Author Contributions To Local And Global Culture

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Author Contributions to Local and Global Culture

Writers contribute in the society through their fiction and literary works. However, in this global era, writers discuss multiple themes in their works that contribute to the literary canon both locally and at the global level. These works represent narrative voices of the authors that belong to diverse cultures and discourage the practice of unicentric or colonial, one-point narrative techniques and strategies.

Amy Tan is an American writer and Chinese by descent; she was born to Chinese immigrant parents in America. Her mother remarried, Tan’s father John after coming out of an abusive marriage, Tan was her second child out of three. After some years, her father and brother passed away due to a brain tumor and her mother relocated the remaining family to California and then Europe. Tan graduated from Switzerland and returned to America where she went to college and got a double major degree in English and Linguistics from San Jose State University. She took admission in the University of California for getting a doctoral degree but she soon dropped out to become a freelance business writer (McCarthy, 2010).

Several years had passed, she became successful in her career but due to too much workload, she decided to quit freelancing and opted for therapy to combat the previous work stress. She once stated “It was death to me spiritually. It was writing that had no meaning to me” (McCarthy, pg.10). However, the therapy sessions did not go as planned because her therapist used to sleep during her sessions. She then joined the community of Square Valley Writers to fulfill her childhood dream of becoming a fiction writer and express her imaginative capabilities. There she met Molly Giles, the author and started writing short stories that became her first book. Tan's personal life was not a good one because she had had a history of mental instability as her grandmother committed suicide and her mother threatened suicide whereas she struggled with depression for a longer period. She now takes antidepressants and seeks therapy but she still struggles from this condition. Moreover, when she was in college, her roommate was found dead and she had to identify the body, this incident left its traces on her memory for a decade.

She is a diasporic author and has experienced America as a Chinese American diaspora. She once recalls in an interview that when she was in school, she was very conscious of her different physical features from the rest of her class fellows. She used to pinch her nose with a clothespin to make it appear more Caucasian. Similarly, her childhood was full of instances and experiences where she had to act like an American in the school and a Chinese in the home. Her bilingual, multicultural and multiethnic experiences served as a motivation for her to write fiction and express her views and cultural anxiety through writing as a medium of expression. Similarly, Tan and her female characters shared one thing in common that they were ambivalent about their Chinese ethnicity and culture in America. When she visited China in 1987, she for the first time felt and admitted her Chinese roots and she states that experience as "As soon as my feet touched China, I became Chinese” (McCarthy, pg. 10).

Her fiction works include The Joy Luck Club which was published in 1989 followed by The Kitchen God’s Wife in 1991 which became a bestseller. Her third novel, The Hundred Secret Senses explores the themes of nature and her autobiographical novel The Bonesetter’s Daughter got published in 2001 and contains memorials from her life and a tribute to her mother after her death. Her fifth novel Saving Fish from Drowning told the story of friends in a journey, this novel is different from her other works because this book focuses on shared community experience more exclusively. One of her works, The Joy Luck Club tops among her works as it is the first one that has been adapted for a play first and then for a movie afterward in 1993. Her other work, The Bonesetter’s Daughter, has been on air in the form of an Opera and a TV channel has recently adapted her children's fiction book, Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat for an animated TV show. She has written a non-fiction work titled as The Opposite of Fate: A Book of Musings and it came out in 2003. This book describes her struggles with Lyme disease, she developed the symptoms in 1999 and it has casted an impact on her later life for several years.

Her works revolve around the themes of third culture kids, immigrants and the diasporic experience as a Chinese American in America. Her characters feel a sense of unhomeliness and alienation in a non-native country and are constantly seeking ways to assimilate into their new culture. The parent generation when take them to China to familiarize them with their culture and roots, this creates a sense of ambivalence because they cannot be both western and Chinese at the same time. For instance, in The Joy Luck Club, the mothers can be seen teaching and instructing their daughters about the Chinese culture and values to establish a sense of Chinese identity in them:

And then it occurs to me. They are frightened. In me, they see their own daughters, just as ignorant, just as unmindful of all the truths and hopes they have brought to America. They see daughters who grow impatient when their mothers talk in Chinese, who think they are stupid when they explain things in fractured English. They see that joy and luck do not mean the same to their daughters, that to these closed American-born minds "joy luck" is not a word, it does not exist. They see daughters who will bear grandchildren born without any connecting hope passed from generation to generation (Tan, pg.no 50).

Their relations with their mothers can only be reestablished when they go back to the country of their origin, China and reject any practice of assimilating in the Western culture. This passage shows the ultimate win of existentialism over assimilation but in this process, the daughters lose the sense of being a Chinese American hybrid. On the other hand, the natives perceive them as displaced people who have just come to live in their country and they do not perceive this as the inclusion of new cultural spaces (Aitken, 2008).

In her other novel, The Hundred Secret Senses, she has discussed the theme of cross-cultural interaction and cultural identity in a non-native space. In the novel, through two different storylines, she has drawn a parallel between the characters of Olivia and Kwan, Olivia is a Chinese diasporic and she rejects the Chinese values and is fascinated by the American culture. On the contrary, Kwan practices her mythical Chinese believes and is very close to her culture. these characters also represent Asian and Western culture. in an instance in the novel, the author puts these differences as

“Every word, every gesture is now loaded with ambiguity, nothing can be taken at face value. We don't use any of the baby talk, code words, or short hand gestures that had been our language of intimacy, the proof that we belonged to each other” ( Tan, pg.no 20).

Her stories end on a purpose and give solutions to overcome these difficulties by accepting their different cultural identities and living with them in their non-native land. Similarly, her works also revolve around the role memory plays in the lives of diasporic characters. The traumatic incidents and movements that took place in China against communism still haunt the Chinese migrants and the exiled. The runaways or fugitives also suffer through past trauma and the loss of their land and culture, these fears then take over their new life in a non-native country. Her works The Kitchen God’s Wife and The Bonesetter’s Daughter revolve around these traumatic memory experiences and she has adopted the technique of Narrative therapy in these books.

Tan has received criticism for her literary works and she has been criticized for negatively portraying the Chinese voice at a global level. Many critics says that her works contain a sense of appropriation when it comes to Chinese culture because of her ethnic roots in China. They also criticize her for building her male characters as sexist and authoritative (Lee, 2014).

In her works, Tan has incorporated references to Chinese culture and history and through this, she has put forward a Chinese narrative in English to represent her ethnicity and native culture. in her attempt to building diverse characters in both the different parts of the world, she has also familiarized the Chinese natives with the concept of diaspora and hybrid tapestries. She has extensively worked on the mother-daughter relationships in her plotlines to focus on the culture shock and cultural anxieties between the Parent immigrants and the second or third generation of immigrants. America is a multicultural land and its literature also deals with discussing different cultural narratives such as African American narratives of South Asian literature in English. Similarly, Tan's fiction represents Chinese voice and ideas in America and it also gives a voice to the struggles that Chinese immigrants and diasporas have to go through in a newly found culture (Ayan & Meryum, 2009).

Moreover, from a global perspective, literature is more inclusive of diverse cultures and their ethnographical position. Her works can also be seen as a representation of China in the global literary canon where Orientalism or Techno Orientalism is endangering the authentic portrayal of diverse cultures. Tan has used the themes of identity, culture, and memory to share the Chinese cultural experience in front of a global audience. At a global level, through the retelling of history and memory, authors preserve their culture, their native voice and discourage the one-point narrative technique. Through the techniques of parallelism, Tan has shown her native culture and she has also taken the authority of the narrative as a part of both the Chinese and the American cultural spheres.

Works Cited

Aitken, Adam. "Third culture kids and mad migrant mothers, or how to outgrow Amy Tan." Journal of Australian Studies 32.4 (2008): 445-454.

Ayan, Meryem. "Cultural Identity Tapestry in Amy Tan's The Hundred Secret Senses." Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti Bulletin, Philology Series 61.1 (2009).

Lee, Ken-fang. "Cultural Translation and the Exorcist: A Reading of Kingston's and Tan's" Ghost Stories"." Melus (2004): 105-127.

Lotfi, Naeimeh Tabatabaei. "A Unique Approach of Memory Narrative Therapy in Diasporic Contexts: An Analysis of The Bonesetter's Daughter and The Kitchen God's Wife by Amy Tan." Theory & Practice in Language Studies 4.9 (2014).

McCarthy, Joanne. "Biography of Amy Tan." The Joy Luck Club, by Amy Tan (2010): 9.

Tan, Amy. Le Joy Luck Club. Éditions Charleston, 2016.

Tan, Amy. The Hundred Secret Senses. Random House Digital, Inc., 1996.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Authority

Authority

[Author]

[Institution]

Authority

According to the literal meaning of the term “Authority”, it gives an individual the right and the power to give orders to others, makes decisions for others or decisions that can impact their lives and have the right to enforce any and all forms of obedience. While the literal meaning is self-explanatory, the practical application of authority has the power to transform society and evolve it with time.

However, the word authority alone has more power associated with it then most people get to possess in their lifetime. By simply questioning the authority held by an individual to do as they please, gives them the right to exercise power. At times, this power is given by the state that a person lives in. The state allows them to do as they please and how they please it and in return it expects them to play the part of a responsible citizen. They need to abide by the law, pay taxes and help those in need.

Once upon a time, the rulers across the globe, especially the European kings and queen believed that the authority they have to rule over people, rule them and guide their lives was given by God. While the notion remains the same in most existing European monarchies, the right to exercise one’s authority has been changing hands for a while now. The word authority has always held power, but this power is becoming more and more subjective at this point.

The authority held by a parent to shape their children’s lives held power at one point. But, with the evolution of times, the role of a parent has been reduced as a part of the child’s life where they only facilitate the choices children make to live their best life. People have the authority to control their lives and the make the choices they deem fit for themselves. An individual, in this time and age, holds the power the delegate the authority people have in their life, and funnily enough, this power can easily exchange hands. At times of discomfort, where an individual feels completely lost about the course their life should take, they often turn to people they know in life to ensure that their life stays on track. This power can also be held by a partner or a spouse for a limited amount of time. This sense of ownership and the authority it gives an individual over another’s life makes them feel as if they are in momentary control.

Finally, the concept of leadership itself holds a sense of authority is itself, which accompanies a sense of power that can make oneself giddy. Leadership and the associated authority is often found in organizations, school, armies, religious institutions, and even industries. The widespread of such power is so all-encompassing that it can leave an individual feeling drunk on it. They get the authority to control people’s lives. While people should ideally make good use of this power and change their life, and the life of all those around themselves for the better, more often than not that is not the case.

The idea of authority had held a sense of intrigue every since the dawn of time. It has been a subject of constant research in social sciences, especially in empirical settings like the ones discussed above. It is responsible for giving society a semblance of order and allowing people to organize their lives into various units and formations. It is authority along with various other units of life that have made it possible for society to evolve in the way that it has and made it easier for people to be a part of a dynamic society.

Autism Disease

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Title: Autism Disease

Contents

TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u Abstract PAGEREF _Toc24963853 \h 3

Introduction PAGEREF _Toc24963854 \h 3

Autism Etiology PAGEREF _Toc24963855 \h 4

Risk Factors PAGEREF _Toc24963856 \h 5

Signs and Symptoms PAGEREF _Toc24963857 \h 6

Neurodiversity and Autism PAGEREF _Toc24963858 \h 6

Conclusions PAGEREF _Toc24963859 \h 8

Abstract

Autism is defined as a spectrum of neurodevelopment conditions that are characterized by the impairment in communication, social interaction, and the presence of repetitive behavior. Autism is referred to as naturally occurring cognitive variation instead of dysfunction, deficit or mental health problem. The debate that whether autism is mental illness has become a prominent issue in popular media and politics. The movement of neurodiversity challenges the medical model's interest in cure and causation thus celebrating autism as a separate aspect of identity. According to neurodiversity, movement autism should not be considered as a disease and all people with autism should possess the same inalienable and equal rights as all human beings regardless of gender, sexual orientation, language, religion, the severity of a disability, geography, culture, and age.

Introduction

Worldwide autism is the fastest-growing developmental disorder. Autism is defined as a spectrum of neurodevelopment conditions that are characterized by the presence of repetitive behavior and impairment in communication and social interaction. In recent years the question that “Should autism be considered a disease or it is just a variation of normal? has been a source of heated debate ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Hobson</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>1252</RecNum><DisplayText>(Hobson)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1252</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="axzrwpxxqvwtw5evsf3xrer2arfwsa5f0e5d" timestamp="1574096804">1252</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hobson, R Peter</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Autism and the development of mind</title></titles><dates><year>2019</year></dates><publisher>Routledge</publisher><isbn>0203765273</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Hobson). Most of the advocates of autism arguing that it should not be considered as disorder or disease. Over the last 20 years, tremendous progress has been made in autism research but still, answers to most of the questions shave not been found. There is no scientifically proven cure for autism. Studies have shown that behavioral interventions demonstrate benefits. Autism results in a substantial burden for families, individuals, and society. Over the last 2 decades, a steady increase in the prevalence of autism has been reported. However, a plateau in the prevalence of autism is seen between 2000 and 2012. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the prevalence of autism among children has increased from 1 in 150 to 1 in 68 between 2000 and 2010. Researchers have devoted great attention to the autism economic burden. Studies have shown that annual behavioral treatment and medical costs range from $6000 to $35000. Autism is a developmental disorder. The symptoms of autism are not evident until age 2 or later. The child can appear to be developing normally until the age of two years, and then they stop learning new skills or may even forget old skills. For the diagnosis of autism, autism diagnostic observation scale and childhood autism rating scale are used. These scales use behavioral observations from teachers, parents, and caregivers. Diagnosis of autism often has to be delayed because behavioral symptoms become evident after 2 years of age. Autism is not just a genetic disorder but some environmental factors also play a role in its etiology. Most of the people struggled to understand the nature of this disease and there is a dispute that the causes of autism are both environmental and genetic. More than 10 genes are associated with the risk of autism. Many environmental challenges are also associated with this disease ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Chandrasekhar</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>1258</RecNum><DisplayText>(Chandrasekhar)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1258</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="axzrwpxxqvwtw5evsf3xrer2arfwsa5f0e5d" timestamp="1574097034">1258</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Chandrasekhar, Tara</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Supporting the needs of college students with autism spectrum disorder</title><secondary-title>Journal of American College Health</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of American College Health</full-title></periodical><pages>1-4</pages><dates><year>2019</year></dates><isbn>0744-8481</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Chandrasekhar).

Autism Etiology

Pathogenesis and etiology of autism are still a matter of speculation. Thus, without reliable biomarker autism is diagnosed by observing the behavior. This limitation in autism knowledge creates a problem in diagnosing the symptoms of autism. The main symptoms that are associated with autism include a deficit in social interaction and communication and repetitive pattern of activities, behaviors, and interests. Throughout the 20th-century, autism research like many other diseases has been a victim of debates about the role of genetic and environmental determinants. Studies have been conducted on autism and it was found that most of the diagnostic symptoms, for example, social behavior are normal until the age of 6 months. The symptoms which appear in the first years of life are not specific to autism. By the age of 12 months, repetitive behaviors that are associated with autism are shown in infants. However, the differences in other developmental areas have been reported in the first 12 months of the child such as language, visual reception, eye gaze pattern, and motor skills. Absence of language skills before 12 months of age and abnormal motor system development between 6 and 12 months have been reported in autism children. Behavior changes in the first two years of life are not sufficient to predict accurately diagnosis of autism. Studies have been conducted on brain development in autism. It was found that the size of the head was normal at birth but after 2 to 3 years the size of the brain significantly increased. For example, a prospective brain imaging and retrospective head circumference studies found no evidence of the brain enlargement at the time of birth ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Packer</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>1254</RecNum><DisplayText>(Packer)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1254</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="axzrwpxxqvwtw5evsf3xrer2arfwsa5f0e5d" timestamp="1574096897">1254</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Packer, Alan</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Neocortical neurogenesis and the etiology of autism spectrum disorder</title><secondary-title>Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews</full-title></periodical><pages>185-195</pages><volume>64</volume><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>0149-7634</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Packer).

