Pro Gun Control

Necessity for Gun Control

Maxwell

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Why Gun Laws need an overhaul in the US

The Necessity for Gun Control

During August, in the city of El Paso (Texas), a man named Patrick killed at least twenty-two people in cold blood at a Walmart store. His actions were driven because of feelings of hate towards the Hispanic residents of the area. This is only one such incident out of many more that have happened this year. This has led to a series of debates throughout the United States, calling for overhauling in the current gun policy. There is, of course, a division among the public opinion regarding the said issue. The side that has borne losses due to gun violence thinks that all guns should be kept out of public hands while others rightfully quote the right to bear firearms under the Second Amendment of the US constitution CITATION Wil94 \l 3081 (Alstyne, 1994). The side that favors gun control also view their opponents’ argument as a weak defense as the 18th century united states was a lot more different than today. The territory was expanding and there was general lawlessness, famously cited in several Wild West stories. Therefore, the possessions of firearms were the necessity of the day. Furthermore, the clouds of the War of Independence were fresh on the horizon and subsequently, the common folk was armed as everyone had to fight for their independence. Now there is a well-established law and order structure in the states, which makes it somewhat pointless to circulate such a high quantity of firearms in the market.

After the gun control implementation in Great Britain, there has been only one mass shootout since 2016 CITATION Jul16 \l 3081 (Juliette Jowit, 2016). These laws were enacted to restrict the use of semi-automatic weapons, which have the capability to rapid kill hundreds in a matter of minutes. Today, Britain has the second most strict gun laws after Japan. In comparison, there have been two-hundred and fifty-five mass shootings until August this year CITATION Jas19 \l 3081 (Silverstein, 2019).

To mount a compelling argument, let us take the example of the Hungerford shootings. The perpetrator, Ryan was a person with no criminal background, yet he killed sixteen people in cold blood due to a sudden fit of rage. This is a serious concern. No state authority can expect a normal person could snap at a moment and kill scores of people. However, this is the story of a majority of mass shootings as the government keeps a watchful eye on the criminals on the street rather than the general population.

The average citizen may indeed need to purchase a weapon to protect him in certain areas where law enforcement is stretched thin. But this not the reason the government should not enact gun reforms in the country. There should be a measure for the safety of the people. There should be strict and extensive psychological evaluation as well as a thorough background check of the person who wishes to purchase a gun. Also, guns should only be sold at specific stores rather than at Walmart. To conclude, guns should not be easily available for anyone, as there is always a chance it will fall into the wrong hands. In the present scenario, these chances are plenty, unless the federal government does something otherwise.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Alstyne, W. V. (1994). The Second Amendment and the Personal Right to Arms. Duke bar journal, V.6.

Juliette Jowit, S. L. (2016). Four countries with gun control – and what America could learn from them. The Guardian.

Silverstein, J. (2019). There have been more mass shootings than days this year. Washington DC: CBS News.

Problem Solving: Assignment 2

Problem Solving: Assignment 2

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Problem Solving: Assignment 2

Introduction

Every person faces a number of problems at every stage of life. These problems often challenge the individual and bring out the best in that person. Finding a solution to the problem is known as problem-solving process. It includes identification of the problem in the first place and them analyzing it (Gdrc, 2016). In addition to this, the analysis of the problem takes a person towards different options. A person can then easily choose from all the available options and go for the best solution available according to the problem. The following research paper will look into the details of a problem with respect to the six steps of the problem-solution process.

Discussion

For the completion of this assignment, I have chosen option three or scenario three. The specific reason for choosing this scenario is that this scenario contains a number of problems to be resolved.

Problem Definition

The person in the scenario is managing two jobs, at different timings, with two academic courses. One of them is a regular class, and the other one is online. He or she has two children, which they have to look after. One is a soccer player, and the other one performs in a band. The person also looks after their parents, who love with them and cannot drive.

Analysis of the Problem

The problem, or most appropriately, the number of problems that are being faced by a single person in this scenario, shows that a person is facing responsibility overload (Watanabe, 2010). The responsibilities of a person during this whole scenario are immense, and he or she has to play multiple roles to get the cart rolling. He or she is handling two jobs at the same time with their education. They have to look after their family as well, which includes two children and two parents as well. The parents are no help as they are elderly and do not know how to drive as well. It is not advisable to leave both the parents and the children alone as both are at risk of hurting themselves.

In addition to this, it is clear from the textual discussion that overloading an individual with responsibility not only causes mental stressing but also affects his or her physical health (Watanabe, 2010). The blood pressure or the cholesterol levels in that person’s body are raising which is resulting in weight gain or obesity. The wordings of the problem also make it clear that the person going through all these issues has one more problem that is the financial crisis.

Generating Possible Solutions

If looked closely, the scenario defines that it is not a single problem; in fact, the person is going through a lot of problems (Robbins, 2014). The number of issues defined in the problem statement or the whole scenario shows that the most basic or the biggest issue out of all these is time management. The person who has been overburdened by all the responsibilities cannot find time to fulfilling these responsibilities. He or she has to give time to both his jobs and continue his courses or academic life as well. In addition to this, he or she also has to look after the children and parents who are living with them.

One of the solutions to all these issues can be that the person asks his or her partner to help them out with all these issues, especially regarding family matters. The partner can take care of parents as well as attend the soccer match. In addition to this he or she can also conduct the fundraising activities for the band of one of the child. The person can also call one of their siblings to come and live with them and help them out with family responsibilities and household chores. One of the other possible solutions can be that the personal sacrifices one of his activities from their daily routine. He or she can either leave one of the jobs or drop one course that they are taking online so that they can concentrate on the rest of the activities in their life. Another solution could be leaving the parents in a nursing home or daycare center, where they can stay for the day or a longer period of time.

Evaluation of These Solutions or Options

The first solution that the person facing these issues should ask their partner to jump in and give help, especially regarding family matters. This can significantly help the person in focusing and concentrating on the other chores of their daily routine. The second solution to these sets of problems, calling a sibling to come and live with them, would also be helpful as the person can be free from the family responsibilities and can pay more attention to their career and academic goals.

The third solution for the problem is is to take a break from one of the activities and restart it only after the currently ongoing activity is finished. In fact, the third option stands to be the most appropriate and practical (Whimbey, Lochhead, & Narode, 2013). Asking the partner for help or calling the siblings for living together will only help in sharing the family or domestic responsibilities, but dropping one of the jobs or online courses will help in lowering the stress and providing better focus on one of the jobs and degree as well.

Selection of Best Solution or Decision-Making

After careful evaluation of all the options, the best possible solution, which can be seen in this case, is that the person facing these issues should give some sacrifice and leave one of the activities. It does not require much to be done; he or she should only drop the online course that they are attending (Hicks, 2013). It will make the schedule or the daily routine much flexible and will create space for that person to indulge in other activities as well.

In addition to this, the person should also ask for help from their partner and siblings. It would also give a relief to the individual from the responsibilities of the family, including parents and children. If not fully, the partner or sibling will share the responsibility too much extent and it will result in the reduction of stress and anxiety levels from the mind of the person.

Implementation of the Final Decision and Reflection

The implementation of the best possible solutions after careful analysis and evaluation shows that the person should go for dropping or leaving the online course that they are attending. He or she would see a clear change in their routine. It would make their routine much flexible and less-hectic. The health issues being faced by the individual that is due to the stress and anxiety will also reduce. He or she will see a clear change in their health and moods.

Conclusion

Hence, in a nutshell, it can be seen that every problem can be solved in an efficient and effective manner; only a little concentration and analytical ability is required. The six steps of problem-solving prove to be extremely helpful in this case. They help a person to analyze the issues deeply. Moreover, these issues also assist a person to categorize the problem with respect to priority that should be given to each and every step of the problem. This would help the person is looking for a number of appropriate options for the solutions of the issue and then go for the best possible solution to this problem. However, these six steps are effective and generate powerful results only if they are well-applied according to the scenario of the problem.

References

Gdrc.org, (2016). The Problem Solving Process. Retrieved 23 February 2016, from http://www.gdrc.org/decision/problem-solve.html

Hicks, M. J. (2013). Problem-solving in business and management: Hard, soft and creative approaches. Springer.

Robbins, S. K. (2014). Problem Solving: Techniques, Strategies & Skills for Solving Problems. Createspace Independent Pub.

Watanabe, K. (2010). Problem Solving 101: A simple book for smart people. Ebury Publishing.

Whimbey, A., Lochhead, J. & Narode, R. (2013). Problem Solving & Comprehension. Routledge.

Quantitative Research Critique

Quantitative Research Critique

[Student’s Name]

PSY 326 Research Design

[Instructor’s Name]

[Date submitted]

Quantitative Research Critique

Introduction

The purpose behind writing this paper is to critically analyze a quantitative research study and to explore the extent of learning and effectiveness of specific relaxation technique on the part of nurses in eliminating their stress, depression and anxiety responses and enhancing wellbeing, and the extent to which they are able enough to teach this technique to their patients.

“The effects of the relaxation response on nurses’ level of anxiety, depression, well-being, work-related stress, and confidence to teach patients” is the title of study and the author is Calder Calisi belonging to the Massachusetts General Hospital.

In a nutshell, the researcher intends to introduce an effective stress reducing technique in the nursing staff because nursing profession is enriched with emotional and psychological distress that require instant intervention. Besides this, he also desires to explore the extent of nurses’ knowledge about newly developed relaxation technique and how well they can teach this to their patients.

