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Writing Assignment 2

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Art 101

19 November 2018

Writing Assignment 2

Personhood is defined as the condition of being a fully grown individual. When personhood debate goes on, it is usually related to abortion. Abortion was common in ancient times, and the matter of personhood is always the realm of philosophy. Aristotle believed that couples who have many children should have an abortion. It was believed that there is no wrong in killing the baby before his life or sense begun. Even the religion of Hebrew and Christian does not state that a fetus has the same rights or falls into the category of being a person. Many philosophers believe that there are some characteristics of being a person: self-consciousness, interest, rationality, awareness of the future, and ability to communicate. If these conditions are not found in a person, he does not consider a person and for that, he lacks the rights of a person.

Don Marquis is a contemporary American Philosopher who argues that abortion is morally wrong. He believes that abortion is totally immoral, except in some cases. He considers it murder as it belongs to the same moral category as killing an innocent human being. He asserts that the debate of abortion can be resolved after the understanding of wrongness of killing. It is important to know why it is wrong to kill. The philosophy of the future of value condemns the act of favoritism of abortion. He gives the example of people who have future plans. Those plans might not be helpful in the present, but at some point, they will have some value for a person. If such a person is killed, he will not only be deprived of his present values but also the values he might have in future. He believes that infants have future of values, even though they are not a person but in future they will have value for things. He believes that future of values is the best example to condemn the act of abortion. It is because if the fetus is allowed to live it will experience things and have value. The future of value have all the goods that the fetus would have experienced if not be killed.

Judith Jarvis Thomson is an American moral philosopher who wrote an article 'A Defense of Abortion.' In the article, she argues that a woman has right to decide what should happen to her own body even the fetus is person or not. She believes that fetus has a right to live does not mean that a woman does not has a right on her own body. She talks about personhood that a fetus is a person because in some point when it will born, it will become a person. Thomson argue that the 'right to life' does not entail the right to use someone's biology in order to stay alive. She gives the example of thought experiment. She describes in the experiment that suppose a person is plugged to another person for nine months because only his blood can keep him alive. In this way that person will have a right to live, then what about the other person who has to tolerate this for nine months. Thomson says that a person has right and so our bodies are the only thing we have a natural and legitimate claim to own. In another thought experiment she talks about people-seed. She says that a person have no duty to allow the people-seed to gestate on the floor of the house just because one happened to get through meshed curtains. A person voluntary opening of the windows does not give an insurmountable right to the people-seeds. Thus she believes that abortion should be allowed in the case of rape.

Judith Jarvis Thomson gives a more compelling case. Every person has right to live and when a person is given such rights, they have full authority to make decisions for themselves. Women should have right to treat their body the way they want to treat it. The decision of abortion should be given to a woman because they have full claim of their own body. Just because a person has right to live does not mean that the other person can suffer for them. There is a great difference between 'living off a person's body' and ‘caring for someone’ ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"q8JrtuM7","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Boonin and Boonin)","plainCitation":"(Boonin and Boonin)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":161,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/TQKCHUA2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/TQKCHUA2"],"itemData":{"id":161,"type":"book","title":"A Defense of Abortion","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","number-of-pages":"370","source":"Google Books","abstract":"The central thesis of philosopher David Boonin is that the moral case against abortion can be shown to be unsuccessful on terms that critics of abortion can and do accept. Critically examining a wide array of arguments that have attempted to establish that every human fetus has a right to life, Boonin posits that all of these arguments fail on their own terms. He then argues that even if the fetus does have a right to life, abortion can still be shown to be morally permissible on the critic of abortion's own terms. Finally, Boonin considers a number of arguments against abortion that do not depend on the claim that the fetus has a right to life, including those based on the golden rule, considerations of uncertainty and a commitment to certain feminist principles, and asserts that these positions, too, are ultimately unsuccessful. The result is the most thorough and detailed case for the moral permissibility of abortion that has yet been written. David Boonin is professor of philosophy at the University of Colorado. He is the author of Thomas Hobbes and the Science of Moral Virtue (Cambridge, 1994).","ISBN":"978-0-521-52035-5","note":"Google-Books-ID: YhcosxnhtJ8C","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Boonin","given":"David"},{"family":"Boonin","given":"Professor of Philosophy David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Boonin and Boonin).

Reference

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Boonin, David, and Professor of Philosophy David Boonin. A Defense of Abortion. Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Subject: Philosophy

Pages: 3 Words: 900

Written Assignment

Animal Rights

Author’s Name

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

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Animal Rights

The discussion on animal rights has proven to be a difficult one for philosophers. A great deal of disagreement and discord has been seen in the community of philosophers on the issue of animal rights. A number of theories have been presented over the years to grapple with the issue. In this paper, we will discuss the arguments and the validity of those arguments presented in the respective theories to develop a sound understanding of the issue of human rights. At the end, I will explain my position on the issue and why I resort to the specific understanding.