Risk Factors

Exact causes of autism are still unknown but there are different factors such as genetic, biologic and environmental that make a child more likely to be diagnosed with autism. Most of the scholars agreed that autism is a result of a hereditable genetic mutation and difference. Although not all children with autism are identified as having genetic mutation and linkage. In the last few years' significant progress has been made in determining the genetic factors that are associated with autism. Autism can be caused by abnormalities in genetic code, which may result in an abnormal mechanism for the development of the brain. This, in turn, leads to the functional and structural brain abnormalities, symptomatic behavior and neurobiological and cognitive abnormalities. Neurobiological abnormalities include a problem with the development of genetic code involving multiple regions of the brain (anterior and frontal-temporal lobes cerebellum and caudate). On the other hand, functional and structural abnormalities of the brain include decreased white matter as compared to gray matter, increased gray matter in temporal and frontal lobes and functional and anatomical differences in the limbic system and cerebellum. The difference in response of the brain to the environment includes disruption in social neurodevelopment normative pattern and decreased neural sensitivity shift in dynamic gaze in infancy. By keeping in mind the autism risk complexity, most of the researchers started to investigate how pre and post environmental factors such as drug exposure, dietary factors, and environmental toxicants interact with the genetic susceptibility to autism. A large number of environmental exposures have been determined including insecticides, lead, hydrocarbons, and automotive exhausts. Autism is divided into 3 main categories: Asperger syndrome, autistic disease, and pervasive development disorder.

Signs and Symptoms

Individuals with autism have problems with communication, social and emotional skills. They repeat some behaviors and not change their daily activities. Most people with autism have different ways of paying attention, learning or reacting to things. Autism signs begin during early childhood and last throughout the life of a person. Children with autism avoid eye contact. They usually want to be alone. They have a problem talking about their feeling. They have trouble expressing their needs and adapting to routine changes. They have an unusual reaction to the way things feel, taste, smell, and sound. Autism is less dependent on environmental factors and diagnosed at an early age ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Szatmari</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>1253</RecNum><DisplayText>(Szatmari et al.)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1253</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="axzrwpxxqvwtw5evsf3xrer2arfwsa5f0e5d" timestamp="1574096846">1253</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Szatmari, Peter</author><author>Georgiades, Stelios</author><author>Duku, Eric</author><author>Bennett, Teresa A</author><author>Bryson, Susan</author><author>Fombonne, Eric</author><author>Mirenda, Pat</author><author>Roberts, Wendy</author><author>Smith, Isabel M</author><author>Vaillancourt, Tracy</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Developmental trajectories of symptom severity and adaptive functioning in an inception cohort of preschool children with autism spectrum disorder</title><secondary-title>JAMA psychiatry</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JAMA psychiatry</full-title></periodical><pages>276-283</pages><volume>72</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><isbn>2168-622X</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Szatmari et al.).

Neurodiversity and Autism

In the past few years a new term 'neurodiversity' has arisen to describe autism. According to this instead of seeing autism as dysfunction, deficit or mental health problem it is referred to as naturally occurring cognitive variation ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Cascio</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>1255</RecNum><DisplayText>(Cascio)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1255</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="axzrwpxxqvwtw5evsf3xrer2arfwsa5f0e5d" timestamp="1574096949">1255</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Generic">13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cascio, M Ariel</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Cross-cultural autism studies, neurodiversity, and conceptualizations of autism</title></titles><dates><year>2015</year></dates><publisher>Springer</publisher><isbn>0165-005X</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Cascio). People with autism may interact, communicate, learn and behave in ways that are different from other people. The thinking, learning, and problem-solving abilities of individuals with autism can range from gifted to highly challenged ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gillberg</Author><Year>1991</Year><RecNum>1251</RecNum><DisplayText>(Gillberg)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1251</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="axzrwpxxqvwtw5evsf3xrer2arfwsa5f0e5d" timestamp="1574096746">1251</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gillberg, Christopher</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Debate and argument: is autism a pervasive developmental disorder?</title><secondary-title>Child Psychology &amp; Psychiatry &amp; Allied Disciplines</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Child Psychology &amp; Psychiatry &amp; Allied Disciplines</full-title></periodical><dates><year>1991</year></dates><isbn>0021-9630</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Gillberg). A diagnosis of autism includes some conditions that are sued to be diagnosed separately such as Asperger syndrome and persuasive developmental disorder ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Brosnan</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>1257</RecNum><DisplayText>(Brosnan et al.)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1257</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="axzrwpxxqvwtw5evsf3xrer2arfwsa5f0e5d" timestamp="1574096994">1257</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Brosnan, Mark</author><author>Holt, Samantha</author><author>Yuill, Nicola</author><author>Good, Judith</author><author>Parsons, Sarah</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Beyond autism and technology: lessons from neurodiverse populations</title><secondary-title>Journal of Enabling Technologies</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Enabling Technologies</full-title></periodical><pages>43-48</pages><volume>11</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>2398-6263</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Brosnan et al.).

The Lancet Editorial (June 18, p 2479) invokes the neurodiversity theme and consider autism a condition instead of a disease. As mentioned before autism is a broad spectrum of disorder and its severity differs among individuals. Children with autism may be considered as normal. They can contribute to society just like any other individual. The scientific community is working to find the causes and treatment of autism. Due to the lack of evidence on autism, the disease presents a challenge for the scientist. The annual autistic pride day falls every 18 June. The main purpose of this day was to encourage an autistic difference celebration instead of reinforcing a stereotypical perception of autism as a disorder or disease. It is important to enabling autistic people to live their lives fully without any discrimination and allowing them to contribute and participate in all aspects of society. Autism is a relatively new diagnosis. and is used widely since 1990. Neurologic research remains difficult and there is a lack of knowledge of neurologic bases for this disease. Neurodiversity is associated with different autistic characteristics and every individual has a different experience of autistic life. To accept this neurodiversity, cooperation from multiple stakeholders such as neurologists, autistic people, parents, researcher’s and mental health care professionals is required ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bhandari</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>1249</RecNum><DisplayText>(Bhandari and Khanal)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1249</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="axzrwpxxqvwtw5evsf3xrer2arfwsa5f0e5d" timestamp="1574096588">1249</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bhandari, Pratik</author><author>Khanal, Pratik</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Pride in autistic diversity: against treatment or for inclusion?</title><secondary-title>The Lancet</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>The lancet</full-title></periodical><pages>2477</pages><volume>388</volume><number>10059</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>0140-6736</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Bhandari and Khanal). Every individual is neurotically different and this is a case with autism. It is the responsibility of a society to respect the right of individuals with autism. Efforts should be made to provide autistic people with access to all the best services. Worldwide it is necessary to raise the public awareness of autism. Most of the autistic individuals struggle with the difficulties that are associated with being autistic and some people wish for a cure. Neurodiversity advocates tend to adopt a social model of disability. According to them autism is caused by biological factors and considers it a component of natural human variation. These advocates seek to provide a culture in which autistic individuals feel pride in a minority group identity ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kapp</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>1250</RecNum><DisplayText>(Kapp et al.)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1250</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="axzrwpxxqvwtw5evsf3xrer2arfwsa5f0e5d" timestamp="1574096687">1250</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kapp, Steven K</author><author>Gillespie-Lynch, Kristen</author><author>Sherman, Lauren E</author><author>Hutman, Ted</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Deficit, difference, or both? Autism and neurodiversity</title><secondary-title>Developmental psychology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Developmental psychology</full-title></periodical><pages>59</pages><volume>49</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><isbn>1939-0599</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Kapp et al.).

Previously autistic people faced barriers and discrimination that have denied them their civil and human rights. As a result of this person with autism has been suffering from poverty and marginalization at a disproportionate rate. the neurodiversity movement believes in the full entitlement of human rights for autistic people. People with autism should be treated with respect and dignity for their autonomy in making their own decisions and choices these people should have full benefits of laws, policies, and legislation that protect their right to live with dignity and without discrimination.

Conclusions

 Neurodiversity stated that autism is a result of normal variation and should not be considered as a disorder or disease. The neurodiversity movement supported the right and advocacy of people with autism. There is a need to adjust mental framework and see autistic people are more than their diagnosis. Efforts should be made to provide people with autism with access to all services so that they can contribute to society like other people.

Bibliography

ADDIN EN.REFLIST Bhandari, Pratik, and Pratik Khanal. "Pride in Autistic Diversity: Against Treatment or for Inclusion?" The Lancet 388.10059 (2016): 2477. Print.

Brosnan, Mark, et al. "Beyond Autism and Technology: Lessons from Neurodiverse Populations." Journal of Enabling Technologies 11.2 (2017): 43-48. Print.

Cascio, M Ariel. "Cross-Cultural Autism Studies, Neurodiversity, and Conceptualizations of Autism." Springer, 2015. Print.

Chandrasekhar, Tara. "Supporting the Needs of College Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder." Journal of American College Health (2019): 1-4. Print.

Gillberg, Christopher. "Debate and Argument: Is Autism a Pervasive Developmental Disorder?" Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines (1991). Print.

Hobson, R Peter. Autism and the Development of Mind. Routledge, 2019. Print.

Kapp, Steven K, et al. "Deficit, Difference, or Both? Autism and Neurodiversity." Developmental psychology 49.1 (2013): 59. Print.

Packer, Alan. "Neocortical Neurogenesis and the Etiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 64 (2016): 185-95. Print.

Szatmari, Peter, et al. "Developmental Trajectories of Symptom Severity and Adaptive Functioning in an Inception Cohort of Preschool Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder." JAMA psychiatry 72.3 (2015): 276-83. Print.

Autobiographical Fiction

Your Name

Instructor’s Name

Course CodeDate

My Name is Hussy, and I was born on August 27, 1988. When I was 5, our family, which included my mother, father, and sister, emigrated to the U.S. Since I was not a native English speaker, I faced linguistic racism many times. Children laughed at my poor command of English. However, this encouraged me to learn new languages, and I started to learn English, and, in the process, I was also intrigued by Italian. So, I not only learned English but Italian as well and became a bilingual speaker. This helped me a lot in making new friends from different cultural backgrounds. The one friendship which continued and is still running very strong is with Alex. I and Alex both became friends very quickly and got along very well. Apart from living in the same area we also went to the same school and then later to the same college as well.

When we moved to New York, my father quickly got a job in a local rubber factory, but the money he earned was not enough for us, and the rest of my family had to support him whatever we could. When I grew up to do some work, I assisted the golfers at the local golf courses and collected whatever money I could to help my family financially. I hate it when people laughed at people who were doing minor jobs to help or support their families. I have a keen interest in music and photography. This interest developed when I was ill and studying in school.

I was hospitalized for an infection in the liver, and this incident changed my life as a whole. Since I was in the hospital, I had no other thing to do, so I started playing guitar, and an Indian friend of mine also gifted me a harmonium. Apart from that, different types of art also started to fascinate me.

The funniest thing that I can remember from my school days is when my friend Alex and I were discussing our future plans and dream jobs. Alex told me he wants to become an astronaut since I knew his science marks. I looked at him in Awe. He further added that he wants to become an astronaut because he is going to be the first person to land on the sun. I started laughing with myself and told him that this is not possible, the sun is too hot. Alex replied that he knows the sun is too hot, that is why he is going to land on it in the night. When he finished this sentence, our teacher started laughing. We didn't notice, but we were speaking so out loud that our teacher heard our conversation. Our teacher then forced Alex to share this story with the whole class. This was one of the most memorable incidents that I can remember from my school life. In my school life, I actively participated in volleyball and basketball but never thought of it as a profession in which I wanted to go. I also had the perception that there is no money in art and only one in a million people reach the peak stage

While I was in college, I prepared for Halloween themed party well before the actual event, as a Zombie and decided to use public transport for traveling. I fell asleep during traveling, and my hands and dress were dirty with blood, which alarmed many travelers on the train. The passengers sensed some foul play and immediately called the police and also informed the ambulance service. However, when the train was stopped for the paramedics and police, they arrived they questioned me, upon which I reveal that it was actually for a Halloween themed party. The police then asked me to remove the makeup, and we were allowed to continue our journey. The incident that day ruined my party, and it is one of the life incidents that I will never forget.

The question of choosing a career was very confusing to me. My father wanted me to choose a profession that is more stable and long-lasting in terms of financial income. However, my mother wanted me to choose something that I was always interested in, which was music and photography. I observed and evaluated both of my parent’s suggestions and in the end, went with my father's decision to choose a career path that is financially more stable. Then there was the decision of what field to choose exactly after my college, so I decided to study mechanical engineering as it seems to be the future in which I can earn some money. I was lucky enough to get admission to Columbia University in the field of powerplant maintenance.

Life in university was a unique experience and helped me develop as a person. I learned a lot of new things and improved my skills in time management and communication. The first year of university was the most difficult for me to adjust. Making new friends, learning about new cultures, New campus, different valuable information, and taking care of yourself can sometimes be too much to handle. One specific incident that I remember is I was running late from my class, and I hadn't slept the whole previous night due to working on an assignment. I was running and jumping over people in the hallway, and just when I arrived at the entrance of my class, I lost all my strength even to take one further step. That moment my instructor arrived and gave me a cringy wink and chuckle. This later proved a very good way of interaction, and that specific instructor later helped me a lot regarding scholarships and settling on the campus.

After graduation, one certain accident happened in my life which I will never forget. My friend and I decided to spend some free time in Colorado. We decided to rest at a river that ran through the town. A few hundred meters into our trip, we found a man laying down under a tree, we looked away and out of curiosity when I looked back at him, he was in the middle of the river. Both of us freaked out and ran away from there towards our car and started putting all our belongings in it. While we were putting all our belongings in our car, we noticed his voice as he said, “are you leaving because of me?”. We both stood still in horror as if somebody froze us, and after some seconds, when we looked back, there wasn't even a trace of someone. How he arrived so quickly and then how he vanished was beyond us. We quickly stepped in the car, locked ourselves self, and left quickly.

The decision to choose mechanical Engineering proved right for me, and as a single guy, I earned a lot of money and also met many new friends and people from different cultural backgrounds. Though before getting a job of my own field, I worked as a content writer in a local company. It was that place where I met the girl I started liking. I was a shy person who usually avoided interaction with the opposite gender, but there was something special about her that attracted me. Our first interaction was on our lunch break, and after we started to know each other, I realized that we were very opposite in our liking and dislikings. However, it is only natural for opposite forces to attract each other. We started to realize that we were made for each other, and in a certain way, we complete each other. The stay at that workplace was short-lived, and I moved to the Gulf to pursue my career. I started working in one of the leading shipping companies in Dubai. I started earning healthy money and felt that the right time for me to marry the girl I loved has arrived. However, I was from a very conservative family, and there is a tradition of marriages within our close circle or someone we know. Initially, I struggled to convince them, but later, my parents realized that all they want is to see me happy. Finally, the day arrived when I married my wife, Valina. She also left the job where we initially met, and at the time of our marriage, was working as ahead of the writing department in one of the emerging media groups in New York. The time was passing very fast, and soon, we had two wonderful children, a daughter Elysia and a son Clarke.

With new family and responsibilities, it was hard for me to stay in Dubai, and I moved back to the United States to work in GM motors as a maintenance engineer where I am currently working. Since the American motor Vehicle is one of the most open major markets in the world and there is a lot of foreign interest in the vehicle industry as well. This proved as an opportunity for me to further grow and polish my engineering skills.

Autobiographical Sketch

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Autobiographical Sketch

Introduction

In the senior high school year, I finally have the opportunity to help people through my passion, and I am closer to my dreams than ever before. It was always my desire to help people and ease their pain in any way possible. It is all possible due to my instinct of helping others. I realized that I need to get into a medical field so that I could be of use to people in their times of needs. Based on my desires and my desire to help other I decided that I am going to become a dentist. When I got into high school, I chose Biology as my major so that I could further pensive my career in the medical field and become a dentist. Education holds a unique position in my life and more than anything I want to be an educated person so that I can help my community through my educational expertise. I want to help everyone in my neighborhood and already have more than 200 hours of community service and I am not stopping there. I will keep improving my community during my education and after my education is complete.

Discussion

I am a biology student, and my passion for the living thing has got me interested in biology. The interest in biology got me excited into medical biology because I realized that apart from being a Biologist I wanted to be a person that people can rely upon. I wanted to be a person that can help people in time of need and relive them from the suffering. Being a dentist was always my passion, and I realized that apart from perusing my love of dentistry I would be able to help people too. My biology education has established the base for me to get into the depth of medical science. I have been studying biology from a very young age which has made me prepared for the education of dentistry. More than anything I want to help my community in any way I can and I have been involved in the community service for quite some time. I currently have over 200 hours of community service. Money is not a factor for me as I am more interested in helping my community than being a person who preys on the needs of other people.

I usually get my self-involved into volunteer services even if I can't benefit from it because as long as it's helping other people or especially my community as it is good enough for me. My community lacks a dentist that they can rely on because all of the dentists are working for their own goals rather than the well being of people. If I rise from my community and become a dentist, then they will find someone that they can genuinely rely on as I would be a person that knows them more closely and share hardships with them. My primary education in combination with my professional training will make me a person that makes a real difference in my community. I know the value of an educated person because I am from a family where education is not much dominant. Being an educated person in the society or family that has less educated people can make a difference. My community is also not that educated, and more educated people are needed in my neighborhood so that we could proudly present our community on a bigger platform. My professional education as a dentist will make me an asset to my community.

