory may be spared in a way that’s unrelated to the global deterioration of the person. But the most important thing is that vascular damage shows up very clearly in CT scans and MRIs as scars, while degenerative dementias such as Alzheimer’s don’t.

Nurse’s Role in Caring for People with Dementia

Taking care of people with Dementia, especially Vascular Dementia is extremely difficult. The best advice that is given by a medical practitioner or neurologist in order to take the best care of a patient with Vascular Dementia is to keep them with family members. Doctors suggest that the kind of care that can be provided by a family member can never be provided by a professional caregiver. There is a lot of difference between the kind of care a professional caregiver and a family member. However, no matter, whether a nurse is handling the patient or a family member, the situation never changes. The level of difficulty remains the same.

For a nurse to take care of a patient suffering from Vascular Dementia, it is extremely important to understand the level or the stage at which the patient is standing. The nurse should exhibit extremely calm and composed behavior when they are around the patient. It is a very stressful and full-time job; the nurse may feel tired or even bored at times but it requires quite a lot of patience and tolerance. The nurse should be fully equipped with complete knowledge of the disease. In addition to this, he or she should be fully equipped with the aids that are required for the patient of Vascular Dementia like walking aid or helpful equipment for the back pain. The nurse or the caregiver should also focus on giving little mental exercises and healthy activities like walk and physical exercises.

Conclusion

In short, it can be concluded that any sort of mental illness is difficult to handle. Elderly people tend to suffer more from mental illnesses than young ones. One of the most common mental illnesses that can be seen in the people of old age is Dementia. There are various types of Dementia, one of the prominent ones out of all these is Vascular Dementia. Vascular Dementia is the issue of brain in which the ability of thinking, problem-solving and memory is affected. It can be caused due to any stroke or injury on brain but is treatable. It can be diagnosed with the help of an MRI test or a simple CT scan and can be treated with the help of minor mental exercises and medication.

References

Khan, A., Kalaria, R.N., Corbett, A. and Ballard, C., 2016. Update on vascular dementia. Journal of geriatric psychiatry and neurology, 29(5), pp.281-301.

Rizzi, L., Rosset, I. and Roriz-Cruz, M., 2014. Global epidemiology of dementia: Alzheimer’s and vascular types. BioMed research international, 2014.

Román, G.C., Erkinjuntti, T., Wallin, A., Pantoni, L. and Chui, H.C., 2002. Subcortical ischaemic vascular dementia. The Lancet Neurology, 1(7), pp.426-436.

T O'Brien, J. and Thomas, A., 2015. Vascular dementia. The Lancet, 386(10004), pp.1698-1706.

Venkat, P., Chopp, M. and Chen, J., 2015. Models and mechanisms of vascular dementia. Experimental neurology, 272, pp.97-108.

Versijpt, J., 2014. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 42(s3), pp.S19-S25.

Xing, S.H., Zhu, C.X., Zhang, R. and An, L., 2014. Huperzine A in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia: a meta-analysis. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014.

Vila Health: Overseeing The Legal Process

Vila Health: Overseeing the Legal Process

Student’s Name

Institution

Date

Introduction

Care coordination is regarded as the deliberate organization of patients’ care activities, involving two or more parties. It is involved in the participation of different people through the sharing of information among participants addressing the concerns of a patient so that a patient can achieve safer and more effective care. According to Williams, et al., (2019), it requires a patient’s preferences to be well known in advance and communicated to the right people early enough. The information provided by a patient is meant to facilitate safe care and treatment. In order for the wishes or the preferences of a patient to hold and applied throughout his or her care and treatment, there must be informed consent. It, therefore, therefore, essential for a patient to disclose their preferences with the care coordinator immediately they are admitted to the health care setting. This paper, therefore, illustrates the concept of informed consent in care coordination, it provides a summary of the responsibilities and expectation of the nurse in collaborating with the entire clinical team members when dealing with ethical issues, it illustrates the importance of adherence to the applicable laws at the local, state and federal government levels which provide guidance to the practice of care coordination and nursing care management and it also synthesize the ethical, legal and professional responsibilities of care coordinators.

Concept of informed consent in care coordination

The concept of informed consent is described as the process whereby a patient learns and understands the purpose, potential risk, and benefits of medical or surgical intervention. According to Sheff, Park, Neagle, & Oreskovic (2017), informed consent requires a patient to be informed of his or her medical condition to understand and proposed treatment. A patient should, therefore, be required to give consent on the kind of treatment to be used by the doctors. For instance, in the case of Tatenda Sibanda, informed consent requires that Sibanda provide consent to doctors and nurses before being given a blood transfusion. Without his consent, the action is illegal and violates his right and privacy. Without efficient information regarding the medical condition, a person cannot make an informed decision regarding treatment. A care coordinator is, therefore, required to inform a patient of his or her condition and the medical treatment applicable. Such information can help a patient to make an informed decision regarding treatment. Therefore, informed consent in care coordination relates to the process conduct research regarding the medical condition of a patient and providing the right information to a patient so that a patient can be able to make the right decision. As stated by Sheff, Park, Neagle, & Oreskovic (2017), a person being cared can make his or her decision regarding the type of treatment being provided. The concept of informed consent in care coordination makes it mandatory for nurses and other healthcare professionals to provide necessary information to patients so that they can decide on what type of treatment they would want to be given.

Summarize the responsibilities and expectations of the nurse in addressing ethical and legal issues arise in care coordination

The provision of medical treatment and care to patients requires the input of nurses. Friedman, Howard, Shaw, Cohen, Shahidi, & Ferrante (2016) pointed out that nurses play a critical role in ensuring that patients’ care is effective to meet the expectation of patients. However, in care coordination and other medical-related issues, nurses play an important role in collaborating with the medical team with ethical and legal issues emerged. The nurse provides a detailed conversation with a patient during a patient's visit to the hospital. Normally, a nurse is required to ask a patient some questions related to a health condition which includes preference treatment method. Therefore, in case of any dispute, the preferences of a patient noted by a nurse would be used as the method of treatment preferred by a patient and all the medical team would be required to apply the method when providing treatment. For instance, in the case of Sibanda regarding whether to offer him blood transfusion or not, the nurse’s notes with Sibanda during his visit should be used as his words and therefore, the blood transfusion cannot be provided unless his family members provide direction CITATION Hos18 \l 1033 (Hoskins, Grady, & Ulrich, 2018).

It is the role of a nurse to provide direction on what a patient wanted to be done so that the medical team would provide medication to the patient. Nurses are required to provide secretly informed consent given by patients to the panel of doctors when it is needed to address legal and ethical chances. The information provided by nurses would, therefore, be used to address the ethical or legal challenges regarding the provision of medical treatment. Nurses, therefore, help in addressing the challenges regarding ethical and legal by revealing the discussion regarding how a patient should be treated. According to Hoskins, Grady, & Ulrich (2018), nurses must seek information from patients which could be needed during treatment. The information acquired by nurses is used when need arise to solve a problem either legal or ethical to provide proper medication to patients. Nurses play a critical role in coordination or collaboration between different parties for the sake of proper and effective provision of medical treatment to patients. The nurse provides needed information obtained from a patient to help a committee addressing a legal challenge to come up with a proper decision which does not violate the right of a patient and the hold the values of the hospital as well.

Synthesize the legal, ethical, and professional responsibilities of the care coordinator

The role and position of care coordinators in the delivery of healthcare is complex. Although nurses have the forefront role for coordination of patient care, the role of care coordinators is unique. As stated by Shahriari, Mohammadi, Abbaszadeh, & Bahrami (2013) care coordinators provide counseling, advice, research on relevant information regarding a patient and then provide professional advice to a patient regarding a patient’s condition. Professional responsibilities of care coordinators are to provide guidance and conduct research and advise a patient of his or her condition and the type of treatment which can be provided by doctors. A care coordinator is also required to help in addressing legal tussle regarding the medical provider to a patient by providing detailed communication which occurred between a patient and them. The information is essential in decision making and therefore, without information from the care coordinator it could be difficult for a medical team to make a legal decision CITATION Sha13 \l 1033 (Shahriari, Mohammadi, Abbaszadeh, & Bahrami, 2013).

A care coordinator, therefore, requires unique skills to address legal and ethical issues related to patient care. A care coordinator provides guidance, counseling, communicate the treatment mechanism available and also inform the legal and ethical committee on informed consent provided by a patient CITATION Fri16 \l 1033 (Friedman, Howard, Shaw, Cohen, Shahidi, & Ferrante, 2016). A care coordinator also promotes and provides teaching to a patient, family, and community on issues related to the health of the patient and the method which can be used to provide treatment so that a proper consent can be obtained before a medical provider is offered. Without the utilization of the knowledge and the advice of a care coordinator when providing treatment to a patient, the right of a patient might be violated. It is, therefore, important to point out that a care coordinator advice is needed to get the relevant information a patient informed a care coordinator so that appropriate action can be taken to avoid legal challenge in the future CITATION Sha13 \l 1033 (Shahriari, Mohammadi, Abbaszadeh, & Bahrami, 2013). It is also done to make sure that the wishes, cultural and religious practices of a patient are respected to protect the dignity of a patient. A proper consultation among the stakeholders involved is, therefore, required to ensure that the objectives are achieved.

