Biology And Health

Scientific Discovery in Medical Science 2018

Name

Institution

Summary

The article I chose is “Man's second face transplant is a world first” by the author Jacqueline Howard published in CNN website (2018). This article unveils the discovery of world first but Jérôme Hamon’s second face transplant. He was suffering from a rare genetic condition called neurofibromatosis in which he developed tumors in his nerves across his skin, brain and other body parts. Due to these complications, in 2010, he underwent his first facial transplant. However, his body rejected this donor organs and his face was removed.

He remained without face in the hospital room for eight months unable to see, speak and hear. In November 2017, he underwent second facial transplant while the donor was 22 years old boy. Despite encountering the most painful and undesirable circumstances, he was unusually optimistic. While talking about his surgical procedure to CNN, he reported "I'm 43 years old, the donor is 22 years old, so I am 22 years old," which indicated his constructive attitude towards the adversities of life. Dr. Lantieri who was supervising Hamon’s case reported “second kidney, liver and heart transplant is something understood but second facial transplant is undoubtedly new to this field.”

What interested you about the topic?

The reason I chose this article is certain—the medical discovery of second facial transplant. I have heard about several body organs transplants but facial transplant is something rare because it revolves around inserting donor’s skin, eyes, nose, ears, lips and so on; it is highly complex in nature.

Moreover, autoimmune process has always stimulated my interest because it is based on the brilliant tendency of our T-cells as defenders against antigens. However, they misdiagnose and start killing donor organs considering them as antigens and threat to internal system; the whole transplantation activity is collapsed.

Do you agree or support the discovery or activity presented in your article? Why or why not?

I strongly support this discovery because nothing can be worst than having a life without face—unable to see, hear, speak and eat. Besides personal reasons, it also affects our socialization and the nature of interpersonal relationships that we form with parents, siblings, children, peers, friends and other individuals of the society. Facial transplant is essential not only physically but also for psychological and social reasons—the number does not matter. Did the author provide references and supporting facts in this article, or were you expected to just accept the findings without support?

Writer provided direct quotes from the person undergoing transplant and his medical supervisors. Moreover, he also added an informational video as a validating support. However, she did not cite any scientific journal because it is the latest discovery and is based on primary resources. It compelled me to accept the findings because of direct quotes, pictures and videos. When reading about science, how important do you feel sources and references are in accepting the findings that are presented?

One of the key elements of science is that it only accepts the phenomena that are observable to all; even observation is the first step in scientific research and discovery. In this scientific era of technological advancements, human mind has now become strictly programmed to accept only validated information that is visible to our senses and acceptable to our rationality.

When someone claims something, we require authenticity and support in form of scientific research and apparent visibility. So while describing any phenomenon and scientific discovery, it is mandatory to mention the research work with appropriate audio visual supports for mitigating any disparity that may threaten its universal acceptance.

For example, in this article, writer used before and after images of the patient, direct quotes from the patient and subject matter experts, exact dates and locations, and videos, due to which no one can question the validity of presented information.

Reference

Howard, J. (2018). Man's second face transplant is a world first. CNN health. https://www.cnn.com/2018/04/17/health/second-face-transplant-bn/index.html

Biology Case Study

Biology Case Study

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

Question.1

Definition of disease:

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome is a fiery disease in which a person suffers from respiratory issues and needs more oxygen for breathing. This disease is caused because of a virus called Hantavirus which is transmitted by the rodents.

Signs and symptoms:

There are some clear signs and symptoms for this disease that are given below:

Fever and chills

A headache along with muscle pain

Abdominal pain and vomiting

Difficulty in breathing

Lowering of blood pressure

Accumulation of fluid in lungs

Name of the test:

For knowing whether a person is suffering from HPS, a blood test is one of the most reliable tests for knowing whether a person is having the antibodies of Hantavirus or not.

Explanation of the test:

In this test, blood sample of the person is taken who thinks that maybe he is suffering from HPS. His blood sample is taken under observation and then the blood passes through the chemistry analyzers for knowing whether the antibodies of Hantavirus are present in the blood sample or not. If the reported are positive then the patient goes for a proper treatment.

Test to diagnose the disease:

If the antibodies of the suspected virus are present, then the report would be positive. This means that the person is suffering from HPS disease (Zaki,et,al,1995). But if the suspected virus is not present in the blood sample then report would be negative, meaning that the person is not suffering from HPS disease.

Question.2

A person would acquire HPS because of Hantavirus infection that would come by the rodent excrement. This virus is going to damage the lungs of a person that would cause respiratory failure. No, it is not a respiratory disease. One can also acquire this disease by inhaling the urine of the rodents. Not only urine but also saliva and droppings of rodents would cause HPS. Yes, there are some environmental factors attached to this disease, and they would increase the risk of acquiring this disease. In the environment where there would be infected rodents around is going to increase the risk of HPS. Age does not have any specific impact on risk of getting this disease as any person can acquire this disease, but the average age of suffers is 30 years. Not age nor race would have any role, but yes, there is the role of communities to some extent as the communities that live in such places where there would be more rodents are likely at more risk to be victimized with this disease (Hooper,et,al,2001). As far as the prevalence of HPS is concerned, it has been recorded that first case of HPS happened in 1993 and after that 122 cases of HPS have been reported with having almost 50% mortality rate in 23 states of United States. The most recent report about the prevalence of HPS has been reported in 2017 that there were total 728 cases of Hantavirus infection reported. Out of all these reported cases of HPS, thirty-six percent deaths occurred.

Question.3

In Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome disease mainly lungs of the patient are going to be infected and he is going to have difficulty in breathing. HPS is going to damage heart and lungs as it is going to damage blood vessels that would other organs. But the most affected organ would be lungs of the patient that the name of the disease is indicating as well.

A virus called ANDV causes acute HPS when this virus enters the body of a person it causes inflammation. Virus and this inflammation are going to damage various organs of the body. When this virus reaches the blood vessel, they become leaky. These leaky blood vessels when reaches lungs they cause the air sacs to be flooded which causes breathing issue for the patient.

This is going to have a severe impact on the functioning of the heart as the heart would fail to pump through leaky vessels. This would cause a reduction in the flow of the blood causing the lowering of blood pressure (MacNeil,et,al,2011). As a result of all this, there would be a shortage of oxygen to all the cells of the body. This shortage of oxygen is going to cause the failure of the proper functioning of many organs of the body that would could death ultimately. In the normal condition when the air sacs won’t be filled with fluid, lungs will work well and would perform function properly that has been assigned to them.

Anatomy of the lungs:

Lungs are kind of pyramid shape organs that are attached to the trachea through the right and left bronchi. There is a sheath called diaphragm that bordered the lungs. The diaphragm is a muscle that is located in the thoracic area. Pleurae are the structure that encloses the lungs. The right lung is slightly short and broader than the left lungs. There is a structure called coastal surface that borders the ribs. There are smaller units called the small lobes that compose the lungs.

Physiology of lungs:

It is the primary organ of the human body that performs the function of respiration, by having the two zones. The primary function of this organ is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide from the air that comes and goes out.

Question.4

Hantavirus is going to have its severe impact on many organs. Primarily after damaging the lungs, this virus is going to damage kidneys badly. Researchers have investigated that a person who would be suffering from HPS would suffer from Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). In HPS, symptoms of disease would appear 1 to 2 weeks after having exposure with any infectious things or directly inhaling the infectious material contaminated by the rodent’s droppings or urine (Engelthaler,et,al,1999). Kidneys would work normal in a person who would not be suffering from HPS as there would be no lesion that would cause swelling and patient would have difficulty in urination.

Anatomy of kidneys:

From the frontal section, there could be seen an outer part of kidney that is known as renal cortex and the inner part next to it would be called medulla. Some connective tissues look like extensions called renal column would be the next part of kidney. This renal column extends from downward to cortex through the medulla. From here three structures would separate as medulla, renal pyramids, and renal papillae. Renal papillae transport urine that is made up of nephrons, to calyces. The most affected part of kidney is nephron that turns into nephritis that would have lesion after being affected with HPS. In a severe case, there would be a failure of kidneys causing a condition called anuria.

Physiology of kidneys:

Kidneys perform the function of blood filtration, and it happens in three step process. Nephron first filters blood that passes through the glomerulus. Through the process of glomerulus filtration, all solutes except proteins are cleaned. Most of the solutes are going to be reabsorbed, by a process is called tubular reabsorption. As a whole, it could be said that this organ is used for excreting urine of the body.

Conclusion:

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is one of the severe respiratory diseases that are caused in humans by the infection of a virus called "Hantavirus." It has been seen that anyone who inhaled infectious material of rodents is going to develop this disease. The sufferer would have difficulty in breathing so in the severe case; the patient could die if proper treatment is not given in time. But till date, there is not even a single reported case in which it is said that this disease transmits from one person to other.

References:

Zaki, S. R. (1995). Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: pathogenesis of an emerging infectious disease. The American journal of pathology, 146(3), 552.

Hooper, J. W., Larsen, T., Custer, D. M., & Schmaljohn, C. S. (2001). A lethal disease model for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Virology, 289(1), 6-14.

MacNeil, A., Ksiazek, T. G., & Rollin, P. E. (2011). Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, United States, 1993–2009. Emerging infectious diseases, 17(7), 1195.

Engelthaler, D. M., Mosley, D. G., Cheek, J. E., Levy, C. E., Komatsu, K. K., Ettestad, P., ... & Porter, R. (1999). Climatic and environmental patterns associated with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Four Corners region, United States. Emerging infectious diseases, 5(1), 87.

Biology Investigation Folio

Biology Investigation folio

Student’s Name

Institution

Date

Introduction

Materials and Methods

What is within the yeast that makes the dough rise?

There are two types of ways that yeast releases its energy in doughs. The supply of no oxygen and with oxygen. With the use of oxygen, the yeast makes carbon dioxide (CO2 - a gas). However, most energy used comes from sugar in order to make lots of air, known as respiration. Furthermore, with no use of oxygen the yeast produces alcohol and carbon dioxide after the use of energy from sugar, known as fermentation. Moreover, using yeast in baking bread, both respiration and fermentation processes are undergone. so that gas is produced and trapped in the dough to create an airy and light bread.

What is the type of yeast used in a dough to create a light and airy bread?

Active dry yeast is highly recommended to be used in bread doughs as it only requires warm water to activate the little organisms in it, in order to create an airy bread.

What factors are most important in producing light and airy bread?

Does temperature affect yeast?

Yes, temperature does affect yeast, yeast best grows at the temperature of 30oC and 35oC. However, at low temperature the yeast slows down, and high temperature yeast enzymes won’t work well.

What type of flour is most suitable for light and airy bread?

Flour with less amount of protein is best suitable in baking bread. However, there is a type of flour called All-purpose flour (AP), it is great in producing a lighter and fluffier bread. The less amount of protein in flour the lighter and airy the bread would become, because if a lot of protein is added then the dough would become hard.

What temperature should the dough of the bread be at?

The temperature that is required for the dough of the bread is between 30oC and 35oC. Hence, in order for the yeast in the dough to grow, it is important to cover the bowl of dough with a damp towel or a plastic wrap. Thus, it should be placed in an area where it is warm for around 1 to 2 hours, so that the yeast will grow and double the size of the dough.

Why is gluten important in the use of baking bread?

Gluten proteins are a very important protein groups used in baking dough. When flour and water is added together and is mixed, a set of proteins is formed, allowing the dough to be elasticity. However, by holding the carbon dioxide during fermentation, the proteins formed allows the bread to rise. This will then allow the bread to easily form bubbles inside forming an airy dough.

How does salt function in the bread dough?

