Assignment

Assignment

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Assignment

Thesis statement

Workplace diversity can help develop a multi-talented workforce with diversifying skills that can perform organizational tasks with high-level efficiency, optimization, and creativity.

Article 1

Ramos, M. R., Hewstone, M., Barreto, M., & Branscombe, N. R. (2016). The opportunities and challenges of diversity: Explaining its impact on individuals and groups. European Journal of Social Psychology, 46(7), 793-806. doi:10.1002/ejsp

Response

1)This source is relevant to my final topic, as this article provides an explained detail for the opportunities as well as the challenges that the diversity might face whether individually or in the group, i.e., organizations, communities, industries, etc. The relevancy of the source is evident from the title as well from the content the article entails.

2)According to the date of publication, which is 2016, it is a recent source to consider.

3)This source is completely reliable, as the article is published in a reputed research and academic journal, i.e., European journal of social psychology.

Article 2

De Meulenaere, K., Boone, C., & Buyl, T. (2016). Unraveling the impact of workforce age diversity on labor productivity: The moderating role of firm size and job security. Journal of organizational behavior, 37(2), 193-212.

Response

1)The source is relevant, as it tends to focus on an aspect of the workplace and workforce diversity, considering the demographic and its impact on the performance of the organization in terms of productivity.

2) This source is recent as it was published in 2016, based on its provided information.

3) This source is reliable as based on the journal it is published.

Article 3

Rizwan, M., Khan, M. N., Nadeem, B., & Abbas, Q. (2016). The impact of workforce diversity toward employee performance: Evidence from the banking sector of Pakistan. American Journal of Marketing Research, 2(2), 53-60.

Response

1)The relevance of this source can be seen from the title of this article, which provides literature on the impact of workplace diversity, which is a part of my thesis statement.

2) This source is recent because it was published in the year of 2016.

3) This source is reliable because it is published in an academic journal, which is a scholarly source.

Sources Response

1)The significant differences between popular and scholarly sources are that popular sources are provided by the general public however the researchers and scholars produce the scholarly sources. Moreover, scholarly sources are based on field-specific terms and language; on the other hand, academic sources use simple and layman language.

2)Scholarly sources can be compared to the web sources, as web sources also provide the web version of the scholarly articles. However, unless the proper citation is not provided for the article, it cannot be considered as authentic and reliable. But, scholarly sources are always reliable.

3)The examples of web sources contain Blogs, e-books, e-articles. the examples of popular sources can include magazine articles and search engine as well as web page information. Whereas, examples of scholarly articles include publications, published journal article, published reports, etc.

References

Ramos, M. R., Hewstone, M., Barreto, M., & Branscombe, N. R. (2016). The opportunities and challenges of diversity: Explaining its impact on individuals and groups. European Journal of Social Psychology, 46(7), 793-806.

De Meulenaere, K., Boone, C., & Buyl, T. (2016). Unraveling the impact of workforce age diversity on labor productivity: The moderating role of firm size and job security. Journal of organizational behavior, 37(2), 193-212.

Rizwan, M., Khan, M. N., Nadeem, B., & Abbas, Q. (2016). The impact of workforce diversity on employee performance: Evidence from the banking sector of Pakistan. American Journal of Marketing Research, 2(2), 53-60.

Assignment

Assignment

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Assignment

For a piece of writing it is essential that it should be clear and concise. Clarity and conciseness is an integral part because it maintains the interest of the readers ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"MGwfu7AS","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gerson, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Gerson, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":176,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/PBHVQV9R"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/PBHVQV9R"],"itemData":{"id":176,"type":"article-journal","title":"Writing That Works","container-title":"A Teacher’s Guide to Technical Writing","author":[{"family":"Gerson","given":"Steven M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gerson, 2015). In addition to this, a brief paper saves time and attracts the reader. Similarly, clarity in the paper through the use of simple vocabulary and constant flow of idea also makes the writing compelling ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"TwJLl4ee","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Harris, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Harris, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":178,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/IIU5N288"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/IIU5N288"],"itemData":{"id":178,"type":"book","title":"Writing with clarity and style: A guide to rhetorical devices for contemporary writers","publisher":"Routledge","ISBN":"1-351-96860-2","author":[{"family":"Harris","given":"Robert A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Harris, 2016). With this though under consideration, the struggle I had with clarity in the past was that it was challenging for me to explain different ideas in flow and connection to one another. Secondly, to make my writing attractive, I preferred using decorative vocabulary which hindered the clarity of the thoughts. Correspondingly the struggle I had in the past with conciseness was that it was difficult for me to decide which information is irrelevant and how ideas can be explained using fewer words. These struggles were because of my weakness with clarity and conciseness. Another flaw in my writing skill is unfocused topic sentences which makes my writing lengthy ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"eQFJuajm","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ferrari, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Ferrari, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":181,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/8QDSB8LA"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/8QDSB8LA"],"itemData":{"id":181,"type":"article-journal","title":"Writing narrative style literature reviews","container-title":"Medical Writing","page":"230-235","volume":"24","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Ferrari","given":"Rossella"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ferrari, 2015). However, I feel that creativity is my fundamental writing strength. With these strengths and weakness under consideration, the thing I can do to make my work effective is to use simple vocabulary and sentences ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"1bRU3PSz","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Clark & Sousa, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Clark & Sousa, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":183,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/9JHFHWVN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/9JHFHWVN"],"itemData":{"id":183,"type":"book","title":"How to be a happy academic: A guide to being effective in research, writing and teaching","publisher":"Sage","ISBN":"1-5264-4907-2","author":[{"family":"Clark","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Sousa","given":"Bailey"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Clark & Sousa, 2018). And to create a link among sentences.

Initial paragraphs

Diversity at the workplace is the most important aspect of the organization. Diversity at the workplace performs tasks at different factors such as economic, cultural and social.

As economic growth and demographic growth in the US region grows, organizations increasingly think about whether their workforce reflects the diversity of the society they serve.

As stakeholders in the health sector, we must be able to work with regard to the huge range of languages, religions, customs, traditions, worldviews and values, especially as more and more patients in our region actively make decisions regarding their health.

Revised Paragraph

In an organization, diversity is an important aspect. It aids in the performance of different tasks in different sectors like Economic, social and cultural.

The economic and demographic growth in the US region, force the organization to ponder upon the workforce that reflects the diversity of the society they serve.

As a stakeholder in the health sector, it is essential to work in different areas like languages, religions, customs, traditions, and worldviews and values because patients are participating more in decision making regarding their health.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Clark, A., & Sousa, B. (2018). How to be a happy academic: A guide to being effective in research, writing and teaching. Sage.

Ferrari, R. (2015). Writing narrative style literature reviews. Medical Writing, 24(4), 230–235.

Gerson, S. M. (2015). Writing That Works. A Teacher’s Guide to Technical Writing.

Harris, R. A. (2016). Writing with clarity and style: A guide to rhetorical devices for contemporary writers. Routledge.

Assignment

Should Animals Be Used in Research?

Many people believe that animals must be utilized for instructing and learning in research and science and are required as models for human wellbeing research. I also support this notion but believe that the use of animals can be taken care of in a way that animal utilization as such can be diminished. There is no need to kill animals for the scientific research to the extent we are doing right now. Animals too have a nervous system and they feel pain the same way we do, hence, unless there are no alternative methods available, animal testing should not be an option to pursue. Festing, Simon and Robin Wilkinson entail, “Procedures that subject animals to distress are permitted only when an alternative procedure is unavailable and when the research is justified by its prospective value.”

It is essential here to define the area of animal research in which they are being used. i.e. animals should never be used to test cosmetics, or other, non-essential products. It is one thing to cause an animal suffering in your quest to find a cure for AIDS, quite another to burn its eyes with chemicals from your new perfume range.

Furthermore, researchers should ensure that animals should never suffer, unless it's essential for the tests. (So, if the test can be done on an unconscious animal, or one on heavy doses of painkillers without skewing results, then it should be done that way.) As reinstated by the chapter, it is impertinent to consider that if there is an alternative to animal testing, it should be used. No animal should be used for more than one type of experiment in its lifetime. Sometimes, if the tests are unrelated and will not affect each other’s results, animals go from one lab to another to participate in multiple experiments. In my book, that's a double dose of possible suffering — after one experiment, the animal has paid its dues. Obviously, if research involves several different tests on the same animal, then that's what has to be done, but it shouldn't then be passed on to another department for another set for their research.

References

Feldman, Robert Stephen, and Mark Garrison. Understanding psychology. Vol. 10. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1993.

Festing, Simon, and Robin Wilkinson. "The ethics of animal research: Talking Point on the use of animals in scientific research." EMBO reports 8, no. 6 (2007): 526-530.

Assignment

Research Writing Experiences

Student’s Name

Institution

Research Writing Experiences

I have had a good deal of experiences in my research writing. I have had an experience of reading books for a long time and extracting content from various sources. I have also experienced difficulties in determining the accurate sources of information and those that are not as useful. The most stressing thing I experienced in research writing is having limited time and resources to complete a research. On the other hand, the most rewarding experience has been the ability to learn as much as I can and putting that into record by taking notes (Sala & Castelló 2017). I am most nervous of getting research topics that are quite delicate in regard to other people, such as the research project sample.

Various resources are available to me to enable me overcome my fears. There are so many second hand sources of information that can be used in place of respondents in a research project. In addition, there are various strategies I could use to approach the research project. First, I could do some prior research about a project before embarking on the entire project. I could also increase the number of sources to ensure that the information collected is objective and reliable (Sutton & Austin 2015). I could also consider involving my peers to gather more information on what they feel about a certain topic. There are various topics that I consider in my final projects. One of the topics is “the role of communication in the performance of the firm”. Another topic is “the role of motivation in the on employees’ loyalty”. However, each of the topics selected will be determined by the subject under consideration as well as the upcoming issues around the world.

References

Sala-Bubaré, A., & Castelló, M. (2017). Exploring the relationship between doctoral students’ experiences and research community positioning. Studies in Continuing Education, 39(1), 16-34.

Sutton, J., & Austin, Z. (2015). Qualitative research: data collection, analysis, and management. The Canadian journal of hospital pharmacy, 68(3), 226.

Assignment #1

Sandra Thomsen

Name of the Instructor

English

29 January 2020

Assignment #1

Research Statement

Criminal justice is a wide area of study. There are many researchers and academicians who are engaged in exploring these different aspects. Besides providing insights about contemporary topics, these researchers provide in-depth analysis about technical aspects related to criminal justice. There are so many aspects in this subject which remains unexplored or where the research provides narrow insights. One such topic in criminal justice is related to media and its influence over the criminal justice system. This research aims at examining the impact of media portrayal of criminal incidents and relates it to how it impacts the justice system as a whole. In view of the contemporary policies related to media and criminal laws, there remains a need to explore areas where both aspects can relate to each other. The topic remains interesting since the masses get to interact with both frequently.