Conclusions

I am a biology student and want to get involved in the field of medical sciences. To achieve that goal I want to become a dentist so that I can become a person on which h my community and family can rely. I have already gotten my self-involved into the community service to help the people of my community. I want to help raise the educational position of my community by supporting the people with my education.

Autobiography

This is me

Today, I get a chance to talk about me. I have never thought that I will be able to right about my self . So , let me introduce to you . I was born in China and came to the U.S.A at the age of 13years. I finished my high school from Dallas. Then I join community college for next 2 years and finally transferred to DBU. I love this institute for two reasons the first is the environment because we all are very close to each other and everyone is very caring, and the second reason is that it is centered on Christian teachings. Finally, tell everyone, my name is -----------------. I like my name very much. Although it is not the best, even the classmates have a homonym and gave me a nickname, witch, but it still does not affect my affirmation and love for it. Because the mother pinned her expectations and blessings in my name. I hope that I can make a kite flying high and flying in the sky. ow, I am working hard, my mother is looking at me and , I will not let her down. She struggled a lot for me .

My family and friends

I am Christian by birth . I am the only child of my parents . Thirteen years ago, I cried with "wow" and came to the world, like a seedling, growing up under the care of my parents.

Happy childhood

When I was young, I was a double-sided boy. If you meet a stranger, you will love to hide behind your parents or hide in a corner to watch. The voice of others talking to me is louder, and I will cry in a small voice. Only in front of my father and mother, I will be lively, and I will talk non-stop, walking around in dance. Mom often smiled and said that I am like a naughty little monkey.

I am still a very thoughtful little boy. Once, my mother asked me: "Who won the story of the tortoise and the hare?" I thought for a while and said, "Mom, this story is unreasonable." Mom asked her head and asked, "How can it be unreasonable?" Say: "The tortoise is an animal in the sea, and the rabbit is living in a big forest. How can they race together?" Mom listened, clapped and laughed."

Difficult growth

My birth made my father and mother surprised and happy. They hoped that when I grew up, I became a learned, ethical, and accomplished person, and gave me a good name ----------------------In this way, I also have my own stage of life. Under the care of my loved ones, I grew up without worry. Five-year-old me - cute "problem pocket" In the twinkling of an eye, five spring and autumn have passed, I am five years old. I am already going to kindergarten, I understand that I want to "learn well, go up every day." In order to be able" Every day, I learned how to ask if I don't understand.

The questions I can ask are questions that the adults can't answer: "Mom, why are there sun, moon and stars in heaven? "Why are people so smart?" "... Mom said that I am a "problem pocket" and said to me: "When you grow up, you will understand." "At that time, I really wanted to grow up quickly. Seven-year-old me - a small book fan who spent a lot of sleepless nights passed quickly. I was promoted to elementary school at the age of seven. But I don't miss the kindergarten clothes to reach out and eat rice." Life, I want to learn more quickly and answer all mysteries of my childhood.

I don't want to mention how happy I am at this time. Remember that I got my first one. The book, "The Phonetic version of Children's Fun Story", and when I read it carefully, I found that I read it very differently from my mother. Although I read a lot of words at the time and it was very hard to read, I felt like every story was like a pass. The window of knowledge opened like me. I read it hungry, not only forgot to eat, but sometimes I forgot to do my homework. So, as I grew older, I had a close relationship with the book. Ten years old - A mother's "right helper" Ten years old, I really grew up. At home, washing dishes and washing chopsticks, sweeping the floor, is the housework I do every day. At that time, I really, I will come to my mother's hard work. Usually, when my father goes to work, I will be my mother's "helper".

Sometimes I will "show my talents" to make a scrambled egg for my mother, spicy potato, so that my mother smiles. Once, my mother got a "slack", neck pain I am very good at helping my mother to apply plaster, buy fruit, massage. My mother is happy to praise me as a sensible child, but I feel that it is too little to reward my mother for my parenting. Now I am already to show myself to my parents.

Here, I also like to one more thing about me . Once, I turned fat in fact obese. When I was young, my character was just the opposite of my last name. I am not only fierce, but shy, and very courageous. Every time I finish talking, my face will be red, and I can't help myself. I want two peaches, and there is a little white in the powder. Sometimes others will only drool. I remember once, I answered the questions in class. At the beginning, I was not nervous. The face has not changed. So I breathed a sigh of relief and gently took a breath of fresh air. Suddenly, I am happy. But the good times didn't last long.

When I successfully answered the first question, the teacher seemed to test me out, and let me answer a question. Who knows, I won't do this question. I feel very embarrassed. The heart is like a burning fire, the heat is soaring, the smoke is filled. I almost couldn't breathe, and my heart was blocked. Fortunately, the teacher looked at it. I hurriedly asked me to sit down. In an instant, the red meaning disappeared. I stroked the heart hanging in the air, thinking slowly, all the timid and shy.

Then, I began to grow up slowly, from a fat child to a young pioneer. From the moment I put on the red scarf, I decided to study hard. But I have a small problem: I love to have a bad time in class. No way, what should I do? That's it, I started to be silent and frowned every day. During class, I have been trying to overcome myself and not let myself be deserted. Unfortunately, it does not help. So, I don't want to give up like this, I use the method of stagnation. Put your hands and feet and put a clip on your head.

As long as you realize that you are driving a small gap, you will be able to grab the clip. Really, the hard work pays off, I finally succeeded, and I am very happy for this. Also very excited what I did. Then I started running as well and after the struggle of entire 4 months I become average , my all extra fat lost, and everyone says you look very smart.

Optimistic now

I remember when my mother went back to china for 6 months and I feel very lonely because my dad works and stay out of home most of the times. I was never been so close to my father and had some fear about him. However, as I grew older, my fear and resentment against my father disappeared a little. Relatives, neighbors, teachers or classmates praised and encouraged me, let me slowly understand my father's good intentions. "My colleagues and I are going on a business trip. You should be careful at home. It will take a few days to see you." The father left the next sentence. I am 13 years old, I am alone at home, no adults, everything is arranged by myself, and I do it myself.

However, I am very good. I had the leftovers of my father at home two days ago. A few days later, I started making egg noodles and even learning to fry potatoes. The grandmother, who is next door, will come over and teach me, and touch my head and say, "This child can really do it, your father is not easy, teach you so sensible."

The next day, under the urging of the alarm, I was ready to get up. Then I washed the rush and went to the school to study early. After the self-study, help the political teacher to collect the homework last night, and then go to the cafeteria for breakfast with the students, facing the morning glow of the East, talking about the new day's plan.

Now, when I become a junior high school student, I can't help but laugh when I think about learning English in elementary school. Say maybe you don't believe it, the English score of the primary school is not exactly what I am. Parents have to ask me what is going on, I always ask them with high anger: Why do Chinese learn English? I can't learn English well and explain my patriotism! Four or fifty is not bad. Can foreigners speak Chinese better than me? At that time, my attitude towards English is: I can learn less if I can learn less, I can't learn if I don't learn, and I won't be a translator in the future.

Nowadays, I realize the importance of learning English. I will at least give myself a better job through my own efforts. This is what I am most happy with myself. Now I am very confident and enjoys life. I have many friends and I enjoy spending time with them as well. My mom likes when I invite them at my home, and we spend some quality time together. I know my story is small and not much interesting, but this is life and it is like that. Now I am in college and soon will start my career. And here I would like to quote from one of my teachers, she says, that “the life is twisting and long. There is no limit to learning the sea”. I still have many things that I don't understand. I think: as long as there is a great ideal, with the will and courage to work hard. Going on, you will be able to enter the hall of success.

“Artificial Intelligence Is The Greatest Threat To UK Employment In The Near Future.” To What Extent Do You Agree With This Statement? Provide Examples And Evidence To Support Your Arguments.

Artificial Intelligence Is The Greatest Threat To UK Employment In The Near Future

[ Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Artificial Intelligence Is The Greatest Threat To UK Employment In The Near Future

Introduction

Technological development such as digitalization has several implications for UK labor markets. It is crucial to assess its impact on developing policies which promote effective labor market for the benefit of societies, employers, and workers as a whole. Such rapid technological innovation and progress can threaten the employment of UK in the following ways:

By changing the previous tasks of the workers.

By raising the demand for labor in jobs or industries which develop or arise due to the progress of technology.

Artificial intelligence is considered to be the area of technology which emphasizes the development of intelligent machines that react and work like humans. Industrial robots are one of the most significant types of the technology of artificial intelligence in recent times. This report discusses the effects of artificial intelligence on the rate of employment in the UK.

Description

It has been believed that technology has the ability to replace with human labor in daily tasks whether cognitive or manual but still it cannot replace human labor in some special tasks. As some researchers believe that the effects of technology lead to an increasing demand for jobs of well-paid skills which need special cognitive skills. Similarly, it also increases the demand for least-skilled low paid jobs which require special manual skills but the demand for medium-paid skill jobs decreases (Jarrahi, 2018, p.580). The researchers have named this process as job polarization. In the UK the number of jobs of higher-education like health professionals, engineers, and managers is growing while jobs of middle-education such as assembler, machine operators, and clerks are decreasing (Frey & Osborne, 2017, p.257).

The UK is considered to be the region with the most operational robots followed by China and the United States of America. The automotive, chemicals and plastic industry of UK has introduced the most number of industrial robots in the process of production. From the last two decades the usage of robots in the UK has been increased by more than 200 percent which leads to significant gains in productivity and also affected the rate of employment. According to recent research, one additional robot per thousand workers decreases the ratio of employment-to-population by 0.2-0.35 percent and wages by 0.3-0.6 percent. When the industrial robots compete with the labor force for production, it dominates with the productivity effect of the labor workforce. Smart robots affect the employment rate in the sector of manufacturing, specific in the industries which are most exposed to robots (Brougham & Haar, 2018, p.250).

Although artificial intelligence has improved the world in several ways, still there are several concerns related to the effect of artificial intelligence on workforce and employment. Many researchers are talking about several millions of unemployment in the upcoming decades in the United Kingdom due to the effect of Artificial Intelligence and Intelligent Automation (Makridakis, 2017, p.55).

Jobs, Roles, and Task at Risk

The monotonous task can easily be automated which can make several roles obsolete. For now, these activities and task include document classification, call center or customer care operation, content moderation, discovery, retrieval and many other tasks which are based on the automation and technology and not much dependent on human efforts. Moreover, the roles which are linked to operation and factories and production lines support replaced humans by smart and efficient robots which have the ability to move, find and navigate the desired objects or can even perform complex tasks and operations (Cath, et, al., 2018, p.515).

It has been believed that artificial intelligence is very efficient in managing complex activities which require the process of data streams, accumulated knowledge, and multiple signals in real time. There are some autonomous vehicles which can understand and capture the atmosphere and its dynamics. It can act, decide, and see in real-time towards objectives of well-defined optimization (Muller & Bostrom, 2016, p.570).

Sectors That Will Be Affected

Transportation in the UK is already in the mode of transformation which is based on the soon reality of efficient autonomous cars that will be considered safer, effective, and efficient. The demand for professional drivers for trucks, taxi, and other vehicles will be expected to decrease (Ford, 2015, p.45).

Electronic commerce will also have to face significant transformation in which fulfillment centers will become completely automated with smart robots that have the ability to navigate the space to execute the orders of the customer and collect products which need to be delivered or sent to customers automatically through autonomous cars or drones. So, the significance of physical stores network and salespersons will be shrunk (Torresen, 2018, p.75).

Even more traditional professions of the UK which are based on strong relationships of human-like legal professions will also be affected. Typical services of support in the legal context which have to do with management, knowledge extraction, comparison, summarization, discovery, classification, and document handling are considered to be the tasks which the agents of Artificial intelligence can perform efficiently (Brundage, et, al., 2018, n.p).

Example

The most significant example of artificial intelligence replacing human work is of the department of typical customer care in which hundreds of employees who works with the common mission for handling customer complaints, and requests in the best possible way. The work task of handling customer requests can be broken down in different jobs that are repeated over time and across separate kind of requests such as identification of customer, retrieval of customer history, request classification and understanding, problem mapping and identification to any solution, escalating or forwarding to any other team, retrieval of customer document, and making the final decision which is based on particular corporate policy. All of the above-mentioned tasks can be performed with the algorithms of Artificial intelligence which is proved to be more accurate, faster, cheaper, and reliable than the human's corresponding team. It has been believed that the properly trained system of artificial intelligence can understand the requests of the customer in natural language. Moreover, it also has the ability to identify the implied or mentioned entities, can estimate the intent of customer early enough, can process huge data volume, and can apply the policy of corporate sector for identifying the best decision or action for a specific case. They have the special ability to make such decisions while communicating with the customer in natural language. These technological developments need a very less percentage of humans in the team of customer care department. This process will eventually reduce the requirement for human intervention by making the system of Artificial intelligence autonomous (David, 2015, p.26).

Conclusion

So, it is concluded that the development of UK in the field of artificial intelligence is leading to the decrease in certain jobs and roles for humans, but in many cases, these artificial intelligence robots are also supporting human beings in several ways. They are empowering the human factor for performing better in managing critical and complex situations that require creative thinking and judgment. The initial disruption of technological unemployment due to the revolution of artificial intelligence can lead to the new-era of well-being, creativeness, and prosperity. The labor of UK will no need to perform limited or routine jobs. So, the government of the UK needs to think that how employment agreements and market companies should work in the era of artificial intelligence.

References

Brougham, D. and Haar, J., 2018. Smart technology, artificial intelligence, robotics, and algorithms (STARA): employees’ perceptions of our future workplace. Journal of Management & Organization, 24(2), pp.239-257.

Brundage, M., Avin, S., Clark, J., Toner, H., Eckersley, P., Garfinkel, B., Dafoe, A., Scharre, P., Zeitzoff, T., Filar, B. and Anderson, H., 2018. The malicious use of artificial intelligence: forecasting, prevention, and mitigation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1802.07228.

Cath, C., Wachter, S., Mittelstadt, B., Taddeo, M. and Floridi, L., 2018. Artificial intelligence and the ‘good society’: the US, EU, and UK approach. Science and engineering ethics, 24(2), pp.505-528.

David, H., 2015. Why are there still so many jobs? The history and future of workplace automation. Journal of economic perspectives, 29(3), pp.3-30.

Ford, M., 2015. The rise of the robots: Technology and the threat of mass unemployment. Oneworld publications.

Frey, C.B. and Osborne, M.A., 2017. The future of employment: how susceptible are jobs to computerisation?. Technological forecasting and social change, 114, pp.254-280.

Jarrahi, M.H., 2018. Artificial intelligence and the future of work: Human-AI symbiosis in organizational decision making. Business Horizons, 61(4), pp.577-586.

Makridakis, S., 2017. The forthcoming Artificial Intelligence (AI) revolution: Its impact on society and firms. Futures, 90, pp.46-60.

Müller, V.C. and Bostrom, N., 2016. Future progress in artificial intelligence: A survey of expert opinion. In Fundamental issues of artificial intelligence (pp. 555-572). Springer, Cham.

Torresen, J., 2018. A review of future and ethical perspectives of robotics and AI. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 4, p.75.

“College Is A Waste Of Time And Money” By Caroline Bird

College a waste of time and money

Thesis statement: As college education don't prepare students for jobs, so it is a waste of time and money.

The purpose of the essay is to determine the realistic implications of a college education. The argument claims that college education is a waste of time and money because students lack the skills required for job markets. The inability of students to find a job after college education indicates its waste of time and money. With the increase in college literacy rate, the competition has increased while the industry is not producing adequate jobs. The greater impacts of education depend on the development of professional skills and job competency. The colleges must focus on providing job training and workplace skills CITATION Car75 \l 1033 (Bird).

Research questions

Does college education guarantee a future job for the students?

Does invest in education leads to future returns?

Method of research

The essay will use the literary database for finding relevant articles that support the research topic. Empirical research will be used that will include direct and indirect observations and experiences.

Reflection

I agree with the topic that college education is a waste of time and money because it doesn't guarantee future returns. The central motive for parents to invest in education is for gaining returns in the future. However, with the population rise, people have fewer opportunities for finding jobs. Education systems don’t help students in building professional competencies. Their focus is on textbooks and educational curriculums while students require professional skills for finding jobs. That students belonging to good backgrounds and have a greater likelihood of becoming successful. Spending on education is a waste of money when students are unable to earn returns. I believe that college education without vocational or professional training is inadequate for securing jobs in the future.

Work Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Bird, Caroline. "College is a Waste of Time and Money ." Psychology Today (1975).