Salt helps in many ways in a bread dough, small amounts of salt help the function of yeast to flow probably to allow the bread dough to rise with air inside it and also plays a role in constricting the gluten structure. Although, the salt helps in holding the formation of the carbon dioxide gas in fermentation, it slows down enzyme activity and fermentation in the dough.

Amount of flour

Salt

Temperature

Quantity of yeast

Quantity of water

Type of flour

Time

Gluten

Factors in producing light and airy bread

Discussion

The result of the experiment indicates that there is a correlation between the mass of the yeast and the height of the dough mixture. In the graph 1 above “height of dough mixtures” the result shows that the mass increases the height of the dough mixtures increases as well. The result also indicates that height of the dough mixtures also increases after every five minutes (5mins). This therefore, confirmed the activities of the enzymes at various temperatures. According to McCain (2015), enzymes are very sensitive to change in temperature and it functions or catalyzes a process different under different temperature condition. Based on the fact that the height of the dough increases reflects the metabolism rate, which occur at various temperature. And based on the graph 1 and 2 above, it is evident that when the bread dough is exposure to high temperature, the yeast activities will automatically increase. The graph 1, 2 and 3 from the result indicates that the mass is directly related to the height of the dough bread. When the mass increases, the height of the dough bread increases as well. It means that the increase in mass trigger metabolic reaction and the higher the mass the higher the rate of metabolic reaction. As stated by McCain (2015), the metabolic reaction occurs between the enzyme and the temperature. This therefore, would allow the light and airy to occur in bread dough.

From the graphs 1, 2 and 3, it is evident that the rate of metabolism reaction in dough bread increases as the temperature increases. The fact that the increase in mass increases the height of the reaction; it is means that there is the relationship between the mass and the height. This therefore, means that the result of the experiment supports the hypothesis which was being tested. It could be concluded that the activity of the yeast increases when the dough of bread is placed in high temperature. It is also important to note that the yeast dough should remain viable for the purpose of production of carbon dioxide and also for it to be retained. The increase is by 1.0gms due to the fact the yeast produce carbon dioxide during metabolism of starch molecules and sugar. As stated by McCain (2015), during metabolism, energy is produced, which increases the temperature of the reaction. And therefore, the high the mass of the yeast, the high the energy produced during the reaction and therefore, it increases the height of the reactions.

Biotechnology Research Paper On Heparin

Black Vultures Vs Turkey Vultures

Name

Professor name

Subject

18 August, 2019

Black vultures Vs Turkey vultures

Thesis statement: Turkey and black vultures are dead animal hunters but they have some striking differences.

Turkey vultures are found on Wyoming in warmer season where they eat the dead animals and keep the environment clear. On contrary black vultures are seen in southern parts of America. Both kinds are commonly seen in New England and exclusively depend on carrion. It is difficult to differentiate between a small black or turkey vulture. However differences are visible when one examines an adult vulture. The head of Turkey vulture is red while black vulture has a black or dark gray head. Turkey vulture has a white bill compared to the black bill of black vulture. Turkey vultures who haven’t reached an age of one year have same heads of black or gray as that of black vultures.

Attacking strategy of both vultures are different because Turkey vultures rarely attack any living prey and the one’s they target are only small and helpless. Black vultures kill skunks, leatherback turtle hatchlings, pigs, lambs, opossums and night-herons occasionally. Another common different between the two kinds include sense of smell. Turkey vultures are very good at sensing someone due to their capacity of smelling gasses even from five miles away. Black vultures are lacking this capability so for finding food they soar high and look for their prey. They have brilliant sense of vision that allow them to scan target from high above the sky. The feathers of both bird looks similar from a distance whoever clear differences can be noted under a bright light. Turkey vulture has two-toed appearance and the color from beneath is white silver. The tail has a silver gray color that is not noticed during flight of the bird. The color of black vultures is dark and patches are visible on the wingtip. It seems like they are wearing gloves due to the patches.

Solidarity is another feature that make Turkey vultures distinct from black vultures. Turkey vultures prefer to capture their prey alone in solidarity. However black vultures hunt their prey in large groups. The nature and behavior analysis of the two birds depicts that black vultures are more aggressive. A close examination of the flight of bother vultures exhibit some differences such as black vultures are known for their shorter tails because their tails end near their toes. Compared to them, Turkey vultures makes a V shape when they are flying on the sky. Turkey vultures can soar high for longer durations such as up to 6 hours, without flapping their wings. The wing beats are even slower when they flap during their flights. On contrary black vultures flap more often and quickly. Their flight strategy is different because they don’t teeter like the Turkey vultures CITATION Tra05 \l 1033 (DeVault, Reinhart and Brisbin).

The comparison of the two birds depicts that they have a common goal of hunting small animals or dead remains but have physical differences. The color distinction makes two birds different such as Turkey vultures have red head compared to the black head of black vultures. The flight strategy of the birds also exhibit some differences because Turkey vultures soar more high without flapping their wings compared to the black vultures. Black vultures have better sense of vision while turkey vultures have better sense of smell. Turkey vultures hunt in solidarity that is against the group hunting strategy of black vultures.

Work Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY DeVault, Travis L., et al. "Flight Behavior of Black and Turkey Vultures: Implications for Reducing Bird-Aircraft Collisions." The Journal of Wildlife Management 69.2 (2005): 601-608.

Bone Marrow Transplants

Bone Marrow Transplants

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Introduction

A Bone Marrow Transplant is the type of transplantation medical procedure which involves the replacement of the previously damaged bone marrow that has been destroyed by the chemotherapy, disease or infection. The procedure is performed though the insertion of the stem cells into the bone marrow of the recipient, wherre they are bound to produce new bone marrow, from the formation of the newly created bone marrow cells CITATION Reb04 \l 1033 (Buckley, 2004). The bone marrow transplant works by the replacing your old damaged stem cell by the new healthy ones. This will essentially help your body in the production of the platelets, red and white blood cells to avoid complications such as infections, anaemia or bleeding disorders. The source of the healthy stem cells can either come from your own body or from a donor. In the self transplantation cases or mutual transplant, the stem cells are harvested through a proper procedure, gown in the optimized conditions before the treatment and injecting them into the body. The healthy stem cells are then stored in the optimized conditions at the suitable places to use later.

Ther can be certain reasons for which you need a bone marrow transplant, which include infectious diseases, chronic infections or any cancer treatment, which are

Aplastic Anaemia: This is the disorder in which the production of the new bone marrow cells is stopped.

Marrow affecting Cancers which are lymphoma, leukemia, or a multiple myeloma

The damaging of the Bone Marrow cells during chemotherapy raises some serious concerns.

The disorder of congenital neutropenia; an inherited disorder in which the patient is suffering from recurring infections.

For the Bone Marrow Transplant, there are two types, depending upon the reason of the transplant.

Autologous Transplant:

This type of transplant involves the use of a person’s own stem cells. This procedure involves the use of harvesting your own cells before the beginning of the therapy. The cells are injected into the same person’s body from which they were isolated. This is only applicable in the case, if the person’s own bone marrow is healthy. This will sufficiently reduce the risk of serious complications like GVHD.

Allogeneic Transplant:

This type of transplant is done through the bone cells from a donor which should be the ultimate close genetic match. Often, it noticed that a relative closest on the blood line is effective, but a genetic matches can also be found from the donor registry. They are necessary if your bone marrow cells have been damaged. CITATION BMo11 \l 1033 (Mohty, 2011) Furthermore, the Allogeneic Transplant have a tendency to raise some serious complications. For this procedure, the suppressors of the immune system are injected into the body, which makes sure that they don’t the new cells of the body, making you more susceptible to illness as your immune system will be weak.

Complications faced in the Bone Marrow Transplant:

Due to many cautious procedure, the bone marrow transplant can raise some serious complications which can fatal and more harming than the bone marrow disease CITATION Ima02 \l 1033 (Imad A. Tabbara, Kathy Zimmerman, Morgan, & al, 2002). These include

GVHD; Graft-versus-host disease which is coherent in the allogenetic transparent only. The condition occurs in the body after the transplant when the stem cells isolated from the donor that are making up your new immune system, see the body’s tissues and organs as foreign cells and attacks them CITATION Yos17 \l 1033 (Lee, 2017). The risk of this happening is probably low, but in the case of an unrelated donor, the risk increases exponentially. But, there can be a lot of reasons for this, so, it can happen to anyone, who is getting a transplant from a donor. After the successful transplantation of the cells, GVHD can occur anytime soon, but mostly, it happens when the body starts to make new heathy cells. GVHD can be acute or chronic. Acute GVHD occurs at the earlier months after the transplant and it will typically affect liver, skin and the digestive tract. Chronic GVHD typically develops later,

]Graft Failure

Cataracts

Infertility

New Cancers

Infections are more likely to occur in the case of bone marrow suppression, most common amongst is the bacterial infection. Viral, and other fungal infections can also occur.

Organ Damage: The continuous attack on the previous body cells from the new cells will abruptly damage the tissues of the organ it is attacking, which will in turn damage the organ and effects its whole functioning.

Topic Summary and Conclusion:

A bone marrow transplant is the procedure which involves the insertion of the new bone marrow cells into the body after the damaging of the previous ones. This will create new and healthy bone marrow cells in your body. Bone Marrow Transplant need arises when the body’s old bone marrow cells are damaged, or there has been some serious infection like Aplastic Anaemia, Lymphoma etc. There are two ways for the source of the stem cells, one is the self transplant and other from a close relative which is genetically related, termed as the donor. In the case of self bone marrow cells, the transplant is known as autologous transplant. In the case of the stem cells from the donor, the transplant is allogeneic. Autologous occurs only in the case when the patients old bone marrow cells are healthy. Allogeneic transplant occurs when the patients own bone marrow cells are damaged, and the transplant is done through a donor but this raises some serious implications like GVHD, affecting the patient in the longer run.

A bone marrow transplant can cure the disease, but can also increase the susceptibility of others. Some people have a complete bone marrow transplantation without any side effects. But, in some peope, side effects arise for a short term with severity, which varies from person to person. It is helpful to remember that majority of the cases, these are temporary and the transplant would be successful.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Buckley, R. H. (2004). A historical review of bone marrow transplantation for immunodeficiencies. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 793-800.

Imad A. Tabbara, M., Kathy Zimmerman, R., Morgan, C., & al, e. (2002). Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. JAMA Internal Medicine.

Lee, Y. I. (2017). ate effects of blood and marrow Transplantation. Haematologica , 614-625.

Mohty, B. M. (2011). Long-term complications and side effects after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: an update. Blood Cancer Journal.

s

Bovine Herpes Virus

Bovine Herpes Virus

[Author Name]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Bovine Herpes Virus

1st Article

Wulf M along with his fellow researchers reviewed the occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA, especially in slaughterhouses. The author, with the help of previous research, explained how the use of high-pressure antibiotics resulted in making the MRSA multi-resistant. The author focused on the slaughterhouses and farms in Netherland and Germany to determine the capacity of the spread of MRSA. According to the author, the inter-human spread capacity of MRSA ST398 is limited. However, it has been observed that the community and hospital-acquired MRSA ST398 infections among humans, harbor the genes encoding production of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin. This results in the ability of MRSA ST398 to pick up additional virulence factors. The author also proposed several interventions to reduce the spread of MRSA (Wulf & Voss, 2008). According to the author, there is an immense need to develop a systematic plan to use infection control medicines and vaccines.

As microbiology is the study of a wide range of microscopic organisms, so this research is directly linked to this field as the whole research is about MRSA, which is a bacteria. Furthermore, microbiologists can study the patterns by which the MRSA is becoming multi-resistant, and they can also help to provide an insight into treating the infections caused by the MRSA.