There are three main theories on animal rights that are presented namely “indirect theories”, “direct but unequal theories”, and “direct and equal theories”. Several strands of arguments run from each type of theory. Some of the most prominent theories under the compartmentalization of indirect theories include worldview theories, Kantian theories, and cartesian theories. All of them, in essence, propose that animals should not be granted moral concern on their own but they should only be given moral concern as it relates to human beings. Aristotle was the first to make the case for indirect theory on animal rights, arguing that since only animals and humans have conscious experience and that only human beings have the intellect to drive that conscious experience, therefore, the function of animals is to be of service to human beings. Later, St. Thomas Aquinas made a similar case by stating that animals do not exist for their own case but they exist for the sake of human beings, therefore, their moral consideration should be restricted ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"sv8VQHYJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pohl, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Pohl, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":111,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/DTmO0ro3/items/JKAUMTSL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/DTmO0ro3/items/JKAUMTSL"],"itemData":{"id":111,"type":"post-weblog","title":"Theories on Animals and Ethics | Office of the Vice President for Research","abstract":"How would we define the issue of animals and ethics and the use of animals- whether in biomedical use, exhibition, or as pets? Does common sense play a role in this? Is it a philosophical issue or a moral debate? Is it a personal choice or a societal dilemma? These questions are not easily answe ...","URL":"https://ovpr.uchc.edu/services/rics/animal/iacuc/ethics/theories/","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"Pohl","given":"Alison"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",8,10]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,30]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pohl, 2015). Another strand of arguments in this compartmentalization of theories on animal rights includes the Kantian theory. He developed the moral theory that moral considerations of actions are only to be given to creatures that are autonomous, i.e. they have rationality. Since animals lack the basic ability of willingness, they should not be given any moral consideration.

The second type of theories are the direct but unequal theories which postulate that if an entity is sentient, it has a moral status. Since animals are sentient, therefore, they have a moral status, but these theories also make it clear that this direct moral status is not equal to that of a human being due to the lack of conscience ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"YbAGaiBC","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ethics, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Ethics, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":115,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/DTmO0ro3/items/XFCMNU6D"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/DTmO0ro3/items/XFCMNU6D"],"itemData":{"id":115,"type":"post-weblog","title":"Rights theories: Different positions","container-title":"Animal Ethics","abstract":"Moral rights are conceived of as rights that individuals are born with and have regardless of whether or not they have legal rights to protect them.","URL":"https://www.animal-ethics.org/rights-theories-different-positions/","title-short":"Rights theories","author":[{"family":"Ethics","given":"Animal"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",3,25]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,30]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ethics, 2014).

The third and final compartmentalization goes by the name of direct and equal theory. Utilitarian approaches to the question of animal rights as proposed by Peter Singer consist of the idea that the animals should also be considered as stakeholders when calculating the greatest good for the society using the classical utilitarian principle ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"l5PtjDGQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Animals and Ethics | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Animals and Ethics | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":113,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/DTmO0ro3/items/JGKQS35X"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/DTmO0ro3/items/JGKQS35X"],"itemData":{"id":113,"type":"webpage","title":"Animals and Ethics | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy","URL":"https://www.iep.utm.edu/anim-eth/#SH1b","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,30]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Animals and Ethics | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy”, n.d.). On the other hand, there are animal rights activists who make the case that animals have the same rights that human beings have. They associate themselves with the theory of inherent value that any entity which is alive and has a conscience has an inherent value and any entity with inherent value must be shown respect.

The post-enlightenment era has seen many movements with regards to the rights of animals making one gorilla “Harambe” famous. The animal rights movements in the post-enlightenment era are most commonly motivated by emotion and the sense of being cool. Instead of having any genuine concern about animal rights or any deeper philosophical understanding, most people take part in the movements purely because it is considered trendy and cool.

In my opinion, the most fundamental problem regarding this issue is the problem of value. What characteristics make an entity valuable? If that characteristic is life itself, then in that case, plants and animals will be assumed to be as valuable as humans. A problem will then arise as to what should human beings feed on? On the same canvas, animals feed on plants most of the time and some animals feed on other animals, so the concept of respect is generally not seen in nature. But this point can be argued against by saying that animals and plants do not have rationality and so they should not be considered morally responsible for their actions. On the same wavelength though, this line of argument can backfire to suggest that morality is not observed in nature so why should we try to make moral decisions.

In my opinion, the thing that makes an entity valuable is the existence of certain properties such as life, conscious experience, and rationality. Since plants only have life, so they will be tier 1 valuable. Animals have life and conscious experience thus they are tier 2 valuable. Similarly, human beings possess all of the above-mentioned properties thus human beings are the most valuable.

I believe that animal rights should be extended as far as we should not kill them just for fun. But when it comes to using them for the benefit of humanity, we should not refrain from it either. A balanced approach should be adopted for animal rights. Making extreme cases, both for and against animal rights can result in the destruction of the ecosystem as we know it today. Employing extreme human rights can result in the problems of overpopulation, whereas, extreme hunting can cause species to go extinct. I believe that we should use animals as much as it is required, and not merely for fun. From all of the theories mentioned above, my opinion will probably be most in line with the set of direct and unequal theories. I am also passionately in favor of the abolishment of zoos, as they fringe on the animal’s right to freedom without serving a purpose.

However, occasions can come when human rights and animal rights can come face to face. In my opinion, human rights should be given preference over animal rights at all times. For example, if time comes when an animal starts attacking individuals and we have two options, either see him kill people or shoot him dead, I would not think twice to suggest that the said animal should be shot and killed.

In my understanding of the issue, due to cultural and ethnic differences, the same understanding of animal rights cannot be implemented worldwide. Cultural differences between different geographical locations should be taken into account when considering the understanding of animal rights for that location. I believe that a robust legislation should be passed regarding the killing of animals who do not harm human beings and who do not serve any purpose in everyday human life either. Rules should be made to preserve their lives and people not acting in accordance should be fined. As far as the animals that do serve a purpose in human lives, they should be taken care of in farms and fields. They should not be coerced to perform better, for example, there were reports that hens were made to give eggs twice a day by creating an illusion of the morning twice a day. Such acts should be criminalized.