Following hypotheses were generated for the study; (1) Nurses are highly receptive for relaxation responses (RR) (2) Relaxation responses have positive effects on the level of depression, anxiety, job-stress and wellbeing of nurses (3) Nurses are confident in teaching relaxation responses to their patients.

Nurses encounter various emotional traumas during their daily practice ranging from painful physical conditions of their patients to the lingering sense of hopelessness in the terminally ill patients. This situation requires them to develop effective self care techniques such as relaxation responses (RR). Literature review highlights the significance of this technique and how well it managed to eliminate the level of stress and other undesirable feelings in nursing staff.

As far as biasness in the selection of studies is concerned, I did not find any such trend because it includes both conventional and recent body of literature that is widely-acknowledged by the researchers all over the world. Moreover, cultural biasness was also eliminated through adding international literature.

Summary of Methods

This study was experimental because subjects were introduced with a controlled condition (IV)—the relaxation responses—that induced changes in the mental state of nurses (DV). Sample was drawn from the nurses’ population by using random sampling technique. After manipulating the condition, data was obtained in form of written and verbal responses.

Researcher used validated instruments such as self report inventories to measure the level of depression, anxiety, job-stress and wellbeing. Data was analyzed using appropriate data analysis tool; SPSS. A t-test was used for measuring the level of depression, anxiety, job-stress and wellbeing before and after manipulating the relaxation responses. Other hypotheses were tested using verbal responses. Validity and reliability was struggled to ensure using quantitative research design, random sampling technique and SPSS.

Summary of Results

Statistically significant results were found in the study and there was no estimation about the effect size of the results because it was a pilot study. A significant difference was found between the t-test scores of subjects concerning depression, anxiety, job stress and wellbeing before and after manipulating the independent variable. Hence, conclusion section represents similar interpretation.

Ethical Aspects

Before conducting the study, a written permission from the Ethical Review Committee of the hospital was obtained; likewise subjects were made to sign the written informed consent about their study-participation as well; their identity and information was also kept confidential.

Evaluation of Study

Experimental design was used in the study that was satisfactorily alright because it was more appropriate to introduce relaxation responses (RR) and examine the prospective changes statistically than merely “asking” about the effectiveness of RR from the subjects. The weakness mentioned by the researcher was small sample size as it was a pilot study and I examined the same limitation which was addressed by the researcher in the suggestion section. Moreover, experimental method was the best suited method to analyze these variables.

Conclusion

It was a pilot experimental study aimed at exploring the level of reception of nurses regarding Relaxation Response (RR) technique, how it helped reducing the level of depression, anxiety, job-stress and enhancing wellbeing of nurses and to what extent nurses felt confident in teaching RR to their patients. Findings suggest that nurses showed satisfactory receptiveness about learning RR and teaching it to patients however their depression, anxiety, job-stress and wellbeing level did not undergo considerable alteration. The study design, sample selection technique, tools of data analysis and ethical considerations are worth appreciation however limited sample size acted as a threat to reliability and validity of the results that can be addressed in future research.

References

Calder Calisi, C. (2017). The effects of the relaxation response on nurses’ level of anxiety, depression, well-being, work-related stress, and confidence to teach patients. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 35(4), 318-327. doi: 10.1177/0898010117719207

Quantum Cosmology Reading

Quantum Cosmology Reading

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

Quantum Cosmology Reading

The Kolak and Quantum theory state that there was nothing in the beginning before the Big Bang. There was no time, matter or energy, thus, no universe. There were many question which aroused relating to this theory, such as how can there be stability when there was nothing existing. The boundaries between something and nothing in the universe are the event horizons of black holes. There was something which existed in the universe on which it was held. Otherwise there would be nothing. That thing was called gravity. Gravity holds the universe from the start.

The Anthropic principle is used in debates between creationists and scientific materialists. Some scientists are atheists and some believe in God and the cosmic mystery. Monism means there is only one type of entity which exists and that's called material. Dualism says there is an addition to the material entity, called supernatural, which exists along with the material world. People with these different beliefs use this principle.

Transcendental Idealism is the term applied by German philosopher, Immanuel Kant. Kant says that transcendental idealism believes in constructing knowledge out of sense and from universal concepts. The concept of absolute idealism was introduced by the philosopher Hegel. This concept tells about individualism, and an individual cannot rely on anyone or anything. An individual can be anything, a person, an object or material. Einstein and Bohr argue on this theory as Einstein has a realistic view of the nature of reality and Bohr thinks more scientifically.

The oldest answer to the biggest question was God. The reason of something rather than nothing is because God created it. God always existed and God is eternal. Kolak had religious beliefs and on his journey of getting answers, he found God and began his journey as a philosopher rather than a scientist like Einstein and Bohr.

Questions

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Questions

1.

Positive rights are those rights which advocate helping others or make it an obligation for people to help others for their benefit. On the contrary rights like freedom of speech or own private property are termed as negative rights because they only restrain others from doing certain actions but do not oblige the citizens for certain actions. Under the light of this definition of positive and negative rights, it is apparent that people have no positive right except in justice-system where people have the right to an attorney if they cannot afford one ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Q8pK415t","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ekstr\\uc0\\u246{}m and Lundholm)","plainCitation":"(Ekström and Lundholm)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":204,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/KYGE2Z6N"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/KYGE2Z6N"],"itemData":{"id":204,"type":"article-journal","title":"“What’s Positive About Positive Rights?” Students’ Everyday Understandings and the Challenges of Teaching Political Science","container-title":"Journal of Political Science Education","page":"1-16","volume":"14","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Ekström","given":"Linda"},{"family":"Lundholm","given":"Cecilia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ekström and Lundholm). The fundamental reason for not providing positive rights to the people under the constitution is that these rights will force the people or the state to provide certain things and services which will hinder the freedom of people to make their own decisions.

2

If positive rights are granted to the people than it will have a positive impact on the moral development of society because people will help each other out in different manners ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"yiD5PHkD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Erman)","plainCitation":"(Erman)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":205,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/JTJ5ZA2S"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/JTJ5ZA2S"],"itemData":{"id":205,"type":"book","title":"Human rights and democracy: Discourse theory and global rights institutions","publisher":"Routledge","ISBN":"1-351-92960-7","author":[{"family":"Erman","given":"Eva"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Erman). On the other side, the moral development of the people who are receiving help will also be positive because it will motivate them to help others according to their capability. Thus the moral development of the whole society will be affected.

3.

Positive rights will not aid in the moral development of the receivers of charity and donations because it will make them lazy and incapable. The reason is that people will avoid working hard for a better living when they know that their necessities will be provided by others.

4.

Charity and donations should not be provided without any efforts. If people are obliged to give charity and donations to other then standards for the receivers should be set which aids in the identification of the receivers deserve these positive rights.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Ekström, Linda, and Cecilia Lundholm. “‘What’s Positive About Positive Rights?’ Students’ Everyday Understandings and the Challenges of Teaching Political Science.” Journal of Political Science Education, vol. 14, no. 1, 2018, pp. 1–16.

Erman, Eva. Human Rights and Democracy: Discourse Theory and Global Rights Institutions. Routledge, 2016.

RE: My Observation

Response 1

Our minds are the complex clusters which can process trillions of thoughts and ideas in a single second. Train of thoughts only halts at those points which are being focused. If a person is going through a lot, it affects the focusing abilities of a person, and his/her mind starts processing diverse thoughts in entangled loops. Such an individual feels like he/she is nothing but a physical body in a surrounding due to the lack of focus. Ryan is experiencing the same thing.

Response 2

If bitter and depressing feelings of a person find their way to appear on a never-ending horizon of a person's mind, they cage the spirits of positivity and end their voyage of radiating out. If a person like Gloria is given a chance to break through this enslavement, there would be whole another pattern of processing on the horizon of a person's mind.

Response 3

It is true that when a person is under the burden of nerve-wracking work, issues or things that are going on in his/her surroundings, he/she loses the connection that bridges physical body with one's mental state. But one's mental health cannot be ignored and put back for a long time as it holds utmost importance to drive the physical body healthily and actively. That is how one can attain the state of peace just like Jacqueline.

Response 4

Is she really following what she is saying? I agree with Kant that if actions of a person are the outcome of desires and emotions, they would not have moral worth. In the case mentioned above, all her decisions and actions are circling around her personal advantages. She is being selfish about getting money, rewriting review and giving false and made up information to the readers just for her personal sake. She does not care for hotel or people and being stubborn about considering it the right thing to do.

Response 5

I agree with Olasumbo. Caryn’s actions are selfish and immoral and do not pass Kant’s Categorical Imperative test. She is trying to mask her immoral actions with morality but failing to do so. Her actions are only providing harm to others and nothing else. She is the one who is getting advantages by lying and being hypocrite and greedy for money.

Response 6

I agree that Caryn could have done a lot better if she stayed moral and true for others. Either LA hotel was bad or good she should have told her readers about it honestly. She may get money today, but they will be gone tomorrow, the trust of her readers is what she should earn because it may remain for a long time. When she becomes consistent on taking bribes and making actions for her own sake, sooner or later her trust will be shattered, her aims and personality will be exposed, and no one would even want to read what she writes.