2nd Article

The article provided an insight into the occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA, especially in slaughterhouses. In livestock, due to proximity, it is necessary to provide infection control medications to pigs. However, due to these medications, the MRSA is becoming more resistant to antibiotics and other medicines. The research in the article can be applied in the field of microbiology. A microbiologist can develop a systematic plan to use infection control medicines and vaccines in a way that it can effectively reduce the chances of infection. Findings of the article helped a lot in understanding the importance of hygiene. Maintaining personal hygiene, washing the meat before using it, and cleaning your house to minimize the chances of being infected, can be an effective approach.

References

Wulf, M., & Voss, A. (2008). MRSA in livestock animals—an epidemic waiting to happen?. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 14(6), 519-521.

Brazierj_Cognitive Learning



Theory/Model

Basic Principles of Theory/Model

Stages/Components

Classroom Application

Criticism/Problems

Information Processing Model of Learning (updated Atkinson-Shiffrin model)

This model is an explanation of the working of memory. It is a multi-store mode which assumes that the memory is passive and it can be used through some separate and cognitive ways.

There are three stages:

Sensory register: sensory information enters into memory

Short-term Store: also known as short-term memory which has significance in both sensory register

Long Term Store: where the information is rehearsed

It can be represented in the applicability of a classroom through non-verbal working activities, verbal working activities and self-regulation of effect, motivation and aroused which defies the ability to create a delay in the modulation or the response of the events to the stimulus

There is more than one type of short term store, and for the long-term, the same criteria lie for the weakness.

It doesn’t the formation of more meaningful memories as compare re

Levels of Processing Theory

This theory is based upon the learning that humans are involved in the processing of the information they receive, rather than responding to a certain stimulus. This theory equates in a way to a computer for the human mind that it will analyse information from the environment.

There are four stages which are followed in the Information Processing Theory.

Attention: Paying close attention to anything that's happening, e.g. words

Encoding: Taking in of the information after the attention

Storing: The information enters in the memory bank

Retrieving: Utilization of that information in some other stage of life by memorising.

It can be utilised by the showing the basic concepts, verbal material continuously being repeated, analysing the distraction that the students are facing, applying new learning technique and teaching them to be attentive for proper encoding. They are organising a situation where they could reinstate the information.

It is a slow capacity and Fast decaying memory.

The model takes the human brain as a computer, regardless of human emotion which imposes a weakness.

Schema Theory

According to the theory, a schema is the pattern of thought or behaviour which describes the categorisation of the information and various relationships that might arise among them. It can also be said as the structural elements of the mind to the conceived ideas.

Schemas are tending to be more dynamic, they change and develop based on the addition of new information and experiences the individual might face

They guide the interpretation of the new information and its usage more resourcefully.

They are involved in storing both kinds of information, “what”, and “how”.

It can be beneficial in applying to a classroom full of students to make sure that the students go through a beneficial experience. For this, students must be given pre relevant knowledge on the topic.

Schema focuses on inaccurate memory call

The acquiring procedure of the schemas uncertain

Edward Tolman

`Edward Tolman, was for, what is now known to be behavioural psychology. He invented the concept of latent learning, which is a form of learning which is not expressed immediately though an overhead response, rather than without the obvious reinforcement of any other. It is widely believed for the phenomenon that reinforcement should occur.

Three groups of rats being placed in a maze and were being observed for more than two weeks.

Group 1 rats reach at the end of the maze very easily and found food. Group 2 rats never found food, group 3 kept moving for 18 days and reached at the 11th day, when food was introduced. This showed that for the Group 3 rats, there was no reinforcement of the food From which they had learned the organisation off

For the practising of latent learning, it’s not always considered to include rewards or benefits, as this type of learning does no such demonstration

For behaviourists, it is identified that the learning is studied by environmental contingencies which arise a permanent change in the behaviour.

It is assumed that all laws of the learning are universal

Same learning laws apply to species as well as all forms of learning.

References:

Atkinson, R.C. and Shiffrin, R.M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In K. W. Spence and J. T. Spence (Eds) The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol 2). London: Academic Press

Psychology, Sixth Edition, Worth Publishers, 2010.

Bern, S. L. (1983) Gender Schema Theory and Its Implications for Child Development: Raising Gender-Aschematic

Children in a Gender-Schematic Society. Signs. 8(4), 598-616

Bronchoscopy

Bronchoscopy

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Bronchoscopy

Bronchoscopy is a procedure that allows the examination of the interior of the lungs and its pathways. It is notable to mention that bronchoscopy is used to detect certain lung problems that make it difficult for an individual to breath properly. It can also be used to detect and investigate infection, bleeding and tumors. For that particular purposes, doctors use an instrument called bronchoscope that is made up of fiber optic material. The bronchoscope has been inserted up to the lungs through the nose or mouth (Mahmoud & Kalanjeri, 2019). The device contains a light source and camera that helps healthcare practitioners to properly examine the entire lungs and its pathways.

Source: https://www.heritagevalley.org/media/W1siZiIsIjIwMTgvMDEvMzEvM2l1dWs5MmNvYl9IVk1HX1B1bG1vbm9sb2d5YnJvbmNvc2NvcHkucGRmIl1d/HVMG_Pulmonologybroncoscopy.pdf

Before the process of bronchoscopy, a local anesthetic spray is used around the throat and nose of an individual. Healthcare practitioners provide with a sedative to help a patient to relax. It is notable to mention that general anesthesia is usually not required during bronchoscopy. After implementing anesthetic spray to nose and throat, the bronchoscope is inserted into the nose (Kabadayi & Bellamy, 2016). That instrument is inserted up to the airways (bronchi) of lungs. The instrument contains brushes in order to collect tissue samples from airways of the lungs. It is essential to take tissue samples from the lungs to identify the condition of the lungs. It is noteworthy to mention that samples from inside the air sacs are highly beneficial to effectively examine the condition of lungs. For this particular purpose, healthcare practitioners wash the lung with the help of saline during that procedure. The bronchial washing process is used to collect cells that are washed off from the airways' surface (Mahmoud & Kalanjeri, 2019). These cells are then examined under a microscope to investigate the lung. In order to avoid any complications during the procedure, the patient is connected to a heart monitor. Required time for the completion of bronchoscopy varies on the basis of health complication (Kabadayi & Bellamy, 2016). However, in general, half an hour is required to complete the entire procedure.

Source: https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/flexible-fiber-optic-bronchoscopy-7112280648.html

Patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory require intubation post-procedure. Hence, it is required to operate these patients in secure settings to safely secure the airways. Patients on non-invasive ventilation (NIV) require special consideration during the procedure of bronchoscopy. In order to facilitate an effective bronchoscopy in patients on NIV, a nasal mask or high flow oxygen can be used to properly regulate the entire procedure without any complication (Kabadayi & Bellamy, 2016). T-adopter can also be attached to the facemask in order to insert the instrument for bronchoscopy for a patient on NIV.

Image: Vector illustration of a bronchoscopy of lungs

It is necessary to adhere to some necessary practical techniques during the procedure of bronchoscopy. Healthcare practitioners should ensure that bronchoscope's light source, scope focus and white balance are properly adjusted before inserting the instrument through the nose (Kabadayi & Bellamy, 2016). Proper orientation of bronchoscope is highly necessary to conduct an adequate examination. Therefore, it is essential to keep the instrument in the center of the lumen to ensure the effectiveness of this procedure.

Source: https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-tests/b/bronchoscopy/procedures.html

Incidences of complications are low in bronchoscopy that indicates its effectiveness. Average mortality rate regarding the use of bronchoscopy is as low as 0.01 percent, however, in some cases, it shows 0.08-2 percent mortality rate. Common complications related to the use of bronchoscope include trouble breathing, infection, bleeding, lung damage, inflammation of lung tissue, narrowing of bronchi or trachea, and low blood oxygen level (Chen & Bai, 2019). During the procedure of bronchoscopy, there is a chance of lung collapse that is referred to as pneumothorax. Using a rigid bronchoscope rather than flexible bronchoscope can result in pneumothorax (Chen & Bai, 2019).

References

Chen, K., & Bai, C. (2019). Occupational adverse effects and protective factors in bronchoscopy. Journal of thoracic disease, 11(4), 1651.

Kabadayi, S., & Bellamy, M. C. (2016). Bronchoscopy in critical care. Bja Education, 17(2), 48-56.

Mahmoud, N., & Kalanjeri, S. (2019). Bronchoscopy. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.

Cancer Research Paper

All about Cancer and treatment of cancer

Submitted by

College

Contact

In everyday language, the malignant disease is most often referred to as cancer, and cancer is generally considered the worst condition. However, cancer is much better than its reputation. Currently, nearly two-thirds of people living with cancer live at least five years after their illness and more and more recover from it. Cancer has become one of the diseases, among others - it is a disease that is cured of, hoped for, and can lead a good life.

Cancer is a very diverse set of diseases that are linked by a single factor, the uncontrolled proliferation of cells. Growth and reproduction are due to changes in the genes that regulate cell and tissue growth. The body has a large number of defenses to prevent and repair dangerous genetic changes and therefore requires several simultaneous or sequential genetic damage before the situation "gets out of hand"1.

Cancer cells produce as part of the aging process of the body, and therefore, cancer becomes more common with age. Coincidence plays an important part, but external factors also play a significant role. Lifestyle and living environment affect the formation of a cancer cell and the defense mechanisms by which the body rejects cancer. External factors can also affect the growth of latent or established cancer by slowing or accelerating it. Prolonged exposure to smoke, especially tobacco smoke, causes more cancer than any other known environmental factor. Other causes of cancer include alcohol, ultraviolet radiation, obesity, and lack of exercise. Red meat (mainly industrially processed) seems to increase the risk of cancer, while fiber-rich carbohydrates (rye bread, oatmeal, fruits, vegetables) reduce the risk. It is estimated that four out of ten cancers could be prevented by addressing these factors2.

Cancer grows very slowly in the beginning. It is estimated that it takes on average about ten years for one malignant cell to become a centimeter in diameter. Thus, a delay of several weeks in the initiation of treatment does not, in most cases affect the prognosis. Again, cancer is not a single disease. Several cancers grow very slowly and a small number very fast. For example, a great deal of prostate cancer belongs to slow-growing "kind" cancers that do not cause actual harm during a man's lifetime. According to the old saying, the prognosis of prostate cancer is usually so good that it does not die but dies with it.

The slow average growth of cancer is indicated by the change in the risk of lung cancer after smoking cessation. The risk of illness begins to decline slowly within a couple of years of stopping smoking, but well over ten years before the risk returns to non-smoking levels. The danger of lung cancer is partial because it discovers so late that treatments no longer help.

The varied nature of cancer is also illustrated by changes in the prevalence of individual cancers. Lung cancer is rarer in men but more common in women. Esophageal and gastric cancers are reduced when the colon and rectum cancers are increasing in both sexes. Breast cancer and cancer of the uterine body have become increasingly common in women. Prostate cancer is found more in men each year, but the increase may be apparent and due to screening (PSA, prostate-specific antigen)3. As a result of all these changes, the overall rate of cancer in men is currently increasing slowly and slightly faster in women.

On the other hand, cancer mortality is declining rapidly. The change is due to a reduction in disease (lung cancer, esophageal and stomach cancer), screening (cervical cancer), and giant steps in treatment (all cancers). Treatment results in pediatric cancer are particularly useful. They are still deficient in pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, and lung cancer. The treatment of even the most severe cancers is progressing slowly but surely. Research states that by the end of this decade, 80-90% of all cancers will be completely cured. Money can become a barrier because some of the new treatments are very expensive3.

Prevention is the best treatment for cancer. The same measures that can reduce the risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and even dementia also prevent cancer. If cancer is found, it is best to be as calm as possible. The chances of healing are good and year by year. Hope should never be lost. New treatments are often useful even if the disease has already spread or recurred3.