As far as the animals that cause harm to humans, they should be kept away from the population, i.e. in their natural habitats. African countries such as South Africa have dealt with the issue by not only separating population from such animals but they have also boosted their tourism industry by creating a unique safari experience in which humans get to visit natural habitats of harmful animals. Other countries should take that as an example and follow their lead in the solution of this issue.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Animals and Ethics | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (n.d.). Retrieved November 30, 2019, from https://www.iep.utm.edu/anim-eth/#SH1b

Ethics, A. (2014, March 25). Rights theories: Different positions. Retrieved November 30, 2019, from Animal Ethics website: https://www.animal-ethics.org/rights-theories-different-positions/

Pohl, A. (2015, August 10). Theories on Animals and Ethics | Office of the Vice President for Research. Retrieved November 30, 2019, from https://ovpr.uchc.edu/services/rics/animal/iacuc/ethics/theories/

Subject: Philosophy

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

Written Assignment For MODULE 3 THE MORAL CLIMATE OF HEALTH CARE

Case study

The Moral Climate of Health Care

Patient ABC, male, 76 years old, retired cadre. Suddenly comatose due to excessive anger with his family, he was quickly sent to a hospital for emergency treatment. After examination by the doctor, there were only irregular weak heartbeats. The pupils responded to light and corneal reflexes were dull or disappeared. The blood pressure was 200/15mmHg, the incontinence was incontinent, the complexion was red, the mouth angle was skewed, and the diagnosis was cerebral hemorrhage and wind coma. After three days and two nights of rescue, the patient is still unconscious and has difficulty breathing spontaneously. The various reflexes almost disappear. In the face of the patient, do you continue to rescue? The medical staff and family members have different opinions and opinions: Doctor A said: "As long as the patient has Tolerance should be done with due diligence and fulfilling humanitarian obligations," said Doctor B. "The condition is so heavy and old, and the rescue is only a comfort to the family." Doctor C said: "Even if you are rescued, life cannot take care of yourself. Family members and society are a heavy burden." However, the patient’s eldest daughter said: "The old man has suffered for most of his life. It’s hard to have a good life for a few years. If you can save the success, you will have a good life for a few years. It is also a comfort." Said to rescue at all costs, to filial piety. The son said: "It is good to hope that the rescue will come. If there is no hope, there is no need to rescue at all costs."

If the medical staff tells the patient's family about the real condition and shows the attitude, and the family insists on continuing to rescue, the medical staff should still treat it with a serious and responsible attitude, because people's traditional customs and mental state cannot be changed overnight. Long-term efforts. According to the professional model, all healthcare providers need to have a role and they need to obey them. Everyone from doctors to nurses, technicians to managers consider them as a part of this profession and need to follow their ethical roles. (Pecorino, chap3).

References

Philip A. Pecorino. (2002). Medical Ethics; Online Textbook. Web Surfer's Caveat

Subject: Philosophy

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Writting An Essay

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Writing an Essay

The issue of electric cars becoming dominant is completely different from fully autonomous Self Driving Vehicles (“faSDVs”). The future dominance of faSDV versus human-driven vehicles is clear. There are no reputable authorities that claim faSDVs would not come in the market and that they won’t be dominant. The only question that arises here is when? Regarding this, some say 2025, others in the 2030s and many post-2040. But all agree that the faSDV will be dominant.

The faSDV today is typically in an internal combustion engine (“ICE”) platform. And there is no particular reason that faSDVs must or might be ‘electric’. ICE has worked well for the last 100 years. So, it’s entirely possible that we will have faSDVs as the dominant form of transportation and the faSDVs will be ICE based (Helbing). The self-driving car will never drive faster than it’s stopping distance with something in front. And if something jumps out in front, then it’s not going to choose what to hit if there’s an option. It’ll just hit the brakes if there’s no way to swerve without hitting something.

Cars don’t have the processing power to identify whether an obstacle is an old lady or a child and whether it’s more moral to hit the old lady or the child. They will simply be obstacles to avoid hitting. Moreover, due to the much better reaction time, it’s much more likely to not hit anything at all as compared to a human driver.

The point that goes greatly in favor of the self-driven cars is greater control and management of freight, traffic, elimination of human error, poor judgment and improved safety against speeding, sleepy drivers, lapse in judgment and medical emergencies. As a passenger improved personal safety of not being potentially driven around by a maniac, rapist, murderer at the wheel. Although all these points sound great and create an enormous amount of comfort for the passengers riding in the vehicle there are a number of points that goes against these self-driven cars as well. Potential for catastrophic failure of the operating system these vehicles run on with no human driver at the wheel to step in and control the situation. Loss of employment and small businesses that man has created from driving commercially. As a passenger, you don’t really loss or gain that much in the way of safety. You’re putting your life in the hands of someone else every single time. If it is said that there will be fewer accidents with autonomous vehicles is, at this point, theoretical because hackers are already able to control modern cars that are heavily dependent on computers and connected to the internet. It’s a dice roll but one thing we do know it will have a huge impact on the economy in a negative way.

There are a number of questions that have been raised by the experts in the field of driving and automobiles regarding the ethical authenticity of the self-driven cars. These questions sound like:

Will self-driving cars are allowed to deviate from the strict rules of the road, thus allowing it to make such a decision? Because if the car is obeying the law, the decision was already made: the human that broke the rules and put themselves in a harmful way is the one that will be hit. Realistically, this is what happens most of the time when a human is driving. There just isn’t enough time to make a decision. The human just goes straight, slamming on the brakes to mitigate the inevitable impact. But there is no way at all that the law will allow a car to veer into oncoming traffic and kill an adult in a head-on collision, just to avoid a child that (illegally) jumped in front of the deciding car. That’s murder, where hitting the child isn’t.