Importance of adherence to applicable laws on the local, state, and federal levels that govern the practice of care coordination and nursing care management

It is essential to adhere to the law whether it is local, state and federal law when providing medical treatment to patients. First, it is important to adhere to the applicable laws to avoid legal cases which a patient might take against the hospital and the government. The laws that guide the health care providers are enacted to provide a clear direction on how situations should be addressed by care coordinators and nurses. It is also meant to protect the privacy and confidentiality of patients and therefore, it is important to adhere to those laws. Adherence to the applicable laws ensured that care coordination is efficiently done without violating the right of patients CITATION Sha13 \l 1033 (Shahriari, Mohammadi, Abbaszadeh, & Bahrami, 2013). Nursing practice has a significant impact on the delivery of health care, patient safety, and patient outcome. The regulation of nursing and care coordination is done at the state level to ensure it is applicable. Adherence to the law ensures that there are uniformity and consistency in nursing practice and standard.

The laws are also designed to make sure that risk is limited and therefore, adherence to either state or federal law related to healthcare provision limits certain risk which a patient, nurse and care coordinator might face in the provision of health care services to patients CITATION Flo14 \l 1033 (Nightingale, 2014). It makes sure that the delivery of medical services to patients and the management of patients' information is efficient. Without proper implementation of the law, the right of patients would be violated. For instance, a patient informed consent indicates that a patient does not accept a blood transfusion. Proceeding to give the patient blood would be a violation of the patient's right and illegal under the patient protection act. It is, therefore, clear that the laws are enacted to protect the right of patients and ensure that care coordination and nurses deliver efficient services to patients CITATION Hos18 \l 1033 (Hoskins, Grady, & Ulrich, 2018). The adherence to the law also makes the management care to be effective and faster. It ensures that the hospital and the government avoid certain legal challenges which can be destroyed the hospital. Without effective laws and adherence to the applicable laws, it would be impossible for care coordinators and nurses to perform their duties CITATION Fri16 \l 1033 (Friedman, Howard, Shaw, Cohen, Shahidi, & Ferrante, 2016).

Conclusion

Care coordinators and nurses play an important role in ensuring that legal and ethical issues which emerged during healthcare provision are addressed. The legal process includes adherence to the laws which are applicable during the medical provision. It is, therefore, established that care coordinators play a critical role in the collaboration of the legal and ethical issues when they emerged. The care coordinator provides an informed consent of a patient to the medical team, which are used to make an informed decision regarding the medical treatment of a patient. Therefore, for the efficient provision of healthcare service without facing legal challenges, it is important to adhere to the applicable laws when addressing issues related to patients.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Friedman, A., Howard, J., Shaw, E. K., Cohen, D. J., Shahidi, L., & Ferrante, J. (2016).

Facilitators and Barriers to Care Coordination in Patient-centered Medical Homes (PCMHs) from Coordinators’ Perspectives. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4809054/, 2-45.

Hoskins, K., Grady, C., & Ulrich, C. M. (2018). Ethics Education in Nursing: Instruction for

Future Generations of Nurses. http://ojin.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol-23-2018/No1-Jan-2018/Ethics-Education-in-Nursing.html, 2-35.

Nightingale, F. (2014). Clinical Case Management Practice. New York: Pearson Publishers.

Shahriari, M., Mohammadi, E., Abbaszadeh, A., & Bahrami, M. (2013). Nursing ethical values

and definitions: A literature review. Journal of Nursing and midwifery, 2-15.

Sheff, A., Park, E., Neagle, M., & Oreskovic, N. M. (2017). The patient perspective: utilizing

focus groups to inform care coordination for high-risk Medicaid populations. BMC Research Notes, 2-35.

Williams, M. D., Asiedu, G., Finnie, D., Neely, C., Egginton, J., Rutten, L. F., et al. (2019).

Sustainable care coordination: a qualitative study of primary care provider, administrator, and insurer perspectives. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6359857/, 2-38.

Vila Health: Patient Care Planning

Vila Health: Patient Care Planning

Jessica Williams

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Vila Health: Patient Care Planning

76200866775Concept Map

Client assessment is an essential part of care coordination in which information is collected, synthesized, analyzed and prioritized to identify client’s needs, strengths and resources to develop an appropriate care plan. In the case of Melissa, inquiring about her health and social status provides useful information about her physical abilities, mobility, sensory and cognitive abilities as well as mental health provides information to her care providers to tailor her treatment plan to address her individual needs. Information about her cultural background provides insight into her affiliation, interests, and upbringing using which health providers and caregivers can respect her autonomy give culturally sensitive recommendations according to her particular needs CITATION IDP18 \l 1033 (IDPH, 2018). Her employment and housing information provides useful information regarding her self-care ability and access, while her education provides information about how quickly she would be able to understand her condition. Any significant variations from normal can be detected, and the care plan can be modified accordingly. Moreover, these elements help the care provider understand whether the patient is aware of the key issues and the processes involved in the continuum of care. Her information about community resources and access to them assists in developing a plan that can enhance Melissa’s ability to cope with the disease and maintain her quality of life, utilizing these services.

Executive Summary

Care coordination is a complex process involving organization of all care related activities between the responsible caregiver and the patients covering all the different aspects of services that the patient will access. A major component of care coordination involves reconciling the patient’s medication, managing their histories and problem lists, scheduling and coordinating their appointments, checking care gaps, transitioning, as well as providing social and psychological support.

For this purpose, a major portion of care coordination involves dealing with information from patients, families, care providers and healthcare organizations, in which multiple information systems and caregivers are usually engaged. This is precisely why the accuracy of the obtained data is important because any data delays or gaps, conflicting results, differences in information structure or in coding systems may increase the complexity of care provision. Thus, it is vital for care coordinators to ensure that all information is accurate since any failure can lead to costly mistakes CITATION Aze08 \l 1033 (Majeed, Car, & Sheikh, 2008). The accuracy of information will ensure that Melissa is provided the right plan to manage her HIV. Since she has some prior misinformation regarding her condition, therefore providing the patient with accurate information is also a critical part of the care coordination process.

Melissa's treatment involves multiple medications and therefore the correct diagnostic data related to medication lists, problems or allergies are critical for care providers to take the right therapeutic decisions. The accuracy of data also allows for optimizing and tailoring patient care according to Melissa's individual requirements while it also contributes to the collective data archive that helps care providers to discover new correlations or ways to improve treatments and patient careCITATION Lip \l 1033 (Samal, Hasan, Venkatesh, Volk, & Bates, 2018). For Melissa, taking medication exactly as prescribed is important since the wrong combination or timings could potentially lead to drug resistance, side-effects or other complications. It requires that accurate information about her is available in order to carefully devise these medication plans and rules that she has to follow.

Besides the collection of accurate data, it is also equally important to safeguard its integrity and maintain the patient's privacy as much as possible within the continuum of care. This requires carefully balancing the collection, dissemination, analysis, and use of Melissa's data with her individual rights to confidentiality and privacy. Relevant ethical principles and cultural norms should guide any decision making with regards to the dissemination and appropriate use of her data. This requires carefully balancing between protection from harm and maximizing the benefits when making use of the data, safeguarding its integrity from any inadvertent, inappropriate or malicious exposure of her individually identifiable data CITATION Bec16 \l 1033 (Beck, Gill, & Lay, 2016). In Melissa’s case, using her data to identify her partners to protect them from infection is important but so is respecting her confidentiality wishes regarding disclosure to her ex-husband.

For this, appropriate organizational procedures should be adhered to safeguard her data when it is used, disseminated, transferred or disposed of, that apply to both electronic systems and paper-based data. Some of the main threats to data's integrity and safety include financial identity theft, data snooping and medical identity theft, especially when care coordination relies on EHRs. Providers are responsible to ensure that all EHR data remains secure, which requires them to strictly adhere to encryption protocols, access controls, audit trails, and HIPAA security and privacy rules CITATION Fig11 \l 1033 (Figg & Kam, 2011). These measures can ensure that organizations are able to confront threats to the patient's data with regards to their safety, privacy, and integrity.