How does cancer develop?

The origin of cancer is a multistep event in which damage to a cell's genetic material makes a normal cell malignant. The disturbance gradually accumulates in the cell growth-regulating system. Cancer comes from a genetic defect. Human genetic factors, or genes, are located inside cells in structures called chromosomes. Genes control cellular functions, such as their distribution. Genes can be altered or mutated if the mechanisms that regulate cell division fail. One gene defect is usually not enough to cause cancer. Cancer occurs when mutations occur in several genes that play an essential role in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation. The so-called cancer genes are normal genes controlling cell function that are just damaged. There are two types of cancer genes: oncogenes, cancer-causing genes whose activation causes uncontrolled cell division growth-inhibitory genes or anticancer genes whose carcinogenic effect is due to their cessation of action4.

Genetic damage is continually occurring in many cells. However, the human body has a sophisticated defense system that corrects damage. If the system fails, the damaged cells may begin to divide uncontrollably, eventually leading to cancer. There are billions of cancer cells in a cancerous tumor. The cancer cell must divide many thousands of times before the cancer is even pea-sized. Thus, it may take years for the cancer to show up on an X-ray or be palpable. Sometimes, however, a tumor can also grow much faster.

Cancer treatment

The human body is made up of cells. Typically, the distribution of cells in the body is carefully regulated, so that new cells are created as the old ones reach the end of their life cycle. Sometimes, however, the cell begins to grow and divide abnormally. The mass formed from uncontrolled dividing cells is called a tumor. Tumors can be benign or malignant. There are three types of treatment including;

Surgical intervention

The oncological surgeon removes the tumor, in the hope that cancer cells are localized so far only in one place. However, modern science cannot guarantee the absence of metastases. Most often, surgery is an integral part of complex treatment.

Chemotherapy

Treatment directed against the rapid division of cells and contributing to their weakening by toxic drugs. Alas, therapy affects both cancer cells and healthy cells. Unfortunately, a gentler alternative to this method of treatment has not yet been invented, but doctors are qualitatively choosing the dosage of the drugs and explain how to minimize side effects.

Radiation therapy

Tumor irradiation, or radiotherapy, is by far the safest way to treat cancer. High-energy radiation negatively affects the DNA of the cell, destroying it, and the cancer cell is unable to divide and grow after irradiation actively5. Healthy cells have a much higher chance of regeneration than cancer cells, so radiation therapy is much more destructive for aggressor cells.

Modern methods of remote radiation therapy

The most recent techniques, such as 3D conformal radiation therapy, radiation therapy with intensity modulation and radiation therapy with visual control, allow achieving extremely accurate target formation, to which the prescribed dose of radiation is applied5. Modern technology can significantly prevent the irradiation of vital organs located near the tumor. Another essential tool is radiobiological research to help one to choose the best treatment regimen. A comprehensive quality assurance program should be in place at the medical facility.

Bibliography

Tiu, C., Loh, Z., Gan, C. L., Gan, H., John, T., & Hawkes, E. (2019). Effect of Reasons for Screen Failure on Subsequent Treatment Outcomes in Cancer Patients Assessed for Clinical Trials. Oncology, 1-7.

Niazi, K. R., Rabizadeh, S., & Bredesen, D. E. (2018). U.S. Patent No. 9,885,704. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Lambert, J. M., & Berkenblit, A. (2018). Antibody-drug conjugates for cancer treatment. Annual review of medicine, 69, 191-207.

Song, M., Vogelstein, B., Giovannucci, E. L., Willett, W. C., & Tomasetti, C. (2018). Cancer prevention: Molecular and epidemiologic consensus. Science, 361(6409), 1317-1318.

Senapati, S., Mahanta, A., Kumar, S., and Maiti, P. (2019). Controlled drug delivery vehicles for cancer treatment and their performance.

Candia Albicans

Name of disease

Candida Albicans

Name of causative agent

Yeast (Candida)

Category (fungus, etc.?)

Fungi

Multi- or uni- cellular?

Unicellular oval-shaped

Epidemiology

Geographic prevalence

Member of human gut flora—unable to flourish outside the body. It is present in 70% humans but develops problems in immune-compromised individuals (Kabir, Hussain & Ahmad, 2012)

Average rates of infection

Mortality rate is less than 40% (Gudlaugsson et. al., 2003). Nearly 46,000 cases of this condition are reported each year in US (CDC, 2015)

Reservoir

Intestinal tract, skin and mucus membrane without causing any illness. However, problems can be initiated when overgrowth of these organisms takes place (Rosenbach et. al., 2010; Naglik et. al., 2011)

Transmission mode

Food borne, moist or wet places—particularly in case of skin or vaginal infections) (Rosenbach et. al., 2010)

Pathology

Major tissues/organs

Urinary Tract: this type of yeast is the major cause of Urinary tract infection which affects lower parts of the tract more often but is potent enough to perpetuate up to the kidneys (Pappas, 2016).

Vagina: it affects both vaginal anatomy and its secretions (Goncalves et. al., 2016).

Mouth and Blood: Abnormal development of this organism causes throat or mouth infection typically known as thrash (Epstein et. al., 1998). When these species render successful in entering blood and eventually whole body, the condition is known as invasive candidiasis

Major signs/symptoms

In mouth (CDC, 2015)

Cottony texture inside the mouth

Loss of taste is more frequent

Swallowing and eating accompanied with pain

Cracked and red corners of mouth

Inner cheeks, tongue and roof of the mouth having white patches

In vagina (CDC, 2015)

Soreness and itching in vagina

Sexual intercourse accompanied with pain

Urination pain

Abnormal vaginal secretions

Urinary tract (Diekema, 2004)

Bloody urine

Elevated sense of urination

Pelvic and abdominal pain

Burning sensation while urinating

Complications?

Develops variety of complications in individuals with different affected sites. Mouth infection intervenes with the taste and texture of mouth and tongue, swallowing and eating problems; vaginal infection interferes with the vaginal secretions and pain. Gastrointestinal tract intervenes the urination (Diekema, 2004)

Latency?

It takes 1-3 days to develop yeast infections after abnormal growth is initiated in the problematic body organs (CDC, 2015)

Treatment

Main treatment methods

Medications and preventive measures (CDC, 2015; Pappas et. al., 2016)

Consuming prescribed antifungal medicines e.g., fluconazole in case of severe mouth, vaginal infection and urinary tract infection (oral). In case of vaginal or mouth infection, antifungal cream and suppository treatments are other widely-acknowledged treatments.

Typical length of treatment

It takes 7-14 days getting treated when oral and suppository options are being used (CDC, 2015)

Prophylaxis?

Oral medication is available along with the ointment or suppository options (Pappas et. al., 2016)

Interesting fact?

Centuries back nearly about 400 BC, Hippocrates mentioned this disease in his paper work of the epidemics (Kurtzman & Jack, 1998). It is named after Latin word “Candidus” meaning ‘White” (Kurtzman & Jack, 1998).

References

CDC (2015). Fungal Diseases. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/invasive/statistics.html

CDC (2015). Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines: Vulvovaginal Candidiasis

CDC (2015). Vaginal Candidiasis. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/genital/index.html

Diekema, D. J., Pfaller, M. A. (2004). Nosocomial candidemia: an ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 25, 624–626. doi:10.1086/502451.

Epstein, J. B., Polsky, B. (1998). Oropharyngeal candidiasis: a review of its clinical spectrum and current therapies. Clin Ther, 20, 40-57.

Goncalves, B., Ferreira, C., Alves, C. T., Henriques, M., Azeredo, J., Silva, S. (2016). Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Epidemiology, microbiology and risk factors. Critical reviews in microbiology, 42, 905-27.

Gudlaugsson, O., Gillespie, S., Lee, K., Vande, B. J. V., et. al. (2003). Attributable mortality of nosocomial candidemia, revisited. Clin Infect Dis, 37, 1172–1177. doi:10.1086/378745.

https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/thrush/index.html

Kabir, M. A, Hussain, M. A., Ahmad, Z. (2012). Candida albicans: A Model Organism for Studying Fungal Pathogens. ISRN Microbiology., 538694.

Kurtzman, C. P. Fell, J. W. (1998). The yeasts, a taxonomic study (4ed.). ISBN 978-0444813121.

 Naglik, J. R., Moyes, D. L., Wächtler, B., Hube, B. (2011). Candida albicans interactions with epithelial cells and mucosal immunity. Microbes and Infection., 13(12-13), 963–976.

Pappas, P. G., Kauffman, C. A., Andes, D. R., et al. (2016). Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 62, e1-50.

Rosenbach, A., Dignard, D., Pierce, J. V., Whiteway, M., Kumamoto, C. A. (2010). Adaptations of Candida albicans for growth in the mammalian intestinal tract. Eukaryotic Cell. 2010, 9(7), 1075–1086

Case Study

Case Study [Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Case Study

Case Study 1

What errors in the initial treatment of the student's injury occurred? What would you do to avoid this type of infection? How could it be avoided?

The student does not wash his hand with an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Although the teacher gave him a pass to the school nurse, due to his next class, he forgets to follow up. Due to this, he missed the immediate first aid treatment. Secondly, he did not tell his mother about vomiting and diarrhea.

It could be avoided if the student had cleaned his wound with alcohol-based hand sanitizer and had gone to the school nurse for first aid treatment.

What symptoms are indicative of an infection caused by this organism?

The symptoms which are indicative of staphylococcus infection include

Small pimple and blister that developed after the injury

Diarrhea and vomiting

The wound area was sensitive to touch. Pus was present in the open sore. The area present around the injury was edematous.

What are the treatments for this serious type of infection? What tests should be done in the clinical laboratory at the hospital to determine the antibiotic to be used? What treatment should begin immediately?

Most of the small staphylococcus infection can be treated at home. Antibiotics are commonly prescribed to treat staphylococcus infection. The antibiotics include nafcillin, vancomycin, sulfa drugs, and cephalosporin. Vancomycin is commonly used to treat serious staphylococcus infection because most of the strains of staphylococcus bacteria are resistant to many traditional medicines; that's why vancomycin and other antibiotics are given intravenously to treat the infection. In case of a skin infection, an incision is made into the sore to drain fluid that has collected in it. Staphylococcus aureus bacteria are adaptable, and most of the varieties of it have become resistant to 1 or more antibiotics. It is reported that only 10% of staphylococcus bacteria can be cured with penicillin ("MRSA infection - Symptoms and causes," 2019).

The diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is usually based on performing the test with colonies. The test is performed for coagulase, clumping factor, thermostable deoxyribonucleic, and hemolysin. Other than this, commercial latex agglutination tests are also used to identify staphylococcus infection. Tissue culture is used to diagnose staphylococcus infection. A doctor can take a sample from tissue and wound from an infected area and then send it to the lab for testing. The blood test is also used to determine the staphylococcus infection.

Antibiotic treatment should begin immediately after being diagnosed with staphylococcus infection ("Staphylococcus aureus in Healthcare Settings | HAI | CDC," 2019).

If untreated, what additional measures would need to be administered to prevent a widely disseminated infection?

If untreated, Staphylococcus aureus infection can be deadly. The additional measures which are required to prevent widely disseminated staphylococcus infection are intravenous treatment with antibiotics until the patient has been afebrile for approximately 72 hours, and other infection signs have disappeared.

Case Study 2

What is the immunization the patient should have received? What is the recommended period for booster shots? (2pts)

The patient should have received the tetanus immunization. The first two shots of tetanus immunization are usually given in the first 4 weeks, and the third shot is given 6- 12 months after the second tetanus vaccine shot. Booster shots are recommended every 10 years after the initial series of tetanus shots ("Tetanus Disease | Home | Lockjaw | CDC," 2019).