It can also be contended that another human cognition flaw is occurring, just in framing this question. The lack of foresight to imagine that accidents can be unavoidable. In this case, the moral choice of the engineers is to anticipate accident scenarios. In addition to this, it is also the responsibility to have the car both recognize them and change driving such that it can avoid an accident if such a situation goes from potential to actual. In the swerve to avoid either hitting an adult or a child—obviously, the car was driving too fast if this is even a choice (Vaughn). Because at 25 mph, the car should have been able to come to a complete stop in just 30 ft. And better, it also has the ability to calculate that it should speed up to get past a child entering the road before they get in front of the car if there isn’t enough stopping distance.

The “What If” scenario where a self-driving car would have debated who to save is overstated. These scenarios are incredibly rare, even with human drivers today. Somewhere between 5 and 6 million auto accidents happen each year in the United States alone. Out of those, how many incidents involved a human driver making an ethical choice to reduce overall harm?

So, given self-driving cars’ superhuman reflexes, awareness of its surroundings and complete control of the car, they’ll encounter these situations even more infrequently than humans and when they do, they’ll more often achieve a favorable outcome to a comparable human driver. And that’s really the point of a self-driving car: it’s not to avoid all deaths and fatalities but to do better than a normal, reasonable human driver would overall.

Today, 100% of drivers licensed to operate cars are not trained to deal with ethical issues or tested on how the ‘right’ way to react in these What-If scenarios. Our driver’s handbooks don’t have a table listing the ethical value of people and objects so that we know whether to save us or the box of puppies/group of old ladies/school bus full of kids.

If someone was driving and a sudden unavoidable obstacle appears, they don’t stop and consider the ethics to choose a course of action. People generally just choose action on reflex and intuition. Many times, human drivers will panic and make suboptimal decisions. Sometimes drivers also end up taking such decisions that even result in the loss of their lives. Sometimes less amount of damage is done, they only end up harming themselves and sometimes an unexpected kind of damage is done.

Works Cited

Helbing, Dirk. "Traffic and related self-driven many-particle systems." Reviews of modern physics 73.4 (2001): 1067.

Vaughn, Lewis. "Contemporary Moral Arguments: Readings in Ethical Issues." (2009).

Subject: Philosophy

Pages: 3 Words: 900

Writting Assigment

Abraham Maslow A Great Psychologist

[Name]

[Institute]

[Date]

Abraham Maslow A Great Psychologist

Background

Abraham Maslow (1908 – 1970) was a very famous clinical psychologist and he belongs to Brooklyn, New York. He grew up with in a family of seven children and his parents who were Russian in origin. He married Bertha Goodman, his cousin (Cherry, 2019). His career started in 1937, from Brooklyn College. He later moved to Wisconsin to study in the University of Wisconsin. His interest in the field of Psychology emerged from this institute and he found a mentor Harry Harlow who became his advisor for his doctoral program. In 1930 he got his bachelor’s degree, 1931 was the year when had Master’s degree and in 1934 he had his doctoral degree from the University of Wisconsin ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ipKyhXj6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cherry, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Cherry, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":207,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LY9XXHSK/items/FG3B4DT3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LY9XXHSK/items/FG3B4DT3"],"itemData":{"id":207,"type":"book","title":"Biography of Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)","author":[{"family":"Cherry","given":"Kendra"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cherry, 2019).

Abraham Maslow had done specialization in humanistic psychology and presented a famous theory on the Hierarchy of Needs and the model is called Maslow’s pyramid (McLeod, 2007).

Theory on Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow was always curious to know what motivates people. He used to believe that everyone has an individual system of motivation and that is not related to rewards or desires. In 1943 he said that the ways to motivate people is to make them achieve what they need the more. So one need is achieved another arises. Maslow Hierarchy of needs, (1943 and 1954) includes five needs that are motivation and he had displayed them in the form of a pyramid. The model has been divided into deficiency needs or basic needs or that includes security, esteem, love and physiological needs and some growth needs that includes needs for self-actualization. He put self-actualization at the top and if a person is able to fulfill his/her basic needs then he/she can have self-actualization ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"MHKjefL1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(McLeod, 2007)","plainCitation":"(McLeod, 2007)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":208,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LY9XXHSK/items/6NR48NFS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LY9XXHSK/items/6NR48NFS"],"itemData":{"id":208,"type":"article-journal","title":"Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Simply psychology,.","author":[{"family":"McLeod","given":"","suffix":"S."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (McLeod, 2007).

Application of the Theory on the Hierarchy of Needs.

Abraham Maslow changed psychology in the 20th century when he presented his theory of needs and founded Humanistic psychology. This theory and his humanistic movement are his greatest contribution to psychology. His theory discusses Physiological, social safety, esteem, and self-actualization needs and currently employed motivational techniques are find out using Maslow pyramids that explains his theory. The employee who are having motivational issues, their lower level motivational needs are full filled first and thus they get self-actualization. This project is a great tool for the project manager to use in order to motivate his/her employees ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5ss6v9Yg","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Smith, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Smith, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":209,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LY9XXHSK/items/7IGEVLY7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LY9XXHSK/items/7IGEVLY7"],"itemData":{"id":209,"type":"book","title":"Values, self and society: Toward a humanist social psychology","publisher":"Routledge","ISBN":"1-351-31667-2","author":[{"family":"Smith","given":"Mahlon Brewster"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Smith, 2017).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Cherry, K. (2019). Biography of Abraham Maslow (1908-1970).