In this regard, care coordinators are recommended to review and identify all applicable guidelines and make sure that security and information confidentiality goals are clearly identified and meet safety requirements. They should also approve and review data related guidelines within their organization, and validate the effectiveness of their data security and confidentiality policies. Furthermore, they should advocate and provide support for any resources needed to improve data confidentiality while initiating or approving programs and plans to maintained and create data-security awareness. Care coordinators must ensure that the implementation of these information-confidentiality and security-related controls is synchronized across different levels of the organization CITATION UNA07 \l 1033 (UNAIDS, 2007).

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Beck, E. J., Gill, W., & Lay, P. R. (2016). Protecting the confidentiality and security of personal health information in low- and middle-income countries in the era of SDGs and Big Data. Global Health Action, 9, 1-7. doi:10.3402%2Fgha.v9.32089

Figg, W. C., & Kam, H. J. (2011). Medical Information Security. International Journal of Security, 5(1), 22-34. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.740.8786&rep=rep1&type=pdf

IDPH. (2018). Care Planning, Principles, and Services. Des Moines, IA: Iowa Department of Public Health. Retrieved from https://idph.iowa.gov/Portals/1/Files/HIVSTDHEP/case_management_standards.pdf

Majeed, A., Car, J., & Sheikh, A. (2008). Accuracy and completeness of electronic patient records in primary care. Family Practice, 25(4), 213-214. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmn047

Samal, L., Hasan, O., Venkatesh, A. K., Volk, L. A., & Bates, D. W. (2018). Health Information Technology to Support Care Coordination and Care Transitions: Data Needs, Capabilities, Technical and Organizational Barriers, and Approaches to Improvement. Boston, MA: Brigham and Women’s Hospital. Retrieved from http://www.qualityforum.org/Publications/2012/02/Care_Coordination_Commissioned_Paper.aspx

UNAIDS. (2007). Guidelines On Protecting The Confidentiality And Security Of Hiv Information: Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations AIDS Program.

Violence In Healthcare, Human Trafficking

Violence in Healthcare, Human Trafficking

Benedicta

Violence in Healthcare, Human Trafficking

While any nurse can encounter a victim of abuse, they are not familiar with the signs of violence or assistance measures. Generally forensic nurses are qualified and can recognize these situations and assist the victim ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"O8U1sh0K","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Chesnay & Anderson, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Chesnay & Anderson, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":132,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YgsdZK9k/items/96RUUSU7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YgsdZK9k/items/96RUUSU7"],"itemData":{"id":132,"type":"book","title":"Caring for the Vulnerable","publisher":"Jones & Bartlett Learning","number-of-pages":"482","source":"Google Books","abstract":"Caring for the Vulnerable: Perspectives in Nursing Theory, Practice, and Research focuses on vulnerable populations and how nurses can care for them, develop programs for them, conduct research, and influence health policy. Units I and II focus on concepts and theories; Unit III on research; Units IV, V, and VI on practice-oriented measures, including teaching nursing students to work with vulnerable patients and clients; and Unit VII on policy. The text provides a broad overview of material critical to working with these populations, comprehensive treatment of issues related to vulnerable populations, outstanding contributors who are experts in what they write, and a global focus.The Fifth Edition will be a major overhaul, as each new edition of this text has been. There will be a total of 31 new chapters focusing on new and emerging research on vulnerable populations. This text is generally used as a supplement in a wide variety of courses - from health promotion to population health, to global health.New to the Fifth Edition:Thirty-one new chapters focusing on new and emerging research on vulnerable populations, exploring topics such as: Intersection of Racial Disparities and Privilege in Women's HealthHIV Prevention EducationCaring for the Transgender CommunityCaring for Vulnerable Populations: Outcomes with the DNP-Prepared NurseWith some chapters delving into key clinical topics in identified regions, such as:Opioid Abuse and Diversion Prevention in Rural Eastern Kentucky The Effects of Gun Trauma on Rural Montana Healthcare ProvidersHealth Care in MexicoFifth edition will continue to focus more on DNP authors and assess each chapter for relevance to DNP-prepared nursesFeatures an included test bank, practice activities, PPTs, IM, and a sample syllabus","ISBN":"978-1-284-14681-3","note":"Google-Books-ID: dOGGDwAAQBAJ","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Chesnay","given":"Mary","dropping-particle":"de"},{"family":"Anderson","given":"Barbara"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",2,5]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Chesnay & Anderson, 2019). However, every nurse should be aware of basic information in this regard.

The nurses must know what signs to look for when they their patient seems possible abuse and human trafficking victim. These signs include scratches and bruises, multiple injuries, delay in taking medical help, stress and panic attacks, drug abuse, and mental instability and being repeatedly admitted for the same injuries. The patient or attendant may look nervous and try to leave hospital as soon as they can CITATION Rei16 \l 1033 (Reinvent, 2016). If the nurse finds the patient or attendant suspicious and any of the above-mentioned signs, they must remain calm and tackle this situation vigilantly. Firstly, they should report to physicians, assistant of a physician or nurse practitioner about the situation. Supervisor should also be notified if possible. This will help verify, in case the nurse has misread the situation, or it can help come up with a better plan. If attendant is suspicious and seems to be an abuser, nurse should examine the patient in a room without an attendant. For better assessment of the situation, the nurse should first calm the patient, possibly a victim. Next a comprehensive examination should be carried out. It should be done in the presence of a witness and all findings including statements and body language of patient and suspected abuser, must be documented. They may be required for a legal procedure later. First ensuring security, the nurse should alert the authorities and law enforcement. If the situation turns out to be as suspected, nurse should motivate the patient to take action and seek help ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HQvchgKE","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}What Should a Nurse Do If They Suspect a Patient Is a Victim of Abuse?,\\uc0\\u8221{} 2019)","plainCitation":"(“What Should a Nurse Do If They Suspect a Patient Is a Victim of Abuse?,” 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":130,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YgsdZK9k/items/PT86RE8G"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YgsdZK9k/items/PT86RE8G"],"itemData":{"id":130,"type":"post-weblog","title":"What Should a Nurse Do If They Suspect a Patient Is a Victim of Abuse? || RegisteredNursing.org","abstract":"Being on the front lines of healthcare, nurses have unfortunately needed to report cases of abuse and neglect. Employers are typically clear with outlining requirements for their workers, but nurses have a responsibility to know what to do in case they care for a victim of abuse.","URL":"https://www.registerednursing.org/what-should-nurse-do-suspect-patient-victim-abuse/","title-short":"What Should a Nurse Do If They Suspect a Patient Is a Victim of Abuse?","language":"en-US","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",9,26]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,13]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“What Should a Nurse Do If They Suspect a Patient Is a Victim of Abuse?”, 2019).

Nurses can make sure that proper examination is conducted and both psychological and physical issues are addressed to prevent more events like this in future ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ULnbBW5m","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Byrne, Parsh, & Ghilain, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Byrne, Parsh, & Ghilain, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":134,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YgsdZK9k/items/GL5NNSBE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YgsdZK9k/items/GL5NNSBE"],"itemData":{"id":134,"type":"article-journal","title":"Victims of human trafficking: Hiding in plain sight","container-title":"Nursing2019","page":"48","volume":"47","issue":"3","source":"journals.lww.com","abstract":"An abstract is unavailable.","DOI":"10.1097/01.NURSE.0000512876.06634.c4","ISSN":"0360-4039","title-short":"Victims of human trafficking","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"Byrne","given":"Melissa"},{"family":"Parsh","given":"Bridget"},{"family":"Ghilain","given":"Courtney"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",3]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Byrne, Parsh, & Ghilain, 2017).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Byrne, M., Parsh, B., & Ghilain, C. (2017). Victims of human trafficking: Hiding in plain sight. Nursing2019, 47(3), 48. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NURSE.0000512876.06634.c4

Chesnay, M. de, & Anderson, B. (2019). Caring for the Vulnerable. Jones & Bartlett Learning.

What Should a Nurse Do If They Suspect a Patient Is a Victim of Abuse? || RegisteredNursing.org. (2019, September 26). Retrieved November 13, 2019, from https://www.registerednursing.org/what-should-nurse-do-suspect-patient-victim-abuse/

BIBLIOGRAPHY Reinvent, R. V. (2016). Empowering survivors. Dignity Health's Understanding and Responding to Human Trafficking: A Workshop for Healthcare Providers. Redwood City.

Vulnerable

Environmental Health

Institutional Affiliation

Student’s name

Course

Date

Environmental Health

Effects of Environmental Health on Healthy People 2020 and Health Global Community

Environmental health focuses on creating a better environment which enhances better health among people within the society, thereby increasing their lifespan and their abilities to participate in different tasks. It is through a better environment that people may be in a position to lead healthier lives. This means that the achievement of healthy people 2020 solely relies on current environmental health. The achievement of this agenda is to attain a higher level of health condition among member in the society. This means that for it to be achieved then factors like air pollution, inadequate sanitation, occupational and natural hazards among others must be highly prevented (Bolin et al 2015). This would definitely reduce the chances of having people suffering from various illness, and thereby achieving a healthy society as expected.