There remain many reasons, to why one needs to explore this area of study. One such reason is the impact of media over opinion-making. Since the media enjoys a wider reach and has access to a wider audience as well, therefore, it remains impactful in many ways. Those who study the media or criminal justice system may get benefit from this research, as it will have interesting aspects that have not been explored yet, through the academic lens. Some of the following literature provides an insight into the literary aspect of this topic

The book titled Media and Criminal Justice Policy: Recent Research and Social Effectsauthored by R Surette, provide interesting ideas about how media and criminal justice develop social cultures ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5Gyuw5nf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Surette)","plainCitation":"(Surette)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":582,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/TPEKL3FF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/TPEKL3FF"],"itemData":{"id":582,"type":"book","publisher":"Brooks/Cole Publishing Company Pacific Grove, CA","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Media, crime, and criminal justice: Images and realities","title-short":"Media, crime, and criminal justice","author":[{"family":"Surette","given":"Ray"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1992"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Surette). Though a little old, Surette’s insights remain worthy with respect to law-making in media and criminal justice and what trends they follow, when it comes to developing a social order.

Similar to this, JS Wright has attempted to explore a judge’s perception of the media portrayal of the judiciary ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"tjNup0dj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wright)","plainCitation":"(Wright)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":579,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/K94LNN9E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/K94LNN9E"],"itemData":{"id":579,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"ABAJ","page":"1125","source":"Google Scholar","title":"A Judge's View: The News Media and Criminal Justice","title-short":"A Judge's View","volume":"50","author":[{"family":"Wright","given":"J. Skelly"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1964"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wright). In his article titled A Judge’s View: the news media and criminal justice Wright opines that media-related incidents are a little critical, and has attempted to broaden the horizon for this research. Some consider Wright’s opinion as the founding element to view the relation between Media and criminal justice policy, but there are some who also believe his view as a little more critical.

P Schlesinger; H Timbers’ book titled Reporting Crime: The Media Politics of Criminal Justice is a worthy read to understand the relational dynamics of media politics and criminal justice ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"albQa96b","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Schlesinger and Tumber)","plainCitation":"(Schlesinger and Tumber)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":587,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/N9ZZ2WJG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/N9ZZ2WJG"],"itemData":{"id":587,"type":"book","publisher":"Clarendon Press Oxford","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Reporting crime: The media politics of criminal justice","title-short":"Reporting crime","author":[{"family":"Schlesinger","given":"Philip"},{"family":"Tumber","given":"Howard"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1994"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Schlesinger and Tumber). The authors have worked over to find about the inherent discord between media and criminal justice and have argued that media held political importance when it comes to relating it to criminal justice.

Billy Henson’s article titled Special Issue Introduction: The Impact of the Media in Criminal Justice is related to introducing the latest trends about the impact of media over the criminal justice system ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"EZBWaI8E","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Henson)","plainCitation":"(Henson)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":589,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/ITJDLE3N"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/ITJDLE3N"],"itemData":{"id":589,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice","issue":"4","page":"360–363","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Special Issue Introduction: The Impact of the Media in Criminal Justice","title-short":"Special Issue Introduction","volume":"34","author":[{"family":"Henson","given":"Billy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Henson). In the article, he has based the arguments over the notion that social dynamics and political dynamics are the building blocks for perception making in media. For him, other social values and societal norms held secondary importance.

Research Questions

Being a broader domain this area can be studied through different manners and by applying different approaches. Considering the primary literature published about this topic, this research will answer two research questions which are as follow

How media influence the perceptions of decision making?

How criminal justice is influenced by the media projection of criminal incidents?

Research design

The proposed research will be qualitative in nature. Research techniques such as analysis, observations and focused group discussion will be used to conduct research.

Works Cited:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Henson, Billy. “Special Issue Introduction: The Impact of the Media in Criminal Justice.” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, vol. 34, no. 4, 2018, pp. 360–363.

Schlesinger, Philip, and Howard Tumber. Reporting Crime: The Media Politics of Criminal Justice. Clarendon Press Oxford, 1994.

Surette, Ray. Media, Crime, and Criminal Justice: Images and Realities. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company Pacific Grove, CA, 1992.

Wright, J. Skelly. “A Judge’s View: The News Media and Criminal Justice.” ABAJ, vol. 50, 1964, p. 1125.

Assignment 01

Assignment 01

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Assignment 01

Introduction

She was exactly like a child, she wanted to be with me always (Wells, 1895). Herbert George Wells is one of the prominent Modern novelists. His first novel The Time Machine (1895) is regarded as the first Science Fiction novel. This novel brought a new subject under this genre that would last for centuries: science fiction. This novel appealed to a large number of audiences and obliged the writers to write beyond the limits of time. This book is justifiably considered a typical Modern as it discusses the subjects which were never discussed in history, but this author also could not defamiliarize him from the Victorian values. Victorian era is famous and perhaps the last era in the history of Britain when citizens were supposed to strictly follow the social roles defined by the government and where women were not equal to men rather their subjects. Women were defined as a feeble and fragile human class who were supposed to obey men in every aspect of life. Men used to judge them and define them and they were supposed to embrace those judgments and definitions (Gough, 1993). This was the result of a long European tradition where everyone believed the words of William Shakespeare: Frailty thy name is a woman. This tradition was preceded by almost all the Classics and succeeded by the Romantics and Victorians. There is a credit for Henrik Ibsen who wrote portrayed Woman revolt against this long subjugation albeit he was condemned in the start appreciated after the First Phase of Feminism. Wells also follows this tradition in his novel The Time Machine (1895) where his protagonist The Time Traveler defines the Eloi heroin Weena humorously and disgustingly. He portrays her a feeble, fragile, and childish character who is wholly dependent on him for her survival.

Misogyny in The Time Machine

Weena is one of the major characters of the novel and the narrator introduces her in a way that itself seems misogynistic. Misogyny is defined as a dislike towards women, but Mary Wollstonecraft believes that disregarding women's sex is also misogyny. She argues in her book A Vindication of the Rights of Women that women are considered fragile because they accept the role of fragility in society. She writes: “I do not wish them [women] to have power over men; but over themselves” (Wells, 1895). She argues that men disregard women and show 'misogyny', but the woman who always dreams to have a man who would lift the burden of their life cannot claim that they are being subjugated unjustifiably until they show will power to lift their burden at their shoulders. The Time Traveler introduces Weena in the Chapter-V calling her a like child who would always keep following him in the pursuance of safety: “She tried to follow me everywhere, and on my next journey out and about it went to my heart to tire her down, and leave her at last, exhausted and calling after me The Time Machine rather plaintively” (Wells, 1895). Then he shows as he does not care about her affection rather, he does not care about love and affection when he is on a mission unlike Weena who is continuously under the feelings of compassion towards him: “But the problems of the world had to be mastered. I had not, I said to myself, come into the future to carry on a miniature flirtation. Yet her distress when I left her was very great, her expostulations at the parting were sometimes frantic, and I think, altogether, I had as much trouble as comfort from her devotion” (Wells, 1895). The narrator might attempt to express that he is a caring but practical kind of person but a woman is still an emotional kind of creature even in the year 701,802 AD.

Weena appears as she has been taken as a metonymy who represents the whole woman class. The narrator reveals that Weena does not dare walk away once she meets with The Time Traveler. She plays around him like a child and gets abnormal when she sees fire. He lits fire and Weena claps and jumps as a child does after watching a magic show. She is sensitive and caring for him like a typical woman of the Victorian era: an era recently preceded by Wells. She does not dare to leave her kinsmen when it is night outside because she and all her community fears from darkness and they sleep together in a large hall. She insists the Traveler to accomp0nay her in that hall and sleeps peacefully with him. Wells shows that a woman is still softhearted even after hundreds of thousands of years have been passed. Wells’ hero The Traveler appears as a typical Victorian hero of Jane Austen who comes to the help of a woman. The Traveler saves the life of Weena and it is the time when Weena becomes acquainted with him. She shows gratitude to The Traveler by kissing his hands (Wells, & Hammond, 1927). It was a custom in the Europe of the 19th century that women of some regions used to kiss the hands of their women although some women of the elite classes had also this privilege that some men used to kiss their hands. It is possible that Wells' heroine Weena belongs to the elite class of Whites. It is also apparent that Weena's kinsmen Eloi are the descendants of the Whites and the Morlocks who appear as the cannibal villains are dark-colored who could be the descendants of the Blacks. Here, we also see some racist factors in the novel.

Although The Time Machine (1895) is considered a Modern novel, but the misogynistic features of the novel make it a Victorian novel because a woman has been treated differently in the latter literature as compared to this book. Modern literature starts to give a woman a prominent and less-dependent role than in the previous ages. Wells' heroine Weena is a fragile woman who appears as a silly child albeit she is a grown-up woman. She always takes refuge in The Time Traveler and cannot save her life if he is not there to help her out from the chaos (Suvin, 1975). One notable ill-treatment of Wells with this gender is that his heroine dies ignobly with a little fire and his hero does not care much for this loss rather he is happy because she preferred to sacrifice her life instead of being approached by the Morlocks. Additionally, he is also happy because he has found his Time Machine. This kind of ill-treatment with women is little in Modern and Post-modern literature. To the Lighthouse (1927) by Virginia Wolfe can be considered the first novel which rebelled against the passive role of women in literature. Lily Briscoe is the chief character who does not dream about sleeping in the arms of a strong or nobleman rather she is pursuing Self-Esteem and she pities Mrs. Ramsay whose life is being wasted by serving a man (Mr. Ramsay), his friends, and his half a dozen children. Post-modern literature is rich with examples where women are not mere fragile characters rather, they are strong enough to face any kind of challenges posed by life. Women are portrayed as the heroes of the stories. The series of Resident Evil (2002) directed by Paul Anderson, The Hunger Games (2012) directed by Gary Ross, and Red Sparrow (2018) directed by Francis Lawrence are the prime examples of such literature. Apart from that, the movies and novels of Post-modern age are generally consisting of multiple heroes and female heroes are also portrayed as equally competent, intelligent, and powerful enough characters who can stand by their male co-actors. Unfortunately, the first sci-fi novel which was published by H.G. Wells lacks this unique feature.

Conclusion

The Time Machine (1895) is the first sci-fi novel and it is a commendable piece of literature, but H.G. Wells could not free his mind of patriarchal and misogynist thoughts prevailing in Europe for centuries. Misogyny does not only mean to hate women rather disregarding them and defining them as weak creatures also come under this definition. Wells’ heroine Weena is the only female character in this novel, the story talks only about men although it appears as a gender-less society (Sommerville, 1994). We cannot assume that Wells wants to show a society where gender does not matter and it is not a thing to be mentioned: a belief typical to Marx. It is because Wells has portrayed a female character Weena and has explained her thoroughly. She appears as a weak and childish woman who is dependent on the hero The Time Traveler. It reminds us Ibsen’s Nora who is ‘skylark’ of her husband Torvalds Helmer. Wells' hero is an adventurous kind of person who does not care about love, affection, and his life when he is out on an adventure. He might have lost his life when he travels the second time to gather proof of his adventures.