McLeod, S. (2007). Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Simply psychology,

Smith, M. B. (2017). Values, self and society: Toward a humanist social psychology. Routledge.

Subject: Philosophy

Pages: 1 Words: 300

You Can Choose

Author’s name

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Art 101

19 December 2019

Research Essay: Surrogacy and Morality

Surrogacy is an arrangement, often backed by legal agreements in which a woman agrees to bear the child of another person or persons who will become the child’s parent after birth. Most of the time, surrogacy arrangements are made under the protection of law and contracts are provided to the surrogates promising incentives through the process ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"hr7f7PtU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). This practice is observed to be on the rise in the countries in which people do not want to do reproductive labor i.e. the European and the American peninsula ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"sBZyfZdr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). This paper discusses the moral arguments that formulate the crux of the discussion on this topic and the ones that can be used by both sides. A critical analysis of both sides of the arguments will also be presented ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"MzKIwzEi","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). The problem will also be discussed from the perspective of care ethics.

Introduction

Surrogacy is an arrangement that is becoming increasingly popular in western countries as cheap surrogates are usually readily available from the developing countries where the value of a currency is also very low. This causes the implementation of the contract to be highly skewed and the rights of the surrogates are compromised ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Dj601IyG","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). The issue when looked at, from a perspective of morality as well as care ethics comes out to be very multi-dimensional ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"GFVTjucA","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). This practice of surrogacy is understood to be very common in developing countries especially those in which the people suffer from poverty and the women who intend to be the surrogate can earn in nine months what she could not have understood otherwise do in her whole lifetime.

There are two types of surrogacy namely traditional surrogacy and gestational surrogacy. In the practice of traditional surrogacy, a surrogate mother is artificially impregnated by the intended father and then she carries the baby until birth ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ZkmDqL9k","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). The baby produced by traditional surrogacy is genetically related to both the surrogate mother as well as the father ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"fJmsQEL4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). There is an element of marital attachment in such cases and the emotional exploitation of the mother is also a grieving concern ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"dyDj765r","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). On the other hand, in cases of gestational surrogacy, an egg is removed from the intended mother and it is artificially fertilized with the sperm of the father and then placed in the belly of the surrogate which then carries it to term.

Discussion

The practice of surrogacy is highly controversial in its essence as it has a tinge of exploitation attached to it ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"qDoe2riK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). The woman who intends to be the surrogate might be in a socially compromising state of being and she might be forced into renting her body for money. Some people who criticize the practice of surrogacy do so on the basis that the actions of hiring someone to relieve themselves of reproductive labor are very close in essence to the acts of prostitution. The prostitution debate when it comes to harm takes a very drastic turn and becomes quite sticky especially when moral perspectives and the debates of freedom get intermixed with issues of freedom and the social contract ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"mb0ESndf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). The liberal argument in favor of the practice of surrogacy is that the human being has the fundamental right to free actions ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"dY9fxp1d","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). The argument recognizes the freedom of the surrogate to enter into an agreement with her own consent. The presuppositions of the liberal argument will always remain the harm principle ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"GNiYhsre","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). The notion that a person should be allowed to do whatever he wants to do unless he does not hurt anyone is the main crux of the liberal argument. This argument from freedom, however, does not recognize the monetary situations and the necessitations that a surrogate has when she is entering into a contract of being a surrogate ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"6NHGi8xN","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). This very aspect can make people label the liberal argument to being insensitive against the trials and tribulations that a lady might have to go through in a developing country. However, we should not completely negate the argument from freedom but introduce the fundamental sensitivity that should be there when framing such an arrangement ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0bL0037Q","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). The perspective of care ethics can provide a much-needed balance and sensitivity to the issue ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"YkP4oZcd","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). The argument from care ethics actually originates from the same roots as the liberal argument but instead of desensitizing the issue of exploitation, this argument takes into consideration the complete picture and the monetary situation of the surrogate ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"K2V0ywjj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). The idea is that the surrogate does not enter into an agreement due to social pressure or need but that she, by herself makes the independent decision of entering into the agreement.

Major arguments regarding surrogacy involve the negative impact on childless couples who travel for miles to get a surrogate mother. Although there are no proper and standard procedures available for these couples to follow ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"uNwAk0qe","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). For example, if such circumstances occur between couples that they have to get separated than who will take the responsibility of these children? If the parents left, then the surrogate mother would take responsibility for the child? These are some questions raised by the societies and communities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"uDEbvEOF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). It is significantly important to plan some policies that can help parents or surrogate mothers to take the responsibility of these children in case of tragedies. These technological advancements have created hope for the childless couples therefore, the phenomenon need to be more precisely managed by the countries so that children like Manji would not suffer in any circumstances.

There have been circumstances in which surrogate agreements have been responsible for the creation of individuals who were refused nationality by both the respective countries ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"pN5h8wNl","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). Such a case occurred in India some time ago ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"K6zjNHv2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). The famous case of baby Manji is one example of such a scenario. A Japanese couple hired an Indian woman to be the surrogate to their child. An agreement was thus signed. What happened was that the Japanese couple decided to divorce before the birth of their child and afterward refused to take the child. This caused the baby to be left nationless, as the Indian state-recognized birth by the name of the mother and since the mother was supposed to be Japanese, the Indian state refused to give the baby a nationality ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"RCuQG6mD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). The Japanese state on the other hand only recognizes nationality by birth so the case for Japanese nationality was very weak and it was not granted either ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Ye6XteJy","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). The grandmother of the baby came all the way from Japan to save the day and filed a claim for the custody of the baby and won the case ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BM0csmQL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). This case gives us a detailed perspective on the complexity and the complications that can arise from such arrangements and that we need to be able to understand and bring about some robust legislation to avoid such circumstances ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ZRtTE4E1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). This very case is handled from the perspective of care ethics that could have been resolved before getting out of hand. The agreement should have mentioned the case scenario in which such an incident takes place and it should have been dealt with, there and then.