Environmental health also has a great impact on the health of the Global community, whose main focus is to promote health and prevent the spread of various diseases among members of society. For this reason, the state of environmental health is more likely to determine the probability of having certain diseases being transmitted among different individuals and the rate as well (Koo et al 2016). Therefore, the health of the global community is well defined by the environmental health nature of a certain environment. Poor conditions like increased environmental disasters are more likely to have a negative impact on the health of the global community. On the other hand better environmental practices like prevention of different kinds of pollution would definitely enhance the health condition of the global society.

References

Bolin, J. N., Bellamy, G. R., Ferdinand, A. O., Vuong, A. M., Kash, B. A., Schulze, A., & Helduser, J. W. (2015). Rural healthy people 2020: new decade, same challenges. The Journal of Rural Health, 31(3), 326-333.

Koo, D., O’Carroll, P. W., Harris, A., & DeSalvo, K. B. (2016). An environmental scan of recent initiatives incorporating social determinants in public health. Preventing chronic disease, 13.

Vulnerable Population Summary And Proposed Program

Add Title Here, up to 12 Words, on One to Two Lines

Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees

Institutional Affiliation(s)

Author Note

Vulnerable Population Summary and Proposed Program

Target population of interest: People diagnosed with HIV/AIDS.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a blood borne disease, which basically attacks the immune system. When the immune system gets weak, person loses the ability to fight illness and recover. This disease takes a long time to show symptoms, it might not make a carrier look or feel sick for many years but still can infect others. A lot of people suffering from HIV feel healthy and normal until the very last stage when it turns into Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) so the only way to know if someone is affected is to be tested for it. It is a sexually transmitted disease that can be spread in case of contact with the infected blood and to a child from infected mother during pregnancy or breastfeeding.

Unfortunately, the medical science has not come up with the cure for this deadly disease but there are medications that help slow down the progression of AIDS in body.

Ethnicity/Culture

World Health Organization's surveillance data for HIV indicates that HIV infection rates are excessively high within the ethnic minorities. At all stages of this disease, from early infection to death, African- Americans have the highest percentage of HIV infections than any other population. Out of 64% of the world’s population that has HIV, 42% of them are Hispanic/Latino, Black/African-American, Native American/ Hawaiian or Asian/Pacific Islanders. One of the most important factors that contribute to the high rate of HIV infection within these communities is the country of birth. There is significantly larger ratio of HIV infections spread through specific kind of drug injections in Hispanic men born in Puerto Rico. Another cultural aspect of vulnerability in people with HIV is that there is no recognition or acceptance of STDs in many parts of the world. It is not possible to spread awareness regarding this disease in those places which may also play a major role in increasing the vulnerability to HIV infections. HIV carriers in those parts of the world don’t access treatment for their disease out of shame and embarrassment. CITATION Ste19 \l 1033 (Edward, 2019)

Income

Low income is a major factor that has an impact on people carrying HIV disease. According to the statistics of 2018, developed and civilized areas have much lower rates of HIV and other related diseases. It is evident from the studies that higher the wealth quintile is, the awareness and knowledge related to HIV are better. There will be less biased attitude towards people living with HIV. Pregnant women will have knowledge and access to the counseling about taking an HIV test and using precautions.

People with low annual income or no stable financial source face greater risks related to HIV. There is a high fertility rate among women from lowest quintiles. Female of age 15-21 from the lowest quintile are at a greater risk of having a teenage pregnancy which causes more and more financial issues. These are considered to be the factors which can enhance the risks and vulnerabilities related to HIV. Carriers of HIV disease with low income are mostly unable to afford the treatment and suffer a great deal. CITATION Fio12 \l 1033 (Fiona Samuels, 2012)

Social, Political and economic factors affecting the Vulnerability in PLHIV

People with HIV face huge discrimination and bias in healthcare services and employment. Getting a job or housing and violence within their communities. Laws and policies related to the HIV carriers in many countries are not very clear due to the lack of knowledge on this disease. People don’t have much access to the information regarding human rights obligations of governments, legal procedure for any kind of insurance, buying or selling property and adoption.

In most of the developing countries there is no support from the state for PLHIV. Governments must extend their efforts for the people who need help and fulfill the privilege to health through evidence-based programs related to HIV and target the most affected people.

HIV carriers have a hard time finding stable source of income due to their health condition and biased attitude of most employers around the world. Which is why they find it hard to access to the proper health care and other basic necessities of life to maintain a standard living.

Propose program for the Community

There are many issues that the African-American community faces regarding HIV. There is no proper awareness program for the community where they are educated about the risks, causes and symptoms of the disease. More than half of people carrying HIV don’t know it till the very last stage which makes it nearly impossible to cure. As per the research, biased attitude of health care professionals and other authorities towards PLHIV is another major issue.

I propose a program on community level in order to spread awareness and conduct helpful sessions for people suffering from HIV. In this program, PLHIV will register in support groups and get the psychological help they need. Charity galas would be conducted on yearly basis to offer financial help to those who cannot afford proper treatment and medications. With the help of healthcare professionals, HIV tests would be conducted in the community on regular basis. With the help of medical history, patients would be recommended with the most appropriate healthcare plans. Online or telephone assistance would be provided to the people living with HIV in any case of emergency. CITATION Jud18 \l 1033 (Mcallon, 2018)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Edward, S. (2019). Who Is at Risk for HIV Infection and Which Populations Are Most Affected? National Institute on Drug Abuse, 21-34.

Fiona Samuels, C. B. (2012). HIV vulnerabilities and the. Overseas development Institute, 456-501.

Mcallon, J. (2018). HIV Programs & Services. Regional HIV/AIDS Connection, 190-198.

Vulnerable Populations (“Mental And Psychosocial Disabilities

Vulnerable populations

Vulnerable Populations (Mental and Psychosocial disabilities)

A large number of population with mental and psychosocial problems are facing poverty, deteriorating health conditions and are the victims of human rights abuses. Mental issues and psychosocial problems are intertwined with other areas of growth and development such as employment ratio, literacy level, urgent responses, and potential of human rights. Mental issues and psychosocial problems cannot be understood without all these parameters of progress. Each developmental actor such as government, civil society, research institutions, mutual growth agencies, and et al have to consider that disable section of the population -those with the mental and psychological issue- must be benefited from the growth-oriented strategies in society in the same way as like any other social group in society.

The latest estimates about people with mental and psychosocial disabilities suggest that around 970 million people suffer from these vulnerabilities either directly or indirectly ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Yvwij0ba","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ritchie & Roser, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Ritchie & Roser, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"78X9ASMW/fRMEFgJW","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/NXNZMALC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/NXNZMALC"],"itemData":{"id":1993,"type":"article-journal","title":"Mental Health","container-title":"Our World in Data","source":"ourworldindata.org","abstract":"Around 1-in-5 people globally have a mental health disorder at any given time. What is the prevalence of mental health across the world? Is depression and anxiety on the rise? See global and country-level data on mental health disorders and their impacts.","URL":"https://ourworldindata.org/mental-health","journalAbbreviation":"Our World in Data","author":[{"family":"Ritchie","given":"Hannah"},{"family":"Roser","given":"Max"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",1,20]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",8,9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ritchie & Roser, 2018). Despite enough awareness about the severity of such social problems, these problems remain unaddressed and under-reported. The meta-analysis suggests that in high-income countries the mental and psychosocial disabilities are the cause of ninety percent suicides ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0CsuQbUS","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ritchie & Roser, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Ritchie & Roser, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"78X9ASMW/fRMEFgJW","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/NXNZMALC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/NXNZMALC"],"itemData":{"id":1993,"type":"article-journal","title":"Mental Health","container-title":"Our World in Data","source":"ourworldindata.org","abstract":"Around 1-in-5 people globally have a mental health disorder at any given time. What is the prevalence of mental health across the world? Is depression and anxiety on the rise? See global and country-level data on mental health disorders and their impacts.","URL":"https://ourworldindata.org/mental-health","journalAbbreviation":"Our World in Data","author":[{"family":"Ritchie","given":"Hannah"},{"family":"Roser","given":"Max"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",1,20]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",8,9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ritchie & Roser, 2018). From middle to lower-income countries, the evidence suggests that this figure is lower. Based on data from many other studies, the estimates suggest that around sixty- eight percent of suicide causes in Taiwan, India, and China are mental and psychosocial disabilities.