RE: Unit 6.1 - Case Study

Attachment Styles

Student’s Name

Institution

Attachment Styles

Kandi’s behavior is quite reflective of the disruptions experienced during the various attachment phases. Each of the phases indicates how the behavior portrayed by Kandi is a reflection of what she has experienced as she grows. First, Kandi cries sometimes when the foster mother goes to the laundry room. This is a behavior developed in the pre-attachment phase, where the baby cries or smiles to call the primary caregiver to their side (Quiroga & Hamilton 2016). Kandi also intentionally smiles with the people around her, a behavior that she may have developed in the attachment-in-making stage. She hugs and tries to kiss her teacher, who she believes is the primary caregiver. An experienced learned in the clear cut phase. She also develops reciprocal behaviors, where she does not accepts the people she feels are not as useful to her. This is a behavior learned in the last phase of development.

According to Ainsworth, Kandi has a fearful-avoidant attachment style. This is because she portrays some fears while interacting with people. It is an indication that she fears the same experiences she went through while she developed under her biological parents care (Jones, Cassidy & Shaver 2015). She is seen to avoid some people and only hugging those that she feels secure with. This is a sign that she developed a fear for people of a certain type, probably those that portray similar traits as her biological parents.

Due to her early life isolation, Kandi may have missed some social development stages. For instance, she may have missed the imitation stage, where she could have imitated the character of the parents. In addition, she may have missed the stage of exploration, as a kid best learns from what the people around engage in.

Kandi’s experience affects her development as portrayed by Erikson. Mainly, her development would be indicated by the missing of various vital stages. Mainly, she will develop antisocial behaviors as she has failed to find permanent social attachments with the primary caregivers.

References

Jones, J. D., Cassidy, J., & Shaver, P. R. (2015). Parents’ self-reported attachment styles: A review of links with parenting behaviors, emotions, and cognitions. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 19(1), 44-76.

Quiroga, M. G., & Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. (2016, August). Attachment styles in children living in alternative care: a systematic review of the literature. In Child & youth care forum(Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 625-653). Springer US.

Reconstruction And Textual Interpretation

PHIL 1000: Philosophy of Human Nature

Paper 2: Reconstruction and Textual Interpretation

Describe in detail Augustine’s evil act from Book II

Augustine knew that evil is real. The arguments of reason and everyday experience (natural theology) were sufficient to convince him of the existence of God, and that all that He had done was good. But evil, too, must be something real, though not a thing, not an entity, not a substance in the traditional understanding of being. Evil is not something, separately created, but spoiled by good, which has become possible due to the freedom of moral choice in rational beings. Evil is not something independently existing, it is always a lack of something, namely, the lack or absence of good.

God could create a world in which creatures with free will would nevertheless remain always and always good, but then the fullness of perfection, the highest good would be impossible. The possibility of evil makes the attainment of this fullness real. God created the world in which, thanks to the process of struggle, truly moral decisions and actions became possible. There is a serious reason why God permits evil. And this does not contradict His goodness. Bon is not the author of evil, nor his helpless victim. Rather, on the contrary, precisely because He is all-good, incomprehensibly good, He temporarily allowed the coexistence of evil in this world.

He questions the origin of evil, gives his reflections on the nature of time, or marvels at the power of memory. This Manichean conception of evil has the necessary consequence of the imperfection of God, and that is what does not satisfy Augustine. On the other hand, the problem of the origin of evil torments Augustine: where does evil come from? Everything shifts when Augustine turns his gaze away from the world, in which he had vainly sought God until now, and turns him to himself, in an introspection that leads him to conversion.

How does Augustine understand evil in general? Or, to put the question another way, how does he define sin?

Augustine tries to find truth in other teachings. At this time, he learned about the Manichean sect, and they promised to give answers to all his questions. At the core of the teachings of this sect is philosophical dualism: there is, on the one hand, Good, generated by Light, and on the other, Evil, generated by Darkness. In order to leave life in Evil and rush to the Light, the sect requires asceticism from its adherents. The Manichaeans despise the human body that binds man to Evil.

Augustine explains that the power of Good was purely passive and subjected to cruel testing by Evil, the force of active and corrupting. But the teachings of Plotinus and Augustine are significantly different. They have different ideas about time and eternity. Plotinus lacks the ideas of creation and the connection of the Christian God with the thinking being. In other words, Augustine goes further. For Plotinus, evil is the negation of good. Augustine explains evil by the interference of sin in the act of creation. “Finally, in the words of Francis Ferrier, the abstract Providence, as Plotinus represented it, has nothing to do with the idea of ​​a military love for a freely created being, guiding him along the intended path.”

Why, according to Augustine, did he and his friends steal the pears? (Note that he might be giving more than one reason).

Augustine drew in this teaching a way to overcome himself, which he longed for. The young man first received some theoretical answer to the question about the essence of evil, tormenting him all his life. And in the call for self-overcoming, he saw the means he needed to fulfill his life purpose. In the sect, he was just an ordinary novice. But his connections with the Manichaeans were so strong that Augustine even persuaded his friend Alypy and the patron Romanian to join them. For its part, the sect helped Augustine in his career. Augustine wrote his Confession shortly after turning to faith and learning about the existence of original sin. Having taken this teaching to heart, he considers all his deeds committed in life to be "sinful." Take, for example, childhood time Augustine knows that then his actions were unconscious. Why then are they sinful? Because it upset the balance of the human soul.

Recreational Drug Use (Marijuana)

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Persuasive Essay: Recreational Drug Use (Marijuana)

People have been using marijuana for several years as it helps in performing painless surgeries. Recently, it is being utilized in the reduction of various ailment symptoms and through recreational use, it can combat stress. Marijuana has various proven benefits and is also valued medically but it is illegal in America. However, some of the states legalized marijuana for one or both purposes. I believe that marijuana must be legalized at state level for both recreational and medical use.

Marijuana has various factors that help people to heal. Previously, marijuana was used to treat malaria, boils, absent-mindedness, menstrual fatigue, and constipation. With time, people also found other medical uses which include mental cheerfulness, increasing appetite, and to combat depression ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ABfceOuC","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pacula et al.)","plainCitation":"(Pacula et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":616,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/Z5MQG6HK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/Z5MQG6HK"],"itemData":{"id":616,"type":"report","abstract":"This paper sheds light on previous inconsistencies identified in the literature regarding the relationship between medical marijuana laws (MML) and recreational marijuana use by closely examining the importance of policy dimensions (registration requirements, home cultivation, dispensaries) and the timing of them. Using data from our own legal analysis of state MMLs, we evaluate which features are associated with adult and youth recreational use by linking these policy variables to data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97), the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) and the Treatment Episodes Data System (TEDS). Our analyses control for state and year fixed effects, using within state policy changes over time to estimate the effect on changes in our outcome variables using a difference-in-differences approach. We find that while simple dichotomous indicators are generally not associated with marijuana use, specific dimensions of MMLs, namely home cultivation and legal dispensaries, are positively associated with marijuana use in each data set. Moreover, these same dimensions are tied to binge drinking and fatal alcohol automobile accidents as well. The findings have important implications for states considering legalization of marijuana, as regulating access to and promotion of dispensaries may be key for reducing the harms associated with these policies.","genre":"Working Paper","note":"DOI: 10.3386/w19302","number":"19302","publisher":"National Bureau of Economic Research","source":"National Bureau of Economic Research","title":"Assessing the Effects of Medical Marijuana Laws on Marijuana and Alcohol Use: The Devil is in the Details","title-short":"Assessing the Effects of Medical Marijuana Laws on Marijuana and Alcohol Use","URL":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w19302","author":[{"family":"Pacula","given":"Rosalie Liccardo"},{"family":"Powell","given":"David"},{"family":"Heaton","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Sevigny","given":"Eric L"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,6]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013",8]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pacula et al.). Although, marijuana is now replaced by several pain-relieving medicines which include chloral hydrate, barbiturates, and aspirin. Even though these drugs which are used in the replacement of marijuana are not safe. The International BusinessTimes reported that, “Prescription drugs kill about 100,000 people in the world each year” ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bCyUXf8j","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pacula et al.)","plainCitation":"(Pacula et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":616,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/Z5MQG6HK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/Z5MQG6HK"],"itemData":{"id":616,"type":"report","abstract":"This paper sheds light on previous inconsistencies identified in the literature regarding the relationship between medical marijuana laws (MML) and recreational marijuana use by closely examining the importance of policy dimensions (registration requirements, home cultivation, dispensaries) and the timing of them. Using data from our own legal analysis of state MMLs, we evaluate which features are associated with adult and youth recreational use by linking these policy variables to data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97), the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) and the Treatment Episodes Data System (TEDS). Our analyses control for state and year fixed effects, using within state policy changes over time to estimate the effect on changes in our outcome variables using a difference-in-differences approach. We find that while simple dichotomous indicators are generally not associated with marijuana use, specific dimensions of MMLs, namely home cultivation and legal dispensaries, are positively associated with marijuana use in each data set. Moreover, these same dimensions are tied to binge drinking and fatal alcohol automobile accidents as well. The findings have important implications for states considering legalization of marijuana, as regulating access to and promotion of dispensaries may be key for reducing the harms associated with these policies.","genre":"Working Paper","note":"DOI: 10.3386/w19302","number":"19302","publisher":"National Bureau of Economic Research","source":"National Bureau of Economic Research","title":"Assessing the Effects of Medical Marijuana Laws on Marijuana and Alcohol Use: The Devil is in the Details","title-short":"Assessing the Effects of Medical Marijuana Laws on Marijuana and Alcohol Use","URL":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w19302","author":[{"family":"Pacula","given":"Rosalie Liccardo"},{"family":"Powell","given":"David"},{"family":"Heaton","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Sevigny","given":"Eric L"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,6]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013",8]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pacula et al.).While “Marijuana… medical or not, is not only non-lethal but likely beneficial” ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Nhgv0Cpc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pacula et al.)","plainCitation":"(Pacula et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":616,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/Z5MQG6HK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/Z5MQG6HK"],"itemData":{"id":616,"type":"report","abstract":"This paper sheds light on previous inconsistencies identified in the literature regarding the relationship between medical marijuana laws (MML) and recreational marijuana use by closely examining the importance of policy dimensions (registration requirements, home cultivation, dispensaries) and the timing of them. Using data from our own legal analysis of state MMLs, we evaluate which features are associated with adult and youth recreational use by linking these policy variables to data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97), the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) and the Treatment Episodes Data System (TEDS). Our analyses control for state and year fixed effects, using within state policy changes over time to estimate the effect on changes in our outcome variables using a difference-in-differences approach. We find that while simple dichotomous indicators are generally not associated with marijuana use, specific dimensions of MMLs, namely home cultivation and legal dispensaries, are positively associated with marijuana use in each data set. Moreover, these same dimensions are tied to binge drinking and fatal alcohol automobile accidents as well. The findings have important implications for states considering legalization of marijuana, as regulating access to and promotion of dispensaries may be key for reducing the harms associated with these policies.","genre":"Working Paper","note":"DOI: 10.3386/w19302","number":"19302","publisher":"National Bureau of Economic Research","source":"National Bureau of Economic Research","title":"Assessing the Effects of Medical Marijuana Laws on Marijuana and Alcohol Use: The Devil is in the Details","title-short":"Assessing the Effects of Medical Marijuana Laws on Marijuana and Alcohol Use","URL":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w19302","author":[{"family":"Pacula","given":"Rosalie Liccardo"},{"family":"Powell","given":"David"},{"family":"Heaton","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Sevigny","given":"Eric L"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,6]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013",8]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pacula et al.).Nowadays, the places where marijuana is legal it is used for the treatment of cancer, HIV/AIDS, anxiety, depression, chemotherapy, epilepsy, and glaucoma. It has been proven that marijuana has various medical benefits so it should be accessible to every person.