While lawful and dogmatic subjects are of the greatest significance when seeing this practice of international reproductive skill ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"GuPGLU2a","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). Researchers have highlighted that we have engrossed attention on reproductive trade and in that, relevant moral issues are ignored ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lyKNObQ4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). It is essentially important to pay attention to the moral aspects of the issue such as legalizing the surrogacy practice and nationality issues of the children. Taking ethical approaches can solve the debate raised among several countries ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"mLQJ4rVw","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). By enchanting to an ethic of care method, one highpoint several ethically concerning features of the practice of surrogacy that are otherwise concealed. Few couples are scared regarding moral issues such as surrogate mothers may demand her child and it may result in harm or damage for these children in the future ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"74U3iTcq","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). The ethical concerns are more critical with this practice across the border than it is within the same country. There is a component of marital affection in such circumstances and the emotional exploitation of the mother is also an inconsolable concern in such practices ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"kH8Vsp74","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). The debate and concerns can be resolved by applying the approach of social care ethics and people involved in surrogacy should be trained and educated regarding humanity and ethics. Ethical training and education for the couples and surrogate mothers is suggestively important to address such moral concerns in this practice across the border.

Conclusion

The issue of surrogacy is a very delicate one and needs to be handled with care. A robust legislative procedure needs to be developed for the practice of international surrogacy in order to prevent the exploitation of women from developing countries who are already back-broken due to the monetary situation of their country and their house ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"duWU5I1d","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Krause)","plainCitation":"(Krause)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":395,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/36GKAMD7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/36GKAMD7"],"itemData":{"id":395,"type":"chapter","container-title":"Care in Healthcare","page":"87-107","publisher":"Palgrave Macmillan, Cham","title":"Caring Relationships: Commercial Surrogacy and the Ethical Relevance of the Other","author":[{"family":"Krause","given":"Franziska"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Krause). The approach of social care ethics needs to be adopted and people should be trained on the basis of humanity. The liberal arguments despite giving their perspective on freedom do not provide enough shelter to the surrogate as it does not recognize that their freedoms might be compromised by their monetary situations.

Work Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHYKrause, Franziska. “Caring Relationships: Commercial Surrogacy and the Ethical Relevance of the Other.” Care in Healthcare, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2018, pp. 87–107.

Parks, Jennifer A. “Care Ethics and the Global Practice of Commercial Surrogacy.” Bioethics, vol. 24, no. 7, 2010, pp. 333–40.

Subject: Philosophy

Pages: 5 Words: 1500

You Can Choose

Suhur Mohamed

Instructor Name

Art 101

12 December 2019

Global Practice of Commercial Surrogacy

For global surrogacy, cost-saving potential can be negative by acting and thinking from a care point of view. Thinking and acting perspective can leads to low palatable choices for couples who do have a child all around the world. Numbers of childless couples travel to other nations to get assistant for their reproductive issues and to acquire reproductive technologies. Reproductive arrangements and compensation of surrogate mothers are additionally considered and promoted in wealthy countries ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"RbrIEu0u","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)"},"citationItems":[{"id":873,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/K4VSD7MK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/K4VSD7MK"],"itemData":{"id":873,"type":"article-journal","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","container-title":"Bioethics","page":"333-340","volume":"24","issue":"7","source":"onlinelibrary.wiley.com (Atypon)","abstract":"ABSTRACT This essay will focus on the moral issues relating to surrogacy in the global context, and will critique the liberal arguments that have been offered in support of it. Liberal arguments hold sway concerning reproductive arrangements made between commissioning couples from wealthy nations and the surrogates from socioeconomically weak backgrounds that they hire to do their reproductive labor. My argument in this paper is motivated by a concern for controlling harms by putting the practice of globalized commercial surrogacy into the context of care ethics. As I will argue, the unstable situations into which children of global surrogacy arrangements are born is symbolic of the crisis of care that the practice raises. Using the Baby Manji case as my touch point, I will suggest that liberalism cannot address the harms experienced by Manji and children like her who are created through the global practice of assisted reproductive technology. I will argue that, if commissioning couples consider their proposed surrogacy contracts from a care ethics point of view, they will begin to think relationally about their actions, considering the practice from an ethical lens, not just an economic or contractual one.","DOI":"10.1111/j.1467-8519.2010.01831.x","ISSN":"0269-9702","journalAbbreviation":"Bioethics","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010",9,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Parks). They travel because of various issues in which saving money is major. A place that provides reproductive technologies in less money is favorable for such a couple like India. In India, costs associated with commercial surrogacy are fewer as compared to the European nations ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"vpBooLNC","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)"},"citationItems":[{"id":873,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/K4VSD7MK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/K4VSD7MK"],"itemData":{"id":873,"type":"article-journal","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","container-title":"Bioethics","page":"333-340","volume":"24","issue":"7","source":"onlinelibrary.wiley.com (Atypon)","abstract":"ABSTRACT This essay will focus on the moral issues relating to surrogacy in the global context, and will critique the liberal arguments that have been offered in support of it. Liberal arguments hold sway concerning reproductive arrangements made between commissioning couples from wealthy nations and the surrogates from socioeconomically weak backgrounds that they hire to do their reproductive labor. My argument in this paper is motivated by a concern for controlling harms by putting the practice of globalized commercial surrogacy into the context of care ethics. As I will argue, the unstable situations into which children of global surrogacy arrangements are born is symbolic of the crisis of care that the practice raises. Using the Baby Manji case as my touch point, I will suggest that liberalism cannot address the harms experienced by Manji and children like her who are created through the global practice of assisted reproductive technology. I will argue that, if commissioning couples consider their proposed surrogacy contracts from a care ethics point of view, they will begin to think relationally about their actions, considering the practice from an ethical lens, not just an economic or contractual one.","DOI":"10.1111/j.1467-8519.2010.01831.x","ISSN":"0269-9702","journalAbbreviation":"Bioethics","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010",9,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Parks). A caring approach can develop various issues this use of individuals to acquire cost-saving ends as it requires distancing oneself from the relations that are being forged.