The causative agent for this disease is. (1pt)

The causative agent for this disease is Clostridium tetani. 

Describe three identifying characteristics of this organism? (3pts)

Clostridium tetani are anaerobic, motile, and spore-forming bacteria ("Tetanus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology," 2019).

How did the organisms enter the hand of the gardener? (2pts)

The gardener left his gloves in the house, and while removing invasive weed, the tiny thorny base gouged his hand.

What causes the paralysis? (2pts)

Clostridium tetani is a bacteria that causes tetanus. The bacteria spores can spread to the central nervous system where it produce a toxin known as tetanospasmin. This blocks nerve signals from the spinal cord to the muscles and leads to severe spasm of muscles.

What other organisms belong to this genus that is medically significant? Describe at least three. (5pts)

The organism which belongs to this genus includes Clostridium tetani, Clostridium perfringens and ‎Clostridium botulinum. Clostridium difficile infection is a most common causes of hospital-acquired diarrhea. In the United States, Clostridium perfringens is a common cause of food poisoning. Clostridium botulinum infection blocks nerve functions and can lead to respiratory and muscular paralysis.

References

Tetanus Disease | Home | Lockjaw | CDC. (2019). Retrieved 7 December 2019, from https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/index.html

Tetanus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology. (2019). Retrieved 7 December 2019, from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229594-overview

Staphylococcus aureus in Healthcare Settings | HAI | CDC. (2019). Retrieved 7 December 2019, from https://www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/staph.html

MRSA infection - Symptoms and causes. (2019). Retrieved 7 December 2019, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mrsa/symptoms-causes/syc-20375336

Chapter 2 Reviewing The Concepts

Chapter 3 Reviewing the Concepts

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Chapter 3 Reviewing the Concepts

Correct Answer: C: For any atom, the number of protons plus the number of electrons equals the atomic mass.

Correct Answer: C: form when two or more atoms share electrons

Correct Answer: C: release H+ when added to the water

Correct Answer: D: Quaternary structure results from attractive forces between the subunits of a protein

Correct Answer: D: b or c

Correct Answer: B: has a high heat capacity, and therefore helps maintain a constant body teperature

Correct Answer: B: supply our cells with energy

Correct Answer: A: Have one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids

Correct Answer: C: are usually nonspecific and therefore capable of binding to many different substrates

Correct Answer: B: The two chains of RNA are held together by hyderogen bonds between the bases.

Correct Answer: C: HCl is an important buffering system in the blood

Correct Answer: Denaturation

Correct Answer: Lipids

Chapter 3 Reviewing The Concepts

Reviewing the Concepts

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Chapter 3 Reviewing the Concepts

Correct Answer: A: neural, epithelial, muscle, connective

Correct Answer: D: Nervous

Correct Answer: A: Epithelial Cells

Correct Answer: B: Storing energy reserves

Correct Answer: A: Endocrine

Correct Answer: D: Cartilage

Correct Answer: A: Tendons

Correct Answer: C: Connective Tissue

Correct Answer: D: All of the above

Correct Answer: C: Smooth

Correct Answer: C: Gap

Correct Answer: A: Production of Blood Cells

Correct Answer: A: mucous

Correct Answer: A: are opposite ot the change produced by the initial stimuls

Chapter 5 & 6 Reviewing The Concepts

Chapter 5 & 6 Reviewing the Concepts

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Chapter 5 & 6 Reviewing the Concepts

Chapter 5- Review the concept

Osteon

All of the above

Yellow bone marrow

Parathyroid hormone

Mandible

Femur

They have different arrangements of bone cells

Ligament

Osteoporosis

Clavicle and specula

Flexion

A 50 year old male workaholic with desk job

a) hydroxyapatite and b) calcium carbonate

Osteoblasts

Strain

Chapter 6- Review the concept

Motor unit

Creatine phosphate

Z lines

Breathing

Contraction of sarcomere

Actin molecule

An oxygen binding molecule in the cell membrane

Sarcomere

Twitch

Conduct action potentials to the interior of the muscle fibre

All of the above

(true)

Sarcomere

Chemistry

Paper Title

Name

Institution

Chemical Level of Organizations

In the human body, a total of six structural organizations are found. First and foremost is the chemical level and after that cell, tissue, organ, system and then comes the organism levels. Among all these levels the chemical organization is the simplest and basic one. It includes the building blocks which are also known as atoms which make life possible. Atoms are closely bonded with each other to make molecules; molecules are important because they perform different functions in the human body. These molecules further bind with each other to form organelles. The organelles are further attached to make the basic functional and structural function of the body.

Atoms themselves are made up of subatomic particles like electron, protons, and neutrons. Protons are basically positively charged, electrons are negatively charged, and neutrons have no charge. Atoms are combined through chemical reactions to form molecules and compounds. Three types of bonds are basically present in an atom which are a covalent bond, ionic bond, and hydrogen bond. A chemical reaction takes place when reactants are combined to form products. In most of the macromolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids these bonds are present, and these bonds play a major role in their hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity.

Chemical organization of molecules varies, it is simple in case of micro molecules and quite complicated in case of macromolecules. So the properties of atom or any product basically depends on the chemical organization (Dupont, 2004).

References

Dupont, J. (2004). On the solid, liquid and solution structural organization of imidazolium ionic liquids. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 15(3), 341-350.

Chiropractor Helps Relieve Back Pain

Chiropractor Helps Relieve Back Pain

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Chiropractor Helps Relieve Back Pain

Chiropractic is a health care profession devoted to the diagnosis and non-surgical treatment of neuromuscular disorders of the nervous and musculoskeletal system. Normally, chiropractors focus on treatment through manual handling or adjustment of the spine. Most chiropractors try to decrease pain and recover the functionality of patients and educate them on how they can improve their fitness via exercise and other therapies to overcome back pain.

Chiropractors perform spinal management by applying a small amount of force or a more powerful push to readjust the bones of neck and spine by means of their hands or a device CITATION WHO05 \l 1033 (Staff, 2005). According to the American Chiropractic Association (ACA), chiropractors handles back pain as well as other health situations, like headaches, neck pain, repetitive strains, arthritic pain and ligament, muscle and joint disorders and injuries. Spinal handling is classically most effective when shared with more traditional therapies for the treatment of back pain, such as:

Relaxation techniques

Massage

Exercise and stretching

Patient education

Electrical stimulation or ultrasound

Heat and cold therapies

Daniel David Palmer, in 1895, created chiropractic treatment. He was a grocer with an strong interest in metaphysics. He claimed to be the first who used explicit contacts as short-force points for producing more specific spinal alterations CITATION Nov09 \l 1033 (Novella, 2009). Palmer reported the principle of chiropractic by adjusting the backbone of a deaf janitor and claimed to restore hearing by manipulating his neck. Palmer refer his new therapy by creating the term ‘chiropractic’ which accurately means ‘done by hand’. He claimed that all disease is caused by dislocated bones, mostly spinal bones, and which disturb the movement of characteristic intellect. Without transferring his ideas to any research method, he directly started teaching his ideologies and principles to the first group of chiropractors and treating patients.

The best way to choose a chiropractors is to ask a physical therapist, basic care physician, or backbone specialist for references whom they consider as capable and reliable. Moreover, we ask our friends, colleagues and neighbors for recommendations. It is valuable to find a chiropractor who is appropriate to person specific needs, who is selected by recommendations CITATION Den08 \l 1033 (Denton, 2008). Generally, if many people recommend same chiropractor, then he must be most reliable for treatment. Best way before starting chiropractic treatment is to conduct a telephone call to consultation office to study about the chiropractor, his clinic, and techniques used by him. It is very significant to feel relaxed with chiropractor and his clinic environment to gain constructive treatment experience CITATION McD09 \l 1033 (McDonald, 2009).

There is good evidence about chiropractic treatment or spinal manipulation therapy (SMT). It is effective for few patients suffering from low back pain but not superior than other treatments. SMT is not limited to chiropractic professionals but also practiced by osteopathy doctors, physical therapists, and others. Approximately 50% patients say that there are short-term opposing effects from manipulation like increased radiating or local pain. It can injure the vertebrobasilar arteries, and cause problem of neck manipulation i.e. paralysis, stroke, and even death CITATION Ing19 \l 1033 (Ingraham, 2019).

Advanced chiropractors and critics from within the profession like doctors, chiropractic regulatory agencies, activist physicians, scientists reporting and explaining concerns about chiropractic treatment success and claims on health. There is no published evidence of the chiropractic treatment success. Irrespective of passionate claims, there is no evidence that defensive or care alterations do anybody any good. Moreover, I believe that some chiropractic therapy does work for some people n a particular way. Mostly people want to know, does chiropractic therapy works? What kind of treatment it is? What kind of patients are suggested for it?

Generally, the risk of injury during chiropractic treatment is low when it is done by a skilled and licensed consultant. Spinal manipulation has fewer risks and most of side effects are minor like stiff, tender, or hurting muscles which lasts for 1-2 days after treatment. Some people may feel momentary headache, dizziness, or impassiveness after an appointment. Though some reports explain about serious side effects after chiropractic treatment like compression of nerves, spinal cord injury, spinal fluid leakage, cauda equina syndrome, herniated disc CITATION Sal15 \l 1033 (Salehi, Hashemi, Imanieh, & Saber, 2015). Neck manipulation carries risk of stroke by blocking blood flow in the brain. Some people are not recommended for chiropractic like:

Severe arthritis

Bone or joint infection

Severely pinched nerves

Bone tumors

Bone fractures

Severe osteoporosis 

If my grandmother asks me for chiropractic manipulation for her health, I will not suggest her because of two reasons i.e. her age and severe arthritis.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Denton, G. L. (2008). Brainlash: Maximize Your Recovery From Mild Brain Injury. Demos Medical Publishing.

Ingraham, P. (2019, October 24). The Chiropractic Controversies. Retrieved from www.painscience.com: https://www.painscience.com/articles/does-chiropractic-work.php

McDonald, W. P. (2009). Chiropractic Peace. Trafford Publishing.

Novella, S. (2009, June 24). Chiropractic – A Brief Overview, Part I. Retrieved from https://sciencebasedmedicine.org: https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/chiropractic-a-brief-overview-part-i/

Salehi, A., Hashemi, N., Imanieh, M. H., & Saber, M. (2015). Chiropractic: Is it Efficient in Treatment of Diseases? Review of Systematic Reviews. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery, 244-254.

Staff. (2005). WHO guidelines on basic training and safety in chiropractic. World Health Organization.

Climate Change Labs (3)

Title page

Labs

Lab 1 Living in carbon world

1A: Trace pathway of carbon from atmosphere into tress

Carbon that plants receive is transmitted from atmosphere. Carbon is released to the forest through a biological process. Photosynthesis is the initial step by which plants capture carbon dioxide and then transforms it to organic molecules. These molecules act as building components for the growth of plants. Carbon molecules is existing in the dry biomass of plants. Carbon molecules are stored in biomass as plants grow. In trees carbon is used for the development of new biomass. Biomass is connected to the roots, stems and branches. Mitochondria decomposes the organic material that releases carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Even when plant dies the carbon is locked in the soil that survive for hundred and thousands of years.

1B: Carbon in local trees

I conducted the experiment of measuring carbon dioxide in the three local trees. The trees are quite young.