References

Wells, H. G., & Hammond, J. R. (1927). The complete short stories of HG Wells. Benn.

Sommerville, B. D. (1994). The Time Machine: A Chronological and Scientific Revision. The Wellsian: The Journal of the HG Wells Society, 17.

Suvin, D. (1975). Wells as the Turning Point of the SF Tradition. Minnesota Review, 4(1), 106-115.

Gough, N. (1993). Environmental education, narrative complexity, and postmodern science/fiction. International Journal of Science Education, 15(5), 607-625.

Assignment 02

Compare and Contrast the Ideas of Beauty in ”The Masque of Blackness” and “The Jew of Malta”

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Compare and Contrast the Ideas of Beauty in ”The Masque of Blackness” and “The Jew of Malta”

The two texts chosen are “The Masque of Blackness" and "The Jew of Malta." Both texts include the representation of beauty in different ways based upon their themes. "The Masque of Blackness” directly highlights the topic of beauty while the same topic is depicted hidden within the context of play in the other text i.e., "The Jew of Malta." The display of beauty in completely different ways shows how the same topic can be seen from different aspects by separate authors. The beauty that is being discussed is the physical and outer beauty of an entity. It is the beauty that is visible to the other people from the outside

“The Masque of Blackness” mainly revolves around the skin color of women. The masque is based around the concept that the king is the sun, and it is due to his power, magic, and strength that the color of African goddesses can change from a dark tone to a lighter tone. It is the wish of these goddesses, and they feel sad about having such a dark tone of the skin. As the masque was acted to please the king, thus his role was made comparable to that of the sun. The sun is responsible for bringing the main change into the appearance of the goddess. This masque was unusual in the concept as it involved the actors wearing black color makeup instead of masks to change their appearance. Usually, at the end of the play, the actors would unmask, but it was not possible with makeup on. The king's wife mainly held the play to show gender equality because ladies performed in this play, which was unheard of back then. But the main focus transferred from gender equality to the skin color, and there was controversy regarding the queen taking part in the play with the black makeup because it would taint her beauty. The masque shows that Niger, who is the son of a god, has black skin colored daughters, and they want to find a place where the sun shines bright and may change the color of the skin to a lighter paler tone. This depiction also resulted in a display of racism where the black color would be considered inferior to the white. The king is the one who would be responsible in his role as the sun to provide the necessary changes to the goddesses and change their appearance. This is one of the reasons that this text is not taught to the students because of the controversy that is present around the topic ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ksERqBGG","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Ben Jonson. The Masque of Blackness. 1605.}, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Ben Jonson. The Masque of Blackness. 1605., n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":19,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WKtM8IGm/items/VGSLU6L3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WKtM8IGm/items/VGSLU6L3"],"itemData":{"id":19,"type":"webpage","title":"Ben Jonson. The Masque of Blackness. 1605.","URL":"http://www.luminarium.org/editions/maskblack.htm","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,7]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ben Jonson. The Masque of Blackness. 1605., n.d.).

“The Jew of Malta” focusses on a Jewish merchant Barabas who is outraged when the governor asks him to give a part of his wealth for the Turks. He refuses and is punished by the governor as a result of which he plans to take revenge on the governor by using different means. Barabas uses his daughter and her beauty to get the attention of the governor’s son and get him killed by dueling his daughter’s real lover. In his anger, he even kills his daughter when he finds out that she knows about his plans. The play portrays the concept of beauty in multiple ways. First of all, the merchant would pick his slaves with care, selecting the ones that have a strong physical build. Also, the merchant would compare his daughter Abigail's beauty to the gold he has, thereby showing how much her beauty means. Also, the governor's son would call Abigail a diamond, thereby further portraying the concept of her amazing beauty. Barabas made the beauty of his daughter his prime weapon when conspiring against the governor. The author gave much importance to the concept of beauty by making it an important component of the text ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"hvggvpOT","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Full text of \\uc0\\u8220{}The Jew of Malta,\\uc0\\u8221{}} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Full text of “The Jew of Malta,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":20,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WKtM8IGm/items/VCB3SDE3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WKtM8IGm/items/VCB3SDE3"],"itemData":{"id":20,"type":"webpage","title":"Full text of \"The Jew of Malta\"","URL":"https://www.archive.org/stream/thejewofmalta00901gut/jmlta10.txt","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,7]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Full text of “The Jew of Malta,” n.d.).

The two texts are similar in the sense that the element of beauty is one of the topics of discussion in both of them, but the way the beauty s portrayed in completely different and makes a great topic of discussion. The Masque of Blackness highlights how the color white is considered a sign of beauty, and achieving it is one of the major goals of the ladies of that era ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"IDVlzxSf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Aasand, 1992)","plainCitation":"(Aasand, 1992)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":22,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WKtM8IGm/items/45MIXYSJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WKtM8IGm/items/45MIXYSJ"],"itemData":{"id":22,"type":"article-journal","title":"\"'To Blanch an Ethiop, and Revive a Corse'\": Queen Anne and The Masque of Blackness","container-title":"Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900","page":"271","volume":"32","issue":"2","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","DOI":"10.2307/450736","ISSN":"00393657","title-short":"'To Blanch an Ethiop, and Revive a Corse'","journalAbbreviation":"Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900","author":[{"family":"Aasand","given":"Hardin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1992"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Aasand, 1992). While on the other hand in the Jew of Malta., the beauty mainly revolves around Abigail and the part where the slaves are purchased. Those slaves are given priority whose physical build is better than the other competitors ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"fIPvESE3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Learning, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Learning, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":23,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WKtM8IGm/items/ZGJWBJP4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WKtM8IGm/items/ZGJWBJP4"],"itemData":{"id":23,"type":"book","title":"A Study Guide for Christopher Marlowe's \"The Jew of Malta\"","publisher":"Gale, Cengage Learning","number-of-pages":"32","source":"Google Books","abstract":"A Study Guide for Christopher Marlowe's "The Jew of Malta," excerpted from Gale's acclaimed Drama For Students. This concise study guide includes plot summary; character analysis; author biography; study questions; historical context; suggestions for further reading; and much more. For any literature project, trust Drama For Students for all of your research needs.","ISBN":"978-1-4103-5011-4","note":"Google-Books-ID: gNj2DAAAQBAJ","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Learning","given":"Gale","suffix":"Cengage"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Learning, 2016). This idea shows that beauty and physical appearance is the main sign of superiority. The two texts resemble each other in showing that the main criteria which show superiority is actually the overall physical beauty of something or someone. The same concept is highlighted in two different ways — one through skin color and in the second through the general beauty. Back in the days of inception of these texts, there would be actual discrimination between the people belonging to different caste, color, or race. This holds true even today but not at the same level. Some areas where there is still old and traditional thinking present might say that there is inferiority or superiority among people based on these criteria. But mostly the perception has completely changed, but back in the days, it was highlighted as can be seen in the texts. Nowadays, there is little discrimination based on overall beauty.

Another more important thing to keep in mind is that in both the plays involve people of high stature to depict the concept of beauty. In The Masque of blackness, the goddesses are the ones that are displaying the idea of superiority related to beauty. It is their wish to have a change of skin tone because it would result in them looking more beautiful. While on the other hand, in the Jew of Malta, a rich Jewish merchant Barabas in the one who is displaying the same concept of beauty through his selection of slaves and the praise that he bestows upon his very own daughter. This shows that the value of beauty was more among those with high ranks and the more privileged ones. This fits in directly with the concept that in the old day's people who would have a higher rank or higher value would be more interested in the concept of beauty while to lower rank, people would be deprived of certain privileges if they had lesser beauty.

When speaking about the contrast in the ways that beauty is portrayed, it can be seen that both the texts engage in different ways. The Jew of Malta depicts beauty, but it is not limited to the color of the skin. Abigail might have had a different skin tone, but she would still have the overall appeal. Also, the selection of the slaves was based upon their physical stature and not on the overall appearance. In contrast to this, the Masque of Blackness highlights the importance of skin color when it comes to the criteria of beauty. The goddesses wanted to change the skin tone, which shows the value it had in their minds.

Another clearly distinct aspect between the texts is that in the Jew of Malta, the beauty is always comparable to money and other things of value. When addressing his daughter Abigail, Barabas would compare her beauty to the gold that he has. Also, when selecting the slaves, the money would be involved in the decision-making process, and a higher price might be put for the slaves with the better build. The governor's son, who falls in love with Abigail, also compares her beauty to that of a diamond. On the other hand, in the masque of blackness, there is no such mention of a price that the color of flesh or beauty might have. It was just the personal preference of the goddess to have their skin tone of a lighter color. Since it is the goddess that wants to have her beauty enhanced, it is clear that it would have no link to the value of beauty in terms of money, gold, etc. Comparing of beauty to a price was not an uncommon occurring in the old days. People would make their decisions based on their liking towards a particular thing or a particular person. And that linking was mainly centered around their concept of beauty and good looks.

The two texts have some similarities when it comes to the way the beauty is portrayed, and at the same time, there are some differences as well among the two. But one thing that remains constant is that extra value is given to the overall beauty and physical appearance of a person whatever the character of that person might be in general. Both the texts had different concepts of beauty and how it showed be brought in front of the people. One showed superiority through skin color, while the other depicted it through the overall appearance.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Aasand, H. (1992). “‘To Blanch an Ethiop, and Revive a Corse’”: Queen Anne and The Masque of Blackness. Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, 32(2), 271. https://doi.org/10.2307/450736

Ben Jonson. The Masque of Blackness. 1605. (n.d.). Retrieved January 7, 2020, from http://www.luminarium.org/editions/maskblack.htm

Full text of “The Jew of Malta.” (n.d.). Retrieved January 7, 2020, from https://www.archive.org/stream/thejewofmalta00901gut/jmlta10.txt

Learning, G., Cengage. (2016). A Study Guide for Christopher Marlowe’s “The Jew of Malta.” Gale, Cengage Learning.

Assignment 2: Block Business Letter

14-B Winner's RoadLos Angeles, PA 12453

March 16, 2019

James Anderson5677 Evan’s AvenueLos Angeles, IN 32439

Respected Mr. Jones:

It is to inform you that you have been under observation in terms of your performance and behavior in the team for the past few weeks. Your performance has taken a dive lately and so has your punctuality. We were wondering what the real reason of that might be. We are writing to you so that you might understand the sensitivity of the situation and try to improve your focus at work.