“Good Will Hunting” Film Research Essay

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[English]

[Date]

Good Will Hunting

Introduction

The American drama film Good Will Hunting was released in the year 1997. Gus Van Sant is known to be the director of this history-making movie. The movie is seen to be starring Minni Driver, Ben Affleck, Matt Damon, Robin Williams, and Stellan Skarsgard. Damon and Affleck are the writers of Good Will Hunting, and the film tends to follow 20-year-old South Boston janitor Will Hunting. The movie is undoubtedly worth to watch as the storyline and drama of the overall movie did grab my attention. During the whole movie, I could not take a break, because of the outstanding story by the writer. There is no doubt that the movie deserves to be ranked at the number 53 in the list of “100 Favorite Films” by The Hollywood Reporter. The writing is brilliant undoubtedly, and the performance of Matt and Robin Williams is simply wonderful from both theatrical and comedic perspective. It can simply be assumed that the best thing about this movie is in the just-plain messiness of its humanity.

Plot Summary

The movie portrays the character of Twenty years old Will Hunting of South Boston. The matter of fact is that he is a self-learned genius, and he tends to work as a janitor at MIT. At the time when Professor Geral Lambeau tends to post a challenge to his students a complicated mathematics problem, there was seen Will solving the problem anonymously which stunned both Lambeau and students. Because of the challenge to the unknown genius, Lambeau was seen posting a more complicated problem. When Lambeau caught Will, he ran.

At another scene, the film portrayed Will meet a British woman named Skylar. She was about to complete her graduation from Harvard College, and her future plans were to attend medical school at Stanford. One of the most interesting parts of the film is when Will along with his friends start fighting with a gang because the gang used to bully Will during his childhood. After that incident, police arrested Will. Lambeau helped Will to forgo jail with one condition that Will will have to study mathematics under the supervision of Lambeau. When Will tries to insult the wife of Sean, Sean in reply threatens him.

Will was seen to be struck by the story of Sean regarding how the couple met each other at fell in love at first sight. Will saw Sean to not having any regret despite death of his wife due to cancer. The outcomes of this resulted in encouraging Will building a relationship with Skylar. Many job interviews were being set up by Lambeau for Will, but Will was seen scorning them by sending Chuckie as his “chief negotiator.” At one time in the film, Will was asked by Skylar to move Californi with her. However, it was refused by Will, and he tells Skylar about him that he is an orphan, and he used to get abused by his foster father. After that, Will openly broke up with Skylar and stormed out on Lambeau as well where he dismissed the on-going mathematical research. At the time when friends of Will were seen presenting him with a rebuild Chevrolet Nova on his birthday, it was decided by Will that he will be passing his job offer, and will move to California for reuniting with Skylar.

Character Analysis

Will Hunting

Will is undoubtedly the main character of the entire film. He is portrayed as a genius while learning anything school. It is at the very beginning of the film that he is seen solving the most complicated mathematical problems in the world. He simply shocks the professor Geral Lambeau which results in him Lambeau taking interest in Will as he considers him to be a person who can contribute to the world of mathematics. There is no doubt that Will’s level of intelligence is simply world-class. The matter of fact is that Will himself is aware of his intelligence as well, but he wastes his brain as a weapon n for helping him during fights. When it comes to the emotional problems of Will, the entire film does not seem to portray it. Will was an orphan who had to experience a lot of abuse in the foster families where he was staying at his young age. There is no doubt that such experiences left a long-lasting mark on the personality of Will. In the entire film, Will was seen to not trust anyone, and he is afraid that everyone will leave him just like his parents.

Sean Maguire

Sean has been portrayed as the character who lost his wife because of cancer. The matter of fact is that the love between Sean and his wife is truly worth. At times when Will pushed his buttons and asked him whether if his wife was ever unfaithful, it resulted in Sean losing his cool and he threated Will as well. When it comes to the views of Maguire and Lambeau on loving a good life, they are entirely different. As per Maguire, the meaning of good life is under making the right decisions for yourself. Maguire was in the Vietnam War, therefore, he is the person who completely understands what it feels to watch someone die. In contrast to this, Will is the person who has gained knowledge from books only.

Film Techniques

Settling

There is no doubt that the settling of the movie was quite great. The reason for that lies in the fact that the overall scenario was very well-explained. The way each scene was shot portrays the effectiveness of settling throughout the film. At the very beginning when Will answered the exact answer and shocked everyone, and when he was indulged in a fight with a gang portrays the perfection behind the entire settling of film.

Editing

When it comes to the editing of the film, it seems to be quite simple. However, it must be taken into consideration that simple editing is itself an art that tends to make the entire film eye-catching. The way in which the fight scenes are edited simply displays the beauty of the film. In a nutshell, it can be assumed that a good piece of editing is one of the main reason why I consider this movie worth watching.

Theme

Good Will Hunting is simple a story regarding a really smart kid. The matter of fact is that the kid does not know his ambitions towards life. However, everyone seems to be knowing that the surface is boring. Will had a life with abuse and abandonment which resulted in making it difficult for him to show his intelligence. Due to this, he was seen trying to hide his smartness from his closest friends. The development of Will in the entire movie is not intellectual. The real struggle of Will is with growing in emotional intelligence.

Conclusion

It is concluded that Will’s level of intelligence is simply world-class throughout the film. The matter of fact is that Will himself is aware of his intelligence as well, but he wastes his brain as a weapon n for helping him during fights. The way each scene was shot portrays the effectiveness of settling throughout the film. n the entire film, Will was seen to not trust anyone, and he is afraid that everyone will leave him just like his parents.

Work Cited

"Good Will Hunting - Movie Review." Commonsensemedia.org. N. p., 2019. Web. 3 May 2019.

"Watch Good Will Hunting On Seriesonline." Seriesonline. N. p., 2019. Web. 3 May 2019.

Elsaesser, Thomas, and Malte Hagener. Film theory: An introduction through the senses. Routledge, 2015.

“Mrs. Dutta Writes A Letter”

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Mrs. Dutta Writes a Letter

This short story “ Mrs. Dutta Writes a Letter" which is written by an Indian author is a nicely done short story. This story not only describes various human emotions nicely and orderly but at the same time, it is amazing to read that how the author has shown and described the cultural and generational conflict based on the few emotions that are mentioned in this story. While reading the short story Mrs. Dutta, a widow with a son, and she currently moved to America from India to stay with his son and his family. During her stay, she struggles a lot with the culture and also the generation gap between her and her grandchildren. And in this struggle, she experienced the conflict of culture and also the gap by continuously comparing her Indian culture and her son's kids who are born and raised in the United States of America. It is noteworthy that in the entire story Mrs. Dutta experienced various emotions like guilt, shame, sadness, and anger but she was not happy although she tries hard to be happy, the fact that she cannot gel herself in the American culture is quite problematic for her.

In the story, Mrs. Dutta feels the emotion of anger when one morning she woke up late because her son told her not to wake up early in the morning because in this way she was disturbing the entire house. So that day she woke up late and went to the washroom. When she was in the washroom, she was slowly washing her mouth with a brush, but while doing this, she was sad because she used to brush her teeth with the bitter neem miswak back at home. Once she was done doing that then suddenly she started to examine her hair which was quite dense and lengthy than her daughter in law's hair despite the age difference. While she was doing that she could hear the noise her grandchildren were making outside the washroom. They were yelling at her to come out so that they could get ready for the school she was speeding up to wrap herself by quickly splashing water on her face and neck but they were continuously making noise and while they were doing that their mother came there and asked them angrily that why they are late for school, they responded that their grandmother is in there. So her daughter law was quite and asked them to go downstairs and get ready, but the girl refused to do so and said that why the old lady can't go downstairs. Although Mrs. Dutta was expecting that her daughter in law will punish the kid because she was treating her elders in such a disrespectful way. Bt all their mother said was "that is enough going to downstairs and get ready." Mrs. Dutta could hear their footsteps, and when everyone was gone, she finally got the chance to bent over the sink her fists were tight in the folds of her saree. She could feel the anger that was feeling for the kids for their disrespectful behavior; also she was angry at Shimoli, her daughter in law for letting them go without punishing them. She was also getting confused between feeling angry and shame at the same time (Divakaruni, 23).

Next, in the story, Mrs. Dutta felt a feeling of disappointment. She was thinking about the children and their behavior, and during that, a heaviness pulls over Mrs. Dutta's entire body when she thinks of them. Like so much in the country they have turned out to be. And that reality check made her disappointed (Divakaruni, 29).

These emotions are used very purposefully in this short story. They are used to represent the cultural and also the generational conflict between Mrs. Dutt and her family. Cultural conflict is very clear in this entire short story. The older generation was used to respect their elders and disrespecting any elder personality was simply out of the question. If anyone would do that and misbehave with an elder member of a family and society, then he/ she was punished so the child would not do that in the future. But now it is quite apparent that the respect among each other, or for the elders has vanished. It is normal nowadays if a child misbehaves or even hit someone adult, so that is the generational gap. There is a huge difference between the older and the new generations, so many things are lost and missing in the new generation that even if we try hard, they cant be bring brought. The influence of culture is also huge on people. If people are living away from their families and homes and if they have started their families in a different culture then their kids also adopt that culture and the influence of that culture are quite strong on them. Whatever is present in the new culture good or bad the kids adopt it, and they start to behave like that which is quite sad and also it is disappointing at the same time. In this short story, these feelings are used to depict these differences that are now quite apparent in the new generation or the people who are living away from their country.

Work cited

: Mrs. Dutt Writes a letter” by Chitra Divakaruna

“The Impact Of Cardiovascular Disease On Adults”

Title page

The impacts of cardiovascular disease on adults

Cardiovascular disease is prevalent among 50 percent of US adults according too American Heart Association. It is also identified as the leading cause of deaths across the world. The statistics of 2019 depicts significant rise in the deaths associated with cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease is defined ass “conditions that involve narrowed or blocked blood vessels that can lead to a heart attack, chest pain (angina) or stroke. Other heart conditions, such as those that affect your heart's muscle, valves or rhythm, also are considered forms of heart disease” CITATION May171 \l 1033 (Mayo, 2017). The risks of the disease can be prevented by lifestyle choices. Adults who develop CVD are unable to participate in normal life activities. Victims of the disease are more likely to experience cardiac arrest, stroke, heart attack and heart failure. The prevalence of CVD is high in American as the facts indicate that half of the population are art high risks of developing the disease. CVD impacts the physical, socioeconomic and psychological aspects of the adult life.

Adults with Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) exhibit high levels of hypertension that indicates high levels of blood pressure. Hypertension is common among adults with CVD that leads to serious health problems including deaths. High blood pressures impact the arteries and muscles that increase the risks of cardiac arrest. This undermines the ability of heart to supply blood to different organs of the body. The clot can struck in narrow arteries that often leads to heart attack. Pumping heart is difficult due to high blood pressure and this causes changes in the chamber of the heat. The complications associated with CVD include heart failure, ischemic heart disease, sudden cardiac arrest, heart attack, stroke and arrhythmia. The patients are less likely to feel healthy because they undergo chest pain, chest tightening and experience shortness of breath. Fatigue and laziness are common symptoms which prevent individuals from taking part in physical activities CITATION Mar1810 \l 1033 (Hert, Detraux, & Vancampfort, 2018). They are seen less active and fail to participate in physical activities. Shortness of breath is another issue faced by adults. This undermines their capacity of breathing and discourage them from performing physical work. breathing becomes more difficult due to congestion, fever and asthma.

Empirical evidence reveals that adults are more at risk of developing CVD who fail to maintain healthy lifestyles. The triggering factors include obesity, high cholesterol intake, smoking and physical inactivity. The studies have also suggested that engaging in physical activity helps in mitigating the risks of CVD. The prevalence of heart disease is common among adults in America. The evidence suggests that people who are victims of this disease are more likely to spend days in hospital. The degree of hypertension is significantly high among adults who are diagnosed with CVD CITATION Mer09 \l 1033 (Carnethon, 2009). Elevated cholesterol levels and smoking also undermine their health. American Heart Association has developed the standards for offering effective care to the patients. The patients complain about chest pain, dizziness, nausea, fatigue, edema, cough, palpitations and claudication. These factors undermines the health status of the individuals.

Adults diagnosed with CVD are unable to perform better in their academic careers and jobs. This is because deteriorated health condition discourage them from taking part in work. Fatigue is a common factor that undermine their participation and involvement in different tasks. Evidence suggests that even after few hours of work, patients with CVD get tired CITATION Mat17 \l 1033 (Oster, Watkins, Hill, Knight, & Meyer, 2017). Low performance at jobs or colleges is due to lack of concentration power. The findings indicate that adults are unable to participate in these activities because they exhibit low level of concentration. Adult patients complain about lack of will power. This reflects that CVD deteriorate individual’s involvement in academics or work CITATION Mer09 \l 1033 (Carnethon, 2009). The conditions indicates they exhibit los morale and determination. Physical inactivity increases the risk of death in adults with CVD.

Evidence depicts that CVD has negative impacts on social lives of adults. Social demographics depicts that most of the patients undergo social loneliness. This is because majority of the adults are unable to accept the disease which affect their relationship with others. They are unhappy with the disease and exhibits discomfort for sharing it with others. Evidence suggests, “loneliness and social stress were associated with activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical axis and the sympathetic nervous systems” CITATION Nin18 \l 1033 (Xia & Li, 2018). Lack of social connections is a common issue identified among such adults. They avoid engaging in communication with others and maintain distance which is due to lack of trust. The research studies have also revealed that adults with CVD are unwilling to build friendly relationship with others because they lack trust. They maintain distance for not explaining the disease. It is also found that in public adults prefer to conceal their disease. Adults with CVD are unable to build effective relationship with families. They are living in isolation in their room. The studies have also determined that these patients need more social support for accepting and coping with the disease. Lack of people’s ability to understand the need of adults with CVD promote social isolation.

Cardiovascular disease in adults leads to many psychological problems. Empirical evidence depicts that patients with CVD exhibit disturbed behaviors. Their negative moods discourage them from taking part in healthy activities. The study of thee psychiatric aspects depicts that these patients exhibit high levels of anger, anxiety and stress CITATION Pat11 \l 1033 (Smith & Blumenthala, 2011). Significant studies have proved the link of negative emotions with CVD. This indicates that adults with CVD are undergoing psychological problems that undermine their performance in every aspects of life. Their disturbed moods promote feelings of aggression, anger and helplessness CITATION Nin18 \l 1033 (Xia & Li, 2018). Various psychosocial models are proposed for helping patients in improving their psychological behaviors. Behavioral factors are also the cause of non-adherence in physical and social activities. These adults are short tempered and show elevated anger at different events. Negative moods are linked to hypertension that increase the risks of cardiac arrest and deaths CITATION Mar1810 \l 1033 (Hert, Detraux, & Vancampfort, 2018). Finding indicates that managing stress and hypertension is crucial among adults with CVD because this increase the likelihood of deaths.

Depression is a commonly identified problem in adults with CVD. This is linked to deteriorated health condition. The patients that undergo depression are unable to focus on healthy lifestyle interventions. Their non-corporative attitudes promote negative feelings that increases the risks of cardiac arrest CITATION Cha121 \l 1033 (Reynolds, et al., 2012).

Physical activity is important for maintaining blood glucose levels and minimizing the risks of coronary heart disease. Physical activity is advised according to the health condition and status of the patient. The patient will be advised to perform different exercises that will involve movement of the body parts. Planned exercise is a practical method for reducing weight as movement causes increase in energy CITATION Nin18 \l 1033 (Xia & Li, 2018). Regular exercise delays the consequences of cardiovascular disease. The exercise involved in the plan include aerobic exercise. It is used for improving the muscle strength, oxidases enzymes and boosts the immune system. The patient will engage in exercise at three different times for 30 minutes in the beginning. She will be discouraged from sitting for longer duration. Light activity of every 30 minutes boos energy and improves the level of glucose CITATION Mar1810 \l 1033 (Hert, Detraux, & Vancampfort, 2018). The appropriate movements involve 15 minutes post-meal walk, 3 minutes light walking and 30 minutes walk in the morning. This improves the glycemic control and provides resistance against heart disease. The protocol suggests submaximal tests to measure the aerobic capacity. The treadmill protocol and the step-mil protocol are effective in determination of the aerobic capacity. The only physician supervises the protocol and measures the capacity.

Different strategies are suggested for improving thee health of patients with cardiovascular disease. The assessment of the patients with disease reveal the symptoms of seriousness. The assessment process recommends rest when the heart rate in resting state is equal or greater to 110 beats per minute, and the blood pressure is equal to or greater to 160/ 100 mm CITATION Mat17 \l 1033 (Oster, Watkins, Hill, Knight, & Meyer, 2017). The assessment shows that heart rate is stable and the blood pressure is 139/ 92, so there are fewer risks involved in engaging patients with other programs. It is important to determine the BP rate for proper examination and identifying the risks of cardiac arrests CITATION Mar1810 \l 1033 (Hert, Detraux, & Vancampfort, 2018).