From my perspective, marijuana must be legalized for recreational usage as it alleviates stress and is not unhealthy as alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. In one of the studies, twelve teens were interviewed who consumed marijuana to deal with stress. It is found that marijuana helped those teens with stress-related issues which include difficult relationships, bullying at school, and other work-related issues. Smoking marijuana helped them to manage such situations in a better way. They didn’t feel uptight and nervous about anything. It is also reported that marijuana never killed anybody while tobacco kills about 480,000 people every year, and alcohol about 88,000. If its recreational usage would be legalized it will possibly help in crime rate reduction and will generate more revenue for the federal government. Through the study, it is found that marijuana reduces violent and aggressive behavior. Its legalization would be effective for states as it helps in collecting taxes which will generate more revenue. It is reported that, “Colorado made$135 million from recreational marijuana taxes in 2015, or more than $10 million per month. In Washington, the state collected double the forecasted amount with $70 million during the first year of sales. Oregon, which began taxing recreational marijuana in January, has collected $14.9million in taxes so far, far more than the predicted $2 million to $3 million” ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ztVY858Z","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ciciora)","plainCitation":"(Ciciora)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":618,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/F45Z4KTJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/F45Z4KTJ"],"itemData":{"id":618,"type":"webpage","language":"en-US","title":"Will legalizing marijuana be a boon to the state of Illinois?","URL":"https://news.illinois.edu/view/6367/800213","author":[{"family":"Ciciora","given":"Phil"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ciciora).This is the example of three states only if marijuana is federally recognized it will then generate more revenue and will bolster the economy. Furthermore, some of the studies represented that its recreational use can help in crime reduction and will generate more money for the government, more tests and studies are required to be done.

The idea behind the legalization of marijuana is its recreational and medical benefits. As a healing drug, it has many uses. The use of marijuana as a drug is been studied for several years. In different cultures, marijuana is used for many generations. It is recorded that marijuana is used as medicine for the first time in China. Marijuana helped people at all times and still used in aiding sick people. Its advanced patient treatment stages include AIDS, cancer and other diseases which include vomiting, terrible nausea as well as effective in many types of pain. It is reported by patients that they feel much relief through the mentioned devastating symptoms through the use of marijuana. The said symptoms alleviation can be so striking that some families and patients found willing to accept jail risk to grow and obtain marijuana. It is required that marijuana should be tested and studied more so, that its effectiveness can be proved. But as this drug is not legalized, for that reason no doctor would ever want to study a drug that they can’t use.In 1988, Francis young who was the administrative judge found that this drug if used in the natural form is considered as one of the safest therapy for humans. According to him, “In strict medical terms marijuana is far safer than many foods we commonly consume. For example, eating 10 raw potatoes can result in a toxic response. By comparison, it is physically impossible to eat enough marijuana to induce death. Marijuana in its natural form is one of the safest therapeutically active substances known to man. By any measure of rational analysis marijuana can be safely used within the supervised routine of medical care”. It is also reported that marijuana will produce a lethal response when consuming about 1500 pounds in about 15 minutes. This means that it is not lethal as nobody can consume this much amount of marijuana in a small amount of time. The other reason that this miracle medicine should be legal is that it is widely used as an illegal drug. Through stats, it is proved that more than 70 million Americans are using Marijuana while more than 20 million smoked it in one year.

Recreational marijuana usage can produce positive effects on the body. As smoking is becoming the bonding means among friends. Through this people can exchange their ideas freely and help people to become closer with friends. It is also reported that marijuana helps to enhance food taste and music sound. Marijuana help people to feel stress-free, happy and more energized so, it encourages harmony among people. It is also reported that recreational marijuana use reduces street crimes, create several jobs and boost the economy. Although, its opponents said that legalizing recreational marijuana use leads to more medical emergencies such as traffic deaths ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"btFcfJwV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Volkow et al.)","plainCitation":"(Volkow et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":620,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/NXTI32U6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/NXTI32U6"],"itemData":{"id":620,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"In light of the rapidly shifting landscape regarding the legalization of marijuana for medical and recreational purposes, patients may be more likely to ask physicians about its potential adverse and beneficial effects on health. The popular notion seems to be that marijuana is a harmless pleasure, access to which should not be regulated or considered illegal. Currently, marijuana is the most commonly used “illicit” drug in the United States, with about 12% of people 12 years of age or older reporting use in the past year and particularly high rates of use among young people.1 The most common route of . . .","container-title":"New England Journal of Medicine","DOI":"10.1056/NEJMra1402309","ISSN":"0028-4793","issue":"23","note":"PMID: 24897085","page":"2219-2227","source":"Taylor and Francis+NEJM","title":"Adverse Health Effects of Marijuana Use","volume":"370","author":[{"family":"Volkow","given":"Nora D."},{"family":"Baler","given":"Ruben D."},{"family":"Compton","given":"Wilson M."},{"family":"Weiss","given":"Susan R.B."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",6,5]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Volkow et al.).

However, it is also reported that medical use of marijuana can lead to addiction and youngers were at more risk of developing physical and mental issues as compared to the older ones. Although, when Colorado legalized marijuana it was observed that the rate at which the marijuana consumption did not increase. It is said by the legalization advocates that, “prohibiting marijuana has done nothing to stop teenagers usage by the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment found that teenage use had dropped slightly in the years since the state legalized marijuana” ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"b6YQribk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ciciora)","plainCitation":"(Ciciora)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":618,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/F45Z4KTJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/F45Z4KTJ"],"itemData":{"id":618,"type":"webpage","language":"en-US","title":"Will legalizing marijuana be a boon to the state of Illinois?","URL":"https://news.illinois.edu/view/6367/800213","author":[{"family":"Ciciora","given":"Phil"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ciciora).

On the other hand, people who do not want that marijuana will be legalized has an opinion that it will lead to more abuse as compared to alcohol and drug. They also made another argument that marijuana kills people ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"btFcfJwV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Volkow et al.)","plainCitation":"(Volkow et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":620,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/NXTI32U6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/NXTI32U6"],"itemData":{"id":620,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"In light of the rapidly shifting landscape regarding the legalization of marijuana for medical and recreational purposes, patients may be more likely to ask physicians about its potential adverse and beneficial effects on health. The popular notion seems to be that marijuana is a harmless pleasure, access to which should not be regulated or considered illegal. Currently, marijuana is the most commonly used “illicit” drug in the United States, with about 12% of people 12 years of age or older reporting use in the past year and particularly high rates of use among young people.1 The most common route of . . .","container-title":"New England Journal of Medicine","DOI":"10.1056/NEJMra1402309","ISSN":"0028-4793","issue":"23","note":"PMID: 24897085","page":"2219-2227","source":"Taylor and Francis+NEJM","title":"Adverse Health Effects of Marijuana Use","volume":"370","author":[{"family":"Volkow","given":"Nora D."},{"family":"Baler","given":"Ruben D."},{"family":"Compton","given":"Wilson M."},{"family":"Weiss","given":"Susan R.B."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",6,5]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Volkow et al.). But through study, it is found that marijuana never killed people and was never contributed to the single death even.