More specifically, in the past two weeks, it is seen that you have been arriving late at work. That, when added with the demise in performance and behavioral mismanagement has caused a lot of concern for the higher management. It is thus expected that you work on being on time and being more productive. You should know that this message will serve as the last formal warning, and if considerable improvements are not seen then your employment might be terminated.

Sincerely,

Michaela Dangberg,

On-duty Manager.

Assignment 3.1

Your Name

Teacher Name

Date

Course

Assignment #

Artists in the Society

Artists are generally the creative and most expressive people of the society. Since the human civilization, the history has revealed how the artists have played an integral role in development, idea generations, creativity, expressive mediums, etc. Still, the artists are often not given their due respect, credit and honor during their lives for their contributions in not only being an expressive symbolism of the society they belong to, but also in protecting and promoting the cultures of that society. Therefore, it can be stated that artists are the important and integral part of the society who contribute significantly in expressing the ideas, protecting the culture, promoting the social philosophies and developing the cultural identity of the society.

The most important role of the artists is to preserve and promote the culture of the society. Using the elements such as symbolism, metamorphism, creative details and mediums, they fulfil these roles. For instance, in contemporary arts, the graffiti artists use their art as a medium of expressing the weaknesses of the society, social slogans, etc. Similarly, the modern architecture of 21st century symbolize the technological advancements, importance of sustainability, eco-friendliness of the society. In the past, artists of the society such as cavemen of ancient times also preserved their culture by drawing figurines and sketches on the walls of the caves. This is one of the main reasons that the modern men came to know about their ancient ancestors - their cultures, lifestyle, values, etc.

Therefore, it can be concluded that artists are the voices or representatives of the society. They help in preserving the ideas, philosophies and social psychology in an abstract and symbolic manner for the future generations to observe, learn and analyze. They are as important as other professionals of the society.

Assignment 3: Leadership And Ethics

Ethical Issues

Institutional Affiliation

Student’s name

Course

Date

Leadership and Ethics

Ethical concerns to be addressed by management

Refugees refer to people who are displaced from moved from their countries to other nations due to different reasons. Among them, we have wars, drought, and floods among other issues. For these reasons these people have to move into other countries, where they believe they will have better lives. Basically, the aspect of refugees is concern about providing support to people having different problems. We also have people in their own countries who can be considered as refugees. Simply because they solely depend on the support of the government in order to meet all their needs (Fernando & Congress 2015). For this reason, effective leadership is essential in order to ensure that these people are well treated so that they can easily survive in foreign environments without having to struggle so much. The society today is faced with much ethical concerns, which end up affecting people, especially the refugees.

When it comes to the issue of refugees, there are various ethical issues that the management need to address, to ensure that the refugees easily adapt to the new environments. One of the issues is equality. As much as these people come from different areas or nations, they are supposed to be treated fairly just like other citizens. Talking of equity it involves aspects like academic systems, where the refugees should also be given a chance to learn in all schools provided they have all the academic qualifications required (Antonakis & Day 2017). This is important in enabling the students to cope with the situation well without feeling intimidated by being allowed to study in specific schools. Another issue is that of job opportunities. In most cases, you will find that the refugees are given little priorities when it comes to securing jobs. This is why you would find most of them leading poor lives, even with much education they might be having.

Another ethical concern that needs to be addressed is environmental protection. There is a need for having refugees to have their camps build in more secure places. This is important in ensuring that this group of people safe, rather than having them separated from other citizens. The need for this is simply to show concern, one of the factors that makes it even easier for them to carry on with their lives. It is important for the management to understand that this group of people in one way or another can impact the society in a positive way if only they are given equal opportunities and efficient protection just like other citizens. Such ethical concerns among others require to be addressed since they highly determine the kind of life refugees lead wherever they are.

Impact of organizational structure on organizational ethics

Organizational structure refers to the alignment of authority, communication, duties among other things within a firm. It is what determines the way all processes are done and also the kind of decisions made, basing on the objectives of the firm. There are different kind of organizational structure, like hierarchical, where the leaders play a crucial role in governing everything within the organization. In such cases then you will find that other workers tend to follow what their leaders do. If they practice unethical behaviors then definitely the whole firm will end up doing so, thereby affecting the culture of the firm (Hebebrand et al 2016). This basically means that the position and the powers given to the leaders within the organization determines the kind of ethics that would be promoted in the whole institution.

The role of other workers, how they communicate and their stake on the whole company also determines the ethics of the organization. The extent to which people are allowed to interact also determines the way they approach each other, their role in impacting other people among other things. This means that the ethics of the company depends so much on the structure of the organization. In cases where leaders are seen as great influencers than probably their character would have a greater impact on the whole firm. The same applies to the employees, among other factors that are involved in the shaping of the whole firm. This also includes the principles of the organization. For this reason, it is important for the management to have the organizational structure designed in such a way that it would positively affect the ethics of the firm. Good ethics are important in ensuring the productivity of the company and also to protect the reputation of the whole firm.

We also have other organization which does not look of some of the issues like inequality as unethical issues. This does not mean that the agencies promote bad practices instead, they do so in order to ensure that they meet the objectives. One of them is the Academy of American poets. In such institutions what matters is the creativity of individuals and the passion. In this case, it is impossible to say that everyone is allowed to join, just to ensure that equality is being practiced (Jaramillo, et al, 2015). If this is done then it would be difficult for the organization to meet its target of coming up with professional poets. Basically some of the issues that are seen unethical in other settings they happen to be normal in other firms, due to various reasons.

Activities that affect leadership abilities

In order to be in a position to address some of the ethical issues that are being faced by the refugees, then it is important to participate in various activities that would enhance the ability to deal with the issues in the most appropriate way. One of the activities is learning much about refugees. The issue of refugees is a broad subject that needs one to take time and understand what is all about as well as the needs of the affected. It becomes easier for a leader to deal with people after having a clear understanding of their needs. Another activity is working together with other organization that deals with refugees, in order to figure out the best methods that may be implemented to ensure that all the concerns are dealt with in the most appropriate way.

In becoming a good public administrator, various strategies need to be put in place. One of them is the ability and readiness to learn much about the refugees. It is important as a leader to be humble and always be willing to listen or even do much research concerning the people one is supposed to lead. This enhances gaining much skills and knowledge required to deal with various ethical concerns affecting the refugees.

Another strategy is keeping in touch with other leaders, or the art of working together with other people. This promotes sharing of ideas, one of the things that are very significant when it comes to dealing with various ethical issues. We have a lot of issues being faced with the refugees and it becomes hard for them to be settled by one person (Ciulla 2018). For this reason, the support from other relevant people is important, whether it involves the sharing of approaches that need to be taken in dealing with them or stopping them. It is through teamwork that complicated issues are made simpler.

References

Antonakis, J., & Day, D. V. (Eds.). (2017). The nature of leadership. Sage publications.

Ciulla, J. B. (2018). Leadership and Ethics: You Can Run, but You Cannot Hide from the Humanities. In What’s Wrong With Leadership? (pp. 107-120). Routledge.

Fernando Chang-Muy, J. D., & Congress, E. P. (Eds.). (2015). Social work with immigrants and refugees: Legal issues, clinical skills, and advocacy. Springer Publishing Company.

Hebebrand, J., Anagnostopoulos, D., Eliez, S., Linse, H., Pejovic-Milovancevic, M., & Klasen, H. (2016). A first assessment of the needs of young refugees arriving in Europe: what mental health professionals need to know.

Jaramillo, F., Bande, B., & Varela, J. (2015). Servant leadership and ethics: A dyadic examination of supervisor behaviors and salesperson perceptions. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 35(2), 108-124.

Assignment 3_5

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Isolation as a mental disorder In USA, UK, and Japan

Image 1

Social Isolation Roots Of Female Mental Illness - Case Basket. Case Basket. N. p., 2015. Web. 16 Jan. 2019.

Image 2

Loneliness And Social Isolation In The United States, The United Kingdom, And Japan An International Survey - Section 2 The PublicS Perceptions Of Loneliness And Social Isolation. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. N. p., 2018. Web. 16 Jan. 2019.

Borsboom, Denny. A network theory of mental disorders. World Psychiatry 16.1 (2017) 5-13.

Social Isolation and Its influence on behavior

A person having a good social life has fewer chances of committing suicide

Consequences of isolation

The social isolation and loneliness trigger fight or flight stress responses that can lead to aggression and suicide.

Loneliness soared the stress hormones which lead to physical and mental illness and premature death.

Socialization can reduce mental stress, anxiety, and depression, while isolation boosts the mind from negative thoughts.

It is important to aware people from the hazards of specific social and health issues, which are mostly ignored by the public.

Suicides are the second leading cause of death. People are unaware of their mental stress.

Suicide is the second leading cause of death in the world, and most suicidal ideations occur due to lack of awareness.

It is essential to spread the public messages for awareness of people regarding the issues which are considered least significant, but their consequences cannot be denied and avoided.

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Assignment 5

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Assignment 5

Use of Ethos, Pathos, and Logos in the Speech of Michelle Obama

The speech delivered by Michelle Obama for the Democratic National Convention in 2008 is valuable because of her use of the perfect substance with passion and authenticity. Her utilization of rhetorical devices such as ethos, pathos, and logos have made the speech powerful. Ethos, an element of persuasion and argument, is applied to writing and public speaking for building trust with the readers and to establish credibility, and good moral character. Ethos has to be used along with Pathos and Logos to create balance and make the piece of information worth communication. Pathos provides an emotional appeal to writing or speech for conveying moral values by relation past experiences. Concluding the readers through a logical appeal is the use of Logos that proves to be useful in building goodwill with the reader. Michelle Obama has used Ethos by telling about her different roles in life and speaking on the importance of making right decisions in life. Pathos is used in the speech when she recalls past events, remembers her father, and shows love for her brother. She tries to draw the audience to a logical ending by using Logos. She connects her husband to a hardworking community by telling them that he would be an extraordinary president.

Response to post 1

Michelle Obama’s use of Ethos, Pathos, and Logos have made the speech powerful. The way she uses Pathos by recalling and telling past events of her life create a sense of emotional appeal in the audience. She describes her upbringing and recollection of memories of her father stating that she feels as if he is looking at them, playing games with her brother and making fun of him. She has also made use of ethos to gain the trust of the audience by telling about her roles in life as a daughter, mother, wife, and sister. Logos are used in a speech to end up the audience on a logical conclusion. She uses it by referring to the history and struggle of the people through the American Story.

Response to Post 2

Michelle Obama uses the rhetorical devices such as Ethos, Pathos, and Logos in her speech by recalling experiences, persuading by telling about her own life of adversity, and referring to the historical events in the United States. She gets emotional by stating that she feels happy seeing the characteristics of her mother in her daughters, memorizes her father and days spent with her brother. She tells about her character how she played different roles in life as a mother, sister, daughter, and wife. To conclude the audience to a logical ending, she tells the struggles of men, women, and children for the American Story.