The assessment of the patient’s conditions depicts that she requires an efficient health management plan. Therapeutic intervention is an effective tool for controlling BP in CVD patients. The plan stresses on the adoption of lifestyle intervention that will encourage Amanda to change her unhealthy lifestyle CITATION Wil121 \l 1033 (Haskell, Troiano, Hammond, Phillips, & Strade, 2012). This intervention will require changes in thee dietary and physical patterns. Guidelines are adopted for lifestyle intervention that highlights the instructions for dietary patterns and physical activity. the baseline weight reduction is set for 4-6 months CITATION ACE16 \l 1033 (ACE, 2016). The intervention is essential because reduction of weight is linked to decline in hypertension that further minimize the risks of cardiovascular disease

The improvement plan emphasize on using “low-calorie diets can reduce A1C to <6.5% (48 mmol/mol) and fasting glucose to <126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) in the absence of pharmacological therapy or ongoing procedures” CITATION ADA16 \l 1033 (ADA, 2016). It is also important to assure that the level of glucose are maintained at stable levels. The use of medication is advised once a day. The patient is advised to take low-calorie food for attaining better results CITATION Pat11 \l 1033 (Smith & Blumenthala, 2011). The facts indicates that the use of this medication with low-calorie food increase the chances of weight reduction. The dietary plan suggests that patient follows a proper timetable and take three meals. The patient is advised to consume low iron and low-calorie food. Amanda must use vegetables, legumes, fruits and milk in her diet. Stress eating must be avoided because it is linked to CVD.

The examination of cardiovascular disease in adults depicts that the disease negatively impacts the physical, social and mental life of thee patients. They are unable to accept the disease that promote anti-social attitudes. This discourage them from taking part in social activities or engaging with others in communication. The adults who lack family support are more likely to undergo negative incidents such as cardiac arrest or deaths. Adults with CVD also undergo psychological issues such as behavioral disturbance, elevated levels of anger and aggression. These factors are linked with hypertension that again increase the likelihood of deaths in patients. Physical inactivity is another common problem faced by adults with CVD which undermine their psychical strength.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ACE. (2016). CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) RISK STRATIFICATION CRITERIA:. Retrieved 2017 йил 29-Sep from https://www.acefitness.org/blog/3492/applying-risk-classification-as-a-fitness-professional

ADA. (2016). Obesity Management for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care , 39.

Carnethon, M. R. (2009). Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Disease: How Much is Enough? . Am J Lifestyle Med , 3 (1).

Haskell, W. L., Troiano, R. P., Hammond, J. A., Phillips, M. J., & Strade, L. C. (2012). Physical Activity And Physical Fitness. Am J Prev Med, 42(5) , 486–492.

Hert, M. D., Detraux, J., & Vancampfort, D. (2018). The intriguing relationship between coronary heart disease and mental disorders . Dialogues Clin Neurosci , 20 (1), 31–40.

Mayo. (2017). Heart disease . Retrieved 12 01, 2019, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353118

Oster, M. E., Watkins, S., Hill, K. D., Knight, J. H., & Meyer, R. E. (2017). Academic Outcomes in Children With Congenital Heart Defects. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes , 10 (2).

Smith, P. J., & Blumenthala, J. A. (2011). Psychiatric and Behavioral Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease: Epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Treatment . Psychatry , 64 (10), 924-933 .

Reynolds, C. F., Cuijpers, P., Patel, V., Cohen, A., Dias, A., Chowdhary, N., et al. (2012). Early Intervention to Reduce the Global Health and Economic Burden of Major Depression in Older Adults . Annu Rev Public Health , 33, 123–135.

Xia, N., & Li, H. (2018). Loneliness, Social Isolation, and Cardiovascular Health . Antioxid Redox Signal , 28 (9), 837–851.

“The Inner Light” Literary Essay

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

“The Inner Light” Literary Essay

One of the major premises of the episode is that how it focuses on the discussion about One of the major premises of the episode is that how it focuses on the discussion about the story whose civilization is lost. One of the reasons that the episode is so much well received is due to the fact that as compared to some of the other episodes, the premises and the story is relatively easier and the details that are being presented are not that complicated as compared to the other stories in the series. The main premise of the Episode is that how the creation of the dream and the illusion that happens to be created by the mysterious probe for the Picard. The small end the large details are being discussed that discuss how the time has lapsed. The episode is widely considered by critics and fans as one of the best episodes of the entire Star Trekfranchise. In 1993, "The Inner Light" won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation. The flute melody, featured prominently in the episode, was composed by Jay Chattaway and has since been re-arranged for a full orchestraThe episode is also a favorite among both fans and members of the show's cast and crew. The brass Ressikan flute resembles, and has a similar sound to, a penny whistle or a tin whistle. It is considered a lasting reminder of Picard's virtual life on the planet throughout the rest of the series. Picard's flute could occasionally be seen in its box sitting on his desk. It plays a role in the episode "Lessons"

The first thing that can be noticed is that how there are changes in the perspective of the camera as it changes its focus from the third person to the first person which manifests the point of view of Picard. Not only that, the stumbling and the loss of the conscious is another aspect of the story in terms of how some of the physical actions of Picard are defined in the premise of the story. The way his head is laying down is one big giveaway in this regard.

It has been talked about how that as soon as Kamin leaves his home, he seems to be stumbling upon the planting ceremony. This ceremony seems to be happening around the trees that are located in the sample of the town square. The defiance of the people and the expectation of the long life is the theme that is seen here.

Here the lifespan of the tree is the manifestation of the health and the sustainability of Kataan. Not only that, it goes to show that how some information is supposed to be gained from the surrounding regarding the same issue and how the information is going to be collected in the given time period.

In some ways, it is one of the methods through which it can be made sure that how the idea is being reinforced that how the knowledge is developed about the fact that how he has known this women for a very long time. This is one of the smaller details that is being placed during the premises of the plot and is rather well thought out if one talks about the broader plot details at that time period. This is also the place were Eline seems to tell Kamin little about the life that is happening in the Ressik. There also the reminder is being given to Kamin that how he must be making sure that he plays the flute and how his preference for the instrument has stemmed.

What it goes to show is the fact that how he has never played the instrument in his life on the back of the enterprise and how bad of a player he has turned out to be at the given point of time during the course of his stay on Ressik. This is also an elegant way regarding the reporting in terms of the way the whole thing is going to be managed.

Once Kamin is able to see the necklace that Eline is wearing, he is able to see and observe the replica of the same probe that he has seen earlier in his time period at the inhabitant of the place that he is trying to live his life in. The next scene is pretty much the continuation of how Picard seems to have been entranced by the probe at the given point of time. During the course of the next scenes that are showed on the Kataan, the other thing that tends to stand out is that how the sextant recording of the data is needed to be carried out and how the drought is going to be managed in the given point of time. As Eline tends to interact with him, it becomes clear that he no longer feels hostile about her presence and there is a degree of comfort as far as the way their interaction pans out. With the passage of time, Kamin becomes more and more comfortable in this environment.

The other important point that is being talked about here is that how the existence of the Kamin is going to be managed at the given point of time and how they there is a change in the belief system that he is not going to be returning to life anytime soon. It can be seen that he was spending plenty of nights looking for the enterprise and how the information is supposed to be managed on the drought. That also includes the information about the five-year memory that he has accumulated in the past life and how the level of intricacy is developed in the given point of time.

Some of the words that are talked about by Batai are expressed in the manner that people do not send him to improve in the given point of time. The idea is to show that how he is not becoming a better flute player during the course of the night and instead how this whole thing takes years of practice to be implemented and taken care of effectively at the particular point of time. The third time flute makes an appearance, it is witnessed to be in the much more elegant shape and the sound that it tends to make is such that it is being written on his own. In some interesting ways, it talks about the recollection of the previous memories that are witnessed during the course of the last five years. Thus, there is some strong sense of irony that one gets to see here.

After all those visions and interpretations by Picard, he begins to wake up as an enterprise at the given point of time. The state of mind of Picard is in complete state of shock in a sense that how it goes to reflect the overall state of mind and the experiences that Picard has gone through during the small time period. Now, this is where it all gets interesting in a sense that how the Riker goes to show that how all those things were the manifestation of this imagination and how he was farther away from the reality in the given time period. He starts to play the song that he has written for the Batali’s birth ceremony and it goes to show how he has been away from the whole thing for his entire lifetime.

Work Cited

Clark, Mark. Star Trek FAQ: Everything Left to Know about the First Voyages of the Starship Enterprise. Applause Theatre & Cinema, 2012.

“You Should Have Killed Yourself Last Week.”: In Ernest Hemingway’s “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place”

Your Name

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“You should have killed Yourself Last Week”

Ernest Hemingway is one of the leading short story writers of the twentieth century. He worked as a journalist at the beginning of his career and that experience is reflected in his writing styles when he uses short sentences with deep meanings. He also experienced traumatic incidents during World War I, which had an influence on his way of thinking and altered the themes he used in his stories. One of the major themes used in his stories is that the world lacks the spiritual meaning and, therefore, it is essential for an individual to take control of his life and make the important decisions. This ideology has influences from his involvement in the youth association named the Lost Generation. The story, “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place”, is based on the same theme that explores the nothingness of life and proposes to add meanings to it. This essay focuses on a statement given in this story by the young waiter on the face of the old man depicting the nothingness of life of the old man from the perspective of the speaker.

An old man is sitting in a bar that is a good place to spend leisure time. It is well-lighted and clean, in an exalted sense, as experienced by the workers and customers who happened to be at that place (Widiani). The old man regularly visits the café where the old employees know him well. It is late at night and only two of the waiters were present in the café waiting for the old man to finish his drink so that they may close the café. The old man, however, is not ready to leave soon. He nods to the waiters to fill his glass again. The young waiter serves him and, by taking advantage of his being deaf, exclaims that he should have died the last week when he attempted suicide. The young waiter has been informed of the old man's attempt to suicide by a middle-aged waiter with whom he has been discussing the old man a few moments ago.

The young waiter is a symbol of youth who has everything that life can offer to humans in common to live happily. He is unaware of the concept of a life devoid of meaningfulness. He hates the way the old man is sitting idle exploiting his time, wealth, and health. The young waiter has meanings of life and he has engagements that keep him indifferent to the feelings of nothingness, loneliness, and futility.

The old man's idea of suicide stems from his perception of existence, whereas the young waiter reinforces it out of the irritation he experiences because of the old man's idleness (Place). The middle-aged waiter suggests some justification for the old man’s plan for the suicide, and admires the café to be a worthwhile place. He is afraid of his insomnia, wants to stay more at the bar, and cannot appreciate the other cafés he visits.

The old man has tried to take his life through the act of suicide as a demonstration of taking control over his life (Purnama). He has spent all good days of his life, and found no reason to continue living at this stage. The old man finds himself hollow from the inside, and he comes to the café to find peace in the clean, well-lighted, and silent environment it offers. He knows the worth of the place as do the other middle-aged waiter. The old man wants to be dead, because he thinks that death is inevitable, and it does not seem plausible to him to prolong the duration of suffering the void that his life confers on him.

Works Cited

Place, A. Clean Well-Lighted. Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies. 2013.

Purnama, Adnan Hidayat. Loneliness in Hemingway’s A Clean, Well-Lighted Place. State Islamic University, 2016.

Widiani, Maria. The Significance of Café to the Theme of the Story in Ernest Hemingway’s “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place.” Sanata Dharma University, 2017.

Backpacks In The Classroom

Riber Mohammad

Instructor Name

English

2 January 2020

Backpacks in the Classroom

It is a common trend for youth to dislike schools. Add school uniform to the mix and the situation becomes a lot more painful for the average school going, student. There is a debate going on that should the schools be allowed to enforce a compulsory implementation of wearing school uniforms, both in public and private schools. In my opinion, the school uniform should be declared compulsory. This practice can serve several purposes for all the parties involved: the teachers, the students and the parents.

For students, school uniforms can bring a sense of unity among the students. Dressing alike is the technique used in all the important institutions of the world, academic or otherwise, as this promotes unity and discipline among the people that are linked together by it. The schools of Ontario are no different. The recent changes that are occurring in this era of globalization make it necessary for the students that discipline should be heavily reinstated, in which school uniforms can play a huge part. Another advantage is that school uniforms make it easier for students to get ready for school. This practice helps the student to reinstate punctuality in the students. Lastly, as this practice promotes equality among the students, so this can also act in containing the problem of bullish behavior among many students that often leads to serious problems for students as well as the people around them.

For teachers, school uniforms make it easier to create a positive learning environment. The discipline reinstated by the use of school makes the classes easier to manage and control. Another reason that helps the teachers in this regard is the fact that this practice can help teachers to spot people that are using the schools for various criminal activities like drug peddling. Such cases have already been reported in Ontario and this practice can help the teachers in keeping their students in check. In addition to that, the teachers can notify the relevant authorities well in time so that serious damages to the school properties as well as the future of the students can be avoided. Another reason that teachers in Ontario may prefer school uniforms is the fact that this practice can help instate the quality of professionalism in the students. This is particularly helpful for students in their future lives. Lastly, this practice helps the teachers to instate the value of respect, unity and the sense of pride in belonging to a fraternity or community. These qualities are helpful for the students to learn to cooperate with their peers, both in their schools and in their daily lives.

For parents, there are even more advantages. For one, keeping up with fashion trends can cause a serious strain on the purse of the parents. School uniforms can help parents to avoid exactly that. The same school uniform takes care of this problem immediately. Another reason that the implementation of school uniforms helps the parents is that it helps their children to teach humility in their lives. Lastly, this practice also helps the parents to devote more funds to the other needs of their children.

To conclude the argument, both public and private schools should declare school uniforms compulsory in all the high schools of Ontario, or all the states for that matter. This can help all the students, teachers and parents in numerous ways. Most importantly, it can help crib the rising tide of materialism in all the aforementioned parties and help us create a better society overall with a healthy respect for everyone. This is a vital thing that the world needs right now, not just Ontario.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Sagan, Aleksandra. "School dress code protests giving uniforms new life." CBC News 27 May 2015. News Article. <https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/school-dress-code-protests-giving-uniforms-new-life-1.3089215>.

Bad Behavior

Clayton Montgomery

ProfessorKieran Reichert

English 1310

2/10/19

Bad Behavior

"Soft drinks are harmful to one's health, but by reducing the amount one drinks, the practice of proper oral hygiene and seeking dentists' and hygienist's help can counteract its effects and enjoy better oral health." Drinking soft drinks will negatively affect a person's way of life. Soft drinks are considered medicinal "tonics" and can cause obesity, tooth decay, and cancer. Some of these effects can even be deadly, making a choice to improve your way of life can greatly diminish these negative effects soda has on your body ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"B3ssO0Gn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}What Effect Do Carbonated Sodas Have on the Body?\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“What Effect Do Carbonated Sodas Have on the Body?”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":131,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/9S53NR99"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/9S53NR99"],"itemData":{"id":131,"type":"webpage","title":"What effect do carbonated sodas have on the body? | Non-Alcoholic Beverages & Health","container-title":"Sharecare","abstract":"Carbon dioxide, also known as CO2, is a compound made of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. Beverages are artificially carbonated when carbon dioxi","URL":"https://www.sharecare.com/health/non-alcoholic-drinking/carbonated-sodas-body-affect-bones","shortTitle":"What effect do carbonated sodas have on the body?","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",2,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“What Effect Do Carbonated Sodas Have on the Body?”).

Obesity is one of America’s biggest concerns today. Some people think drinking diet soda makes it okay and eliminates all the adverse effects regular soda has on their body. However, these assumptions are wrong and produced by the soda companies trying to sell more of their product. Soft drinks are addictive, and those who consume soda are two-thirds higher risk of getting type 2 diabetes than those who don't. I was a kind that could eat or drink anything and still stay the same 100 pounds. It wasn't until my final year of high school that drinking soda before an athletic event or even too much would make me feel sick. Over time I started to gain weight and stopped eating fast food, not much changed, I continued to gain weight. This is very relevant to the famous, "freshman 15" everyone talks about your first year of college. My first

semester of college I gained 17 pounds, I knew I needed to change something. I started supplementing soda with Gatorade or water and gradually stopped gaining weight. This is also very critical at a young age after a study found that “the more children drink sweet drinks, the quicker their body mass index rises as they grow ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0mR4EOOO","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}The Deadly Side Effects of Drinking Soda\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“The Deadly Side Effects of Drinking Soda”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":133,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/F6VGE9NF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/F6VGE9NF"],"itemData":{"id":133,"type":"webpage","title":"The Deadly Side Effects of Drinking Soda","container-title":"Men's Center Los Angeles","abstract":"THE DEADLY SIDE EFFECTS OF DRINKING SODA","URL":"http://www.menscenterlosangeles.com/news/2015/10/22/dangerous-side-effects-of-soda","language":"en-US","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",2,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“The Deadly Side Effects of Drinking Soda”). The human body does not process calories from soda the same as whole words or water, and this causes an unbalanced diet. One can of coke contains about nine teaspoons of sugar, and this sugar has increased the risk of heart disease, obesity and even makes your teeth fall out!