However, some people might say that marijuana is harmful to those people who use it but it never caused a single death directly. It has several medical benefits and instead of other prescribed drugs, it can be a better option. Recreationally, it has several advantages that could help people in managing stress as well as it is considered as the safer option as compared to the other drugs which include tobacco and alcohol. Because of its advantages, marijuana must be legalized for both recreational and medical usage at the federal level. Due to marijuana medical and recreational properties, it has outweighed all sorts of disadvantages it might have.

Work Cited:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Ciciora, Phil. Will Legalizing Marijuana Be a Boon to the State of Illinois? https://news.illinois.edu/view/6367/800213. Accessed 6 Dec. 2019.

Pacula, Rosalie Liccardo, et al. Assessing the Effects of Medical Marijuana Laws on Marijuana and Alcohol Use: The Devil Is in the Details. Working Paper, 19302, National Bureau of Economic Research, Aug. 2013. National Bureau of Economic Research, doi:10.3386/w19302.

Volkow, Nora D., et al. “Adverse Health Effects of Marijuana Use.” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 370, no. 23, June 2014, pp. 2219–27. Taylor and Francis+NEJM, doi:10.1056/NEJMra1402309.

Reflect On The Lecture Notes

Reflect on the lecture notes

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Reflect on the lecture notes

The concept of consciousness is one of the mysteries, which is quite difficult to understand. For me, consciousness is a self-insight. A person's consciousness is a mixture of their experiences, feelings, memories, exposures, and opportunities they encountered in their lives. This mixture shapes our thoughts, perceptions, and thus consciousness. Every person has a unique set of characteristics of perceptions which make them different from others. I agree with Russell's perception in a way that the thoughts we meditate lead us to more thoughts, which are intended to explore more about what we had thought initially. This might lead us to more complexities, which becomes a part of our thinking and behavior and will ultimately become exposed to others at some point in time. Russel comments on "goods of the mind" enlightens the aspects of self-esteem and respect as one of the needs of a human being, which is equally important than the need for material goods.

The closest idea to reflective consciousness is dreaming. I remember one of my psychological classes in which we concluded dreaming as a part of our consciousness, which enter into our unconscious habitually. However, this also leads us to think that dreams are a vivid interpretation of our mixed memories and puts us into doubts about their certainty. Likewise, some universal truths are also uncertain, but they are to be agreed upon. The degree of uncertainty can be depicted by our surroundings, which have more things than we could see. This thought compels us to think about the difference between a dream and reality. Conferring to Berkeley, the mind is what shapes our perceptions and plays with our tangible knowledge and intuitions. The concept of God is a mixture of our consciousness and unconsciousness, which tends us to link it with the reality as well as to our inner self. Therefore, one is realistic and a skeptic at the same time, which actually determines their philosophy towards their existence.

Reflection

Reflection

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Reflection

This paper will be reflecting on Kant's theory and utilitarianism, duty ethics, social living, the concept of categorical imperative, and ideas of Kant on deontological ethics. Human beings have their existence which cannot be replaced, they have feelings, and they follow ethical values and patterns in society.

Kant’s theory suggests that human beings cannot be replaced by others; every individual has his/her value. In a family, if a child dies, this is a devastating moment for parents, no matter if another child is born. The pain remains the same, and one child cannot be replaced by any other. On the other hand, Utilitarianism suggests that we are not restricted from doing whatever makes us happy, and punishing someone is an act of evil because it makes us sad. Punishing an individual can stop the crime rate in society, and victims would not live in fear. ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"xW96DVWS","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rachels & Rachels, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Rachels & Rachels, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":245,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/DE8J95F6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/DE8J95F6"],"itemData":{"id":245,"type":"book","title":"The Elements of Moral Philosophy","publisher":"McGraw-Hill Education","number-of-pages":"224","source":"Google Books","abstract":"The Elements of Moral Philosophy 9e by James Rachels and Stuart Rachels is a best-selling text for undergraduate courses in ethics. Thirteen thought-provoking chapters introduce readers to major moral concepts and theories in philosophy through clear, understandable explanations and compelling discussions. Chapters are written so that they may be read independently of one another thus providing greater flexibility for students and instructors.","ISBN":"978-1-260-09167-0","note":"Google-Books-ID: k2w7tAEACAAJ","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Rachels","given":"James"},{"family":"Rachels","given":"Stuart"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",3,20]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rachels & Rachels, 2018)

For me, there is not as much compatibly between duty ethics and social living because duty ethics underlines the rightness of actions. For social livings, humans do not always admire the consequences of actions. For social living, humans sometimes think irrationally, and they tend to choose those actions which increase their happiness.

The categorical imperative is the idea that emphasizes that it is hard to defend some actions and rules which do not have exceptions. An individual sometimes explains violating a rule, but it is difficult to explain for not violating a rule. The categorical imperative is the notion that differentiates between wrong and right, relating it to ethical values. Hence right actions are those who follow moral principles and rules which continue with a proper understanding of individuals.

Kant's deontology is a theory that suggests that some actions cannot be judged according to their consequences. However, an action may be morally bad; this leads to a positive result unintentionally the outcomes, other than good consequences, predicts the rightness of actions. So humans can take rational decisions, and emotions do not play any role in moral actions ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zqUiBt3Y","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Zwitter, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Zwitter, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":248,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/NRDTIU3R"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/NRDTIU3R"],"itemData":{"id":248,"type":"chapter","title":"Ethical Theories","container-title":"Medical Ethics in Clinical Practice","publisher":"Springer","page":"15-22","author":[{"family":"Zwitter","given":"Matjaž"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Zwitter, 2019).

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Rachels, J., & Rachels, S. (2018). The Elements of Moral Philosophy (pp. 151-155). McGraw-Hill Education.

Zwitter, M. (2019). Ethical Theories. In Medical Ethics in Clinical Practice (pp. 15–22). Springer.

Reflection

Reflection

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Reflection

Theory of natural law is considered as ethics dominant theory in Christian thought. Natural law theory can be understood through its characteristics. First, the theory assumes that the world is rational or all phenomena happening in this world are natural with purpose and values. Second, it describes how the world ought to be not how it is. In other words, when world work in a natural way everything happens systematically but when things do not serve or become unable to serve in the natural way then unnatural acts develop which are morally wrong. Third, morality is everything and there is a distinction in nature. Every person has its own perception and argument so a person can identifies what is good and bad or right and wrong through justification and facts ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"6Y4bhZ1D","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Natural Law Theory,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Natural Law Theory,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1227,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/5MGHTK8N"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/5MGHTK8N"],"itemData":{"id":1227,"type":"webpage","title":"Natural Law Theory","URL":"http://www.qcc.cuny.edu/SocialSciences/ppecorino/INTRO_TEXT/Chapter%208%20Ethics/Natural_Law_Theory.htm","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",9,24]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Natural Law Theory,” n.d.).

As morality is deeply connected to law and nature, therefore, it is important to understand the doctrine of double effect. It implies that if a person performs an act which is morally correct but is consequences are negative then that act will be considered as good. In addition, if a person act is bad or wrong morally but its intention or effect is positive then again that act will be considered as immoral. There is a deep relationship between morality and the doctrine of double effect. In addition, there is a relationship between morality and religion. People seek religious teaching to understand whether things are good or bad. Therefore, religion plays an important role in decision making about morality.

The natural law theory is criticized and not accepted by modern science. This is because modern science believes that nature does not require facts, argument or purpose, it just happened and can affect both positively and negatively. Theory idea that every natural thing is good is not correct as many natural things like death, disease, disaster have negative results so it cannot be good. In addition, the theory is confused about the world’s "ought" and "is" perspective. This is because facts and values are two separate concepts and cannot be related like this theory did ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"uHXUiFmF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Natural Law,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Natural Law,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1232,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/WPF9BKBP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/WPF9BKBP"],"itemData":{"id":1232,"type":"webpage","title":"Natural Law","container-title":"AllAboutPhilosophy.org","abstract":"Natural Law - What is natural law? What is the history? Are there universal standards that apply to all mankind throughout all time?","URL":"https://www.allaboutphilosophy.org/natural-law.htm","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",9,24]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Natural Law,” n.d.).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Natural Law. (n.d.). Retrieved September 24, 2019, from AllAboutPhilosophy.org website: https://www.allaboutphilosophy.org/natural-law.htm

Natural Law Theory. (n.d.). Retrieved September 24, 2019, from http://www.qcc.cuny.edu/SocialSciences/ppecorino/INTRO_TEXT/Chapter%208%20Ethics/Natural_Law_Theory.htm

REFLECTION 7

Name

Professor name

Subject

May 02, 2019

Reflection

To explore the reality of Kierkegaard’s stages of life I examined three of my friends. Kierkegaard identifies three stages that are required for living a full and happy life. each of my three friends had experienced the three stages of Kierkegaard’s philosophy. The first stage experienced by all of them was ‘aesthetic stage'. In this stage, they explored their main motivation of life. According to my first friend his central motivation was music. By listening to the music he attained a high level of motivation. He expressed that his feelings of motivation were associated with pleasure. The second friend explained that his main source of motivation was his desire of getting better. His thoughts on designing a better life for himself provided him with the required level of motivation. The analysis of the third friend’s views depicts that his motivation came from his leisure activities. He tried different things like racing for gaining pleasure and happiness.

