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Clinical Discussion: Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic kidney disease is also known as the failure of a chronic kidney. It can be described as the gradual loss of kidney functions. The function of the kidney is to filter excessive fluids and waste from the body’s blood that is excreted in the form of urine ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Dg4t0Eh6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":687,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/C3UE5CSQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/C3UE5CSQ"],"itemData":{"id":687,"type":"webpage","container-title":"Mayo Clinic","language":"en","title":"Chronic kidney disease - Symptoms and causes","URL":"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354521","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes”). When this disease reaches the mature stage, it leads to dangerous fluid levels, waste, and electrolytes in the body. Initially, some of the symptoms and signs can be noticed but become apparent when its function is impaired significantly. Its treatment includes slowing the kidney damage process which can be controlled through symptoms ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"qSDpMhVa","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Naqvi and Collins)","plainCitation":"(Naqvi and Collins)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":691,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/I5SWEI9V"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/I5SWEI9V"],"itemData":{"id":691,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Infectious complications in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) pose a significant source of morbidity and mortality. The overall scope of major infectious complications has, however, received little attention even though some of these events may be preventable. We reviewed infectious hospitalization rates in the CKD and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) populations, comparing them with the non-CKD and non-ESRD groups. We also reviewed preventive vaccination rates for influenza, pneumonia, and pneumococcal pneumonia to assess areas of potential improvement. We reviewed the medical literature and present findings based on hospitalization rates for pneumonia, sepsis/bacteremia, and urinary tract infections in the Medicare CKD, ESRD, and non-CKD populations. Vaccination rates were determined from submitted claims for services with specific codes for the vaccinations. Regardless of the primary cause for the development of CKD, primary kidney disease or secondary to hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or other chronic condition, patient outcomes after the development of infections were 3 to 4 times worse than in the non-CKD population. Influenza vaccination rates were 52%, far less than the target of 90%. Pneumococcal pneumonia vaccination rate was only 13.5%, far less than recommended. CKD is associated with significant major infectious complications, which occur at rates 3 to 4 times the general population. Providers can improve prevention by using fewer dialysis catheters and increasing vaccination rates for influenza and pneumococcal pneumonia.","collection-title":"Infectious Complications in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease","container-title":"Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease","DOI":"10.1053/j.ackd.2006.04.004","ISSN":"1548-5595","issue":"3","journalAbbreviation":"Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease","language":"en","page":"199-204","source":"ScienceDirect","title":"Infectious Complications in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"13","author":[{"family":"Naqvi","given":"Sakina B."},{"family":"Collins","given":"Allan J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006",7,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Naqvi and Collins). However, in the last stage, the only solution is kidney transplant and artificial filtering (dialysis).
Symptoms
If the kidney is continuously damaging, a person can observe some of the symptoms with time. It includes anorexia, nausea, vomiting, sleep issues, weakness and fatigue, chest pain, persistent itching, uncontrolled blood pressure, ankles and feet swelling. It can also affect mental sharpness ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ytggeHuE","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":687,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/C3UE5CSQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/C3UE5CSQ"],"itemData":{"id":687,"type":"webpage","container-title":"Mayo Clinic","language":"en","title":"Chronic kidney disease - Symptoms and causes","URL":"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354521","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes”).
Risk Factors or Causes
This disease occurs when kidney functions are already damaged. The chronic kidney disease worsens this damage further over many months or even years. The conditions which become the reason of kidney disease include diabetes of type 1 and 2, a disease in blood vessel or heart, high level of blood pressure, obesity, smoking, and abnormal structure of the kidney. Family history of this disease can be the other factor which increases the risks of chronic kidney disease. Most of the people who are affected by kidney disease are old and belongs to American, African Americans and Asian ethnicity ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"kxnG6SUo","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Facts About Chronic Kidney Disease\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Facts About Chronic Kidney Disease”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":689,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/TNSHXMQN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/TNSHXMQN"],"itemData":{"id":689,"type":"webpage","abstract":"Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a condition characterized by a gradual loss of kidney function over time.","container-title":"National Kidney Foundation","title":"Facts About Chronic Kidney Disease","URL":"https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/about-chronic-kidney-disease","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,11]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",2,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} ("Facts About Chronic Kidney Disease"). The major reasons for chronic kidney disease are infection in kidney, kidney stones, and some cancer-associated with kidney. The serious condition is vesicoureteral reflux which is the specific condition in which the urine flows back towards the kidney.