Surrogacy and Ethical Issues

Commercial surrogacy is a phenomenon that is very commonly practiced among various countries including the United States and India. There are certain laws regarding surrogacy in countries that apply the compensation and reimbursement of services for surrogate mothers. Arguments and several ethical issues are surrounding the process of surrogacy. Liberal and legal issues are also present behind the legalization of surrogacy in the countries. Several arguments regarding ethical concerns are debated among researchers and ethicists. Several arguments including those that are linked with the harm and damage to surrogacy are particularly debated in the meetings of policymakers. This article specifically focused on the arguments that control the harm by placing the exercise of worldwide commercial surrogacy in the ethical views. It is also believed that the children raised in surrogate families need additional care as compared to other born in normal circumstances. It is suggested that Manji and other children raised in the practice of surrogacy required to progress the technology concerning assisted reproductive activities. It is true that if the families involved in the surrogacy think their practices with the lens of ethics other than an economic point will take it rationally. Ethical concerning the incidents such as if mothers or fathers got separated, the care of the children is objectionable, the country also needs other policies to be followed such as no objection certification or record of children in the country. In certain countries, the birth certificate and passport of the children are issued with the conjunction of the mothers. In the case of Manji, both mothers refused to take the custody of the children and hence children would be facing the issues of isolation or would be sent to limbo.

Concerning the debate on moral principles, several issues raised if the policies are made to abolish pregnancies and to legalize the surrogacy practice. Globally, it has been observed that policies are prepared and established however, surrogacy is a sensitive issue and various aspects can change the scenarios in seconds. Therefore, the effect of the legalization of surrogacy policies would need to be established by viewing all aspects. On the conflicting point, although some researchers argue that the worldwide exercise of marketable surrogacy agonizes from ethical difficulties, it would be suggested that investigating it the view of care morals might affect significant variations in what way it is largely observed and preserved. This modification in an ethical viewpoint might also influence how authorizing couples' opinions and methods the agreement pregnancies for which they are responsible.

Policies and laws are made to protect both parents, surrogate mothers and babies of these practices. Critique regarding liberalism to reproduction also does not recommend any theory to address the issue globally ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7G3g0WlJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf ({\\i{}CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library})}","plainCitation":"(CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library)"},"citationItems":[{"id":871,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QLQSFF7U"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QLQSFF7U"],"itemData":{"id":871,"type":"webpage","title":"CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library","URL":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2010.01831.x","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library). On the contrary, Manji narrowly avoided the orphan status if a generous method could discourse the apprehension for juvenile relinquishment by arguing for strong and firmly compulsory laws that prohibit it. Entities could envision rules in contradiction of child relinquishment being protracted to surrogacy preparations, for example, ordering couples are apprehended answerable for the wellbeing of the infants-to-be, though if the partners' divorce or variation occurs at their status throughout the progress of the pregnancies ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"F6eVgJVr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)"},"citationItems":[{"id":873,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/K4VSD7MK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/K4VSD7MK"],"itemData":{"id":873,"type":"article-journal","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","container-title":"Bioethics","page":"333-340","volume":"24","issue":"7","source":"onlinelibrary.wiley.com (Atypon)","abstract":"ABSTRACT This essay will focus on the moral issues relating to surrogacy in the global context, and will critique the liberal arguments that have been offered in support of it. Liberal arguments hold sway concerning reproductive arrangements made between commissioning couples from wealthy nations and the surrogates from socioeconomically weak backgrounds that they hire to do their reproductive labor. My argument in this paper is motivated by a concern for controlling harms by putting the practice of globalized commercial surrogacy into the context of care ethics. As I will argue, the unstable situations into which children of global surrogacy arrangements are born is symbolic of the crisis of care that the practice raises. Using the Baby Manji case as my touch point, I will suggest that liberalism cannot address the harms experienced by Manji and children like her who are created through the global practice of assisted reproductive technology. I will argue that, if commissioning couples consider their proposed surrogacy contracts from a care ethics point of view, they will begin to think relationally about their actions, considering the practice from an ethical lens, not just an economic or contractual one.","DOI":"10.1111/j.1467-8519.2010.01831.x","ISSN":"0269-9702","journalAbbreviation":"Bioethics","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010",9,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Parks). Nevertheless though this generous method of contraction up surrogacy rules and defining errands (on a global level).

The ethics and laws should be prepared that deny the concept and policies of the parenting and relationship of mother to child and father to the child. Human relations are not merely the instrumental relationships therefore, they should be focused in terms of priorities. Also, in surrogacy policies, the relationships are not merely the instrumentalization type to ignore it. However, some ethicists argue that the worldwide exercise of marketable surrogacy agonizes from ethical difficulties, it would be suggested that investigating it the view of care morals might affect significant variations in what way it is largely observed and preserved.