The second stage is the ‘ethical stage' that was also experienced by all three friends. My first friend explained that he rarely care about the laws and orders of society. He likes to enjoy his freedom but the only thing that makes him ethical is preventing himself from causing harm to others. He believes that it is not right to do something that hurt others. The second friend cares a lot about ethics and it is visible in his many aspects of life. He gives charity because he believes it is his ethical responsibility to offer help to the people. He also stops people from fighting because he believes it is his ethical responsibility to offer help to others. the third friend did not experience any ethical situation that reflects that he doesn't care about his ethical duty. He believed that he has to live a happy and tension free life that convinces him to believe that he must stay away from the frustrating things. He explained that he didn't care about what was going around.

The third stage is the ‘religious state' that was most commonly witnessed by the second friend. He expressed that he gives time to religious activities and visits church. This is the main source of moral strength for him. Whenever he feels hopeless he visits church The other two friends didn't participate in any religious activity and only visited church rarely.

The ages and life experience have a significant impact on the personality of individuals. My first friend was having the age of 24 years, the second friend had an age of 35 years and the third friend had an age of 22 years. their experiences indicate that people who are young are less concerned about religion and ethics. They are more interested in living a happy and tension free life. This disconnects them from the debate of right or wrong. While the people who are mature are more concerned about religion and ethics.

When I compare my personal beliefs with my first friend I find many similarities because I also think that one should do things that lead to happiness. Compared to my second friend I also think that one should think about his ethical duty. I engage in activities like charity and helping others because that is linked to my ethical responsibility. Like my third friend I only visit the church on Christmas. I don't practice many religious activities. I believe that I have different traits and believes that have relevance with all of my friends.

Reflection Ethics

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

Philosophy

[Date]

Reflection Ethics

Whether or not we should help others? The debate seems to be a never-ending one. Some argue that we should not help others while others argue that we should be helping others. The people who are suffering from poverty, poor health, and malnutrition deserve the help of every kind. Some people hold the view that those hapless people are in this situation because of their terrible luck. However, some people argue that people have to serve and help those in need. Under no moral code of ethics do the people are bound to help others, but it is up to the discretion of an individual whether or not they are willing to help others.

According to Peter Singer, an Australian philosopher, mankind should work tirelessly to diminish world poverty. Moreover, Singer holds the view that we are morally bound to help others to ease their sufferings. Additionally, Singer also points out the fact that giving and helping others depends on the individual and no one can force them into giving.

Thomas Pogge, the German philosopher, has taken this debate to a broader level and argued that developed nations should help other nations grappling with different issues. Pogge has argued that the policies of numerous different countries are interrelated, so resolve to fight issues by helping underdeveloped nations should also be interlinked. According to Pogge, individuals are morally bound to help less fortunate individuals and hail from poor socio-economic backgrounds.

However, there is a limit to the amount of help that an individual or a country can give to others. Any individual who has agreed to help others cannot help an individual beyond their financial capacity. Furthermore, any country looking to help cannot help any country by depriving its citizens.

Reflection Of Feminism And The Ethics Of Care

Reflection of Feminism and the Ethics of Care

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Reflection of Feminism and the Ethics of Care

The Ethics of Care

Ethics of care is also known as feminist ethics which has emphasized to make connections with others and have obligations to take care of the other individuals. This theory challenged and criticized the perspectives, which were dominant by 1980. The Ethics of care understands the ongoing oppression, suppression, and injustices with women. The Ethics of care also emphasizes the differences between men and women; it says that men and women also think differently ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"fQ20zvZu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rachels & Rachels, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Rachels & Rachels, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":517,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/XMUGGSTE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/XMUGGSTE"],"itemData":{"id":517,"type":"book","title":"The Elements of Moral Philosophy","publisher":"McGraw-Hill Education","URL":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=k2w7tAEACAAJ","ISBN":"978-1-260-09167-0","author":[{"family":"Rachels","given":"J."},{"family":"Rachels","given":"S."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rachels & Rachels, 2018). While, when it comes to empathy, then women show higher scores in the empathy measurement tests as compared to men and other genders. Women are more sensitive towards empathy, so they cannot see people in pain and during the punishments. However, women are believed to share more empathy in their close relationships while men are more towards larger circles and socialization and they tend to have networks that are more social.

Challenge that Feminism poses to traditional ethics

The traditional normative theories include Deontology of Kant and Utilitarianism by Stuart Mill and Bentham, contradict the theory of the Ethics of Care. However, this theory is feminine and this is an approach to ethics for women. Feminism is a theory and an ideology, which puts efforts to make improvements for the rights of women, social, political and economic status because women are suppressed and are limited to the house chores ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"pq9CktSs","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mitchell, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Mitchell, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":516,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/3WMYFEUA"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/3WMYFEUA"],"itemData":{"id":516,"type":"article-journal","title":"Feminism","container-title":"The Encyclopedia of Victorian Literature","page":"1-10","author":[{"family":"Mitchell","given":"Sally"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mitchell, 2015). However, all women deserve a social status where they are given equal roles and tasks as compare to other genders. The traditional ethics believe in performing the task and making decisions based on rational thinking rather than emotional decision-making. While rational thinking excludes emotions while making moral decisions. The Ethics of Care in contradiction to the Traditional Ethics supports decision-making based on emotions and feelings rather than rational thinking.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Mitchell, S. (2015). Feminism. The Encyclopedia of Victorian Literature, 1–10.

Rachels, J., & Rachels, S. (2018). The Elements of Moral Philosophy. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=k2w7tAEACAAJ

Reflection Oppression

Reflection Oppression

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Reflection Oppression

The theory of feminism suggests that men and women need equal treatment, whether it is politics, economical, and is the social sector. Feminism has various waves, and it has emerged to protect the rights of women and protect women from violence and oppression. Feminism is the idea that refers to those actions, which are responsible for changing the societal patterns, which are disadvantageous to women in society. While women should have an equal status in the society they should not be restricted to only homes. And there is a need of gender identity and involvement of all genders in the decision making.

Feminists claim that women are facing domestic violations, oppressions, while women have to go through oppression, and women are told to stay polite and silent, and it is undeniable that they do not suffer from mental and health issues ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"EbP3DHAX","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Frye, 1983)","plainCitation":"(Frye, 1983)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"t2bVNw6N/ngTUDXh7","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/N4CQV2AL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/N4CQV2AL"],"itemData":{"id":323,"type":"book","title":"Oppression","publisher":"na","author":[{"family":"Frye","given":"Marilyn"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1983"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Frye, 1983). Women have lived a life according to the societal patterns, and men have to obey the same. The word oppression is sometimes misused, and this word is described as meaningless, which means the experience of suffering regardless of the results and consequences. The discrimination towards women and their stereotyping in society creates movements like feminism, which support the rights of women and encourage their equal treatment. While men are also stereotyped (men do not cry), men do cry, and they have feelings too.

Feminism has introduced theories and philosophies, and Ethics of care is one of the feminist philosophy, which is intended towards decision-making and mortality. According to the framework of feminism, mortality is the idea to protect your existence if someone is threatening you. The pivotal point and core value of feminism is care hence is a need for care, and identities should be defined concerning other human beings ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"biMQdd6a","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Held, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Held, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":103,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/4MY5NZCM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/4MY5NZCM"],"itemData":{"id":103,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Ethics of Care","container-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Distributive Justice","page":"213","author":[{"family":"Held","given":"Virginia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Held, 2018). Individuals should be recognized by their own identity, and they all deserve to be part of the decision making regardless of their gender. People in societies are suffering from various issues like harassment, sexual violence, and they are stigmatized, but the issue is the moral vulnerability of these victims. The general framework is that there is a need for the moral identity of individuals, and they need to be included in decision making.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Frye, M. (1983). Oppression (pp. 1-16). na, 1983.

Held, V. (2018). The Ethics of Care. The Oxford Handbook of Distributive Justice, 213.

Reflection Paper 3: Velvet Elvis

Name

Professor name

Subject

Date

Reflection paper

Bell in the book “Velvet Elvis” explores the Christian tradition by shedding light on the important concepts of spiritual journey, truth and salvation. The spiritual journey is one of the common concerns of every Christian because they want to purify them from the evils of this world. They are always concerned to find the right path and follow the laws of God. Christians are always struggling to find the meaning of ‘all truth is of God’ and are inclined to understand his existence. This reflects the determination of Christians in searching the reality of this world. Salvation solves the problematic thoughts on sin and is known as spiritual deliverance.

The question of truth about God’s existence intrigues every Christian that is based on intellectualism. Christianity promotes the belief that this universe is created by God who is all powerful. Bell says that, “I became aware of something so real, yet I couldn’t see it or touch it” (Bell, 40). Truth can only be felt but not seen because it is based on human connectivity with the creator of this universe. Bell has explained that reality s a complex and a multi-dimensional concept that require an individual to experience it. Because Christians can’t experience everything so they rely on the christen teachings that proves the existence of God. Bible has narrated many historic events that confirms the power of God. Followers of Christianity are inclined to believe on the sayings of Bible and relate it with their own lives. Bell explains that, “in many Christian settings people are encouraged to read the Bible alone, which is the new idea in the church history” (Bell, 52). In every action they are concerned to justify them by taking support from Bible. To them the truth is what is mentioned in the book by the God and passed to the humans by Jesus. Christians have a firm belief that they must follow the path shown to them by Jesus because it is the right path, which leads to the greater truth.