The background cause of many mental and psychosocial disabilities is the stigma and discrimination, such a vulnerable population face from society. Taylor writes that people with such disabilities face barriers in exercising their social and political power, which also restrict their ability to participate in matters of public affairs ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"UfOepNTK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Taylor, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Taylor, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"78X9ASMW/uCSoQ6GS","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/JFBA9685"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/JFBA9685"],"itemData":{"id":1996,"type":"book","title":"Health psychology","publisher":"McGraw-Hill Education","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Taylor","given":"Shelley E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Taylor, 2015). It also restricts their ability to access essential health and social care. Many people from this vulnerable group experience problems in attending educational institutions and in finding opportunities for employment. These background problems affect public health badly. Some of the after-effects of these problems on public health include premature deaths, higher suicide rates, general disabilities, and depressions.

The cultural background of people with such disabilities is homogenous. There are no differentiating patterns which might affect the well- being or impact more badly on the health circumstances of this group of people ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"TKr1ihK2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wilson, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Wilson, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"78X9ASMW/g8xwzqn2","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/5DZRV36F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/5DZRV36F"],"itemData":{"id":1998,"type":"article-journal","title":"Culturally safe research with vulnerable populations (Māori)","container-title":"Handbook of Research Methods in Health Social Sciences","page":"1525–1542","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Wilson","given":"Denise"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wilson, 2019). With a little discordance in culture, race and social patterns, the basic reasons for the disabilities in the vulnerable population remains entirely alike. In some cases, the patients may find themselves in a difficult situation when the health care provider does not comprehend the spiritual, cultural or religious uniqueness. Such factors may result in psychosocial concerns. Psychologically these concerns are relevant to ethnicities, race, age, gender discrimination, and sexual discrimination. Socially they may impact on income, insurance coverage and social health care ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"jXlzzTF1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Newman & Newman, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Newman & Newman, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"78X9ASMW/hsm9Ru6W","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/6HTW6B3C"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/6HTW6B3C"],"itemData":{"id":2000,"type":"book","title":"Development through life: A psychosocial approach","publisher":"Cengage Learning","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Development through life","author":[{"family":"Newman","given":"Barbara M."},{"family":"Newman","given":"Philip R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Newman & Newman, 2017). Some analysts also argue that vulnerabilities impact adversely over the overall economy, poverty, housing and education of such people.

Since they have restricted access to income opportunities, this group of people remains economically marginalize. Loibl writes that economic betterment of such group of people is largely dependent over economic aid from governmental or non- governmental organizations ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"arUMrJ5P","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Loibl, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Loibl, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"78X9ASMW/QHKkiDOu","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/DRS7AIQQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/DRS7AIQQ"],"itemData":{"id":2002,"type":"article-journal","title":"26 Living in Poverty: Understanding the Financial Behaviour of Vulnerable Groups","container-title":"CENTRE FOR DECISION RESEARCH, UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS, UK","page":"421","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"26 Living in Poverty","author":[{"family":"Loibl","given":"Cäzilia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Loibl, 2018). In recent times, many non- governmental organization have been working on integrating this group of people into society by providing them with customized facilities to build their economy. Similar to the economy, these people face serious health problems. Their health vulnerabilities can be divided into three categories, which are physical, psychological and social ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"nDP4SAWN","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stangl et al., 2019)","plainCitation":"(Stangl et al., 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2031,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/U6THCPFW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/U6THCPFW"],"itemData":{"id":2031,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Health Stigma and Discrimination Framework: a global, crosscutting framework to inform research, intervention development, and policy on health-related stigmas","container-title":"BMC medicine","page":"31","volume":"17","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"The Health Stigma and Discrimination Framework","author":[{"family":"Stangl","given":"Anne L."},{"family":"Earnshaw","given":"Valerie A."},{"family":"Logie","given":"Carmen H."},{"family":"Brakel","given":"Wim","non-dropping-particle":"van"},{"family":"Simbayi","given":"Leickness C."},{"family":"Barré","given":"Iman"},{"family":"Dovidio","given":"John F."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stangl et al., 2019). People with physical needs consist of high- risk mothers and infants, physically disabled or chronically ill, and people with immunodeficiency syndrome like HIV et al. Psychologically, these group of people are affected with depressions, chronic mental diseases, and hyperactive disorders. Finally, in the social realm, the vulnerable population are those who live in abusive social conditions. They can be immigrants, homeless people and refugees.

The vulnerable population is also at risk of acquiring various health and chronic disorders. Since they are constrained to a specific place and they remain in a disadvantageous position compared to normal beings, therefore they are at risk of many health and natural causes. From a medical perspective, they are at a handy risk of adapting various immunodeficiency syndromes. From a natural perspective, they could certainly be the first victim of the calamity ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"qwgA4pNa","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Vulnerable populations,\\uc0\\u8221{} 2019)","plainCitation":"(“Vulnerable populations,” 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"78X9ASMW/kd0LMrBP","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/7G7QZ9VH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/7G7QZ9VH"],"itemData":{"id":2006,"type":"webpage","title":"Vulnerable populations: risk factors and social determinants","abstract":"Tuberculosis (TB) can affect anyone, but mostly affects disadvantaged people because its risk factors are related to social determinants of health. Risk factors for TB include the conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live and age, and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life.","URL":"http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/communicable-diseases/tuberculosis/areas-of-work/vulnerable-populations-risk-factors-and-social-determinants","title-short":"Vulnerable populations","language":"en","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",8,10]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",8,10]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Vulnerable populations,” 2019). These risk factors and health concerns can be minimized, once such people are provided with extensive care and proper social care. Inside a social community, since people are dependent over the existence of other, therefore caregivers and social planners divide the prevention techniques into primary, secondary and tertiary levels ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"xsAbXqeB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kim et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Kim et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"78X9ASMW/apzZ6FfA","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/FF8TWS2R"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/FF8TWS2R"],"itemData":{"id":2023,"type":"article-journal","title":"Effects of community-based health worker interventions to improve chronic disease management and care among vulnerable populations: a systematic review","container-title":"American journal of public health","page":"e3–e28","volume":"106","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Effects of community-based health worker interventions to improve chronic disease management and care among vulnerable populations","author":[{"family":"Kim","given":"Kyounghae"},{"family":"Choi","given":"Janet S."},{"family":"Choi","given":"Eunsuk"},{"family":"Nieman","given":"Carrie L."},{"family":"Joo","given":"Jin Hui"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Frank R."},{"family":"Gitlin","given":"Laura N."},{"family":"Han","given":"Hae-Ra"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kim et al., 2016). The primary level prevention includes preventing such population from direct threats or from illness or injury. The secondary measurement includes facilitating them in order to keep them away from harm or threat, whereas the tertiary level is about the preventive measures. These preventive measures may take the form of both disease prevention or from the material threat.

The public health nurses elaborate and specify the details of different people. They elaborate on the problems of the vulnerable section in society such as downtrodden social groups to the people who plan health-related policies. Public health nurses even help the community members to clarify their actual needs and desires about their well-being ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"IRw3WG8O","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(De Chesnay & Anderson, 2019)","plainCitation":"(De Chesnay & Anderson, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"78X9ASMW/g4COToip","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/HCLY5I7J"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/HCLY5I7J"],"itemData":{"id":2028,"type":"book","title":"Caring for the Vulnerable","publisher":"Jones & Bartlett Learning","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"De Chesnay","given":"Mary"},{"family":"Anderson","given":"Barbara"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (De Chesnay & Anderson, 2019). The strengthening of the health system is undoubtedly an acknowledged priority in achieving significant health goals, for instance, goals related to the worldwide eradication of a disease. Some of the notable Health-related goals include the initiatives related to the end of tuberculosis, HIV virus, children’s’ vaccination, malaria, and others. Nevertheless, the efforts, policies, and objectives are often inappropriately expressed in policies. In this vein, the promotion of good health in underdeveloped countries around the world, it is mandatory to take a few steps ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"kIovbVau","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Beard & Bloom, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Beard & Bloom, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"78X9ASMW/pZFWJESJ","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/H5FUBEIN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/H5FUBEIN"],"itemData":{"id":2026,"type":"article-journal","title":"Towards a comprehensive public health response to population ageing","container-title":"Lancet (London, England)","page":"658","volume":"385","issue":"9968","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Beard","given":"Hon Prof John R."},{"family":"Bloom","given":"David E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Beard & Bloom, 2015). The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggests the investment on six vital attributes in the health industry which have the real capacity to transform the inadequate health systems around the world. All these measures signify that concerted goals can yield real effects in promoting good health among masses.

The Alliance to end hunger, Mission aviation fellowship and World concerns are organizations which work for the vulnerable community. These are some organization which makes sure that such population remains intact with the community. There are many additional resources which are required to facilitate a vulnerable population within a community or society.

References:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Beard, H. P. J. R., & Bloom, D. E. (2015). Towards a comprehensive public health response to population ageing. Lancet (London, England), 385(9968), 658.

De Chesnay, M., & Anderson, B. (2019). Caring for the Vulnerable. Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Kim, K., Choi, J. S., Choi, E., Nieman, C. L., Joo, J. H., Lin, F. R., … Han, H.-R. (2016). Effects of community-based health worker interventions to improve chronic disease management and care among vulnerable populations: A systematic review. American Journal of Public Health, 106(4), e3–e28.

Loibl, C. (2018). 26 Living in Poverty: Understanding the Financial Behaviour of Vulnerable Groups. CENTRE FOR DECISION RESEARCH, UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS, UK, 421.

Newman, B. M., & Newman, P. R. (2017). Development through life: A psychosocial approach. Cengage Learning.

Ritchie, H., & Roser, M. (2018). Mental Health. Our World in Data. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/mental-health

Stangl, A. L., Earnshaw, V. A., Logie, C. H., van Brakel, W., Simbayi, L. C., Barré, I., & Dovidio, J. F. (2019). The Health Stigma and Discrimination Framework: A global, crosscutting framework to inform research, intervention development, and policy on health-related stigmas. BMC Medicine, 17(1), 31.

Taylor, S. E. (2015). Health psychology. McGraw-Hill Education.

Vulnerable populations: Risk factors and social determinants. (2019, August 10). Retrieved August 10, 2019, from http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/communicable-diseases/tuberculosis/areas-of-work/vulnerable-populations-risk-factors-and-social-determinants

Wilson, D. (2019). Culturally safe research with vulnerable populations (Māori). Handbook of Research Methods in Health Social Sciences, 1525–1542.

W6 Synchronous Reflection Opton B

W6 Synchronous Reflection Opton B

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

W6 Synchronous Reflection Opton B

Hypoparathyroidism

Hypoparathyroidism is a rare affliction that affects the quantity of parathyroid hormone produced in the body (Al-Azem & Khan, 2012). The secretion of parathyroid hormone is significantly reduced in Hypoparathyroidism (Al-Azem & Khan, 2012). Parathyroid hormone is imperative for the human body as it maintains the level of calcium and phosphorus (Al-Azem & Khan, 2012). When the production of parathyroid hormone is reduced, calcium level in the bones and blood also nosedives. Without substantive levels of calcium, phosphorus levels start to increase within the blood. Maintaining a proper calcium diet can somewhat ease the suffering.

Symptoms

There are numerous symptoms of hypoparathyroidism. An individual can experience severe burning in toes and lips. The muscles making up legs, feet, and abdomen stiffens. The muscles making the mouth, hands, arms, and throat experience severe spasms. An individual can experience fatigue and weakness. A woman might endure unbearable menstruation. Additionally, individuals may experience hair loss. Moreover, an individual might experience coarse skin. Furthermore, due to reduce levels of calcium might result in nails becoming fragile. The most severe symptoms comprise anxiety and depression.

Causes

There are multiple causes considered to be the source of Hypoparathyroidism. The first cause is post-surgical hypoparathyroidism (Al-Azem & Khan, 2012). This is the most prevalent reason for individuals contracting hypoparathyroidism. Any damage to the parathyroid glands during surgery results in hypoparathyroidism. Another reason could be an autoimmune disease. When the immune system of an individual starts to treat parathyroid glands as an external agent by generating antibodies against it, as a result, parathyroid gland stops functioning (Al-Azem & Khan, 2012). Low levels of magnesium can also result in hypoparathyroidism.

Complications

There are both reversible and irreversible complications attached to hypoparathyroidism. Reversible complications include painful twitching in hands and fingers called Tetany (Al-Azem & Khan, 2012). Additionally, an individual can experience painful needle-like sensation in lips and tongue called paresthesias (Al-Azem & Khan, 2012). Irreversible complications include stunted growth in children (Al-Azem & Khan, 2012). Stunted growth severely impedes the mental development of children. Additionally, an individual can lose the ability to maintain proper balance and posture due to calcium deposits in the brain (Al-Azem & Khan, 2012).

Addison's disease

A very rare disease in which the human body produces an inadequate amount of certain hormones is often referred to as Addison's disease (Hellesen, Bratland & Husebye, 2018). Addison’s disease in medical parlance is often called adrenal insufficiency (Hellesen, Bratland & Husebye, 2018). Adrenal glands are situated above the kidneys tasked to produce cortisol and aldosterone. In the case of Addison's disease, adrenal glands do not produce these two hormones in sufficient amounts. Addison’s disease can afflict an individual belonging from any age group or gender (Hellesen, Bratland & Husebye, 2018). It is widely considered as a life-threatening illness. Treatment to Addison’s disease includes taking hormones to make up for the sufficient amounts causing the disease.

Symptoms

Symptoms of Addison’s disease generally appear gradually over time. Such is the pace of symptoms making an appearance that most of the times they are ignored. The ignoring of the symptoms tends to exacerbate the illness. Some of the symptoms may include severe fatigue (Hellesen, Bratland & Husebye, 2018). Decreased appetite results in reduced weight. Additionally, low blood pressure, low level of blood sugar, nausea, abdominal pain can also serve as the symptoms (Hellesen, Bratland & Husebye, 2018).

Causes

Addison's disease is contracted when there is significant damage to the adrenal glands (Hellesen, Bratland & Husebye, 2018). The damage to adrenal glands results in insufficient secretion of cortisol and aldosterone (Hellesen, Bratland & Husebye, 2018). Adrenal glands form an essential component of the endocrine system. The endocrine system oversees the secretion of various hormones from various glands.

The adrenal glands are divided into two sections. An interior section called medulla secretes hormones like adrenaline (Hellesen, Bratland & Husebye, 2018). The cortex forms the outer layer of the adrenal gland which produces corticosteroids (Hellesen, Bratland & Husebye, 2018).

In case the cortex is damaged, adrenocortical hormones are not produced. This disorder is named as primary adrenal insufficiency. It is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the organs of the body.

References

Al-Azem, H., & Khan, A. A. (2012). Hypoparathyroidism. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 26(4), 517-522.

Hellesen, A., Bratland, E., & Husebye, E. S. (2018, June). Autoimmune Addison's disease–An update on pathogenesis. In Annales d'endocrinologie (Vol. 79, No. 3, pp. 157-163). Elsevier Masson.

Wait Time

Wait time

Student’s Name

Institution

Date

Introduction

Wait time and pending is a common practice within the United States’ healthcare sector. It is common among the outpatient and discharge and therefore, it negatively affect the healthcare practice hence causing a lot of public outcry. According to Xie and Calvin (2017), 90% of patients spend much time than expected in the waiting room to be attended by a doctor. Therefore, the time spend is more than the recommended time and this has been affecting the healthcare provision. Most hospitals keep patients in waiting for 47 to 229 minutes, which is above recommended time of 120 minutes. As stated by Weiner (2013) even the discharge period or duration is always extended, which is a common practice in private hospital. These issues affect the provision of healthcare and therefore, it should be addressed as a matter of agency. The study, therefore, look into the waiting and pending cases at the healthcare facilities and how its affect the healthcare provision. It is also discusses the best way to solve the problem of waiting in order to improve the provision of healthcare services in the country.

McCarthy (2015) stated that most patients at the waiting room usually wait for a doctor to serve other patients. Most countries have stipulated wait time, which should be observed and in most cases, hospitals and other healthcare facilities do not observe it. In most western nations wait time is supposed to be 120 minutes while in China and some Asia countries the wait time is 98 minutes CITATION Sco13 \l 1033 (Weiner, 2013). Wait time is a period used to register, make payment and seek doctor’s appointment, which most patients under dire need of medication cannot afford to wait. As a result minor case could lead to fatal incidents and therefore, it requires a special attention to be addressed. Research also indicates that wait time also exist even in discharge CITATION Xie17 \l 1033 (Xie & Calvin, 2017). In some cases, patients wait for signature when in a cummer for even years. For instance, a sister confessed that her brother waited for year in a cummer to be given a LTC. It is therefore, evident that patients wait in the hospital for various reasons and this problem can be addressed to ensure that the waiting time is reduced CITATION Hoo15 \l 1033 (Hoot NR, 2015). According to a study conducted by Toronto healthcare and management, the best wait time should be less than 90 minutes. This would allow hospital to reduce fatal cases and build patient confidence in the hospitals.

In Australia, the wait time is 120 minutes similar to the United Kingdom and United States but few hospitals have kept to the standard. However, to solve the problem of wait time, healthcare provision needs to address the problem of inefficient number of doctors and introduce a CASS system to all hospitals. Research indicated that wait time is due to registration and payment, which take longer time CITATION Ann14 \l 1033 (Hopkins, 2014). With CASS, payment and registration would be faster and efficient and therefore, the wait time would reduce drastically.