Assignment Week 9

Submitted by

Submitted to

Assignment

Date

Part 1 discussion

Budget cuts at SUNY Albany to hit academic programs

In this letter, the problem is related to the cut down of academic budget for SUNY Albany. Author use rhetoric tools like logos, ethos and pathos to create appeal. “In fact, over the past three years, the campus has cumulatively suffered more than $33.5 million in state tax support reductions - more than a 30% decline.”(is an example of logos). “ It remains critically important for the University to rethink and rebalance its core academic and research mission”( pathos). “Hundreds of jobs and several arts, humanities and language programs could get the axe at SUNY”(ethos)

The fallacy is used at many places in this letter like; “No school or college has been exempt from these reductions, and some areas have borne more of the burden only because of the opportunistic way in which the cuts had to be managed in the short term”.

The Crisis of the Humanities Officially Arrives

In this text, the author tried to use rhetoric tools to create emotional appeal by saying that SUNY is suffering from grant reduction, which may cause cut down in many educational programs. The example of fallacy used in this text is, “Based on his performance in this instance, President Philip (who is without a doctoral degree and who has little if any experience was teaching or researching) is not that kind of administrator, although he does exhibit some skill.”

A Faustian Bargain

In this text, the rhetoric device by using logic to create an emotional appeal. Example of fallacy in this letter is “the university should be run like a business”.

Part 2 – replies

Reply post 1

Thank you for your post, and I can see some good points in your post primarily related to fallacies and rhetoric tools used in all the three texts and I like the way you introduced your post by giving the similarity in between all three documents. The only thing lacking in your work is using quotes because you did not use any direct quote from texts to show rhetoric tool or fallacy. By using direct quotes or examples from text make our point of easy to understand and reliable. The way you presented your discussion is good, and you provide all details in points that make it easy to read.

Reply post 2

Thank you for your interesting post, and I have found some good points in your post that make me easy to think and understand these texts from fallacy or rhetoric devices. You have provided a detailed description of all the three texts, and it is straightforward to find everything in one paragraph. The only thing lacking in your work is using quotes because you did not use any direct quote from texts to show rhetoric tool or fallacy. By using direct quotes or examples from text make our point of easy to understand and reliable.

Assignment3

Science Fiction in the 19th Century: Edger Allen Poe's Contribution

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Date

Science Fiction in the 19th Century: Edger Allen Poe's Contribution

Everyone dreams, at least once in their life to look into the unknown, to know the future, to open the door to the past. "Fantasy" helps people to enter into the unknown, it was it that caused the appearance of fiction in fiction. However, most researchers agree that science fiction is a product of the brainchild of the border era. When the rationalistic pathos of the Enlightenment came into interaction with romantic philosophy and aesthetics, highlighting fantasy, imagination, intuition. The importance of the work of Edgar Allan Poe and especially his short stories for the formation of American literature (both the genre of the American short story and a unique literary style) is difficult to overestimate.

However, the development of this genre also required a certain level of development of science and technology, which is so necessary for the creative imagination of the artist. The period from the end of the 18th to the beginning of the 19th century is a particular era, which is characterized, first of all, by the industrial revolution based on numerous technical inventions and the rapid development of science. All these scientific and technical circumstances were essential for the emergence of a particular type of imagination, which is somewhat more than the general romance for fiction. That is, the development of a new genre required an artist who would be able to combine a fertile creative imagination with his knowledge in the field of science.

Poe's fantastic short stories in the context of American romanticism. It was Poe who possessed amazing imaginative abilities, plus to this, he was quite well versed in science. The writer possessed in-depth knowledge in several scientific fields, brilliant scientific intuition, which allowed him to "guess." The initial premises of Lobachevsky's geometry, anticipate some ideas of Riemann and Einstein and create cosmogony (Rosenheim & Rachman,1995).The main provisions of which were confirmed in the theories about the origin of the universe developed in the middle of the 20th century. For many years, Edgar Allan Poe collaborated with various magazines; where his primary responsibility was to review all kinds of books and journal publications, including scientific, popular science, scientific and pseudoscientific.

Fascination and contribution of Edgar Allen Poe in American literature. The science fiction stories of Edgar Allan Poe can be divided into several groups, which we conventionally designate as popular science, "technological," satirical and "metaphysical" (Cleman, 1991). The conventionality of division is predetermined by the fact that none of these groups exists in its pure form, but always in combination with others, and we can talk only about the prevailing trend. Perhaps, only one thing unites them: all of them are somehow attached to some scientific discovery, invention, observation, curious fact. Fiction, of course, is characteristic of detectives Po. However, it is precisely these groups that make it possible to see more clearly the features of the fantastic in Poe's short stories. All this makes us try to realize the phenomenon of fiction in the novels of Edgar Alan Poe.

Edgar Allan Poe has become the undisputed classic of world fiction both science fiction and horror fiction during 19th century. One of the most exciting science fiction groups by Edgar Allan Poe includes, "The Extraordinary Adventure of a certain Hans Pfaall" (1835). Generally, it is personal work, because not only Poe's technological fiction begins with him, but science fiction as a whole (Delamater & Prigozy, 1998).This work is a work of experiment, in conditions when the boundaries and laws of the genre have not yet been established. Some critics believe that the writer, at this time, did not try to present this genre "seriously" to the reader. It is also thought that Poe did not realize that he was creating a new genre.

Edgar Allan Poe mixed the characteristic features of old Dutch life and character with elements of modern American life. Venue (Rotterdam), names (Hans Pfahal), citizens' addiction to sauerkraut and pipe smoking, phlegmatic and slow reactions - all this refers to the area of Dutch color; preoccupation with newspapers, "insanity" on politics, "notorious freedom, endless speeches, radicalism, and the like jokes", as well as the insatiable need "to read about revolutions, follow the progress of human thought and adapt to the spirit of the times", these, of course, are characteristic features of the American public climate (Roggenkamp, 2005).

The non-fiction stories of Poe form a small group of works that, strictly speaking, cannot be considered fantastic, since their fantasies are very arbitrary. All of them are based on one technique - on the scientific explanation of incredible imaginary events. A typical example is Three Sundays in One Week (1841) and Sphinx (1846). The first of these short stories tells how a hero, hungry to marry the "pretty Kate," quickly circumvented the eccentric guardian, who announced that he would consent to the marriage, "when three Sundays in a row fall for one week” (Swirski, 2000). The hero found two friends , the sea captains for one of whom Sunday was Saturday, and for the other on Monday. The possibility of a "fantastic" situation is a scientific fact of the Earth's rotation around its axis. Both sailors have just returned from circumnavigation. One of them, which sailed from east to west, "won" a day. The second, sailing east, "lost." Jules Verne subsequently used this observation in his famous novel, Around the World in Eighty Days. Phileas Fogg, as the reader remembers, traveling from east to west, "won" a day,

The second story contains a description of the cruel emotional shock experienced by the narrator, who saw through the window a fantastic monster that descended along the slope of a distant hill. The hero of the story came from New York to his relative and lives in his comfortable cottage on the banks of the Hudson River. Once he was sitting by an open window from which a beautiful view of the banks of the river opened.

The fact is that the space of space and time are significant for understanding what happened. A cottage is the world of a home where a person feels protected from external influences. However, in this case, this is a strange house, where the hero of the story is only a guest. A window connects the world of home and the world of nature. A seemingly natural landscape: a river, a distant hill - contains a destructive peaceful enthusiastic perception of its detail: a mountain, almost treeless after a severe landslide. So the death motive quietly enters the story, reinforced by an indication of the time of the event - the outcome of the day, evening. The hero of the story is experiencing the death of friends and acquaintances from cholera, "for there was no day that they did not learn about the illness of one or another acquaintance. In the wind itself, when he blew from the south, the stench breath of death was felt.

Summarizing that Edgar Allan Poe's short stories, and in his fantastic works, the author inherits and develops the tradition of romanticism. Excellent in short stories by serves the task of showing real-life, reveals the psychology of the heroes of his works. In Edgar Poe's short stories, science fiction closely intertwined with satire, which gives science fiction particular materiality. "Science Fiction is material in all its manifestations," wrote F.M. Dostoevsky. Fantastic in the works of Poe is tangible, mundane. Incredible phenomena are not only found in everyday life, but daily life as such under the eyes and pen of Edgar Allan Poe takes on a fantastic character. Edgar Poe, materializing science fiction and everyday weird, showed the phantom, unsteadiness of the bourgeois world. And proud of its rationality, solidity, and strength in his stories. Individualistic freedom is, according to Edgar Allan Poe, loneliness in the crowd, abandonment, and harassment of the individual.

References

Cleman, J. (1991). Irresistible Impulses: Edgar Allan Poe and the Insanity Defense. American

Literature, 63(4), 623-640.

Delamater, J., & Prigozy, R. (Eds.). (1998). The detective in American fiction,

film, and television (No. 63). Greenwood Publishing Group

Rosenheim, S., & Rachman, S. (Eds.). (1995). The American Face of Edgar Allan

Poe. JHU Press.

Roggenkamp, K. (2005). Narrating the News: New Journalism and Literary Genre

in Late Nineteenth-Century American Newspapers and Fiction. Kent State University Press.

Swirski, P. (2000). Between Literature and Science: Poe, Lem and Explorations in

Aesthetics, Cognitive Science, and Literary Knowledge. McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP.

Assignment: Researched Argument Essay

Name

Professor name

Subject

Date

Warming on earth is caused by human activities

Most of the global warming experienced by the planet earth is linked to human activities. The scientists have been findings reasons for justifying the reasons behind climate change. These changes can be attributed to global warming that reached alarming levels in the recent decade. One of the controversial debate revolving around the topic is; whether it is the result of natural reasons or human activities. It is important to answer this question because activities linked to humans can be controlled while natural reasons are beyond human control. The argument claims that the profound cause behind global warming is human involvement in high-level of carbon emission that threatened the climate. As human beings are responsible for global warming, by changing their behaviors it is possible to protect the climate.

Use of fossil fuel contributes to carbon emission that results in global warming. Scientists have determined the association between fossil fuel burning and carbon emission. For centuries fossil fuels have been used for generating energy require for propelling cars, electricity for homes and factories. It is also revealed that oil, gas and coal are still fulfilling 80 percent of the energy need. Irrespective of these facts society is still inclined to derive their energy need from fossil fuels because states have not taken adequate measures for eliminating its use. Consumption of fossil fuels extracts a massive toll on human beings and the environment. It has been the root cause of air and water pollution that leads to global warming CITATION Dri19 \l 1033 (Driscoll). Human beings are using electricity and travelling daily for commute, education and other purposes. These activities exhibit the dependence of people on fossil fuels. Although much research has been done for providing the link between fossil fuels and climate degradation little efforts are made in eliminating negative human behaviors. The society is unaware of the price that they are paying for their increased dependence on fossil fuels. The argument claims that by controlling human activities such as switching to clean energy it is possible to control the threats of global warming CITATION Cli18 \l 1033 (Climate).