God has created humans and given them the quality of apprehending the truth. Christian tradition relies on the ideology that humans have the capacity of exploring the reality of this world so they investigate the history and facts for learning the truth of God. The author has explained that Christians use Bible as a reference for resolving their ordinary matters. Bell states that, “sometimes when people are backing their points and the Bible is used to prove that they are right, everything within me says” (Bell, 43). When they engage in a confusing or conflicting situation they use Biblical verses for providing their point. This has been part of Christian tradition passed to them from their ancestors.

Christians in an attempt of purifying themselves follow the teachings of Jesus. Bell mentions that Bible says, “do not seek a revenge or bear a grudge against anyone among your people, but love your neighbor as yourself” (Bell, 45). Spiritual journey require overcoming the evil side by replacing it with the pious side. This journey encourage Christians to fin their reality and identifying their problems. Their ultimate goal is to bring peace and positivity in the world. In this process a human being questions himself for examining the issues and solutions. They develop strength of facing the difficulties and overcoming them by choosing what is right. Spiritual journey confers the belief that human beings are responsible for the direction they choose. Any action or path that brings harm for self or others must be avoided. Instead a person must be able to choose the right path, the one that brings happiness.

The process of reconciliation and desire of enlightenment leads to salvation. Every Christian has a firm belief that God has the power of removing sin by punishing humans for their evil deeds. Bell mentions, “my understanding is that to be Christian is to do whatever it is that you do with great passion and devotion” (Bell, 84). The concept of salvation is to reach a point in life when a Christian realize his sins and purify them by indulging in good deeds. The author further states, “he is teaching people to live as Christians, and then whatever they do will be sacred” (Bell, 85). This change is linked to the process of self-discovery, starting from the sinful life and ending at a pious one. The concept of salvation is also associated with the eternal sin and deliverance by the God. Bell explains that teachings of Jesus have assured the Christians that God is graceful and the merciful. Even after committing sins they can reconcile by begging pardon and choosing the right path. After receiving salvation Christians attain inner peace and greater satisfaction. They receive the reward in the world and also after death.

Truth, spiritual journey and salvation are important themes that build human association with Christian tradition. Bell has uncovered the deeper meaning of these concepts by understanding the Bible and Christian teachings. Truth is the first thing encountered by every Christian as they begin to explore this world’s reality. God is the creator of this universe and has the power of controlling. Christians are determined towards spiritual journey because it leads to greater happiness. The feelings of reconciliation and building connection with God makes the concept of salvation equally important.

Work Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Bell, Rob. Velvet Elvis. HarperOne, 2012.

Reflection Paper On The Meno From Book Call

Name

Professor name

Subject

April 30, 2019

The memo

Plato’s Meno discusses important aspects of life such as virtue and knowledge. The book includes the argumentative methods used by Plato for supporting his claims. His style has relevance with the Socratic methods because he considers logic as an important aspect of the argument. The central concern of Plato is that understanding is an essential part of nature. Virtue according to him is the ability to rule men. His ideology stresses on happiness and claims that pleasure is linked with one's satisfaction. Justice can be seen as a virtue because it eliminates disparity or unfairness. The definition of virtue is not limited to any one aspect. Plato relies on Socratic ideology for explaining the true meaning of virtue. Socrates claims that virtue is one's desire for attaining beautiful and good things.

Meno's paradox illustrates that knowledge is innate because either we know or don't know something. but if a human doesn't know he wants to be able to explore what he needs. Plato in his argument finds the answer to the existence of knowledge. The answers demonstrate the reality and truth of the knowledge. Does the knowledge lead to perfection or people are still unable to learn about entire information. Plato also finds the answers to the forms in which knowledge can exist. Plato mentions, “We do not learn, and that what we call learning is only a process of recollection” (Plato, Cooper, & Grube 2002). This proves that knwoeledge is innate because what human learns is a recollection.

Plato by answering the questions leads to the conclusion that recognizes knowledge as a rational belief and enduring truth. People possess the knowledge and it is existent in the form of humans. Plato relates knowledge with the other world and denies accepting the revelation of knowledge through people’s senses. The main conclusion that Plato draws from the questions is that humans lack complete knowledge. Though they possess some knowledge that knowledge is fallible and incomplete. If people would possess complete and authentic knowledge, they would also know about the other world. Plato claims, “if we indulged in the idle fancy that there was no knowing and no use in seeking to know what we do not know that is a theme upon which I am ready to fight, in word and deed, to the utmost of my power” (Plato, Cooper, & Grube 2002). Human already possesses some knowledge in their minds that allow them to explore further facts.

Plato uses the premises of the epistemological argument, metaphysical argument, and semantic argument to illustrate the reality of knowledge. The epistemological argument states that human senses lead to different realities regarding knowledge. Plato emphasizes on human behaviours. Plato mentions, “and that only these two things, true belief and knowledge, guide correctly” (Plato, Cooper, & Grube 2002). He claims that human beings need to use their minds and remain a sceptic of philosophical findings. He rejects the mere acceptance of the philosophy without facts.CITATION Pla66 \l 1033 (Grube, 1981). The knowledge according to this claim is innate. The slave boy demonstration is also used by Plato for claiming that learning is a recollection. This is because he lacks mathematical training or ability of solving a problem of geometry. When the boy is asked to double the areas of circle he fails to do that. After practice he improved by 50%. This reflects that only way of overcoming slave state is by learning. Thee situation of boy has close relevance with Meno because he develops awareness about his feelings, ignorance and beleifs.

The philosophy of Plato finds answers to some basic questions that intrigue the human mind such as the difference between knowledge and beliefs. about virtue he mentions, “we have been right in how we investigated and what we said, virtue turns out to be neither innate nor earned” (Plato, Cooper, & Grube 2002). It is difficult to find who is right among humans. What is knowledge and why do people assume that they have knowledge? At what points knowledge varies from belief and which one is more firms? Do people with knowledge know everything? Is knowledge real or not? Plato’s answers to these questions help people to understand the concept of knowledge and how it exists in people. The answers explain the reality of knowledge and make them clear about the limitations that a person of knowledge encounters CITATION Emr17 \l 1033 (Westacott, 2017).

The conclusion that Plato draws in regarding he argues that people with knowledge are known things, but their knowledge is based on assumptions and fallible. There are limitations to the knowledge that means people irrespective of their knowledge are not able to know everything. Plato’s theory of reality provides a solution to the problems. Using the premises of knowledge and opinion Plato explains the reality in them. The truth of knowledge lies in the midway as they are no one way. The reality gives an idea about the complex pattern of forms. Mathematics reveals the pattern of forms. The metaphysical argument emphasizes on the similarity between nature and things. The semantic argument finds the reality of words that explains the claim. What people know is not complete and unreal in another form. People are also ignorant to the things when their knowledge fails to guide them. Completeness of knowledge also reflects from the virtues, but the human is also engaged in immoral acts that makes them less virtuous.

Work Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Grube, M. A. (1981). PLATO'S FIVE DIALOGUES – MENO. Retrieved 2019 йил 30-04 from https://philosophicaljourney.wordpress.com/2015/03/01/platos-five-dialogues-part-ii/

Plato, Cooper, J., & Grube, G. M. (2002). Plato: Five Dialogues: Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo (Hackett Classics) Second Edition,2 Edition. Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.

Westacott, E. (2017). https://www.thoughtco.com/platos-meno-2670343. Retrieved 04 30, 2019, from https://www.thoughtco.com/platos-meno-2670343

Reflection What Would A Satisfactory Moral Theory Be Like?

Satisfactory Moral Theory

Submitted by

Affiliation

Date

Philosophers working on normative ethics have come up with theories as to what kind of action is right or wrong. Theories tend to be systematic : in their light, any act or act can be ethically evaluated. The focus of the evaluation afforded by current theories of ethics is usually primarily the act or action and only secondarily the author or actor and his or her ethical status, such as goodness or evil. Ethics and morality are related to each other differently than physical theory and physics are related. Ethical theory and all thinking about morality become part of morality itself. Physics and physical theory have a different relationship. “A satisfactory theory would be realistic about where human beings fit in the grand scheme of things”(Mackie, Aristotle, Saint Thomas , Hobbes, Mill, & Thomson, 2003).

According to the ethics of values, only relative good and relative values ​​exist in the world. They must be considered in order to avoid ethical chimeras. The most important types of ethics are pragmatism and utilitarianism. In accordance with the theory of pragmatism, which was developed by C. Pierce, J. Dewey and W. James, the moral good is the achievement of success, which is associated with the solution of certain problem situations. Pragmatists believe that values ​​are the result of human activity and are more confident in this than utilitarian.

According to utilitarianism, within the framework of this type of ethics of values, the most important criterion for good is the achievement of benefit, but not at all costs, but in accordance with the formula that I. Bentham has derived: "The greatest happiness for the greatest number of people." By utility itself, I. Bentham meant pleasure in the absence of suffering.