The researchers have argued a generous, rights-linked outline that highlights the autonomy of sensible persons to do an agreement for shared advantage fails to discourse the multifaceted relations that ascend in association with the exercise of worldwide profitable surrogacy ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"N4oFIhMB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf ({\\i{}CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library})}","plainCitation":"(CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library)"},"citationItems":[{"id":871,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QLQSFF7U"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QLQSFF7U"],"itemData":{"id":871,"type":"webpage","title":"CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library","URL":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2010.01831.x","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library). Though lawful and dogmatic subjects are of highest prominence when seeing this system of trade or reproduction at cross-border. Scientists believed that they have engrossed on the policies to the fact of overlooking the pertinent ethical apprehensions. Through a way of compelling an ethical and moral care method, one highpoint particular ethically disturbing features of the exercise that are then concealed. Aimed at, like numerous other procedures of females' care and facility work implementation of relationships of humans and children arrangements are then left aside.

Arguments

It is believed that individuals to individual and family to a family we all are linked and connected like what we eat, drink and have in life are all concerned and connected internationally. There several mothers that left their children to serve and care for children of others. Sometimes it is also believed that surrogacy is more linked to ethics and moral values than it is linked with the economic or financial situation of families ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HQLAuUTu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf ({\\i{}CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library})}","plainCitation":"(CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library)"},"citationItems":[{"id":871,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QLQSFF7U"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QLQSFF7U"],"itemData":{"id":871,"type":"webpage","title":"CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library","URL":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2010.01831.x","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library). However, the practice has been implemented globally to take advantage of the condition and also provide families with financial support. There are several cases like Manji, that are not ended up in a fruitful condition and are left unattended whereas, these phenomena have highlighted the organizational policies at the national level.

Several feminists believe that legalizing surrogacy should be supported and promoted. However, it would be a normal practice for sacrificing children to earn money and become financially strong. Some researchers are of the view that it should be prohibited in communities. However, if the prevention can stop the production and proliferation of the families. For example, allowing the restriction of the surrogacy would also prevent the families that cannot build their families through normal pregnancies ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"n42asJrV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf ({\\i{}CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library})}","plainCitation":"(CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library)"},"citationItems":[{"id":871,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QLQSFF7U"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QLQSFF7U"],"itemData":{"id":871,"type":"webpage","title":"CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library","URL":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2010.01831.x","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library). Therefore, the debate is long and another argument such as my body my choice would also support the concept of allowing families to join the surrogacy.

Other aspects include such as hiring a surrogate mother for a particular purpose will later sometimes come up with a new concept. For example, if policies are redefined such as allowing it legally to practice surrogacy then it would interfere with the policy of courts to restrict the practice. In case parents are divorced then biological parents failed to give a name to the child and therefore the option left for the child is to live with a surrogate mother. However, the practice of financially become strong would discourage the practice. Does this mean the practice is related to the concept 'my body my choice' that the decision is only left with females to donate her body according to her will? Does this represent that the female body is used for the profit? The concept of the arguments are somewhat true but the liberalism in various countries allow this practice on the decision of mothers.

Approach oversees the duties that these new global social connections carry with them. The care approach is not as bad as it discourages couples to find out reproductive technologies. However, reproductive travel can be inevitable but the overall procedure for its practice is not completely recognized. If the variation in the thinking of the individuals regarding the relationship under capitalism globally influences eroding reproductive commerce among nations based on rich and poor, then the care approach should be considered. On the other hand, this objection raised in contrast to an ethic of care is not an argument, however, it shows a required consequence of taking this moral perception.

Another objection is for the surrogates of the female to whom the appointing couples fulfill the care duty. Here argument arises that the female member that is hired by the foreign couple may not get agree to the intrusion of the couples. They can demand privacy and surety for less communication with them and may surely not want the care and distress of the couples. This can be the issue due to various factors like the contrast in the culture and language barrier. The language barrier is one of the major reasons that this female can avoid foreign couples as much as possible. The basic reasons for these women from nations like India to a surrogate is a financial issue ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"gnPopicv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf ({\\i{}CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library})}","plainCitation":"(CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library)"},"citationItems":[{"id":871,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QLQSFF7U"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QLQSFF7U"],"itemData":{"id":871,"type":"webpage","title":"CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library","URL":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2010.01831.x","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library). Due to poverty and the need for money, they get ready for the procedure which highlights the moral issues. Therefore, the care of the commissioning couple can increase irritation and unknown fear which may result in more of a burden than a benefit.

Conclusion

The arguments have shown that the issue concerning surrogacy is an ongoing debate. The concepts involve ethical views and moral values that are concerned with the surrogacy. The counter-arguments have suggested that moral and ethical concerns are more significant for defining the policies of the surrogacy. Also, it is true that if the families convoluted in surrogacy think their practices with the lens of ethics other than an economic point will take it realistically and rationally. Because ethics concerning the occurrences such as if mothers or fathers got divorced, the children are vulnerable to societies. Therefore, the country needs other policies to be followed such as no objection certification or record of children in the country. In certain countries, the birth certificate and passport of the children are issued with the conjunction of the mothers. To avoid the circumstances of the complications, the decision should be left to mothers and females who want to have their babies and those who devote their bodies to provide hope to others.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2010.01831.x. Accessed 12 Dec. 2019.

Parks, Jennifer A. “Care Ethics and the Global Practice of Commercial Surrogacy.” Bioethics, vol. 24, no. 7, Sept. 2010, pp. 333–40. onlinelibrary.wiley.com (Atypon), doi:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2010.01831.x.

Subject: Philosophy

Pages: 6 Words: 1800

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