Trees

D

a

b

M(kg)=aDb

Kg of carbon

Red Maple

9.5

0.09

2.51

25.9

13.5

Sugar Maple

9.5

0.09

2.51

25.9

13.5

American basswood

12.5

0.09

2.59

65.5

34.5

1C: Carbon compound transformation

I have done vinegar experiment for findings the presence of carbon. By adding some amount of vinegar to the baking soda I observed fizzing occurred. This confirmed the presence of carbon dioxide. I passed the straw from the hole of jar cap to an empty glass. When I poured some vinegar and spoon of baking soda in the jar, CO2 gas passed from the straw to empty glass. Carbon dioxide is heavier than air so it stayed in the glass.

1D: Carbon and fossil fuel

I watched a video on YouTube shared by National Geography that explains how human activities are changing the chemical composition of the atmosphere. The video depicts that increased reliance of the society on fossil fuels is releasing toxic gases in the environment that include carbon dioxide, nitrous oxides, methane and chloroflouro-carbons. These are known as greenhouse gases and constantly heats the temperature. As more heat is entrapped in greenhouse gases, the temperature of earth continues to increase. The graph reveals that human activities such as burning of fossil fuels by industries for generating energy has released large amount of carbon dioxide. The warming of planet is due to release of greenhouse gases in atmosphere. The changes in climate is affecting every aspects of human life such as food, health and weather.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G4H1N_yXBiA

Lab 2 Carbon on move

2A: Forest carbon cycle

I learned that food webs and carbon cycle are closely linked to each other. Photosynthesis transmit carbon molecules to grass. Every living being contain carbon. Primary consumers eat carbon that is transmitted through food webs. I examined a rabbit eating grass is also consuming carbon. This indicates that carbon has moved through food webs. Carbon leaves animal body through respiration only when they die and after that it decomposes. Decomposition is the process that transmits carbon from dead organic matter to the forests. This reveals that carbon can move from decomposed matter.

2B: Global carbon cycle

Carbon is abundant in the universe that moves freely across reservoir. Rocks have stored massive amount of carbon while the remaining carbon is in the atmosphere, oceans, soil, plants and fossil fuels. Caron is released from reservoir through carbon cycle that are working to prevent earth’s carbon for getting to the atmosphere. Warmer interglacial periods and changes in the earth’s temperature have increased the rate of carbon cycle that were responsible for maintaining balance. At faster rates these cycles more 1016 to 1017 grams of carbon each year. This means that the rates are increasing that is threatening for the earth.

2C: Carbon cycle feedbacks

The interconnectedness of the earth system indicates that changes in any single component of earth’s climate system will affect the level of earth’s equilibrium. Feedback loops explain effects that trigger or initiate changes to the climate system. This indicates that changes in any part of carbon cycle system are linked to other parts. A positive feedback loop works when change occurs in the same direction. While a negative feedback loop works in opposite direction. This indicates that chances in carbon cycles are linked.

Lab 3 Carbon in atmosphere

3A: Carbon is a gas

The compounds that exist in atmosphere and have relationship with greenhouse effect include carbon dioxide (64%), Methane (17%), other gases (12%), Nitrous oxide (6%) and Fluorinated gases (1%). This indicates that the largest compound is carbon that with other gases is trapped in earth’s atmosphere. These gases are non-reactive with each other but get energy in the form of heat from sun. Human activities accelerate the release of greenhouse gases.

3B: My life story

The graph shows how relationship between carbon dioxide and ice ages changed throughout history. Comparing the period from 800,000 to 100,000 depicts that the level of CO2 didn’t changed significantly. Only slight changes are noted with respect to ice ages this is because the glaciers were not melting at excessive rates as they are now. While in 2018 the level of carbon dioxide is raised at the rate of 407.8 ppm on average. This reflects massive increase in the release of carbon dioxide. This reveals that the changes in the levels of CO2 occurred mostly in the last 50 years.

3C: Keeping track of CO2 in todays atmosphere

The recent data on CO2 levels depicts that it has risen at a constant rate. The graph depicts the changes in the level of carbon dioxide from 1980 to 2020. There have in consistent rise in the level of carbon dioxide. While peak is reached at 2020. This is due to the negative impacts of human activities such as burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. Current trends also suggest further increase in the CO2 level. Massive changes are recorded in current period compared to three million years ago. This is also due to the fact that increase in temperatures has caused melting of glaciers.

Lab 4 Deforestation and the climate cycle

4A: Changes in forest cover

I viewed the video on deforestation in Amazon rainforest published posted by BBC. Amazon is the largest tropical forest in the world that contain millions of trees. While deforestation was controlled by the law enforcement after environmental advocates raised concerns for saving planet. Forest loss is a significant problem because each year hundreds of trees are burned. Amazon rainforest fire of 2019 caused death of numerous trees. This is the planet’s largest source for biodiversity but under threats due to the production of soy. It is also possible that the land will loss much of its trees for soy production. The food we eat threatens the Amazon forests because it is predicted that much of the land covered will lose its trees.

It is possible to stop the deforestation of amazon by Inga tree also known as miracle tree CITATION Har191 \l 1033 (Cockburn, 2019). These trees can grow in poor soil resulting from the slash and burned land. These trees enhance soil fertility and help growth and survival of other species. The trees not only save the forest but will also provide food for the community. Evidence has suggested that these trees are effective source for fixing nitrogen in the soil and also provide nutrients to the plants. These trees will save ecosystems and play crucial role in saving the forests.

  HYPERLINK "http://www.ouroverde.org.br/" \t "_blank" Ouro Verde (Green Gold) Institute suggested burning farming methods can be adopted for offering corridors for the wildlife in Amazon. The institute has also taken initiative for setting more Inga trees.

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-49971563

4B: Global forest watch

Global Forest Watch will be used for researching changes based on the research questions.

Lab 5 Soil and the carbon cycle

5A: Soil, carbon and microns

Soils play significant role in carbon cycles. Living organisms and bacteria takes in carbon including plants. Photosynthesis is the process by which carbon dioxide is released in the atmosphere. As plants grow, shoots and roots and created that fall and become organic matter for the soils. Microbes get food from this dead organic matter that created carbon dioxide by respiration. Burning of plants and soils is causes release of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Soil carbon exists in the form of biomass and non-biomass. Biomass contains fungi and bacteria while non-biomass include starch, cellulose and lignin in the dead plants. Biological activity of soil organisms such as microbes causes soil respiration which is used for measuring carbon dioxide flus such as μmol CO2 m− 2 s− 1.

The experiment on soil respiration reveals that two main sources of CO2 in soil are;

Organic matter decomposed by microbes.

Respiration of microbes (rhizosphere).

The amount of carbon contained by soil is 3200 Pg which is greater than its amount in atmosphere. Carbon released by Rs is -78 Pg that is greater than what is released by fossil fuels. Non-steady chamber method is used for estimating soil respiration. The principle states that the concentration of CO2 rises inside chamber and no significant changes are observed due to the external environmental conditions.

5B: Permafrost; frozen soil staring to thaw

I learned that frozen soil unbalances carbon cycle. This is because carbon is transferred from permafrost soils to microbes. Large carbon reservoir is stored in permafrost that returns through sedimentation and burial. Soils are identified as the largest sources for storing carbon. Approximately 9 percent of the earth’s land is covered by permafrost. Permafrost stores the carbon that is released from terrestrial vegetation. Climate changes impact permafrost slowly so removal of carbon from atmosphere takes longer duration CITATION Car192 \l 1033 (Gibson, Estop-Aragonés, Flannigan, Thompson, & Olefeldt, 2019).

Lab 6 Oceans and carbon cycle

6A: Down to deep- The ocean’s biological pump

The three methods used by oceans for absorbing carbon include physical carbon pump, biological carbon pump and carbonate pump.

Physical carbon pump: This works when the warm water from oceanic surface reaches the high latitudes and cools down which makes it heavy to sink below surface layer. Cooling of seawater requires more carbon dioxide. Vertical mechanism assures the exchange of carbon dioxide with the ocean’s and earth’s atmosphere. This indicates that vertical mechanism acted as carbon pump.

Biological carbon pump: It is a process used by ocean for storing carbon dioxide. Microscopic phytoplankton takes carbon dioxide and water that is transmitted to glucose and oxygen. Phytoplankton grows due to availability of adequate nutrients. Carbon is taken back to water by respiration of bacteria.

Carbonate pump: Organisms like plankton make contain carbonate. Cycling of organic matter reseals carbon dioxide.

Marine food webs including microbes and plankton are responsible for moving carbon from atmosphere to water. These organisms decompose matter and releases carbon dioxide after receiving sunlight. Fishes consuming them goes to water and transmit CO2.

6B: Phytoplankton- The ocean’s green machines

Phytoplankton serves as food webs for the aquatic life. They rely on microscopic organisms for food. Small fish eat plants that are eaten by big whales. Powerful biotoxins are also produced by some species of phytoplankton causes algal blooms. Photosynthesis is the process by which phytoplankton consume carbon dioxide on a very large scale. On their deaths some amount of carbon is transmitted to the layers of ocean when other creatures eat them. Large amount of carbon is moved from atmosphere to oceans by phytoplankton. A large quantity of carbon dioxide reaches near-water surface when phytoplankton decomposes.

Biogeochemical cycles explain the process stating that carbon and nitrogen cycles are interdependent. Large amount of nitrogen is present in the atmosphere that is useless until it is converted to other nitrogen compounds such as ammonia. This process is nitrogen fixation. Human activities have changed natural balance of carbon cycle that also affects nitrogen cycle. Nitrogen cycle starts with nitrogen gas that is vital for decomposition of microorganisms. Marine organisms can only use nitrogen when it is broken into various compounds. This allow them to take nitrogen to ocean.

Lab 7 Ocean acidification

7A: CO2 and ocean pH-what’s the connection?

I performed the experiment for testing effects of increased amount of COs on PH. The relationship of carbon dioxide with PH is assessed from the period of 1958 to 2018. The level of carbon has increased consistently with every passing year CITATION Cla00 \l 1033 (Boyd, 2000). The time series graph indicates that carbon dioxide has also influenced the PH level. When COs has reached the level of 400 ppm the PH has increased to 8.33. This indicates that the highest PH recorded for the changes in carbon dioxide is below 10.

7B: Ocean acidification-A risky shell game?

Woods Hole Oceangraphic Institute conducted research for determining the effect of ocean acidification on marine organisms. The research depicts that by ocean acidification the amount of ocean’s PH is lowered that is due to the increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions. The rate of PH on the scale declines significantly CITATION WHO19 \l 1033 (WHOI, 2019). The effects of acidic seawater were observed on sea urchin larvae. The findings depicts that the changes in the rate of PH affected the growth. Sea urchin’s growth was reduced.

Organism

PH

CO2 PPM

Response

Sea Urchin

7.25

350 PPM

Reduced growth

Lab 8 Slowing down an amplifying greenhouse effect

8A: Using technology to reduce CO2 in the atmosphere

The idea of father for the science project was to use show how carbon dioxide is absorbed from air.

It was focused on proving that carbon dioxide is present in the air that can be utilized by the process of photosynthesis.

The experiment started by keeping a potted healthy plant near the window in the room.

The plant was kept in the dark for 3 days.

A wide-mouthed bottle was taken that had a cork. The cork was split to half.

5-10 millimeters of hydroxide solution was added to the bottle. The amount of carbon dioxide present in the bottle was absorbed by this solution.

One leaf was put inside the bottled by passing half part from cork. The remaining portion was outside. Grease was applied around the cork for ensuring no air entered the bottle.

The plant was kept in sunlight for 4 hours and the leaf was then taken out of the bottle and put in iodine solution.

The color of the leaf didn’t changed that was inside the bottle. This shows that without carbon the color of the leaf didn’t change.

8B: Evaluating CO2 reducing technology

I still believe that “Green technology for construction” could be effective strategy for mitigating the risks of greenhouse gas emission and global warming. The concept of green building can focus on constructing by choosing sustainable features. Green technology can improve the buildings and cause fewer damages to the environment. The purpose is to utilize resources efficiently that will help in saving money. Emissions of toxic gases can be reduced that will help in mitigating the risks of global warming. By implementation of green technology and geothermal systems it is possible to control carbon dioxide emission.