People are negligent towards climate change that further increases the risks of global warming. The argument claims that although it is possible to change the behaviors of people that will help in protecting the climate but they are unwilling to take any responsibility. Such attitudes from humans have further raised the risks of high global warming. Leiserowitz (2004) claims that human activities have been the causes of climate change. “Global climate change has been described as a prototypical example of a class of “hidden hazards” risks that, despite their serious consequences for society, generally pass unnoticed or unheeded until they reach disaster proportions” CITATION Ant04 \l 1033 (Leiserowitz). The text indicates that the society has not been able to control global warming because of inadequate political actions and society’s role. Extreme weather events have been occurring throughout the world but little efforts are made for controlling the issue. The argument claims that the risks of climate change are further increasing because nothing is done for eliminating them. Evidence suggests that the occurrence of natural calamities like hurricanes and earthquakes are also influenced by human activities that are linked to global warming.

Variations in solar activity are influenced by the burning of fossil fuels. Due to the increased burning of fossil fuels for the last two decades, the temperature is rising more rapidly due to the extra warming from the sun. “The solar flare produces a remarkably similar response in the observed 150‐km echoes and simulated electron densities” CITATION NMP19 \l 1033 (Pedatella, Chau and Vierinen). This indicates that human activities have been the root cause behind solar flare that poses threats of climate change. Scientific evidence confirms the negative role played by humans in causing climatic destructions. Growth of carbon dioxide concentration is raising global temperatures that would make for the decline in energy reaching directly to earth from the sun. The role of the sun in climate change can be understood by understanding magnetism. Facts depict that magnetism "drives solar activity and produces most of the Sun's features, including the solar storms that buffet Earth's atmosphere” CITATION Hec18 \l 1033 (Socas-Navarro). This indicates that climate change is the result of changes in earth temperature.

Providing awareness and education to the community can be effective in controlling global warming. The argument claims that human activities have been the central cause of climate degradation so it is possible to mitigate the challenges by adopting adequate measures. Awareness can be effective in teaching society about the repercussions of fossil fuels consumption and other activities that increase the threats of climate change. The study of USAR focused on determining practices that could help in protecting the climate. The critical analysis and scientific evidence prove the link of carbon emission with human activities. Findings depict that “mitigation involves attempts to slow the process of global climate change, usually by lowering the level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere” CITATION UCA19 \l 1033 (UCAR). The most common solution to ending global warming is by reducing carbon emission. This confirms that human beings play a central role in environmental degradation.

Adaptation is a prominent reason that resulted in climate change, based on human activities. The argument claims that human beings have always been engaged in efforts for surviving with environments. These actions have increased the risks of global warming. There are different reasons for adaptations such as some changes are initiated by government policies. Technological advances are considered as a dominant reason for these adaptations. It has been the cause of the industrial revolution as it providing opportunities for new businesses CITATION Bow19 \l 1033 (Bowman and David). Green technology is a new concept promoted by the environmentalists for addressing the issue of climate change. This again proves that the changes in climatic temperature and global warming is due to evidence depicts that “warming will make the world worse for us in the forms of famine, disease, economic tolls, and refugee crises” CITATION Uma181 \l 1033 (Irfan). This is due to the careless attitude of human beings towards the environment. Still, hundreds of trees are cut each day for economic gains. The society is facing high risks and needs to take immediate actions.

It is in the hands of people to save the environment. The argument states that because a larger part of global warming is initiated by human activities, it can be eliminated by taking certain actions. Environmentalists and scientists can “invent ways to get greenhouse gases out of the atmosphere – for example, planting trees that absorb CO2 from the air is an example of one such strategy. These two methods are usually thought of in combination” CITATION UCA19 \l 1033 (UCAR). According to this claims planting trees and investing in green projects is an important way of controlling climate change. Every citizen can be part of this initiative. This requires building state policy such as planting 1000 trees in one month. This strategy requires involving humans by making them realize their responsibility towards the environment. Scientific evidence has revealed that trees are a major source of absorbing carbon dioxide. By planting trees it would be possible to remove carbon dioxide that contributes to global warming.

Limiting the use of energy can protect the climate. Evidence depicts that human activities such as the use of energy have been a dominant cause behind carbon emission. By changing the behavior of citizens the government can attain its mission of reducing carbon emission. This required encouraging them to cut their energy consumption at homes and officers. They can also be encouraged to minimize their travelling for cutting the use of fossil fuels. By taking these measures at the global level, warming can be controlled. Industries can also be made responsible by restricting them from using fossil fuels and electricity. Green projects can be adopted for mitigating the direct risks of carbon dioxide associated with the use of conventional energy methods CITATION Bow19 \l 1033 (Bowman and David) The argument claims that the collective responsibility of the state, people and firms can help in saving climate because humans are responsible for global warming. The role of firms can be understood by considering their involvement in the release of chemicals that are converted to water and air pollution.

Scientists are studying changes in geography, and the atmosphere and what is provoking phenomena that are different from what had happened until today. However, it can be deduced from scientific facts that rise in temperature is attributed to human activities. Direct engagement of humans in the exploitation of resources is linked to climate degradation. The prominent cause identified in the case of global warming is human reliance on fossil fuels. The burning of fossil fuel is recognized as the significant cause of carbon footprint that leads to global warming. To mitigate these challenges it is essential to spread awareness and take initiative for changing human behaviors. By cutting fossil fuel consumption and minimizing energy use it is possible to the reduced amount of carbon emission that is essential for saving the climate.

Work Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Pedatella, N. M., et al. "Solar Flare Effects on 150‐km Echoes Observed Over Jicamarca: WACCM‐X Simulations ." Geophysical Research Letters 46.20 (2019): 10951-10958.

UCAR. Climate Mitigation and Adaptation . 2019. 27 11 2019 <https://scied.ucar.edu/longcontent/climate-mitigation-and-adaptation>.

Bowman, Jeffrey and C Morley David. Scientists Have Not Determined the Exact Causes of Climate Change. EbscoHost, 2019.

Climate. Human activities. 2018. 27 11 2019 <https://www.climate.gov/teaching/essential-principles-climateliteracy/teaching-essential-principle-6-human-activities-are>.

Driscoll, Sally Flynn. Global Warming: An Overview. EbscoHost, 2019.

Irfan, Umair. Report: we have just 12 years to limit devastating global warming. 2018. 27 11 2019 <https://www.vox.com/2018/10/8/17948832/climate-change-global-warming-un-ipcc-report>.

Leiserowitz, Anthony A. "Day After Tomorrow. Study of Climate Change Risk Perception." Environment 46.9 (2004).

Socas-Navarro, Hector. Focusing on the Sun's magnetic field. 2018. 27 11 2019 <https://scied.ucar.edu/students/careers/profiles/hector-socas-navarro>.

Assignments

Name

Professor name

Subject

April 18, 2019

Blood Meridian

Cormac McCarthy’s novel ‘Blood Meridian’ conveys the themes of violence and darker reality of the west by portraying the nameless boy who escapes from home at the age of fourteen. The fiction provides a re-enactment of history that expresses the tragedy of the people of the west. The kid after leaving his home reaches Texas where he meets the judge who sets the life course for his future years. the kid plays the role of a protagonist who is thin, pale and wears ragged clothing. His encounter with Judge Holden allows him to see the darker side of the world. The judge, on the other hand, believes that the strong must survive but the weak must be killed without mercy. The tragedy of the kid becomes more discernible when at the end of the story the judge attempts to kill him. The character of the judge represents the powerful Americans who believe that there is no place for kindness or remorse.

The complex terms used by McCarthy in the fiction include bondage, wounded medusa, martyr mules, abrogate, abutment, acolyte and legion of horrible. To understand the terms I searched the meanings of the terms in the dictionary. Bondage means a state of impoverishment and deprivation. The author has used Bondage for reflecting on the historical context of slavery experienced by the blacks. The search on the term revealed that bondage was also known as “chattel slavery”. The people who came to America from Africa remained inferior to the whites. It suggests the need for understanding mechanisms that reproduce racial inequalities. The more clear meaning of the term depends on the element of white privileges and how they influences power. Bondage emphasizes on the construction of race and shifts in the analytical attentions taking people towards individuals and groups. In discussing the term the focus of the philosophers is on revealing social processes involved in the process of constructing race. Bondage in the fiction is also referring to the slave trade that influenced the lives of blacks in America.

Martyr mules refer to the death resulting from an adhering belief. The term is discernible where the gang members shot the muleteers. The term is used for transmitting the themes of physical violence and shootings. The author has used martyr mules for capturing the violence and gunfights prevalent in the west. A martyr is a person who is willing to sacrifice himself for a noble cause.

A legion of horrible is another complex term that I searched in the dictionary. It was difficult to understand the meaning immediately because it refers to something deeper. The legion of horrible is used to portraying the themes of a dark and troubled land. This refers to the injustice and inequality encountered by the Africans and Mexicans in America.

Wounded medusa symbolized a monster of snakes. The Medusa represents negative energy in the fiction. The term is used for warding off evilness because it represents a feminine head with snakes. Acolyte states provision of assistance to persist minister and adduce means evidence in advance. These terms are used in the fiction for building relevance with the history of bondage and slavery.

Abrogate means revoking formally from an action. I searched the term for understanding its relevance in the story. The term becomes apparent when the kid encounters a man with a bottle. In the fiction McCarthy mentions, "he sang with the bottle and the kid ducked and he swung again and the kid stepped back" (McCarthy 8). The kid had to abrogate for adopting a precautionary strategy. This reflects his intentions of saving himself from the bottle. The term is used for explaining the survival strategy adopted by the kid for standing against the man with a bottle.

The author in the fiction illustrates violence in relation to the culture. McCarthy mentions, “Toadvine pulled the bloody head around and looked at it and let of flop to the floor and he rose and kicked the man himself” (McCarthy 12). The events thus transmit the history of violence that prevailed in America for centuries. The novel transmits the history of massive brutality encountered by the people of the west in America. The character of the kid is established to criticize the injustices and violence that deteriorated the lives of many young Americans. it also explains that humans unwittingly reinforced violence that undermined the concepts of freedom and kindness. The people of the west continued to serve as bondage for the powerful Americans. Ethnicities emphasize on comparing different races such as Africans, Chinese, Japanese and Latinos. It is more about categorizing differences between the people of a different race. While the more concerning question is does a black American behave in the same way as white American.