According to Mackie, Aristotle, Saint Thomas , Hobbes, Mill, & Thomson, (2003), “the most plausible theory might be called Multiple-Strategies Utilitarianism. This theory is utilitarian, because the ultimate goal is to maximize the general welfare” (Mackie, Aristotle, Saint Thomas , Hobbes, Mill, & Thomson, 2003).

Conferring Kant, the duty does not come from the outside, but comes from each of us. Common sense dictates the principle of right action, a categorical imperative. Only a person who acts according to his own law is autonomous, self-centered. (Hill, 1994).

Each of the three above areas in the framework of the philosophy of ethics has both advantages and disadvantages. For example, the ethics of virtues is focused on understanding the moral character of a particular person, the ethics of duty above all values ​​the general laws of morality, and the ethics of values ​​explores human being in the world. All three of these points are relevant today.

However, combining these areas and their strengths, as well as eliminating the shortcomings, is still an insoluble problem. All these directions are mutually exclusive, they cannot be combined into one theory. Thus, the ethical problem is different - not to combine theories that contradict each other together, but to use each of them in the situation to which it meets the greatest extent. In some cases, the ethics of virtue will be most effective, in the other, the ethics of duty, and in the third, the ethics of values. All these areas harmoniously complement each other.

The basis of any theory of ethics is questionable, just like the typical criticism of virtue ethics just presented. However, unlike its two competitors, virtue ethics may suffer from an even greater problem. In turn, theories of duty and consequence ethics, in some cases, lead to ethical conclusions that appear to be manifestly incorrect.

References

Hill, T. E. (1994). Dignity and practical reason in Kant's moral theory.

Mackie, J. L., Aristotle, Saint Thomas (Aquinas), Hobbes, T., Hume, D., Mill, J. S., ... &

Thomson, J. J. (2003). The right thing to do: Basic readings in moral philosophy. J. Rachels, & S. Rachels (Eds.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.

Relationship Between Power And Knowledge By Paul-Michel Foucault

Student name

Submitted by

Assignment

Date

Relationship between power and knowledge by Paul-Michel Foucault

In political theory, the concept of power is one of the most discussed topics . There are many approaches to understanding the nature of power relations , with each focusing on his specific set of e elements inherent in power . It presented three different concepts, each of which supplemented the previous one and expanded the field of social relations in which you can was to detect manifestations of power and “Power Analytics” is no exception. At different stages of creativity, we can see different approaches to the description of power. At the archaeological stage, it was closely associated with discursive formations, which themselves create objects in the outside world that are subject to further study or other actions. In the genealogical period, the power is closely intertwined with the fabric of the social, imposing a network on the relations between people in society and not implying a possible exit from the limits of power. At the ethical stage, Foucault provides a more general view, he writes that “the government manifests itself in situations where some actions can structure the spectrum of possible other actions” (Foucault). .

It cannot be argued that Foucault radically changes his view of power. Nevertheless, the disclosure of various aspects of its manifestation makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the mechanisms of power functioning. In this chapter, we plan to examine various aspects of the concept of power-knowledge. In the first paragraph , a general approach to the definition of power-knowledge will be presented. Next, we consider the disciplinary and biopolitical manifestation of power. In the third paragraph of the paragraph, we consider self-care as a practice of self-control, and then we summarize the main points of the concept of power-knowledge, which are necessary for the subsequent analysis of everyday practices.

The relationship between power and knowledge

Before describing Foucault's logic to identify manifestations of disciplinary power and bio- power in modern society, it is necessary to reconstruct in a general way those methodological steps that led him to the possibility of raising the research question about these two aspects of power itself. Foucault himself clearly revealed the manifestations of power on the example of disciplinary practices and institutions (prisons, hospitals, schools, etc.). However, Foucault does not have the same detailed analysis of how power manifests itself in everyday life and in practice , when there is no open collision of norms. Such an analysis of everyday life would allow us to expand our understanding not only of how the subject is constructed in relationships, but also would bring clarity to the ways of maintaining the boundaries of the formed human subjectivity .

The archaeological period of Foucault's work was generally devoted to the study of discursive formations and the limits of various discourses , in particular the discourses of psychiatry and historical science. At the same time, he understood the discursive formations as a single “system of dispersion”, a pattern and order “between objects, types of utterances, concepts and thematic choices” (Foucault 564). In other words, discursive formations are a definite image of the representation of objects, which is internally homogeneous, i.e. such a representation image “places” objects into a single coordinate system. Such a system of coordinates within the discourse is recognized as truth , defined as “a set of techniques that allow each moment and each to make statements that will be considered as true” (Foucault 302). .

Using the archaeological method, Foucault traces the stages of consolidation of discursive formations in social institutions, economic processes and social relations . Thus, Foucault shows the process of how a certain idea of ​​truth is fixed in social institutions through discourse and subsequently reproduced in society. The connection between the idea (or knowledge ) of truth and its reproduction is justified through power-knowledge.

Truth, according to Foucault, is closely connected with the relations of power that reproduce and support it. They broaden the presence of this truth in social relations and provide political intervention on “the reality that surrounds us and which is embedded in ourselves.”( Foucault 564). Truth as a definite knowledge tells us what is in reality, what is and what we should perceive as real. This vision is fixed at various institutions in the form of norms and values, which are then broadcast Xia people and provides them with a vision of reality that corresponds to a fundamental truth of discourse .

With the help of the genealogical method, Foucault showed how historically the institutions were formed that determine what is true and what is not. Such institutions, supported by scientific knowledge, had the ability to interpret the norm and non-norm , to determine the pattern of behavior or life that everyone should follow in society. “There is no power without a rational use of the discourse about truth, which manifests itself in power, comes from power and acts through it”(Foucault 775).Power consolidates knowledge of the truth in ourselves, so we become agents of power.

However, such knowledge of the truth is not something abstract, the truth is the knowledge of any phenomenon that is considered authentic. Knowledge of how to structure society, about the laws of nature, about the interpretation of justice or freedom, and about yourself, about your social roles, about your character and abilities can be true . “We are also subject to truth in the sense that it creates the law” (Foucault 777). According to which we build our behavior and perception of the world and ourselves in this world. Thus, power is inseparable from knowledge, since according to the knowledge of it we build our behavior, and knowledge itself is, is fixed with the help of the authorities in the various social institutions which reproduce it.

Foucault was not limited to the general definition of power, on the contrary, he argued that “power should be studied where ... it turns out to be embodied in real and effective forms of practice” (Foucault 238). In his works “To Supervise and Punish” and in the first volume of “The History of Sexuality”, Foucault analyzed the simultaneous appearance of the sciences of society and certain techniques of social management at the beginning of the 19th century. There is a strong connection between manifestations of power and knowledge, which consists in the fact that “ power and knowledge imply each other directly; that there is neither a relationship of authority without a corresponding education in the field of knowledge, nor knowledge that does not imply and together with it does not form a relationship of authority .

Power and knowledge mutually condition each other in the sense that they both present the world in a knowable and manageable form. Cognition is possible only to the extent that the authority has established a known object as an existing one . Object management is possible only because some knowledge of the managed object has been established.

Foucault does not fully identify power with knowledge, he points out that the same phenomenon has different properties and consequences in different planes of analysis. Separate consideration of the relations of power and the process of knowledge deliberately introduces a distinction between power and knowledge. The refusal of the approved assumptions of analysis allows Foucault to trace the connection between power and knowledge, between the production of objects and subjects of relations and their subsequent fixation in a system of knowledge that is recognized as true. Foucault dwells on the analysis of examples of power relations , highlighting two of their forms: disciplinary authority and bio-authority . Identifying the mechanisms of their functioning, he shows that knowledge constructs and reproduces the subject of relations

Conclusion

The concept of power-knowledge M. Foucault shows us the existence of a connection between two phenomena, which at first glance have no common basis. The usual ideas about power, formulated in the discussion about the “three persons of power”, are based on pre-postulated aspects, such as the presence of a conflict of interests, a negative characteristic of power, the existence of autonomous subjects or their “real interests” prior to the relationship itself.

The concept of power-knowledge Foucault allows you to look at the manifestations of power in relationships from a different perspective. In particular, we can observe how in modern society the process of disciplining a person, his normalization, the formation of a subject, which would be a participant in the relationship itself, takes place . The power here does not act as a thing belonging to someone; power is not sent from the center, be it a state or an autonomous subject. The government itself constructs the subject of relations, it forms knowledge about the person and the subject, and subsequently manifests itself through him.

We have shown that the analyst of power in its interweaving with knowledge is possible not only when examining disciplinary institutions and not only in cases where one norm is faced with another. Power can be observed in everyday life, in the non-probable human existence. In everyday life, according to M. Heidegger, we do not produce an analytical division of the world into its individual elements. We perceive the world as a whole, and ourselves as one of the phenomena in this world. We live in the usual way, we act according to the daily practices acquired in the process of socialization. In this paper, we have shown how power functions in everyday practices, namely, they revealed how power manifests itself, what qualities it has and what is the role of the subject in power relations in everyday life.

Work cited

Foucault, M. "The need to protect society." SPb.: Nauka (2005). 564

Foucault, Michel. "The subject and power." Critical inquiry 8.4 (1982): 777-795.

Foucault, Michel. Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings, 1972-1977.

Vintage, 1980.238

Foucault, Michel. Politics, philosophy, culture: Interviews and other writings, 1977-1984.

Routledge, 2013