There are some pros of green technology that include; minimization of degradation of environment, promotion of healthy environment, helps in conservation of energy and water resources. By controlling negative human activities such as increased reliance of fossil fuels and cutting of plants it will minimize emission of carbon dioxide. The effects of global warming are also slowed.

The potential disadvantages of sucking carbon from atmosphere will have “negative emissions”. Critics state that this technology will destabilize climate and is a source of serious distraction. There also implications of failing to attain the agenda further pose challenges for the environmentalists. The projects of green technology also involve high costs.

Lab 9 Food and climate change

9.1: Understanding global climate change and food systems

Optional Video Assignment: Understanding the Science of Global Climate Change

Which video did you watch?

Climate Change: Lines of Evidence

What did you learn from that video that was new information to you?

The video reveals the factors that are leading to climate changes such as increase in temperatures due to human activities such as increased use of fossil fuel and deforestation.

What did you think was persuasive about the video?

The most persuasive about the video is use of effective graphics and reliable data. It has explained changes in weather at different seasons such as winter, summer and spring.

Reorganize the items below into the correct timeline that considers both cause and effect as well as the sequential timing of events. Insert the letters for each item into the table below to organize the items into a logical order from left to right.

-77470555625Millions of years ago

Millions of years ago

6087021555625Present day

Present day

B

D

E

C

A

6096010947100

Carbon dioxide is a heat trapping, greenhouse gas, so increasing concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere result in rising global temperatures.

Ancient plants and animals die and are buried deep beneath the Earth’s surface trapping carbon.

Increasing temperatures from increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can result in more extreme weather events, including droughts and flooding, rising sea level, and melting of ice caps and glaciers.

Buried remains of ancient plants and animals are subjected to intense heat and pressure beneath the Earth’s surface that transform the remains into what we now call fossil fuels or hydrocarbons (large molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms that contain large amounts of chemical energy).

Population growth combined with industrialization results in increased burning of fossil fuels, which releases increasing amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Humans begin mining and drilling for fossil fuels, including coal, oil and natural gas, to burn them and transform the stored chemical energy into useful heat and mechanical energy.

9.2: Food production in changing climate

Question: What are some of the challenges that farmers will face in a changing climate?

The challenges that farmers face include; increased temperatures that will affect yield of crop. Heat stress can damage cop production. Floods and droughts also pose challenges.

Questions

Inspect Figure 9.2.5 above. Which crops' yields have already been most affected by climate change, and which crops the least?

The yield of corn was reduced to amore larger extent compared to wheat in China and Brazil. Rice yield was not much affected.

What are some possible reasons for the difference in yield impact between corn, wheat, and rice that you see in Figure 9.2.5?

The most important factor that impacted yield include increased temperature due to global warming.

Summative assessments

Part 1: Exploring the National Climate Change Viewer

The parts of US that are expected to experience greater changes between 2050-2074 due to climate change are Boston, Miami, Washington and Ottawa.

2) Which regions will dry?

The regions that are expected to dry the most include Chicago, Milwaukee, Kentucky and Indiana. This is because the color has changed to extreme dry.

In January Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas and Mississippi with experience less runoff. While the runoff will reduce in the preceding months.

4)By turning the variable to snow on the map it is determined that the areas that will fall in snowpack category include San Francisco, San Diego, North Pacific and Nebraska because temperature will fall to 0 degrees.

5) The map of climate shortage depicts that the states that will face this issue include Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, parts of Missouri and Nebraska, Iowa and Minnesota. Climate variability is causing these changes.

6) Six variables that reveals greater changes in growing season include maximum temperature, precipitation, run-off, snowpack, soli shortage and evaporative deficit.

Part 2: Exploring climate predictions for your capstone region

The key factors that will change the climate include variation in temperature, changes in soil storage and amount of water in snowpack. The USGC site has identified the variable that is temperature. US climate resilience toolkit depicts that the maximum temperature is 1150 Fahrenheit. Temperature changes have been viewed from 2019 to onwards. The changes in the earth’s temperature are threatening the climate sustainability.

The analysis also depicts that changes in the climate will also affect crop yield. Global warming has adversely impacted the agriculture. Yields of rice, maize and wheat are declined globally. Increase in temperatures increases risks of droughts, flooding and pest diseases that directly affect crop production. Due to melting of ice at rapid rates, resulting from global warming the precipitation has also increased. The changing dynamics of the climate also depicts future risks of drying lands.

I have learned that farmers can adapt to climate change by diversification of crop rotation, integrating livestock by choosing efficient crop production system and enhancing the quality of soil. Adoption of effective irrigation techniques can be practical way of mitigating such risks. The video reveals that famers could succeed even in uncertain climates. I learned the benefits of misting systems and wind machines. Frost protection is also an appropriate method for dealing with climate uncertainties. Forage gives the opportunity of protecting resources in winter when they face high risks of extreme precipitation. By considering the varieties of crop that are more suitable and adaptable the farmers can minimize loss of weather changes.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BBC. (2019). Amazon fires: What's the latest in Brazil? . Retrieved 12 15, 2019, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-49971563

Boyd, C. E. (2000). pH, Carbon Dioxide, and Alkalinity . Water Quality , 105-122.

Cockburn, H. (2019). Amazon deforestation could be stopped by ‘miracle tree’ . Retrieved 12 16, 2019, from https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/amazon-burning-rainforest-inga-tree-climate-crisis-fires-deforestation-a9174566.html

Gibson, C. M., Estop-Aragonés, C., Flannigan, M., Thompson, D. K., & Olefeldt, D. (2019). Increased deep soil respiration detected despite reduced overall respiration in permafrost peat plateaus following wildfire. Environmental Research Letters , 14 (12).

WHOI. (2019). Ocean Acidification. Retrieved 12 16, 2019, from https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-chemistry/ocean-acidification/faqs-about-ocean-acidification/

YouTube. (2011). Deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest . Retrieved 12 15, 2019, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rm8TyJ2fOaw

Climate Skeptive

Name

Professor name

Subject

Date

Climate skeptic

Climate skeptics are deniers of the scientific evidence presented for proving that human activities have the cause of climate change. The central argument made by skeptics is that humans have no role in controlling the environment and emphasize on the natural reasons. They also claim that there is no such thing as global warming because the earth has always warmed and cooled. Human attribution to this warming is minimal that even if they control it, no significant improvement will be made. The arguments made by the opponents of global warming depicts that they are only using their skepticism for building their point but do not offer adequate evidence. Skeptics are essentially people who have rejected to accept the scientific proof on the involvement of human beings in global warming CITATION Joh191 \l 1033 (Hartz). They say that humans have no role in global warming because there are other more strong factors that cannot be controlled.

Whatever happened to the climate is due to natural reasons so it is not appropriate to blame the people. Numerous factors have been the cause of temperature rise such as the growth of microscopic creatures and events on the sun. Subtle interaction of these factors with the earth has essentially contributed to climate change CITATION Hun15 \l 1033 (Huntingford and Friedlingstein). The supporters of global warming on contrary puts the blame on humans. They argue that the significant rise in temperature is due to human activities. However evidence reveals that rise in temperature started al least 800 years earlier when arctic temperature rose due to glacier termination. This evidence according to skeptics is adequate for proving that blaming humans is inappropriate for the high level of CO2 release. The argument also states that 100,000 years ago this rise in the temperature was not linked to global warming CITATION Rea04 \l 1033 (Real). Skeptics also claim that warming ha taken 500 years for completion and the results became more visible with time. Skeptics claims that blaming humans for global warming is illogical. They state, “changes in the amount of summer sunshine, due to changes in the Earth’s orbit around the sun that happen every 21,000 years” CITATION Rea04 \l 1033 (Real). The natural causes cannot be neglected as they present a realistic facts behind climate change.

The social pressure laid on the humans for controlling their negative activities is unjustified. Climate skeptics claims that environmentalists are blaming humans for the last two decades. They are trying to build consciousness through education campaigns and protests against deteriorating human activities. However they ignore that natural factors cannot be controlled which have broader impact on the climate. Even if human beings cut their consumption of fossil fuel or fewer trees are cut by the owners still temperature would rise CITATION APA19 \l 1033 (APA). There were no vehicles or microwaves 800 years ago but the temperature was still rising at that time. If human activities are the only cause of this dramatic climate change then why significant rise in levels of carbon dioxide and temperature are noted in those times. Scientists have failed to prove the link of climate change with destructive human activities CITATION Hun15 \l 1033 (Huntingford and Friedlingstein).

Mistrust towards scientific evidence or limitations in research findings cause skeptics to become climate change deniers. They continue to deny the facts which show their lack of trust on scientists. Another argument of the skeptics states that the rise in level of CO2 does not tell about global warming. Although temperature of the climate is rising but no scientific evidence could prove that it reflects global warming CITATION Mic072 \l 1033 (Page). This is also the reason for the failure of international campaigns, protests and summits on global warming CITATION Joh191 \l 1033 (Hartz). Environmentalists have started several social movements for educating the people about the reasons behind climate change and attempt to persuade the audience to take initiative for saving planet. Environmentalists have thus put unnecessary pressures on the humans by blaming them for this drastic change. People who are skeptic have denied these claims by saying them environmentalists have not proved their argument. In the march these protectants raise the argument that there should be no cutting of trees or release of CO2. They don’t present solutions for dealing with the natural factors because it is not possible. Many people are wanting to find the real causes behind climate change but unnecessary emphasis on human activities has resulted in their confusion CITATION Hun15 \l 1033 (Huntingford and Friedlingstein).

The sole purpose of skeptics is to deny the argument raised by the environmentalists about human participation in global warming and climate change. There are more important and influential factors that they have neglected CITATION Mic072 \l 1033 (Page). To prove the connection it is equally important to explain how cutting consumption of fossil fuels or electricity consumption or industrial waste will remove the carbon dioxide that is adequate for controlling climate change. There is uncertainty because no significant evidence has justified this argument.

I had chosen the issue of climate skeptic because it is difficult to understand what is the truth behind climate change. Two groups are debating to prove different views on this change. I therefore wanted to determine which view is more valid. To understand the reality of climate skeptics and denial I performed a climate change experiment in the lab. The goal of the experiment was to understand how carbon dioxide emission leads to global warming. I conducted a research and found global climate records. The databases are adequate for proving that the release of carbon emission is directly linked to global warming. The activity involved interpreting of the datasets and examining global change over human time scale. For this experiment I considered the NASA report on global warming and climate change. NASA claims on the basis of scientific evidence that most of the global warming occurred during the last 35 years. The findings of dataset reveals, “he planet's average surface temperature has risen about 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit (0.9 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century” CITATION Hun15 \l 1033 (Huntingford and Friedlingstein). Credible sources are evaluated for identifying the reality of the relationship between human activities and global warming. This brings me to a state of concluding that changes in human activities such as transformation to industrial society remains the dominant reason behind climate change. The results were not surprising because I already had the idea that human role has been the central cause behind global warming. Through my experience I learned that climate skeptic are arguing that climate change is not due to human practices but they are unable to prove it.

The argument of climate skeptics has opened two broader perspectives that creates chaos for the people. It is difficult to understand which view is valid and is it practical to control the activities that are linked to high CO2 generations. Climate skeptics are known as deniers because they reject the claim of environmentalists that human activities leads to global warming. They build their argument on the facts that temperature had been rising even 800 years earlier. The role of the climate protection campaigns and protests have been vague because they have not proved that eliminating human activities will remove global warming. This is also easy to justify because human activities have minor role in generation of carbon dioxide.