Methods

The study was conducted though qualitative research method. In this case, clients at the hospital were interviewed and then recorded for analysis. More than ten people were interviewed patients, doctors and relatives and audience of the patients. The questionnaire and survey were also used to get the perception of both patient and doctors regarding waiting time and pending, which is common in hospitals across the country. The data or information used in this study was gathered through secondary research method. Secondary research method is where data related to the study are used to complete the research. In order to get relevant detailed data, journal, articles and peer review were used. These journals and other material were obtained through Google Scholar, ESBCO and PMC, which are some of the know database for research. The search was then conducted using some of the key words such as wait time, pending, healthcare and nursing wait time. In order to get detailed and more information, the advanced search was used and several journals and article were obtained as a result. The journals and other articles obtained were then analyzed based on the relevancy to the topic, accuracy and the year of publication. It is also important to point that more than 50 articles and journals were obtained and only 10 was used to complete the study.

Result

The analysis of the data revealed that 60% of the participants revealed that waiting time affect the provision of healthcare. It is also obtained that 10% of patients usually die as a result of prolong waiting. It is also established that the waiting time of most patients are longer than expected and it goes beyond the required waiting time. Descriptive statistics revealed a negative perception of patient regarding waiting time, with 60% of patients who participated agreed that hospital do it purposely to advertise their services.

Discussion

The study established majority of patients have negative feelings against the wait time. It is also established that patient have died as result of wait and therefore, it is important to address the deficit in the system to reduce the wait time across hospitals. Many patients interviewed narrated that the waiting time can be disastrous and it can go up to a year. For instance, a sister to one of the patients they have waited for TGH for years without any positive respond from the hospital. They narrated that they have submitted application but declined leaving without any hopes of getting medical attention. The study also revealed that to get an appointment is not easy and it could result to death or serious injury of a patient. The study revealed that Mon Sheong and Yee Hong applied LTCH and waited for almost 5 years but still did not manage to get an appointed resulting to multiple injuries resulting to death of the patients.

The data analyzed also revealed that wait time is longer due to assessment, which usually being conducted by hospital to establish the financial capability of a patient. Result shows that 60% of patients feel that doctors and management of hospitals do it intentionally to advertise their hospitals without considering the risk they put patients. It would be important space and allocate time systematically and this could be achieved by using an elaborate and a good ICT system. Patients should be able to allocate time and data by themselves at their homes without waiting time coming to the hospital for appointment without prior booking.

Conclusion

Wait time is a serious issue in the healthcare sector worldwide and therefore, it should be addressed. Study has established that wait time is due to lack of enough doctors, nurses, and CASS system to facilitate faster registration and process of discharge from the hospitals. This forces patients to wait for a longer time to receive treatment. In order to address the issue of wait time, it is important for the government address the issue of shortage of doctors and nurses in the country. With efficient and better hospital system the wait time would be shorter and hospital would be able to provide better services to patients.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Hoot NR, A. (2015). Systematic review of emergency department crowding causes, effects, and solutions. Ann Emerg Med , 23-18.

Hopkins, A. (2014). registered nurses: on the front lines of wait times - CNA. Internationa Journal of Nursing and healthcare , 2-14.

McCarthy, K. (2015). How to improve patient wait times in your practice. Journal of Healthcare and nursing , 2-15.

Wallace, E. (2018). Healthcare Legislation: What Nurses Need to Know in 2018. https://www.travelnursing.com/news/nurse-news/healthcare-legislation-what-nurses-need-to-know-in-2018/ , 2-15.

Weiner, S. G. (2013). Advertising Emergency Department Wait Times. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3628484/ , 2-18.

Xie, Z., & Calvin, O. (2017). Associations Between Waiting Times, Service Times, and Patient Satisfaction in an Endocrinology Outpatient Department: A Time Study and Questionnaire Survey. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5798665/ , 12 (5), 2-15.

Walden's Academic Intergrity

Walden’s Academic Integrity

[Name of Writer]

[Name of Institution]

The standard upheld for academic integrity at Walden University is exceptional in its clear demarcations of what is acceptable. There is a detailed account of academically outlawed behavior complete with definitions and descriptive passages which are all open for public assessment.CITATION Wal19 \l 1033 (Walden, 2019) This expounds the fact that not only is Walden University specific about their policy on academic integrity, they are also open about it.

The first and foremost component of the university’s policy on academic integrity involves plagiarism. Although it goes without saying that the university does not tolerate plagiarism; their website clearly defines this term from a myriad of angles to rule out loopholes in their policy. Plagiarism therefore includes intentional as well as unintentional copying of work or ideas without proper citation of their source. University administration includes both types of plagiarism in their policy but differentiate in terms of the response both can garner. Intentional plagiarism marked by copying and pasting a bulk of written material without citation, changing a measly number of synonyms to make it look unique or buying/borrowing a paper from an original author and marketing it as their own. Unintentional plagiarism, on the other hand, is described differently in the university policy. It might include not citing yet paraphrasing the real author without touching their exact text. It also includes an exact copy of the author’s work but citing it as a paraphrase and not a quote. Its third form is intermittent citation missing the citation of some ideas borrowed from another author. Walden University synchronizes with the American Psychological Association (APA) style of citation and their definitions of plagiarized work.

The second malpractice that challenges academic integrity at Walden is cheating. The university management categorizes it with plagiarism as a serious breach of the code of conduct allowed and condoned at Walden University. Cheating in this context includes any form of deceit or fraud with respect to an academic assignment. During exams, if a student copies from someone else, uses unauthorized material for help or has someone else take the exam for them; it will be marked as cheating and treated as such. Sharing notes on assignments or using the same assignment for multiple courses without the express consent of any relevant instructors also becomes deceit and is therefore cheating. After plagiarism and cheating, students misusing their own work is also a concern for the academic integrity policies at Walden. Even when using their own prior written work in a paper, students at Walden are expected to cite themselves as primary authors. For assignments, it is also necessary to obtain the consent of the instructor before using work that has been submitted before. Academic integrity is also under attack if a student at Walden resorts to providing false information. This can be done in the form of statistical data in an academic assignment that is falsified or made up. Written work with false claims that are not data also come under this banner. Moreover, false information outside the context of an assignment also comes under this category. Copyright violation can also land students at Walden in hot waters in regard to the policy about academic integrity. Copyrighted works of all forms and sizes are to be respected and not replicated in any academic assignment whatsoever. Misrepresenting their own credentials when submitting any documents or any statements also violates this policy. Interfering with another student’s assignment or copying from it is defined at Walden as theft of information and is liable to action. Altering a document at university by forcing a representative’s signature is also a high degree breach of academic integrity.

Walden university primarily believes that the unfair academic advantage obtained by wrong and outlawed behavior should not be allowed nor ignored. A detailed course of conduct therefore makes sure students stick to a list of strict rules when it comes to academic integrity. This code of conduct is, however, not limited to academic integrity and also strives to make sure that students are at their best professional behavior that is devoid of discrimination or harassment at any level throughout their tenure at Walden.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Walden. (2019). Academic Integrity: Overview. Retrieved from Academic Guides Walden University: https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/studentaffairs/academicintegrity

We Can, But Dare We.

We can, but dare we

Author name

Affiliations

Introduction

Health care professionals are using technology to get assistance in numerous important tasks ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"eH4YeOhQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Watkins, Goudge, G\\uc0\\u243{}mez-Oliv\\uc0\\u233{}, & Griffiths, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Watkins, Goudge, Gómez-Olivé, & Griffiths, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2083,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/SQC2Y6LH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/SQC2Y6LH"],"itemData":{"id":2083,"type":"article-journal","title":"Mobile phone use among patients and health workers to enhance primary healthcare: A qualitative study in rural South Africa","container-title":"Social Science & Medicine","page":"139-147","volume":"198","author":[{"family":"Watkins","given":"Jocelyn Olivia Todd Anstey"},{"family":"Goudge","given":"Jane"},{"family":"Gómez-Olivé","given":"Francesc Xavier"},{"family":"Griffiths","given":"Frances"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Watkins, Goudge, Gómez-Olivé, & Griffiths, 2018). The use of smartphones assist in information and time management; maintenance and access of health records, patient management; clinical decision-making; as well as in medical education and training ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"sm3oDQH6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ventola, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Ventola, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2081,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/KWIIBI9W"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/KWIIBI9W"],"itemData":{"id":2081,"type":"article-journal","title":"Mobile devices and apps for health care professionals: uses and benefits","container-title":"Pharmacy and Therapeutics","page":"356","volume":"39","issue":"5","author":[{"family":"Ventola","given":"C. Lee"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ventola, 2014). Likewise, the use of social networking sites in health care links to doctors and patients globally. This approach is being used to increase awareness and collaboration. However, with all these advantages, there are also certain ethical, professional and legal issues related to the use of this technology in health care settings. To address all these issues HIPPA has introduced different legal and other regulatory requirements. This paper will discuss a violation of use of social media and technology scenario in healthcare settings in relation to HIPPA to analyze privacy concerns, technology, legal and ethical issues. There is also discussion about different advantages and disadvantages of using smartphones and social media in healthcare.