The most significant causes of tooth decay are the consumption of soft drinks, the sugar builds up along the gum line and causes plaque buildup. The acid attacks the tooth creating cavities and in extreme cases even tooth loss ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"h6L35DLc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}What Does Soda Do to Your Body?\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“What Does Soda Do to Your Body?”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":130,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/NWYXPDAQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/NWYXPDAQ"],"itemData":{"id":130,"type":"post-weblog","title":"What Does Soda Do to Your Body? 7 Reasons to Kick the Habit","container-title":"University Health News","abstract":"What does soda do to your body? The answer may surprise you. If weight loss hasn’t motivated you to ditch sodas, these 7 major health problems should!","URL":"https://universityhealthnews.com/daily/nutrition/what-does-soda-do-to-your-body/","shortTitle":"What Does Soda Do to Your Body?","language":"en-US","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",7,11]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",2,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“What Does Soda Do to Your Body?”). To enjoy better oral health and not have to worry about losing your teeth or having to go to the dentist every month with three cavities then reduce the number of soft drinks you consume in a week and practice good oral care (brushing teeth, flossing, and mouth wash). Being a college student, I struggle to maintain a perfect schedule of oral care and drink way too many sodas then I should. The opportunity to get a soda and the freedom college can give kids the choice to make an unconscious choice of drinking soda instead of water or a healthier option. Waking up late to class means there is not enough time to brush my teeth, we all have priorities in our day to day life that oral hygiene falls low on that list sometimes. Take care of your body daily, make a schedule/reminder to brush your teeth, these “low priority” tasks will hurt you in the long run.

Drinking sodas could lead to one of the fatal cancers, pancreatic cancer. Since soda contains sugars primarily, it will increase the level of insulin in your body that contributes to

pancreatic cancer growth. Too much insulin has very bad effects on someone’s body. It’s like

being a diabetic who has too little or too much insulin, you have to stay in the middle, or you will start to have negative side effects. This is very serious and even fatal, not many people think about dying when drinking soda, but it is in fact not good for your body to consume too much soda ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"w8Ndpl45","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Carbonated (Sparkling) Water\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Carbonated (Sparkling) Water”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":132,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/LVAIJ7JD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/LVAIJ7JD"],"itemData":{"id":132,"type":"webpage","title":"Carbonated (Sparkling) Water: Good or Bad?","container-title":"Healthline","abstract":"Carbonated (sparkling) water is water that has been infused with carbon dioxide gas. Is it bad for you, or good? This article looks at the evidence.","URL":"https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/carbonated-water-good-or-bad","shortTitle":"Carbonated (Sparkling) Water","language":"en","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",9,7]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",2,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Carbonated (Sparkling) Water”). I have never thought or cared about the effect's soda had on my body. I am drinking on average two sodas a day, continuing to do this will cause major issues in a couple of years. Something must change now, cutting the soda down to one a day and eventually one a week will greatly improve or lower the risks involved with drinking soda. Supplementing soda with other flavored drinks to start is a great way to push away from soda. Things like Gatorade or vitamin water can break those bad hobbits of consuming too much soda.

Why do people continue to drink soda when there are so many negative effects? There are so many people that consume ounces of soda every day, but many are unaware of their bad or even fatal consequences. Programs that push for fewer sugars or better labeling of what the customer is putting in their body can make a huge impact on lowering obesity, improving people's oral health, and lowering the fatalities of patriotic cancer. Breaking bad habits is not something anybody wants to do and should be taken in steps, planned out to be successful.

Work Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY “Carbonated (Sparkling) Water: Good or Bad?” Healthline, 7 Sept. 2018, https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/carbonated-water-good-or-bad.

“The Deadly Side Effects of Drinking Soda.” Men’s Center Los Angeles, http://www.menscenterlosangeles.com/news/2015/10/22/dangerous-side-effects-of-soda. Accessed 12 Feb. 2019.

“What Does Soda Do to Your Body? 7 Reasons to Kick the Habit.” University Health News, 11 July 2018, https://universityhealthnews.com/daily/nutrition/what-does-soda-do-to-your-body/.

“What Effect Do Carbonated Sodas Have on the Body? | Non-Alcoholic Beverages & Health.” Sharecare, https://www.sharecare.com/health/non-alcoholic-drinking/carbonated-sodas-body-affect-bones. Accessed 12 Feb. 2019.

Bag It

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Bag it

The film “bag it” is about the dangerous of the plastic bags. The filmmaker uses rhetoric analysis to present his view. The danger of the plastic bag is now known to all. This documentary shows that plastic bags presents a great risk for both humans and the environment. The filmmaker tries to persuade the audience not to use the plastic bags with the help of ethos, logos and pathos.

The filmmaker explains the belief that plastic bags are dangerous for the environment by showing the examples such as “it pollutes the way it flies and floats and drifts and clogs and

entangles”. The filmmaker uses ethos here to explain his belief. The plastic represents a real danger for the environment. In addition to being abused, it is thrown anywhere: in the gutters, on the ground, say everywhere.

The filmmaker attempts to encourage the audience not to use the plastic bags with the help of arguments such as not all plastics bags that have reprocessing tags are really recyclable. It also exposing the impacts of plastic bags on land ecosystems, the maritime environment and the people. The filmmaker excellently covers the element of pathos in his documentary.

The filmmaker also provides the logical statistics to proof his point of view. He presented the examples of different countries such as China, India, and Bangladesh with statistics who were not in favor of plastic bags. Plastic things are found to outstrip plankton sixty to one and donates to about 100,000 maritime bodily deaths, with birds, each year

To conclude, the documentary concludes by an evaluation of recycling shows and labels ways that regular countries and customers can minimalize the damaging influence of plastic by decreasing its use. The filmmaker did his best to prove his point with the help of the realistic examples.

Balance In The Eco System

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Balance in the Ecosystem

Ecosystem conservation is the current most debated and controversial topic. Scientific community presents evidences about the implications of human activities and other natural disasters on the environment and climate. While on the other hand, politicians and people in power deny the facts and ignore the importance of bio conservation. Scientists have presented various research studies that indicate the role of human actions such as overhunting, urbanization, deforestation, plastic production, environmental pollution and carbon dioxide emissions. This paper will discuss some of the studies that have been conducted over the period of time to analyze the implications of certain events on the ecosystem and recommendations to mitigate the negative outcomes and bring about a balanced approach.

Human activities have devastating effects on the eco system as they bring about dreadful changes in the biodiversity. Humans contribute 99 percent to the destabilization of the species population by pushing them to endangering or threatening point. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has created a list, ‘Red List of Threatened Species’, which is a complete and independent report on the species assessment. It can be established through research and evidence that human beings have become the greatest threat to the biodiversity. Species in the wildlife encounter various threats that lead them to threatened point such as habitat loss and degradation, the spread of the non-invasive species in the habitat, the indefinite effect of global warming and environmental pollution, unsustainable hunting and spread of the disease. Though majority of these threats are naturally occurring, human activities for economic and cultural purposes have a direct or indirect effect on them ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ROcm0BA3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Holly)","plainCitation":"(Holly)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":469,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/8CSAP6JW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/8CSAP6JW"],"itemData":{"id":469,"type":"article-journal","title":"Endangered species","container-title":"Encyclopedia Britannica","abstract":"Endangered species, any species that is at risk of extinction because of a sudden rapid decrease in its population or a loss of its critical habitat. Previously, any species of plant or animal that was threatened with extinction could be called an endangered species.","URL":"https://www.britannica.com/science/endangered-species","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Holly","given":"Dublin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",5]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,22]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Holly). There are long standing conflicts among human activities and the ecosystem conservation. Many believes that the issue is controversial and politicize it for their own personal agendas.

The effects of overhunting and poaching are important to study & to contribute in the conservation of ecosystem. They can be measured by using different methods such as Flight Initiation Distance (FID). The primary focus is on the effects of poaching on FID for the species guanaco in cold deserts. It can also be used to assess the effect of vegetation cover on the FID. The guanacos have become vulnerable species as they showed longer FID in the assessments. Overhunting causes unnecessary stress over the ecosystem as it changes the species pattern and food chain ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"WZpu6yXM","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cappa et al.)","plainCitation":"(Cappa et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":471,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/XPWKY5KU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/XPWKY5KU"],"itemData":{"id":471,"type":"article-journal","title":"The effects of poaching and habitat structure on anti-predator behavioral strategies: A guanaco population in a high cold desert as case study","container-title":"PLOS ONE","page":"e0184018","volume":"12","issue":"8","source":"PLoS Journals","abstract":"The effects of poaching on wildlife have been widely studied in conservation biology and can be heterogeneous, particularly on ungulates. These effects can be estimated through different methodologies whose use depends on several conditions such as Flight-initiation distance (FID). Our objectives were: 1- to evaluate whether poaching affects the FID and group structure of a guanaco (Lama guanicoe) population in a high cold desert in San Juan (Argentina); 2- to assess whether habitat structure (slope and vegetation cover) influences FID and group structure in this population. The study area included a site with poaching (unprotected area), and a site without poaching (protected area). We recorded 100 groups of guanacos: 70 in the protected and 30 in the unprotected area. FID and group size were greater in the unprotected than in the protected area, whereas proportions of group categories (with offspring, without offspring and solitary) were similar between areas. Besides, in relation to habitat structure, FID increased when vegetation cover decreased. On the other hand, FID and group size were not affected by slope. Our study shows that guanacos respond to poaching pressure as do other ungulate species, and that other factors such as vegetation cover also affect this behavior. Managers should be aware when interpreting FID due to its relation to habitat structure; the guanaco appears to assume greater risk (lower FID) in areas with high vegetation cover.","DOI":"10.1371/journal.pone.0184018","ISSN":"1932-6203","title-short":"The effects of poaching and habitat structure on anti-predator behavioral strategies","journalAbbreviation":"PLOS ONE","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Cappa","given":"Flavio"},{"family":"Campos","given":"Valeria"},{"family":"Giannoni","given":"Stella"},{"family":"Andino","given":"Natalia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",8,31]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cappa et al.). It is imperative to introduce measures to avoid the increased illegal hunting in the regulated as well unregulated areas to preserve the biodiversity.

As there are disastrous declines forecasted in the Arctic sea, there is a significant need to study the effects of environmental changes on the polar bears and their use of ice. Studies have suggested that polar bears have been facing threats in maintaining their diet as they are catching not enough seals to keep up their energy while they keep moving to the greater distance. This causes an energy imbalance in their bodies that results in further negative effects such as reduced reproduction rate. Polar bears also face certain physiological changes in their bodies as they tend to move greater distances in order to feed themselves ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"t6qSMPi6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Anthony)","plainCitation":"(Anthony)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":474,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/LAX6S3KL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/LAX6S3KL"],"itemData":{"id":474,"type":"article-newspaper","title":"Polar bear videos reveal impact of melting Arctic sea ice","container-title":"CBS News","abstract":"Polar bears are working harder to find food in a challenging environment, new research finds","URL":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/polar-bears-arctic-sea-ice-melting/","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"Anthony","given":"Pagano"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",2]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,22]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Anthony). Thus, it established that polar bears require more energy in order to survive their daily routine while the snow melting has led them to famine as they are unable to find enough seals. The wildlife services have also been involved in the massive hunting spree in 2016 according to their mission of resolving the conflicts among humans and wildlife so they can so exist. It was considered as one of the most controversial task as they killed so many coyotes in order to protect the livestock from the predators by the use of guard dogs and strips along the fences ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"MXhUJQhT","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Draheim)","plainCitation":"(Draheim)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":476,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/3VSR8XEE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/3VSR8XEE"],"itemData":{"id":476,"type":"article-journal","title":"Why Killing Coyotes Doesn't Make Livestock Safer","container-title":"Scientific American","abstract":"There is no clear evidence that lethal control works to reduce human-predator conflict. It can even make the problem worse","URL":"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-killing-coyotes-doesn-rsquo-t-make-livestock-safer/","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Draheim","given":"Megan M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",5]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,22]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Draheim). They are also responsible for killing a huge number of bears, cougars, wolves, bobcats, hawks and foxes. It is important to make people understand the difference and implications of lethal and nonlethal strategies to control the predators.

Other human activities that have been bringing an imbalance in the ecosystem are the excess production, use and waste of plastic in the natural habitats of species. Humans have been littering the plastic waste on the lands and in seas as well. Recent reports have stated how plastic materials are often ingested by the animals that lead to their organs malfunctioning and eventually they die. Other times they get entangled in the plastic objects and are unable to move or swim making them targets for predation. The polymeric material fills up the environment with hazardous pollution by improper disposition and dumping. The plastic production has increased significantly each year since 1950s ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"EwwgmB1a","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Moore)","plainCitation":"(Moore)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":478,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/L55AIW8G"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/L55AIW8G"],"itemData":{"id":478,"type":"article-journal","title":"Plastic Pollution","container-title":"Encyclopedia Britannica","abstract":"Plastic pollution, harmful accumulation of synthetic plastic products in the environment. Plastics are persistent large-scale pollutants, and plastic debris and particulates have been found in many environmental niches, from Mount Everest to the bottom of the sea.","URL":"https://www.britannica.com/science/plastic-pollution","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Moore","given":"Charles"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,22]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Moore). It is necessary for the government and international bodies to regulate the production and reprocessing of plastics.

An alarming situation in the ecosystem is the depletion of coral reefs in the oceans. According to the studies, it is estimated that by 2070, all of the coral reefs in the world will be gone. Due to global warming, the oceans continue to warm up and result in the corals dying and leave behind a large number of species without any habitat. Corals provide support to more than 30 percent of the world’s marine species. The coral reefs loss has significant implications on biodiversity. It does not only affect the marine organisms but also has sever effects on people who are dependent on them for their livelihoods ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ORr4tBbP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Morrison et al.)","plainCitation":"(Morrison et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":480,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/ZV5ZC2X8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/ZV5ZC2X8"],"itemData":{"id":480,"type":"article-journal","title":"Save reefs to rescue all ecosystems","container-title":"Nature","page":"333-336","volume":"573","issue":"7774","source":"www.nature.com","abstract":"An approach that tackles the underlying causes of coral-reef decline could be applied to other habitats, argue Tiffany H. Morrison, Terry P. Hughes and colleagues.","DOI":"10.1038/d41586-019-02737-8","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Morrison","given":"Tiffany H."},{"family":"Hughes","given":"Terry P."},{"family":"Adger","given":"W. Neil"},{"family":"Brown","given":"Katrina"},{"family":"Barnett","given":"Jon"},{"family":"Lemos","given":"Maria Carmen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Morrison et al.). There is urgent need for the ecologists, governments, policy makers and welfare international bodies to devise plans to save the reef ecosystems. The coal dependent power should be replaced with renewable energy, land-based aquaculture should be promoted, and terrestrial vegetation should be restored. These actions will eventually help reduce the carbon emission and capture it, reduce the agricultural runoffs over the coastal reefs and improve sources of revenue and food security.