McCarthy in the novel exhibit historical aspects of violence encountered by the people of the west. The judge's complexity and power reflect the philosophy of inequality and injustice. Violence remains a profound question in fiction. The judge denies the right of a witness to the boy. The character of Capitan White also convey the themes of racism who justifies his acts of Mexico by claiming them as barbarians. The actual motives of Capitan White are to plunder for profits. The fiction reveals that Americans are ethnic that also leads to the conclusion that ‘everyone is ethnic’. Though several views exist on the race and ethnicities the sociologists agree on the point that racial identities remain a significant predictor of behaviours, attitudes, and beliefs of the people. The author mentions, "Galton walked past him and opened the door. The inside of the coach was splintered up with new wood and a dead man" (McCarthy 102). This reflects that the author used violence throughout the fiction for conveying the brutal history encountered by the ethnic populations in America.

McCarthy exhibited the dismantled settings of the west that reflects historical themes of centrality. American ethnic minorities pose greater risks of combining phenomenological experiences linked to emergent identities that shape the self-concept. The centrality of racial-ethnic identity remains one of the relevant concepts for understanding the ideology of ethnicity in the American context. It indicates the influence of race and ethnicity on individual identity. The concept depicts the perceptions that individual develop due to their connections with racial-ethnic backgrounds. Centrality holds great significance in understanding how race or ethnicity influence the feelings of an individual. The common example of centrality is the feelings of rejection exhibited by an African American boy. The evidence suggests that people that encounter greater adversities of ethnic identities exhibit high centrality. It also reflects that individuals suffering from racism will accept the existence of ethnicity identities and racism. The results obtained from a survey between black and white adolescents revealed that black Americans recognized racial-ethnicities more compared to the whites. The levels of centrality associated with racial-ethnicities vary between groups. Self-esteem is one of the factors remaining closely associated with racial-ethnicity. The way Mexican-Americans assign meaning to ethnic identity is different from whites. Racial-ethnic identity leads to another orientation building relevance with colorblindness. In a colorblind society, racial-ethnic centrality transmits the belief that all people are part of the human race. Racial-ethnic models also result in the formation of colorblind ideologies and development of statuses. In the case of ethnic minorities colorblindness has different meanings compared to whites.

The fiction also conveys the historical aspects of ethnicities in which people of minority population remained victims of race and discrimination. The race also operates to associate different value and privilege with the characteristics of people. The political, economic and cultural threat also poses threats to certain groups and people. Justification of the exploitation and prejudice towards other groups also represents the race. Ethnicity represents a dynamic set of beliefs and practices allowing people to determine groupings of people under the influence of assumptions. Racial ghettos do not allow choices as in world war II the powerful groups managed to maintain privileges and claimed inferiority for the subordinate groups. The comparisons between race and ethnicity also depict the role of the powerful groups that tried to oppress the inferior groups.

The fiction transmits the themes of violence and darker reality of the west by portraying the nameless boy who escapes at youth and later chooses a criminal lifestyle. The character of the kid portrays the connection of fiction with the historical aspects of bondage and violence. The minority ethnic populations suffered the consequences of race and discrimination. Bondage is one of the prominent issues encountered by blacks in America. The dismantling of the west depicts that white Americans used their power for exploiting the people at borders. Bondage means a state of impoverishment and deprivation. The author has used Bondage for reflecting on the historical context of slavery experienced by the blacks. The people from non-American backgrounds failed to acquire freedom and equal rights.

Work Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY McCarthy, Cormac. Blood Meridian. Penguin Random House LLC, 1985.

At The Dark End Of The Street

Submitted by

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Assignment

Date

At the Dark End of the Street: Black ……. Black Power

Danielle L. McGuire presented her work in form of book, that is published in 2010. McGuire presented an account of astonishing new addition to the history of sexual aggression against women in her book. She presented all the events in chronological order and reexamined them . Black females suffering from sexual violence by white men, in the region of South before civil right movement. But it was not considered as a sin as it was done by white men . So it was routine to ignore these kinds of incidents due to primary racial and economic order. As a result, rape thoroughly liberated the black race and also defied black decency. Black women particularly—were under unremitting public examination. Therefore, when black females were raped, the unjustified forceful sex acts permitted society to guilt the victim, which was accredited to shortages of their race. McGuire add details of Rosa Parks as an initial member of the NAACP before pragmatic past recognized her partaking. Black activists, as well as Parks, understood the outcome of the rapes and required to analyze the national exercise of persecuting the victim. McGuire emphases on the rapes of black women by white lawbreakers though black males were too exposed to the undesirable sexual progressions of white females. She uses local and national news paper as sources in primary years and later on she used audio and different histories.

Purpose of book

The purpose of this book is to tell the true picture of sufferings suffered by black women before civil war and then Mc Guire expand her research chronologically from Rosa Park to other movements like rise of black power. As writer provided all details in timely manner , so it is easy to follow and understand the context of that event.

Evidence to support Writer’s argument

McGuire uses local and national newspaper as sources in primary years and later on she used audio and different histories. McGuire centers her story in the 1940s. This is important as it encounters the traditional roots of civil rights throughout the Montgomery Boycotts. Her way of using contrasts media coverage in contradiction of existing state or court papers. She provided the example that how newspaper reported those rape related events and she says the reason behind these events are just due to inactivity of law enforcement . Mc Guire as well stated that in mostly cases , there were lack of law and legal resources for black . And there were legal barriers as well in relation to sexual racialization.

Intended audience

The intended audience for this book are general public and all those who are interested to know more about the history and facts related to discrimination with black in past. This book is very engaging and allow reader to think critically and analyze the writer’s point of view.

My reflection

McGuire efficiently arrests the altering emotions concerning the sexual racialization of black females faced the emotional struggle and distinguishing black decency. The writer’s influence, general, is a convincing explanation of sexual violence and civil rights events in the South. McGuire ask questions related to some assumptions regarding black sexuality. I really enjoyed reading it and would like to recommend it to others as well. McGuire avoid unbiased information and sensationalism that was coming from media. The newspapers highlight stories of rape as main headlines and related scandals to captivate audience, but McGuire presented neutral, but the true picture of all incident happened with black females. The best thing of this book is it is a reality-based book with out fiction or details ,usually writer add to sell books.

At What Age Should Children Be Exposed To Technology?

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[ENGLISH]

[Date]

At what age should children be exposed to technology?

Introduction

The technological revolution has utterly transformed nearly every facet of our civilization over the past few decades, from the way we socialize to the way we work and all the things in between. The most noticeable difference is concerning children, the disturbing change in the way that they play and intermingle with each as compared to previous generations. Children's exposure to technology in such a young age is a serious debate as children cannot contemplate the consequences of it. For instance, a kid cannot know what obesity is and how harmful it can be. Though technology does offer numerous constructive benefits for education, it also has numerous detrimental effects on child quality of life and growth.

This essay will discuss a couple of harmful aspects of technology on young kids regarding their age and obesity being the most severe and prevalent negative aspect of technology; causing severe trouble to children's health around the world.

Discussion

Technology exposure at a very young age can affect the way children think and feel. Since technology is packed of stimuli and usually necessitates paying devotion to many diverse things at a time, children who play several games or devote much of their time on tech-savvy devices tend to have a reduced amount of aptitude to concentration than children who do not use technology frequently. Exposure to technology can also disturb the way children process information that is because when they are exposed to technology all the times; they tend to think only superficially and do not mature the capacity to think analytically or be original when learning new ideas (Glendinning et al., 2001, pp. 321-334). Technology also alters the way children intermingle with others, resulting in massive influences on their emotional and mental and welfare. If children exposure to technology at early ages is restricted, then these effects can be countered significantly as they would have matured enough.

When used excessively, all sorts of technology can have harmful effects on children that can have grave concerns as they mature. One of the most harmful effects of technology we can notice is obesity because of the way that children are spending their time nowadays. They do not get much exercise as they used. This is mainly because of technology such as laptops, mobile smartphones, and TV that encourages them to be sitting, physically inactive instead of going out and playing with other children. Lacks of physical movements have increased the child obesity rates radically in just a couple of decades. Many schools in the country and parents have taken steps to change this by encouraging organized physical activities both in and out of the school (Plowman et al., 2010).

Utilizing time outdoors has a gigantic number of constructive effects on children physical health. Outdoor activities and physical movements provide children with sunlight exposure, which provisions body with Vitamin D. This exposure greatly helps in fighting infections and retains healthy skin and bones. Also, consistent contact with sunlight aids in keeping sleep cycle ordered by prompting the body's assembly of melatonin. Moreover, to not getting an adequate workout, many children do not experience the advantages of expending time in the open when they are severely dependent on technology for amusement. Besides, sleep is also bothered by the damaging blue light of screens; when these children are wide-open to such displays in the evening time because of the dominance of the melatonin, a hormone which controls the sleep cycle (Calamaro et al., 2012, pp. 276-282). This makes it increasingly troublesome for a child’s physique to efficiently prepare to be ready for a fine sleep and also results in obesity. If children are closely monitored and made to use technology wisely and they are engaged in outdoor activities more, especially at a young age, the problem will be solved to a greater extent.

Conclusions

To conclude, technology can seriously damage children's physical and mental health if not supervised thought to exercise balance in its usage. Problems like obesity, social relationships, and weakness in critical thinking and focus can be avoided to a greater extent if children in young have only allowed restricted and constructive use of technology. Till maturity, all children should be granted limited and balanced use of above mentioned technology.

Works Cited

Calamaro, Christina J., et al. "Wired at a young age: the effect of caffeine and technology on sleep duration and body mass index in school-aged children." Journal of Pediatric Health Care 26.4 (2012): 276-282.

Glendinning, C., et al. "Technology‐dependent children in the community: definitions, numbers, and costs 1." Child: care, health and development 27.4 (2001): 321-334.

Plowman, Lydia, Christine Stephen, and Joanna McPake. Growing up with technology: Young children learning in a digital world. Routledge, 2010.

Atonement

Name

Instructors’ Name

Course Title and Code

Date

Atonement

Briony Tallis is the main character, as well as the narrator of the famous novel “Atonement” by the English author and novelist, named Ian McEwan. The novel describes the tale of a little girl who commits a mistake due to her stubborn and selfish attitude and spends her adulthood and later life while repenting over that mistake. Although McEwan has depicted Briony as the narrator of the novel, it was revealed in the last part of the novel that she was also the writer of the story and was molding it, in the light of her guilt. The character of Briony is actually the trouble maker, as she makes things in her head, executes them and then repents over the results, which she can no longer change. The stubborn and selfish nature of Briony Tallis may have been the major cause of falsely accusing Robbie Turner as a rapist; however, with the passage of time, she realized her mistake and made an attempt to change things in fiction, as she was unable to change reality.