Discussion

I being the nurse was working yesterday in the emergency room on Friday 7 pm to 7 am a shift. I had an evening filled with drunken belligerent teens, walling babies falls, fractures and regular congestive heart failure (CHF) patients. In order to perform my duties, I was missing a concert that my best friend was attending. I was getting jealous and frustrated with this and considering it torture. During the shift, at 2 a.m I got know about incoming motor vehicle accident victim. Instead of making necessary arrangements for the patient I opted to have rest. The patient arrived in 5 minutes and medics got me in. The patient was a 28-year-old male and was unconscious. When I focused on the patient, I got know that he was a lead singer of the band whose concert I missed that night. In excitement, I texted my friend about the singer and she asked for proof. I thought celebrities are public property so I captured pictures and shared with my friend. Moreover, I also for the sake of good measure captured some more pictures during different stages of his undressing. I also took his home address, phone number and other demographic information from his electronic health record. Then after the patient assessment, I went home. I was so tired and after taking rest I signed in my Facebook and shared my story of last night. I was not repenting more for missing the concert as I met the singer and got his number. Then I posted his picture on Facebook and Instagram.

This scenario is the violation of HIPPA privacy rules, which are national standards that protect patient's medical records and other personal health information. The rules not only necessitates suitable safeguards for the protection of personal health information but these also establish limits and conditions on the uses as well as to disclosures of personal health information. Besides, the rules also equip patients with rights about their health information. Here, there is a violation of HIPPA privacy rules and patient personal information is shared at social media sites. HIPPA requires not to post any protected health information on social media websites as well as not to share PHI that can also include photographs and videos of patients via messaging apps. There must be a prior authorization from a patient for such sharing ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"q7snUBG3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hao & Gao, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Hao & Gao, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2094,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/TAGVPC7E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/TAGVPC7E"],"itemData":{"id":2094,"type":"article-journal","title":"Advantages and disadvantages for nurses of using social media","container-title":"of","page":"2","volume":"3","author":[{"family":"Hao","given":"Jianlei"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Bingbing"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hao & Gao, 2017). Otherwise, a nurse is obligated to protect confidential information. Moreover, the information can only be shared with the health care team with an aim to provide care for the patient. For this act, there are criminal penalties and the incident will be reported to law enforcement. They will carry out different investigations and this violation complaint will be forwarded to the Department of Justice for criminal penalties. They can either impose fine or imprison her. Here, all the penalties are through HIPPA and there is no private reason for action in HIPAA. In addition, here ethical standards have also been violated. The patient was unconscious and did not know about picture capturing and sharing. Although he was a celebrity it was the ethical duty of the nurse to not capture photographs and share them with her friend. Now, the nurse can remove pictures from social media sites and make an apology from the patient.

Advantages and disadvantages of using smartphones and social media in healthcare

The use of technology in healthcare not only improve doctor-patient interaction and care for patients but also reduce costs. Smartphones and social media are extensively been used in healthcare as a technology. They have been used for the treatment and care of patients as well as for the monitoring and compliance with a healthy lifestyle. These also encourage doctors to cooperate and have faster communication for different health services. The use of cloud-based storage systems enhances collaboration and files sharing on mobile devices. Doctors share health information at social media, discuss health practice matters and communicate with the public in order to encourage basic health care behaviors. Similarly, patients can also contribute to virtual seminars and receive healthcare support. Doctors can also trail their personal physical advancement through social media. In addition, this efficient communication medium can be used for education and training purposes. For example, if nurses are working in rural areas then they can use social media websites to remain up to date despite substantial geographical distance.

However, the use of social media and smartphones can bring certain disadvantages related to privacy and confidentiality. Healthcare professionals must keep in mind professional and ethical principles for the appropriate use of this technology in order to escape from any harm. Healthcare professionals can intentionally or inadvertently violate patients' privacy. They may post their different information at social sites or they can comment about patients in a humiliating way. The other disadvantage is the non-reliability of information at social media. Social media can play an effective role in the education and training of patients as well as doctors. But not every information at social media site can be reliable which limits the use of social media in health care. In addition, the use of social media by a health care professional can distract and interrupt them during working time. This distraction can become the source of errors in medication.

Conclusion

Modern electronic technologies are fast and remote and are extensively used in healthcare settings. They are changing the manners in which people can access and share information. People can benefit from social media and get connected to healthcare information. Professional can also connect with each other and enhance their well-timed communication with patients and family members. They can also connect with their friends and peers for support and information sharing. However, nurses may violate different ethical and privacy concerns and face serious consequences. Breaches of patient confidentiality or privacy can be planned or unintended and can take place in numerous ways. Nurses may breach confidentiality or privacy by posting information via social media sites ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"xqRd8d25","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hao & Gao, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Hao & Gao, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2094,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/TAGVPC7E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/TAGVPC7E"],"itemData":{"id":2094,"type":"article-journal","title":"Advantages and disadvantages for nurses of using social media","container-title":"of","page":"2","volume":"3","author":[{"family":"Hao","given":"Jianlei"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Bingbing"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hao & Gao, 2017). To avoid this situation, they are required to comply with HIPAA regulations. In this way, they will not indulge in any data breach and will relish the personal and professional benefits of social media. Therefore, healthcare professionals are required to acquaint themselves with HIPPA guidelines and policies about the use of social media.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Hao, J., & Gao, B. (2017). Advantages and disadvantages for nurses using social media. Of, 3, 2.

Ventola, C. L. (2014). Mobile devices and apps for health care professionals: uses and benefits. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 39(5), 356.

Watkins, J. O. T. A., Goudge, J., Gómez-Olivé, F. X., & Griffiths, F. (2018). Mobile phone use among patients and health workers to enhance primary healthcare: A qualitative study in rural South Africa. Social Science & Medicine, 198, 139–147.

Week 1 Assignment: Essay – Argument Or Explanation



Week 1 Assignment: Essay – Argument or Explanation

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Week 1 Assignment: Essay – Argument or Explanation

Now the medical man who sees the patient only once a day or even only once or twice a week, cannot possibly tell this without the assistance of the patient himself, or of those who are in constant observation on the patient. The utmost the medical man can tell is whether the patient is weaker or stronger at this visit that he was at the last visit. I should, therefore, say that incomparably the most important office of the nurse after she has taken care of the patient's air, is to take care to observe the effect of his food and report it to the medical attendant.

This passage can be seen under an argument, if, from a broader prospect seen in the favor of the working of a medical man. The part of the passage to be analyzed is the argumentative sentence, where the statement is made on the medical man on the analysis of the patient. The statement was to analyze the situation of the patient that a medical man should make sure he is either getting better or weaker in his health before his last visit. The passage thoroughly argues in the favor of a medical man that how he is supposed to analyze the health of the patient if he only sees the patient once or twice a week. This comes in the responsibility of the next on-call or the most important nurse in the hospital who takes care of the food and the medicinal treatment of the patient, and report it to the medical attendant so that effective measures can be taken.

To be "in charge" is certainly not only to carry out the proper measures yourself but to see that everyone else does so too; to see that no one either willfully or ignorantly thwarts or prevents such measures. It is neither to do everything yourself nor to appoint a number of people to each duty but to ensure that each does that duty to which he is appointed. This is the meaning which must be attached to the word by (above all) those "in charge" of sick, whether of numbers or of individuals

This passage follows the guidelines of an explanation. The passage throughout explained the qualities and the perks of being an “in charge”, but at the same time focuses that he or she cannot appoint every duty of being an "in charge" to themselves. But, this would rather focus on the point that a person who is appointed with a duty, should do it with a proper response. The “ in charge” should not be the master of taking all the measures and making all the decisions by himself, but, certain decisive action of the plan should be followed, which includes all the members of the staff within that ward and does that duty responsibly. This is to be ensured that assigning duties to a number of people should be avoided, other than it should be taken care of that every person who is being assigned the duty, does it responsibly and perfectly.

References:

1-Nightingale, F. (1860). Notes on nursing. What it is, and what it is not. Project Gutenberg. Retrieved from http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/12439/pg12439.html

2-Jackson, D., & Newberry, P. (2016). Critical thinking: A user's manual (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.