Another source of carbon emissions imbalance in the ecosystem is the process of removing the predators form the environment such as lions, sharks and wolves. These mass extinctions from the forest, wetlands, grasslands and oceans add to the total accumulation of greenhouse gases, thus, affecting the climate change. The loss of predators also affects the natural food chain from top to lower levels. Changes at lower level result in changes for the patterns of photosynthesis and thus carbon dioxide level in the environment fluctuates ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"oDRuqAAU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pearce)","plainCitation":"(Pearce)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":482,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/78SJAT4Z"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/78SJAT4Z"],"itemData":{"id":482,"type":"article-journal","title":"Wiping out top predators messes up the climate","container-title":"New Scientist","abstract":"It isn't just the food chain that is disrupted when creatures at the top die out – so are mechanisms that keep carbon dioxide emissions down","URL":"https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn23182-wiping-out-top-predators-messes-up-the-climate/","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"Pearce","given":"Fred"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013",2]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,22]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pearce). The removal of ocean species from the ecosystem effect the ecological systems and habitat of the ocean population. The abundance of larger sharks in the oceans is considered as a vulnerability for the smaller fish. However, wiping out of species from their natural habitat changes the distribution, living and feeding behaviors of other small marine organisms. Fishing pressure on the mesopredators might conceal or reverse the natural ecosystem effects ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"uDtl3tTM","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ferretti et al.)","plainCitation":"(Ferretti et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":486,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/C4I79FXW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/C4I79FXW"],"itemData":{"id":486,"type":"article-journal","title":"Patterns and ecosystem consequences of shark declines in the ocean","container-title":"Ecology Letters","page":"1055-1071","source":"onlinelibrary.wiley.com (Atypon)","abstract":"Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 1055?1071 Abstract Whereas many land predators disappeared before their ecological roles were studied, the decline of marine apex predators is still unfolding. Large sharks in particular have experienced rapid declines over the last decades. In this study, we review the documented changes in exploited elasmobranch communities in coastal, demersal, and pelagic habitats, and synthesize the effects of sharks on their prey and wider communities. We show that the high natural diversity and abundance of sharks is vulnerable to even light fishing pressure. The decline of large predatory sharks reduces natural mortality in a range of prey, contributing to changes in abundance, distribution, and behaviour of small elasmobranchs, marine mammals, and sea turtles that have few other predators. Through direct predation and behavioural modifications, top-down effects of sharks have led to cascading changes in some coastal ecosystems. In demersal and pelagic communities, there is increasing evidence of mesopredator release, but cascading effects are more hypothetical. Here, fishing pressure on mesopredators may mask or even reverse some ecosystem effects. In conclusion, large sharks can exert strong top-down forces with the potential to shape marine communities over large spatial and temporal scales. Yet more empirical evidence is needed to test the generality of these effects throughout the ocean.","DOI":"10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01489.x@10.1111/(ISSN)1461-0248.oceans-to-mountains","ISSN":"1461-023X","journalAbbreviation":"Ecology Letters","author":[{"family":"Ferretti","given":"Francesco"},{"family":"Worm","given":"Boris"},{"family":"Britten","given":"Gregory L."},{"family":"Heithaus","given":"Michael R."},{"family":"Lotze","given":"Heike K."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",1,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ferretti et al.). Similarly, the removal of starfish from the marine ecosystem will lead to uneven growth of the barnacles and mussel population. It will cause drastic shifts in the food and energy pyramids ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9rYaW19b","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lehmberg)","plainCitation":"(Lehmberg)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":490,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/TA4YKWT8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/TA4YKWT8"],"itemData":{"id":490,"type":"article-newspaper","title":"Nature up close: Keystone species","container-title":"CBS News","abstract":"The removal of starfish from an ecosystem demonstrates the importance of predators","URL":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nature-up-close-keystone-species/","title-short":"Nature up close","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Lehmberg","given":"Judy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",3]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lehmberg). Another significant example of change in food web linkage is the decline of sea otters that can alter the entire ecosystem starting from oceans to terrestrial communities. Otters’ absence or presence in the environment alters five different levels in the food chain such as; sea otters, sea urchins, kelp, marine fish and bald eagles ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"y0z4l775","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Buckely)","plainCitation":"(Buckely)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":488,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/FI3GQVLS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/FI3GQVLS"],"itemData":{"id":488,"type":"article-journal","title":"Decline in Alaskan sea otters affects bald eagles' diet","container-title":"Ecological Society of America","abstract":"Sea otters are known as a keystone species, filling such an important niche in ocean communities that without them, entire ecosystems can collapse. Scientists are finding, however, that sea otters can have even farther-reaching effects that extend to terrestrial communities and alter the behavior of another top predator: the bald eagle.","URL":"http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-10/esoa-dia092508.php","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Buckely","given":"Christine"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008",10]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Buckely).

In short, it is imperative to introduce such policies and laws that regulate the illegal activities such as overhunting, carbon emissions, wiping out predators and releasing harmful pollutants in the environment. The ecosystem must be conserved and everyone will have to partake in this struggle. It is important to concentrate on these issues before all the natural resources are wasted and natural ecosystem is destroyed. The foremost responsibility lies on the heads of the states in which such activities are happening. They need to raise their voice and work with international conservation organizations to protect the environment for all.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Anthony, Pagano. “Polar Bear Videos Reveal Impact of Melting Arctic Sea Ice.” CBS News, Feb. 2018, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/polar-bears-arctic-sea-ice-melting/.

Buckely, Christine. “Decline in Alaskan Sea Otters Affects Bald Eagles’ Diet.” Ecological Society of America, Oct. 2008, http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-10/esoa-dia092508.php.

Cappa, Flavio, et al. “The Effects of Poaching and Habitat Structure on Anti-Predator Behavioral Strategies: A Guanaco Population in a High Cold Desert as Case Study.” PLOS ONE, vol. 12, no. 8, Aug. 2017, p. e0184018. PLoS Journals, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0184018.

Draheim, Megan M. “Why Killing Coyotes Doesn’t Make Livestock Safer.” Scientific American, May 2017, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-killing-coyotes-doesn-rsquo-t-make-livestock-safer/.

Ferretti, Francesco, et al. “Patterns and Ecosystem Consequences of Shark Declines in the Ocean.” Ecology Letters, Jan. 2018, pp. 1055–71. onlinelibrary.wiley.com (Atypon), doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01489.x@10.1111/(ISSN)1461-0248.oceans-to-mountains.

Holly, Dublin. “Endangered Species.” Encyclopedia Britannica, May 2019, https://www.britannica.com/science/endangered-species.

Lehmberg, Judy. “Nature up Close: Keystone Species.” CBS News, Mar. 2017, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nature-up-close-keystone-species/.

Moore, Charles. “Plastic Pollution.” Encyclopedia Britannica, 2019, https://www.britannica.com/science/plastic-pollution.

Morrison, Tiffany H., et al. “Save Reefs to Rescue All Ecosystems.” Nature, vol. 573, no. 7774, Sept. 2019, pp. 333–36. www.nature.com, doi:10.1038/d41586-019-02737-8.

Pearce, Fred. “Wiping out Top Predators Messes up the Climate.” New Scientist, Feb. 2013, https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn23182-wiping-out-top-predators-messes-up-the-climate/.

Balance In The Ecosystem Is Critical

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Argumentative Essay: Balance in the Ecosystem is Critical

The ecosystem is considered the naturally balanced system which surrounds us. All of us must keep it clean and so that it helps us to live a peaceful and healthy life. Although, pollution in the ecosystem regarded as one of the major threats for Earth and will affect us latterly. People are going to suffer through their flaws. Pollution endangers the existence of human and other species as well as destroy the living environment. It is expected that the future will be either green or dark.

The ecology concept describes that this natural system is in the equilibrium state. This means that every system is in its preferably best state and must not be disturbed. The naturally balanced system is the one in which both animal and plants communities exist. It can be maintained through adaptation, competition as well as the interaction of various other species such as community members with their nonliving conditions. The nature balance theory can be applied in which pollution is based on one another. It can also be implemented with association between ecosystem and earth with the atmosphere composition and the world weather.

The balanced ecosystem is necessary as if the keystone predator removed from environment it will decline other species. The ocean intertidal zone area is the one which is the intersection line of low and high tides. It is considered as the toughest area to survive, but the reward of these waves includes access to oxygen and nutrients which the waves bring itself. Robert Pine was one of the most renowned ecologists who experimented in 1963 at the Pasic Coast intertidal pool with the 8-meter stretch, and he started ripping of starfish from rocks and throw them in the ocean. He removed all the starfishes from that intact area. Before starting this experiment, Paine observes that 15 other species were also living in the same area. When he came back after a year, he observes that from 15 species, only 8 left. The starfish unavailability has reduced the other species diversity in a huge number, almost 50% in a year ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"jZA2mJ3R","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Nature up Close: Keystone Species - CBS News})","plainCitation":"(Nature up Close: Keystone Species - CBS News)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":412,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/5N3CRMIW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/5N3CRMIW"],"itemData":{"id":412,"type":"webpage","title":"Nature up close: Keystone species - CBS News","URL":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nature-up-close-keystone-species/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,27]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Nature up Close: Keystone Species - CBS News). The Paine observation is based on changing organism ecological environment as before that no one ever altered the ecological environment of any species. Through this simplest experiment of Paine, he completely changed the way through which the ecological system complexities are studied, which results in the development of a food pyramid. In 1995 it was also observed that when wolves returned to the Lamar Valley, more cottonwood trees and willows developed there. They also result in more aspen trees in the valley. So, through this experiment, it is concluded that in nature, everything is connected.

The sea otters are referred to as the keystone species, which covers the important part of the ocean communities as, without them, the entire ecosystem could be collapsed. However, the scientist are still searching that the sea otters can produce far-reaching effects related to the expanded terrestrial communities and will change the behavior up to the top predator such as bald eagle ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"nVcUQ2iQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Decline in Alaskan Sea Otters Affects Bald Eagles\\uc0\\u8217{} Diet | EurekAlert! Science News})","plainCitation":"(Decline in Alaskan Sea Otters Affects Bald Eagles’ Diet | EurekAlert! Science News)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":414,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/D2BQNGXF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/D2BQNGXF"],"itemData":{"id":414,"type":"webpage","title":"Decline in Alaskan sea otters affects bald eagles' diet | EurekAlert! Science News","URL":"https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-10/esoa-dia092508.php","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,27]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Decline in Alaskan Sea Otters Affects Bald Eagles’ Diet | EurekAlert! Science News). The bald eagles reside in higher densities along the Alaska coast, and their nests are found in sea stacks shoreline and coastal cliffs. Through analysis, it can be observed that more than 90% of eagles acquired their food through oceans. The huge part of the marine coastal environment based on these islands through the sea otters population is declined significantly about the main predators. It is also observed that otters absence or presence significantly influence on the terrestrial animal. It is associated with the complex food linkage which could also reach at the five different food chain levels. The linkage starts from sea otters to the sea urchins, kelp, marine fish and end at bald eagle. It is analyzed that top predators affect entire ecosystem in the ways that are still needed to understand. Though the eagle propensity adapts the environmental changes quickly, which can allow them to flourish more and also the scenario can be difficult for the more predators who are specialized.

It is also analyzed that several predators are disappeared long before researchers studied the ecological roles, the apex predators of marine decline still required to unfold. It is also observed that sharks are widely effected by communities and prey. It also represents that the sharks' abundance is vulnerable in natural diversity. The reduction in the bigger predatory sharks disturb natural mortality even the small marine mammals, such as sea turtles and also some other predators ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"xc0Q0kTl","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Patterns and Ecosystem Consequences of Shark Declines in the Ocean - Ferretti - 2010 - Ecology Letters - Wiley Online Library})","plainCitation":"(Patterns and Ecosystem Consequences of Shark Declines in the Ocean - Ferretti - 2010 - Ecology Letters - Wiley Online Library)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":416,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/UQGAJIXM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/UQGAJIXM"],"itemData":{"id":416,"type":"webpage","title":"Patterns and ecosystem consequences of shark declines in the ocean - Ferretti - 2010 - Ecology Letters - Wiley Online Library","URL":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01489.x","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,27]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Patterns and Ecosystem Consequences of Shark Declines in the Ocean - Ferretti - 2010 - Ecology Letters - Wiley Online Library). The shark's top-down effects some of the coastal ecosystems are affected significantly. So, it is concluded that sharks are strong contributors to shaping the marine communities at large temporal and spatial scales. For that, a study is conducted for the empirical evidence for the generality test, which affects the ocean entirely. For instance, it is observed that because of the reduction of both shark and human, morality might have affected the frequent increase in the grey seals at Eastern Canada. Through analysis, it is also observed that because of fishing as well as the increase in the cownose rays, natural morality might contribute to the bay scallops collapse in the region of North Carolina. The major objective of conducting this analysis is that the natural ecology can be visualized and quantify temporally and spatially dynamic landscapes because of the mortality and risk which integrate complex effects in human as well as non-human predators.

In other research, it is observed that because of the predators’ removal, either the CO2 emission is decreased or increased. For this, I conducted a research analysis it is observed that because of the removal of top predators such as sharks, lions, and wolves it would badly affect the ecosystem and produce worst changes in climate. A study is conducted in Canada by Trisha Atwood; in this experiment, she removed the predators’ fishes from the ponds and rivers of Costa Rica and Canada. Across the entire ecosystem range and climate, she found a similar pattern everywhere. After the removal of fish predators, the emission of CO2 is increased almost ten times. According to her, it is not necessary that because of the removal of predators, CO2 always increases as the removal of top predators decreases the CO2 emission. Trisha Atwood said, “But we show that something so seemingly unrelated, like fishing all the trout from a pond or removing sharks from the ocean, could have big consequences for greenhouse-gas dynamics ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"r3on5ZqO","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pearce)","plainCitation":"(Pearce)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":419,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/FJH5XC3L"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/FJH5XC3L"],"itemData":{"id":419,"type":"webpage","title":"Wiping out top predators messes up the climate","container-title":"New Scientist","abstract":"It isn't just the food chain that is disrupted when creatures at the top die out – so are mechanisms that keep carbon dioxide emissions down","URL":"https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn23182-wiping-out-top-predators-messes-up-the-climate/","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"Pearce","given":"Fred"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,28]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pearce).”

I also observed that because of pollution and overfishing becoming a reason for the extinction of coral reefs. Through research, I found that because of global heating, all the coral reefs of the world will die. Since 1998 because of the heat waves, over 90% of the coral reefs died worldwide. The total portion of the ocean floor covered by the coral reefs is almost 0.5%, but it could support about 30% of the marine species of the world. If they got extinct, it would badly affect biodiversity. In my perspective, it is required to take rapid actions for reef protection ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"xz1cBUM6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Morrison et al.)","plainCitation":"(Morrison et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":423,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/BYNLQP3L"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/BYNLQP3L"],"itemData":{"id":423,"type":"article-journal","title":"Save reefs to rescue all ecosystems","container-title":"Nature","page":"333-336","volume":"573","issue":"7774","source":"nature.webvpn.ustc.edu.cn","abstract":"An approach that tackles the underlying causes of coral-reef decline could be applied to other habitats, argue Tiffany H. Morrison, Terry P. Hughes and colleagues.","DOI":"10.1038/d41586-019-02737-8","journalAbbreviation":"Nature","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Morrison","given":"Tiffany H."},{"family":"Hughes","given":"Terry P."},{"family":"Adger","given":"W. Neil"},{"family":"Brown","given":"Katrina"},{"family":"Barnett","given":"Jon"},{"family":"Lemos","given":"Maria Carmen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Morrison et al.). It is observed that the entire world ecosystem can be controlled through the reef protection. For this purpose, it is required to safeguard the areas of the coastal catchment. It is required to protect the ecosystem through a series of functions and services, as it is observed that it is necessary both politically and socially. For the coral reefs protection, it is required to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, to improve the quality of water, and to redevelop the stock for fishing.

Plastic is also playing a major role in ecosystem destruction it is required to properly dispose of the plastic materials. The pollution of plastic is affecting both the human population and other habitats. As compared to the other common use materials plastic has an extremely low level of productivity. The rates of recycling dramatically vary from one country to the other country. If the plastic is recycled properly it does not affect the ecosystem as improper disposal is the major cause of plastic pollution. As the oceans are usually downstream through almost all the terrestrial locations which means they are consuming a major amount of land plastic waste. In 2014 it is estimated that almost 5.25 trillion plastic particles float near the ocean surface and are the most significant reason for ocean pollution. Through the study, it was analyzed that most of the marine mammals killed due to plastic pollutions ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"pGx0G5Wj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Plastic Pollution | Sources & Effects\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Plastic Pollution | Sources & Effects”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":425,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/4FYMPDYF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/4FYMPDYF"],"itemData":{"id":425,"type":"webpage","title":"plastic pollution | Sources & Effects","container-title":"Encyclopedia Britannica","abstract":"Plastic pollution, harmful accumulation of synthetic plastic products in the environment. Plastics are persistent large-scale pollutants, and plastic debris and particulates have been found in many environmental niches, from Mount Everest to the bottom of the sea.","URL":"https://www.britannica.com/science/plastic-pollution","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,28]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Plastic Pollution | Sources & Effects”). Some of the other aspects of plastic pollution include clog of the drainage system and they are also becoming the reason for flooding. There are various solutions through which plastic pollution can be prohibited such as preventing the improper disposal of plastic and also limited use of plastic is also necessary. It is required to aware people of zero waste and regarding the serious consequences of plastic both by government and public organizations.