McEwan has presented the character of Briony as a melodramatic yet perfectionist character. Since an early age of thirteen years, she is passionate about writing and also has the skills. One of her greatest shortcomings is that she views the things from her own perspective and does not give them a deep thought. She does not try to explore the other meanings of some scenario and just believes whatever she views. She made a mistake of falsely accusing Robbie Turner of committing a rape. Robbie was romantically involved with her sister Cecilia and Briony thought that he was assaulting her sister. She was not ready to accept the fact that her sister was also interested in him and developed the perspective that he was not a good boy. When finally a misfortunate scenario of her cousin being raped took place, Briony was unable to think about the situation with a clear mind and accused Robbie of the act. Although, she knew that it was not Robbie but one of her brother’s friend who committed the crime, she blamed him because of her previous encounter and thinking about him.

The author of the novel has also explained the personality development of Briony through the novel. On the one hand, Briony was stubborn and selfish, on the other hand, she is also a perfectionist. So, when she realized that she had committed a mistake, she tried to amend the situation; however, it was too late. Robbie had to serve his time in prison, for the crime he never committed. On the other hand, her sister had cut ties with her. The guilt of ruining the life of her sister and falsely accusing an innocent man did not let her live peacefully. She was unable to pursue her passion for writing and became a nurse. She described in the novel that “How guilt refined the methods of self-torture, threading the beads of detail into an eternal loop, a rosary to be fingered for a lifetime (pp. 162).” Her guilt became even stronger when she saw the actual culprit living his life without any remorse. Not pursuing her passion and keeping in contact with her family was the type of self-torture, which she selected for herself.

One of quite mysterious detail about the character of Briony is shared in the last part of the novel by the author. Briony, who was actually the narrator of the author, revealed that she was manipulating the actual story. In an earlier part of the novel, she told the readers that Robbie and her sister reunited, after his release from the prison. Though they were not able to start their lives again while being together, however, they resumed their relationship, and she also shared her guilt with them. She also promised them to clear Robbie’s name and present the name of the actual criminal. In reality, Robbie and her sister died shortly after he was sent to war. Briony did not even get enough time to apologize to them, let alone make an effort to set things right. So, the writing was an attempt to let them live their lives together happily. She mentioned in the novel that

“The problem these fifty-nine years has been this: how can a novelist achieve atonement when, with her absolute power of deciding outcomes, she is also God? There is no one, no entity or higher form that she can appeal to, or be reconciled with, or that can forgive her. There is nothing outside her (pp. 350).”

She had narrated the story in the latter part of her life and wanted to atone for her sins. She also tried to utilize her skills of writing to give a happy ending to her sister. She was unable to spend her life in peace because of the guilt towards her sister, as well as Robbie. The worst part of the scenario was that she was unable to amend the situation in reality and tried to find solace in amending things in fiction. However, she realized that she cannot make any difference now.

Briony is the character which depicts that people make mistakes due to their limited view and then waste their lives while repenting over it. Everything in the story was going in the right direction; however, one false accusation made by her changed the lives of many characters. The author has tried to show, through the character of Briony that some mistakes can change the whole life of people. Moreover, the guilt and repentance of fifty-nine years cannot set the things back on the right track.

Work Cited

McEwan, Ian. Atonement. Vol. 15. Random House, 2005:1-371.

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Homegrown Terrorism

Introduction

Today, the country of the United States of America is dealing with different chronic challenges and a growing range of homegrown terrorism is one of them. Witnessing many cases of terrorism reflects the intensity of this issue that requires necessary attention and proper fixation. It is a crucial time for stakeholders to identify potential causes of this social issue and propose successful solutions accordingly. The wide-ranging consequences of terrorism eventually influence all the citizens of American society in various forms. The calamity of homegrown terrorism is intense because it eventually turned as the reason for the division of society that creates hatred and intolerance for each other ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"pxYoM39D","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wilner and Dubouloz)","plainCitation":"(Wilner and Dubouloz)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":297,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/DSXT6BMY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/DSXT6BMY"],"itemData":{"id":297,"type":"article-journal","title":"Homegrown terrorism and transformative learning: an interdisciplinary approach to understanding radicalization","container-title":"Global Change, Peace & Security","page":"33-51","volume":"22","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Wilner","given":"Alex S."},{"family":"Dubouloz","given":"Claire-Jehanne"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wilner and Dubouloz). This paper focuses on critically examine different acts of homegrown terrorism in the country to establish how the issue of racism is still rampant in the country.  

Discussion

The intense implications of homegrown terrorism in the country can be observed in the case of different recent and past events. A great range of civilians badly influenced by these intensive incidents of terrorism. The notion of terrorism can be illustrated in many diverse forms that indicate different aspects of considerations. The idea of homegrown terrorism is classified as a critical form of terrorism in which victims within a country are embattled by the ones who belong to the same society. Undoubtedly, it is one difficult situation for social institutions to timely recognize the risk of domestic terrorism and take proactive measures. The increasing incidents of terrorism accelerate the risk of deterioration for society due to rising agitation between different social groups. 

The incidents of shooting attacks in the past few years are the explicit examples of widespread application of domestic terrorism in the country. This issue of violence getting worse each day and requires the adoption of some immediate practical measures to provide necessary relief to each citizen of American society without any prejudice. A comprehensive analysis of a country’s history explicitly indicates a number of incidents of homegrown terrorism in different states. An event of Oklahoma City bombing and previous incidents of a school shooting such as California School shooting and Parkland, Florida Shooting are the clear examples of the devastating approach of domestic terrorism in the country. The detailed understanding of all these such traumatic cases indicates hatred, intolerance, aggression, and low self-esteem by attackers are the main triggering factors of this form of increasing agony in society. The stringent aftermaths of such events require identification and assessment of different related factors of this issue, such as the domain of initial reaction after these events and the prompting role of racism in this scenario. These evaluations can be better apprehend by examining some severe incidents of terrorism that appeared in the country. 

           Oklahoma City bombing is one of the major examples of domestic terrorism in the country that influenced many people. It happened on the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in the City of Oklahoma in 1995. This dramatic event of homegrown terrorism caused bereavements of 168, whereas approximately 680 individuals were injured due to this terrorist attack. The occurrence of this incident raised many questions on the security system of the country. This was a planned attack established by an ex-veteran, Timothy McVeigh, who drove a Ryder truck into the head office building, that filled with explosives that caused a great human and financial loss for the country ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"uXGc63ID","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gumbel)","plainCitation":"(Gumbel)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":299,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/YUV8AGS3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/YUV8AGS3"],"itemData":{"id":299,"type":"webpage","title":"Oklahoma City bombing: 20 years later, key questions remain unanswered","container-title":"TheGuardian","author":[{"family":"Gumbel","given":"Andrew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gumbel). The initial reaction established the allegation of attack by Timothy McVeigh with the main motive of inspiring the idea of insurgency against the entity of the federal government. Understanding of motive behind domestic terrorism is a critical element to better apprehends the roots of this specific problem. 

           California School shooting and Parkland, Florida shooting are also recognized as major events of domestic terrorism that have immense consequences in the society. The initial investigation of the California School shooting revealed that a sixteen-year-old boy was the one who to blame for the killing of two of his classmates by using the 45-caliber semi-automatic pistol on his birthday. The process of an extensive investigation of this event never successfully defined the actual motive of this incident of the riot. Undoubtedly, it was one shocking reality of the society that young guy was interested to allegedly harm his fellows in such a traumatizing way. This harsh reality of society can also be witnessed in another case of a terrorist incident, Parkland, Florida shooting. In 2018, a gunman opened fire at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in the area of Parkland, Florida. This event of homegrown terrorism caused deaths of 17 people, that established it as one major incident of terrorism in the country. The initial inquiry regarding this incident explicitly indicates Nikolas Cruz as the accused individual in this case. The detailed proceeding of this event illustrated that disciplinary policies were critically mishandled by the main stakeholders. There are many shareholders who made key mistakes in the entire terrorism scenario of Parkland, Florida School shooting. The manifestation of such incidents in the society raised questions not only on accusers but not the entire social and legal systems prevail in the country. 

           The detailed analysis of such incidents of homegrown terrorism requires to identify and discuss potential reasons for this growing social complication in society. It is genuine and necessary to ask why the prevalence of domestic terrorism is alarmingly growing in modern American society. Critical consideration of initial reaction in cases of Oklahoma City bombing, California School shooting, and Parkland, Florida School shooting reveals that different social problems play their role as driving forces in case of the growing concern of homegrown terrorism. The assessment of different cases of domestic terrorism indicates that this specific problem is closely connected with the concern of racism. The extensive form of racism is one major reason for increasing events of terrorism because people are not willing to embrace the reality of others. The factor of race can never be ignored because it is deeply rooted in American society that can be observed in many different forms. The problem of racist rallies in many forms such as the approach of white nationalism terror is a reality of the country that requires immediate fixation. The existing ground reality of the country indicates that white nationalist domestic terrorism is rising with each day due to the adoption of improper or insignificant practical measures ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"6WWqQF8y","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Simeunovi\\uc0\\u263{})","plainCitation":"(Simeunović)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":298,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/X6XCFJ7T"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/X6XCFJ7T"],"itemData":{"id":298,"type":"article-journal","title":"Homegrown terrorism in the United States and in the EU","container-title":"Review of International Affairs","page":"5-18","issue":"1141","author":[{"family":"Simeunović","given":"Dragan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Simeunović). Additionally, it is observed that people are getting insensitive and uninterested in others that eventually increase their tendency to harm others in the form of violence. The increasing threat of domestic terrorism requires the identification of the main reasons for this specific concern. The gradual feelings of despair and bitterness in American people as society is one central reason for homegrown terrorism. There are many individuals in the society who are unsatisfied with their lives and wanted to show their anger in any violent form. The growing risk of economic instability is another major reason concerning the problem of domestic terrorism as many people never find successful ways to attain a better position in society. 

Conclusion

           To conclude the discussion about the calamity of homegrown terrorism, it is essential to recognize practical measures that can be helpful to stop this social concern. Active legal actions in the form of law enforcement are an essential step to successfully regulate terrorism control policies. Targeted actions are suggested to provide necessary safety and protection to all the citizens. On social grounds, it is obligatory to enhance the approach of embracing diversity in society to create an environment of cooperation and affection for all without any discrimination. 

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Gumbel, Andrew. “Oklahoma City Bombing: 20 Years Later, Key Questions Remain Unanswered.” TheGuardian, 2015.

Simeunović, Dragan. “Homegrown Terrorism in the United States and in the EU.” Review of International Affairs, no. 1141, 2011, pp. 5–18.

Wilner, Alex S., and Claire-Jehanne Dubouloz. “Homegrown Terrorism and Transformative Learning: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Understanding Radicalization.” Global Change, Peace & Security, vol. 22, no. 1, 2010, pp. 33–51.