These are some of the signs associated with chronic kidney disease, however, it produces potential complication that affects almost every part of the kidney. It causes blood vessel and heart disease, damage of nervous system, risks of complication during pregnancy, anemia, and have bone fracture risks ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"21LyqWWv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":687,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/C3UE5CSQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/C3UE5CSQ"],"itemData":{"id":687,"type":"webpage","container-title":"Mayo Clinic","language":"en","title":"Chronic kidney disease - Symptoms and causes","URL":"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354521","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes”). The two major causes related to chronic kidney disease are high blood pressure and diabetes as reported in almost 2/3 of the cases associated with this disease. Diabetes damage almost every body organ including eyes, heart, and kidney ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"TYKRwErT","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Naqvi and Collins)","plainCitation":"(Naqvi and Collins)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":691,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/I5SWEI9V"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/I5SWEI9V"],"itemData":{"id":691,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Infectious complications in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) pose a significant source of morbidity and mortality. The overall scope of major infectious complications has, however, received little attention even though some of these events may be preventable. We reviewed infectious hospitalization rates in the CKD and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) populations, comparing them with the non-CKD and non-ESRD groups. We also reviewed preventive vaccination rates for influenza, pneumonia, and pneumococcal pneumonia to assess areas of potential improvement. We reviewed the medical literature and present findings based on hospitalization rates for pneumonia, sepsis/bacteremia, and urinary tract infections in the Medicare CKD, ESRD, and non-CKD populations. Vaccination rates were determined from submitted claims for services with specific codes for the vaccinations. Regardless of the primary cause for the development of CKD, primary kidney disease or secondary to hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or other chronic condition, patient outcomes after the development of infections were 3 to 4 times worse than in the non-CKD population. Influenza vaccination rates were 52%, far less than the target of 90%. Pneumococcal pneumonia vaccination rate was only 13.5%, far less than recommended. CKD is associated with significant major infectious complications, which occur at rates 3 to 4 times the general population. Providers can improve prevention by using fewer dialysis catheters and increasing vaccination rates for influenza and pneumococcal pneumonia.","collection-title":"Infectious Complications in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease","container-title":"Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease","DOI":"10.1053/j.ackd.2006.04.004","ISSN":"1548-5595","issue":"3","journalAbbreviation":"Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease","language":"en","page":"199-204","source":"ScienceDirect","title":"Infectious Complications in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"13","author":[{"family":"Naqvi","given":"Sakina B."},{"family":"Collins","given":"Allan J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006",7,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Naqvi and Collins). If the blood pressure is not controlled, it will cause chronic kidney disease and heart attack.
Treatment
Currently, there is no treatment linked to chronic kidney disease. Although, it’s complicated risks can be controlled by some of the therapies through its symptoms. A huge amount of medication is given to patients of chronic kidney disease which include phosphate balance, anemia treatment, an anti-sickness medicine.
The end-stage condition is the one in which the kidney is working on the normal capacity of about 10-15%. Patients who are at the end-stage cannot keep the waste in the body and need the process of fluid elimination ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"LbQCnCs4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":687,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/C3UE5CSQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/C3UE5CSQ"],"itemData":{"id":687,"type":"webpage","container-title":"Mayo Clinic","language":"en","title":"Chronic kidney disease - Symptoms and causes","URL":"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354521","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes”). There are two treatments for patient survival which are kidney transplant and dialysis.
Kidney dialysis
It has two types one is hemodialysis and the other is peritoneal dialysis. In the first one blood is pumped from the patient’s body and went into the dialyzer which is the artificial kidney ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"P1wAv94h","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":687,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/C3UE5CSQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/C3UE5CSQ"],"itemData":{"id":687,"type":"webpage","container-title":"Mayo Clinic","language":"en","title":"Chronic kidney disease - Symptoms and causes","URL":"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354521","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes”). In peritoneal dialysis, a catheter is implanted into the patient’s abdomen this will drain out the excess fluid and wastes ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"iGveHNAF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Naqvi and Collins)","plainCitation":"(Naqvi and Collins)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":691,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/I5SWEI9V"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/I5SWEI9V"],"itemData":{"id":691,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Infectious complications in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) pose a significant source of morbidity and mortality. The overall scope of major infectious complications has, however, received little attention even though some of these events may be preventable. We reviewed infectious hospitalization rates in the CKD and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) populations, comparing them with the non-CKD and non-ESRD groups. We also reviewed preventive vaccination rates for influenza, pneumonia, and pneumococcal pneumonia to assess areas of potential improvement. We reviewed the medical literature and present findings based on hospitalization rates for pneumonia, sepsis/bacteremia, and urinary tract infections in the Medicare CKD, ESRD, and non-CKD populations. Vaccination rates were determined from submitted claims for services with specific codes for the vaccinations. Regardless of the primary cause for the development of CKD, primary kidney disease or secondary to hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or other chronic condition, patient outcomes after the development of infections were 3 to 4 times worse than in the non-CKD population. Influenza vaccination rates were 52%, far less than the target of 90%. Pneumococcal pneumonia vaccination rate was only 13.5%, far less than recommended. CKD is associated with significant major infectious complications, which occur at rates 3 to 4 times the general population. Providers can improve prevention by using fewer dialysis catheters and increasing vaccination rates for influenza and pneumococcal pneumonia.","collection-title":"Infectious Complications in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease","container-title":"Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease","DOI":"10.1053/j.ackd.2006.04.004","ISSN":"1548-5595","issue":"3","journalAbbreviation":"Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease","language":"en","page":"199-204","source":"ScienceDirect","title":"Infectious Complications in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"13","author":[{"family":"Naqvi","given":"Sakina B."},{"family":"Collins","given":"Allan J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006",7,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Naqvi and Collins).
Kidney Transplant
For the kidney transplant recipient and donor must have the same blood group with the same protein and antibodies in the cell surface ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lqN3Gntc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":687,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/C3UE5CSQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/C3UE5CSQ"],"itemData":{"id":687,"type":"webpage","container-title":"Mayo Clinic","language":"en","title":"Chronic kidney disease - Symptoms and causes","URL":"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354521","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes”).
Works Cited:
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY “Chronic Kidney Disease - Symptoms and Causes.” Mayo Clinic, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354521. Accessed 11 Dec. 2019.
“Facts About Chronic Kidney Disease.” National Kidney Foundation, 15 Feb. 2017, https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/about-chronic-kidney-disease.
Naqvi, Sakina B., and Allan J. Collins. “Infectious Complications in Chronic Kidney Disease.” Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease, vol. 13, no. 3, July 2006, pp. 199–204. ScienceDirect, doi:10.1053/j.ackd.2006.04.004.