For their livestock protection farmers used to kill top predators such as coyotes and their killing making the ecosystem even worst. For maintaining the biodiversity of our ecosystem it is required that farmers use non-lethal techniques for the protection of their livestock ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"6aZb0ua5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(US)","plainCitation":"(US)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":427,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/VTQZQE9W"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/VTQZQE9W"],"itemData":{"id":427,"type":"webpage","title":"Why Killing Coyotes Doesn&rsquo;t Make Livestock Safer","container-title":"Scientific American","abstract":"There is no clear evidence that lethal control works to reduce human-predator conflict. It can even make the problem worse","URL":"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-killing-coyotes-doesn-rsquo-t-make-livestock-safer/","language":"en","author":[{"family":"US","given":"Megan M. Draheim","suffix":"The Conversation"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,28]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (US). Humans must understand complex issues and deal with wildlife effectively. So, it is required to take mitigation and prevention methodologies effectively. The professional of wildlife must address human issues effectively without killing wildlife as it will harm the environment.

The decline of polar bears is also effectively observed because of the loss of sea ice. They require to put extra energy in traveling far distances for food which is unbalancing their energy and effecting negatively on their reproductive success. It is found that because of the physiological issues as polar bears observed shrinking of sea ice ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ZqamuRcv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Polar Bear Videos Reveal Impact of Melting Arctic Sea Ice})","plainCitation":"(Polar Bear Videos Reveal Impact of Melting Arctic Sea Ice)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":429,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/REM2NLV2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/REM2NLV2"],"itemData":{"id":429,"type":"webpage","title":"Polar bear videos reveal impact of melting Arctic sea ice","abstract":"Polar bears are working harder to find food in a challenging environment, new research finds","URL":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/polar-bears-arctic-sea-ice-melting/","language":"en-US","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,28]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Polar Bear Videos Reveal Impact of Melting Arctic Sea Ice). A research was conducted through video footage, it was found that out of 9 bears 5 lost their body mass in 11 days. While the four bears who caught and ate lost 10% of the body mass which is almost 18kg. Through these huge changes, it can easily determine that bears are affecting heavily.

It is also observed that overhunting is also affecting the ecosystem. For this, research is conducted on the group of 100 guanacos in which 70 were placed at protected areas while 30 in unprotected areas ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7nj8Ite2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cappa et al.)","plainCitation":"(Cappa et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":431,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/UJ8HUZRB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/UJ8HUZRB"],"itemData":{"id":431,"type":"article-journal","title":"The effects of poaching and habitat structure on anti-predator behavioral strategies: A guanaco population in a high cold desert as case study.","container-title":"PloS one","page":"e0184018-e0184018","volume":"12","issue":"8","source":"europepmc.org","abstract":"The effects of poaching on wildlife have been widely studied in conservation biology and can be heterogeneous, particularly on ungulates. These effects can be estimated through different methodologies whose use depends on several conditions such as Flight-initiation ...","DOI":"10.1371/journal.pone.0184018","ISSN":"1932-6203","note":"PMID: 28859147","title-short":"The effects of poaching and habitat structure on anti-predator behavioral strategies","journalAbbreviation":"PLoS One","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Cappa","given":"F."},{"family":"Campos","given":"V."},{"family":"Giannoni","given":"S."},{"family":"Andino","given":"N."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cappa et al.). The FID (flight-initiation distance) and the group size are more in the unprotected areas as compared to the protected areas. It is observed that FID increased when vegetation is decreased although both group size and FID were not affected from slope. It is viewed that the guanacos were more at risk in areas that cover the vegetation in a higher amount. It can be seen that the habitat structure influence greatly on the population.

Through research, I found that human is also the major reason in affecting the biodiversity through overhunting of animals, chemical pollution, and by introducing species to the non-native environment ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"JqJabFEF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Endangered Species Any Species That Is at Risk of Extinction Because of a})","plainCitation":"(Endangered Species Any Species That Is at Risk of Extinction Because of a)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":435,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/N3B2LD7N"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/N3B2LD7N"],"itemData":{"id":435,"type":"webpage","title":"Endangered species any species that is at risk of extinction because of a","abstract":"Endangered species any species that is at risk of extinction because of a from BIOL 220 at North Central Texas College","URL":"https://www.coursehero.com/file/ptov7cm/Endangered-species-any-species-that-is-at-risk-of-extinction-because-of-a/","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,28]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Endangered Species Any Species That Is at Risk of Extinction Because of a). All of the species played a major role in making the ecosystem work. The dangerous species even make the biome so it is required to take necessary actions for their survival as their extinction will unbalance our ecosystem.

Work Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Cappa, F., et al. “The Effects of Poaching and Habitat Structure on Anti-Predator Behavioral Strategies: A Guanaco Population in a High Cold Desert as Case Study.” PloS One, vol. 12, no. 8, 2017, pp. e0184018–e0184018. europepmc.org, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0184018.

Decline in Alaskan Sea Otters Affects Bald Eagles’ Diet | EurekAlert! Science News. https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-10/esoa-dia092508.php. Accessed 27 Nov. 2019.

Endangered Species Any Species That Is at Risk of Extinction Because of a. https://www.coursehero.com/file/ptov7cm/Endangered-species-any-species-that-is-at-risk-of-extinction-because-of-a/. Accessed 28 Nov. 2019.

Morrison, Tiffany H., et al. “Save Reefs to Rescue All Ecosystems.” Nature, vol. 573, no. 7774, Sept. 2019, pp. 333–36. nature.webvpn.ustc.edu.cn, doi:10.1038/d41586-019-02737-8.

Nature up Close: Keystone Species - CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nature-up-close-keystone-species/. Accessed 27 Nov. 2019.

Patterns and Ecosystem Consequences of Shark Declines in the Ocean - Ferretti - 2010 - Ecology Letters - Wiley Online Library. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01489.x. Accessed 27 Nov. 2019.

Pearce, Fred. “Wiping out Top Predators Messes up the Climate.” New Scientist, https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn23182-wiping-out-top-predators-messes-up-the-climate/. Accessed 28 Nov. 2019.

“Plastic Pollution | Sources & Effects.” Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/science/plastic-pollution. Accessed 28 Nov. 2019.

Polar Bear Videos Reveal Impact of Melting Arctic Sea Ice. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/polar-bears-arctic-sea-ice-melting/. Accessed 28 Nov. 2019.

US, Megan M. Draheim, The Conversation. “Why Killing Coyotes Doesn&rsquo;t Make Livestock Safer.” Scientific American, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-killing-coyotes-doesn-rsquo-t-make-livestock-safer/. Accessed 28 Nov. 2019.

Banning Guns

Name of Student

Name of Professor

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Day Month Year

Effects of banning Guns

Estimation from PEW research center indicated that the residents of United States possess 120 guns per 100 people; nearly 393,347,000 guns in total which is the highest per capita number worldwide. Approximately 22% people possess one or more guns that makes 12% and 35% female and male gun holders in total (McDonald, 2017). This pervasive gun culture stems from America’s frontier expansion, revolutionary roots, colonial history and the second amendment stating that; “A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed” (Siegel, 2017). However in my view, there must be a constitutional amendment regarding gun ban because a ban on firearms would result in a positive change for America by decreasing accidental child deaths, reducing suicides rate and lowering gun homicides.

Body

The gun control theme is currently the hot topic of America due to its sensitive and controversial nature. It has long remained the subject of attention for law makers, health professionals, sociologists, politicians, religious persons and common people because various homicide, suicide and accidental deaths are associated with the possession of guns at home. Although people keep guns for their protection yet recent tragic mass shootings and domestic tragedies has polarized the thinking of masses with reference to legalized possession of firearms. On one side, there are people who favor restrictions on gun possessions whereas other end of the poll encapsulates individuals that favor current gun laws (Suzy, 2015). Those who are in favor of purchasing and keeping guns believe that controlling guns would not do any help in controlling suicide, homicide or accidental deaths however I believe that controlling guns is an effective deterrent because not having guns will surely reduce the chance of suicide or homicide rates induced by the ideation of firearm usage under intense implicit aggression. Following are some strong sub claims that support my thesis statement in the light of preexisting literature and survey statistics.

A survey report from CDC indicates that approximately 73 juveniles were killed accidently during 2017 with age less than 13 years resulting from household possession of firearms (CDC, 2017). A research study found that states who have easy firearm laws and where there are more household guns, children of such states aged 5 to 14 are 11 times more likely to be killed. This ratio is quite alarming in the United States as compared to the other countries having stricter firearm laws where household gun possession is not very common (Suzy, 2015). This study also indicated that approximately 90% of accidental deaths happen to the individuals that are under 25 years age. Needless to say, children are activated and motivated learners; innately incorporated with the urge of exploration which makes them explore such things that they are specifically asked to stay away from. This sense of curiosity is the underlying cause behind accidental injuries among children. Another influential factor behind firearm accidents is media; children watch crime and adventure movies where their favorite superhero performs tactics, kills antigens and keeps stylish firearms in his pocket. Children—regardless of the severity of matter—reach the guns present at home and try to perform similar tactics. Unfortunately, this ideation coupled with the firearm possession causes serious accidental injuries and even deaths. Interestingly, official count of children’s deaths is understated in order to protect the current laws regarding firearm possession, which is something immensely condemnable. Hence, access to the firearms at home becomes more significant hazard when preventability of injury, severity and frequency of the firearms accidents is concerned (Cooper, 2017). I believe that the most effective and reliable measure to prevent firearm injuries is the absence of guns in children’s household. For that matter, government should impose ban on firearm purchase for common people.

There has been inspected a serious and dramatic rise in suicide rate across the country particularly over the last two decades. While less than 10 percent suicide attempts are driven by firearms, more than half of the deaths are caused by them (Siegel, 2017). Suicide can be prevented through restricting access to lethal firearms during the times of crisis. As depression is the most prevalent form of mental disorders among Americans, the need to restrict firearm possession in household becomes twofold. This is because suicidal ideation is the most common feature of severe depression due to which person fails to control his feelings of worthlessness, emptiness and sense of evaporating future. The only solution that he finds in hand is to snatch his life using firearms placed in the cupboard. The primary motive behind discussing depression and suicide is a personal experience that I experienced that still haunts my mind. I lost a precious relation under this depression and gun possession wave; my maternal cousin committed suicide using his father’s gun just because he was feeling down for some time and it was an easy solution for him to go, grab father’s gun and kill himself. I still wonder he could have survived if he had no gun in hand and he somehow render successful in developing self control up till now. Similarly, a survey study orchestrated by the Harvard School of Public Health (2002) explored powerful association between the rates of suicide and firearm ownership. Wyoming—a place in America where approximately 63% people possess household firearms—has the highest suicide rate whereas places there gun ownership was less common, fewer incidents of suicide were reported (Shahs et. al., 2002).

Approximately two third of all gun deaths in America is made up by firearm homicide acts. Homicide incidents include killing one or more people out of aggression (Cooper, 2017). As mentioned earlier, severed depression makes individual highly undesirable for the society because individual develops negative triad of thoughts (as mentioned in The Model of Depression presented by renowned psychologist Aron T. Beck), this triad includes negative attitude towards oneself, others and future. Those who have increased negative attitudes towards others might indulge in homicide cases more frequently. Apart from depression, aggression is another strong reason behind homicidal behavior; the frustration- aggression hypothesis suggests that when individual’s expectations are not met continually, he develops frustration when frustration becomes uncontrollable, he bursts with aggression. Aggression makes him hostile and violent and he might commit homicidal behaviors even when he is out of his senses (McClellan, 2017). At these times, when he has firearms at his place, the risk of killing becomes more evident. These psychological explanations make it clearer that risk of increased homicide is directly linked with the possession of firearms that are readily available when person encounters aggression or poor impulse control (Cooper, 2017).

Conclusion

Based on my knowledge about psychological concepts, real life experiences and survey statistics, it can safely be assumed that availability of firearms at first place is quite threatening for both gun owner and his surroundings. Unpredictability is the crux of human personality and one never knows when tools of protection cause someone to lose his life within the matter of seconds. Keeping in view these factors, I suggest that a ban on firearms would result in a positive change for America by decreasing accidental child deaths, reducing suicides rate and lowering gun homicides.

Works Cited

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Injury Prevention & Control: Data & Statistics (WISQARS). Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2017.

Cooper, Terry L. "Are Unlimited Gun Rights Constitutionally Protected?." Public Integrity, vol. 19, no. 2, 2017, pp. 101-103. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/10999922.2016.1254489.

McClellan, Chandler and Erdal Tekin, et. al. "Stand Your Ground Laws, Homicides, and Injuries." Journal of Human Resources, vol. 52, no. 3, 2017, pp. 621-653. EBSCOhost, doi:10.3368/jhr.52.3.0613-5723R2.

McDonald, Stephen, and William Salomone. The Writer's Response. Boston: Cengage Learning, 2017. Print.

Shahs, HoffmanRE, WakeL, MarineWM. et. al. Adolescent suicide and household access to firearms in Colorado: results of a case-control study.J Adolesc Health, 2002, 26, pp.157-63

Siegel, Michael, et al. "Firearm-Related Laws in All 50 US States, 1991-2016." American Journal of Public Health, vol. 107, no. 7, July 2017, pp. 1122-1129. EBSCOhost, doi:10.2105/AJPH.2017.303701.

Suzy, Khimm. "In Tragedy’s Wake." New Republic, vol. 246, no. 12, Nov. 2015, pp. 13-15. EBSCOhost

Barbie And Toys

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Barbie and Toys

Toys are something that remains a vital part of children's life. Children love to play with toys and the main aim of these toys is to make children busy and active. Capitalists produce toys in such a way that can be attractive for children. However, the way gender role is described in the society, toys are also classified for boys and girls separately. These toys have a great influence on children's psychological development. The main purpose of the essay is to understand the role and influence of toys on the development of the children. It is crucial to understand because children are the future of the nation and their health whether physical or psychological matters a lot.

Barbie doll is a famous toy meant for girls. Parents expect their girls to play with dolls while boys with cars or others like French toys that prepare the child to act in a certain way. However, these toys are teaching children such things that are not good for their futures. For instance, portray of the Barbie dolls is developed in such a way that is totally different from the actual world's girls. The influence of the Barbie doll is alarming for the American girls. An article indicates that white girls want to look like a Barbie doll. Barbie doll means perfect figure with long legs, thin waist, beautiful hair, and big chests. This is the image of the ideal girl for most of the girls in their early adulthood. This imagination is making white girls more conscious of their bodies and appearance. They wanted to be 7 feet 7 inches with fair color and 100-pound weight. In other words, "The ideal girl was a living manifestation of the Barbie doll," ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"W1hS23Kz","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Quindlen)","plainCitation":"(Quindlen)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1026,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/4Z2SNDNI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/4Z2SNDNI"],"itemData":{"id":1026,"type":"article-newspaper","title":"Opinion | Public & Private; Barbie At 35","container-title":"The New York Times","section":"Opinion","source":"NYTimes.com","URL":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/10/opinion/public-private-barbie-at-35.html","ISSN":"0362-4331","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"Quindlen","given":"Anna"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1994",9,10]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,16]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Quindlen). However, black girls show the opposite behavior. Black children are less influenced by the toys they are more realistic than most of the white children. These girls are more confident with their black color, weight, and body shape. On the other hand, 90% of white girls try to lose weight where 60% of them are already with normal weight. It indicates that a toy "Barbie doll" is destroying the psychological behavior of the young girls. They are living more in imagination than in the real world.

Similarly, boys are influenced by the Japan toys that always produce in such a way that each toy teaches a specific aspect of life. Japanese made such toys to teach the pattern of society at an early age. However, it has a negative impact as well. The impact is that these toys are teaching children in the age when they are unable to question or show reasoning towards the things. As a result, they are becoming more like users than creators. The power of creativity and productivity is decreasing due to these toys and children are just becoming used to behavior that they learn from these Japanese toys. These toys are chemical in substance and color that do not give pleasure and therefore have no posthumous life for the child ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"F6cFTfxr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Barthes and Lavers)","plainCitation":"(Barthes and Lavers)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1025,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/VPFLPNVM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/VPFLPNVM"],"itemData":{"id":1025,"type":"book","title":"Mythologies","publisher":"Hill and Wang","publisher-place":"New York","source":"Open WorldCat","event-place":"New York","ISBN":"978-0-8090-7193-7","note":"OCLC: 441349645","language":"English","author":[{"family":"Barthes","given":"Roland"},{"family":"Lavers","given":"Annette"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1984"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Barthes and Lavers). Therefore, producers, as well as parents, should take these things into account and should decrease the type of toys that affect the psychological behavior of the children.

The bottom line is that the Barbie doll and toys were initially made for playing and making children active. However, its influence is becoming greater and it is affecting the psychological behavior of the children. Children are influenced by these toys in such a way that they have followed the world of imagination and neglecting the reality of life.

Work Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Barthes, Roland, and Annette Lavers. Mythologies. Hill and Wang, 1984.

Quindlen, Anna. “Opinion | Public & Private; Barbie At 35.” The New York Times, 10 Sept. 1994. NYTimes.com, https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/10/opinion/public-private-barbie-at-35.html.