Work Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY APA. Climate change conversations can be difficult for both skeptics, environmentalists . 2019. 20 09 2019 <https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/08/190810151936.htm>.

Huntingford, Chris and Pierre Friedlingstein. "More frequent moments in the climate change debate as emissions continue." Environmental Research Letters 10.12 (2015).

Hartz, John. 2019 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming News Roundu. 2019. 21 09 2019 <https://skepticalscience.com/>.

Page, Michael Le. Climate change: A guide for the perplexed . 2007. 21 09 2019 <https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn11462-climate-change-a-guide-for-the-perplexed/>.

Real. What does the lag of CO2 behind temperature in ice cores tell us about global warming? . 2004. 21 09 2019 <http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2004/12/co2-in-ice-cores/>.

Clinical Discussion

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Clinical Discussion: Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease is also known as the failure of a chronic kidney. It can be described as the gradual loss of kidney functions. The function of the kidney is to filter excessive fluids and waste from the body’s blood that is excreted in the form of urine ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Dg4t0Eh6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":687,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/C3UE5CSQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/C3UE5CSQ"],"itemData":{"id":687,"type":"webpage","container-title":"Mayo Clinic","language":"en","title":"Chronic kidney disease - Symptoms and causes","URL":"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354521","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes”). When this disease reaches the mature stage, it leads to dangerous fluid levels, waste, and electrolytes in the body. Initially, some of the symptoms and signs can be noticed but become apparent when its function is impaired significantly. Its treatment includes slowing the kidney damage process which can be controlled through symptoms ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"qSDpMhVa","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Naqvi and Collins)","plainCitation":"(Naqvi and Collins)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":691,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/I5SWEI9V"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/I5SWEI9V"],"itemData":{"id":691,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Infectious complications in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) pose a significant source of morbidity and mortality. The overall scope of major infectious complications has, however, received little attention even though some of these events may be preventable. We reviewed infectious hospitalization rates in the CKD and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) populations, comparing them with the non-CKD and non-ESRD groups. We also reviewed preventive vaccination rates for influenza, pneumonia, and pneumococcal pneumonia to assess areas of potential improvement. We reviewed the medical literature and present findings based on hospitalization rates for pneumonia, sepsis/bacteremia, and urinary tract infections in the Medicare CKD, ESRD, and non-CKD populations. Vaccination rates were determined from submitted claims for services with specific codes for the vaccinations. Regardless of the primary cause for the development of CKD, primary kidney disease or secondary to hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or other chronic condition, patient outcomes after the development of infections were 3 to 4 times worse than in the non-CKD population. Influenza vaccination rates were 52%, far less than the target of 90%. Pneumococcal pneumonia vaccination rate was only 13.5%, far less than recommended. CKD is associated with significant major infectious complications, which occur at rates 3 to 4 times the general population. Providers can improve prevention by using fewer dialysis catheters and increasing vaccination rates for influenza and pneumococcal pneumonia.","collection-title":"Infectious Complications in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease","container-title":"Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease","DOI":"10.1053/j.ackd.2006.04.004","ISSN":"1548-5595","issue":"3","journalAbbreviation":"Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease","language":"en","page":"199-204","source":"ScienceDirect","title":"Infectious Complications in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"13","author":[{"family":"Naqvi","given":"Sakina B."},{"family":"Collins","given":"Allan J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006",7,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Naqvi and Collins). However, in the last stage, the only solution is kidney transplant and artificial filtering (dialysis).

Symptoms

If the kidney is continuously damaging, a person can observe some of the symptoms with time. It includes anorexia, nausea, vomiting, sleep issues, weakness and fatigue, chest pain, persistent itching, uncontrolled blood pressure, ankles and feet swelling. It can also affect mental sharpness ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ytggeHuE","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":687,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/C3UE5CSQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/C3UE5CSQ"],"itemData":{"id":687,"type":"webpage","container-title":"Mayo Clinic","language":"en","title":"Chronic kidney disease - Symptoms and causes","URL":"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354521","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes”).

Risk Factors or Causes

This disease occurs when kidney functions are already damaged. The chronic kidney disease worsens this damage further over many months or even years. The conditions which become the reason of kidney disease include diabetes of type 1 and 2, a disease in blood vessel or heart, high level of blood pressure, obesity, smoking, and abnormal structure of the kidney. Family history of this disease can be the other factor which increases the risks of chronic kidney disease. Most of the people who are affected by kidney disease are old and belongs to American, African Americans and Asian ethnicity ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"kxnG6SUo","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Facts About Chronic Kidney Disease\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Facts About Chronic Kidney Disease”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":689,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/TNSHXMQN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/TNSHXMQN"],"itemData":{"id":689,"type":"webpage","abstract":"Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a condition characterized by a gradual loss of kidney function over time.","container-title":"National Kidney Foundation","title":"Facts About Chronic Kidney Disease","URL":"https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/about-chronic-kidney-disease","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,11]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",2,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} ("Facts About Chronic Kidney Disease"). The major reasons for chronic kidney disease are infection in kidney, kidney stones, and some cancer-associated with kidney. The serious condition is vesicoureteral reflux which is the specific condition in which the urine flows back towards the kidney.

These are some of the signs associated with chronic kidney disease, however, it produces potential complication that affects almost every part of the kidney. It causes blood vessel and heart disease, damage of nervous system, risks of complication during pregnancy, anemia, and have bone fracture risks ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"21LyqWWv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":687,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/C3UE5CSQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/C3UE5CSQ"],"itemData":{"id":687,"type":"webpage","container-title":"Mayo Clinic","language":"en","title":"Chronic kidney disease - Symptoms and causes","URL":"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354521","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes”). The two major causes related to chronic kidney disease are high blood pressure and diabetes as reported in almost 2/3 of the cases associated with this disease. Diabetes damage almost every body organ including eyes, heart, and kidney ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"TYKRwErT","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Naqvi and Collins)","plainCitation":"(Naqvi and Collins)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":691,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/I5SWEI9V"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/I5SWEI9V"],"itemData":{"id":691,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Infectious complications in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) pose a significant source of morbidity and mortality. The overall scope of major infectious complications has, however, received little attention even though some of these events may be preventable. We reviewed infectious hospitalization rates in the CKD and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) populations, comparing them with the non-CKD and non-ESRD groups. We also reviewed preventive vaccination rates for influenza, pneumonia, and pneumococcal pneumonia to assess areas of potential improvement. We reviewed the medical literature and present findings based on hospitalization rates for pneumonia, sepsis/bacteremia, and urinary tract infections in the Medicare CKD, ESRD, and non-CKD populations. Vaccination rates were determined from submitted claims for services with specific codes for the vaccinations. Regardless of the primary cause for the development of CKD, primary kidney disease or secondary to hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or other chronic condition, patient outcomes after the development of infections were 3 to 4 times worse than in the non-CKD population. Influenza vaccination rates were 52%, far less than the target of 90%. Pneumococcal pneumonia vaccination rate was only 13.5%, far less than recommended. CKD is associated with significant major infectious complications, which occur at rates 3 to 4 times the general population. Providers can improve prevention by using fewer dialysis catheters and increasing vaccination rates for influenza and pneumococcal pneumonia.","collection-title":"Infectious Complications in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease","container-title":"Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease","DOI":"10.1053/j.ackd.2006.04.004","ISSN":"1548-5595","issue":"3","journalAbbreviation":"Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease","language":"en","page":"199-204","source":"ScienceDirect","title":"Infectious Complications in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"13","author":[{"family":"Naqvi","given":"Sakina B."},{"family":"Collins","given":"Allan J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006",7,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Naqvi and Collins). If the blood pressure is not controlled, it will cause chronic kidney disease and heart attack.

Treatment

Currently, there is no treatment linked to chronic kidney disease. Although, it’s complicated risks can be controlled by some of the therapies through its symptoms. A huge amount of medication is given to patients of chronic kidney disease which include phosphate balance, anemia treatment, an anti-sickness medicine.

The end-stage condition is the one in which the kidney is working on the normal capacity of about 10-15%. Patients who are at the end-stage cannot keep the waste in the body and need the process of fluid elimination ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"LbQCnCs4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":687,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/C3UE5CSQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/C3UE5CSQ"],"itemData":{"id":687,"type":"webpage","container-title":"Mayo Clinic","language":"en","title":"Chronic kidney disease - Symptoms and causes","URL":"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354521","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes”). There are two treatments for patient survival which are kidney transplant and dialysis.

Kidney dialysis

It has two types one is hemodialysis and the other is peritoneal dialysis. In the first one blood is pumped from the patient’s body and went into the dialyzer which is the artificial kidney ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"P1wAv94h","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":687,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/C3UE5CSQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/C3UE5CSQ"],"itemData":{"id":687,"type":"webpage","container-title":"Mayo Clinic","language":"en","title":"Chronic kidney disease - Symptoms and causes","URL":"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354521","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes”). In peritoneal dialysis, a catheter is implanted into the patient’s abdomen this will drain out the excess fluid and wastes ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"iGveHNAF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Naqvi and Collins)","plainCitation":"(Naqvi and Collins)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":691,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/I5SWEI9V"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/I5SWEI9V"],"itemData":{"id":691,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Infectious complications in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) pose a significant source of morbidity and mortality. The overall scope of major infectious complications has, however, received little attention even though some of these events may be preventable. We reviewed infectious hospitalization rates in the CKD and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) populations, comparing them with the non-CKD and non-ESRD groups. We also reviewed preventive vaccination rates for influenza, pneumonia, and pneumococcal pneumonia to assess areas of potential improvement. We reviewed the medical literature and present findings based on hospitalization rates for pneumonia, sepsis/bacteremia, and urinary tract infections in the Medicare CKD, ESRD, and non-CKD populations. Vaccination rates were determined from submitted claims for services with specific codes for the vaccinations. Regardless of the primary cause for the development of CKD, primary kidney disease or secondary to hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or other chronic condition, patient outcomes after the development of infections were 3 to 4 times worse than in the non-CKD population. Influenza vaccination rates were 52%, far less than the target of 90%. Pneumococcal pneumonia vaccination rate was only 13.5%, far less than recommended. CKD is associated with significant major infectious complications, which occur at rates 3 to 4 times the general population. Providers can improve prevention by using fewer dialysis catheters and increasing vaccination rates for influenza and pneumococcal pneumonia.","collection-title":"Infectious Complications in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease","container-title":"Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease","DOI":"10.1053/j.ackd.2006.04.004","ISSN":"1548-5595","issue":"3","journalAbbreviation":"Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease","language":"en","page":"199-204","source":"ScienceDirect","title":"Infectious Complications in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"13","author":[{"family":"Naqvi","given":"Sakina B."},{"family":"Collins","given":"Allan J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006",7,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Naqvi and Collins).

Kidney Transplant

For the kidney transplant recipient and donor must have the same blood group with the same protein and antibodies in the cell surface ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lqN3Gntc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":687,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/C3UE5CSQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/C3UE5CSQ"],"itemData":{"id":687,"type":"webpage","container-title":"Mayo Clinic","language":"en","title":"Chronic kidney disease - Symptoms and causes","URL":"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354521","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes”).

Works Cited:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY “Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes.” Mayo Clinic, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354521. Accessed 11 Dec. 2019.

“Facts About Chronic Kidney Disease.” National Kidney Foundation, 15 Feb. 2017, https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/about-chronic-kidney-disease.

Naqvi, Sakina B., and Allan J. Collins. “Infectious Complications in Chronic Kidney Disease.” Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease, vol. 13, no. 3, July 2006, pp. 199–204. ScienceDirect, doi:10.1053/j.ackd.2006.04.004.