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Albert Eistei

Albert Einstein

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Albert Einstein

Introduction

Autism is a neurobehavioral disorder that entails obstruction in social interaction and communication (Baio, 2018). Autism is also characterized by limited and repetitive behavior (Baio, 2018). Autism is now termed as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) because there are multiple symptoms of the said disease. There are a number of symptoms and different types of impairments that comes with ASD. The impairment and disability that ASD causes may vary from person to person. In some cases, there is a minor disability that limits the physical movement (Baio, 2018). On the other hand, ASD has caused severe disability that required healthcare assistance (Baio, 2018). Over the years, many famous personalities from different walks of life suffered from Autism. Albert Einstein was perhaps the most famous person that coped with Autism

Discussion

Brief Biography

Albert Einstein was born on 14th March 1879 in Germany. In 1896, Einstein joined the Swiss Federal Polytechnic in Zurich to become a teacher in physics and mathematics. Einstein received various honorary degrees from multiple universities. Einstein is most famously known for the "Theory of Relativity" he developed. In the year 1921, Einstein won the Noble Prize in physics.

Einstein and Autism

Ever since his birth, Einstein’s family remained worried about him. Einstein was born with a huge head. In early childhood, children of his age began to mumble, however, Einstein did not utter a single word. Einstein began to speak after his third birthday. Einstein had Asperger syndrome that caused autism. Asperger syndrome restricts social interaction, narrows interests, produce a desire for uniformity (Simpson,2018). Asperger syndrome tends to produce focus and persistence to a great extent (Simpson,2018). Einstein coped with autism by working on the strengths of the disorder. He developed uniformity in his daily routine. Additionally, Einstein narrowed his interests to only physics and mathematics.

Conclusion

There is divergence on the view among scientists that Einstein suffered from Autism. However, this can be verified since his brain has been preserved.

References

Baio, J., Wiggins, L., Christensen, D. L., Maenner, M. J., Daniels, J., Warren, Z., ... & Durkin, M. S. (2018). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years—autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2014. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 67(6), 1.

Simpson, D. (2018). Asperger’s syndrome and autism: Distinct syndromes with important similarities. In The many faces of Asperger's syndrome (pp. 25-38). Routledge.

Alternatives To Incarceration

Alternatives to Incarceration

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

Alternatives to Incarceration

Introduction

The detention of the youth in the United States of America (USA) has remained a contentious debate for several decades. There exist economic and historical factors that fueled the resistance against the practice of juvenile detention and called for the construction of alternative methods. Incarceration can enhance the extent of recidivism as these rates in the United States are reported to be more than 50% for the individuals who stay in facilities. The previous instances and several studies indicate the youth who are incarcerated are at enhanced risk to recidivate than those supervised in community-based settings. Besides, youth are inherently inclined toward aging out the illegal behaviors. As per reports of the Office of Juvenile and Delinquency Prevention, the excessive contact of the youth with courts manifest their return at an increased rate ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2ZEbtQnU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Alternative to Incarceration (ATI) Programs - NY DCJS,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Alternative to Incarceration (ATI) Programs - NY DCJS,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":420,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/ET5P6I2J"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/ET5P6I2J"],"itemData":{"id":420,"type":"webpage","title":"Alternative to Incarceration (ATI) Programs - NY DCJS","container-title":"NYS Division of Criminal Justice Services","URL":"https://www.criminaljustice.ny.gov/opca/ati_description.htm","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,23]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Alternative to Incarceration (ATI) Programs - NY DCJS,” n.d.). Other factors underlying the cause of alternatives for juvenile detention are the adverse impacts on educational and development outcomes. Likewise, economic factors further stress on the pursuit of alternative methods for juvenile detention. 2 million juveniles are processed in juvenile courts per year in the United States. They are held in state-funded, residential facilities and post-adjudication at more than $300 per day. Amid the challenging economic hurdles, the alternative modes of detention ought to be deemed and compromising the public safety should be prevented.

Alternatives to Incarceration Currently in Use

Several states have successfully advanced to minimize the reliance on youth prisons and jails and resorted to the community-based alternatives. Ohio, California, Alabama, Texas and New York have witnessed a significant decrease in incarceration after the legislation was promulgated to shift the resources toward community-based alternatives. One of the common technique pertains to the evidence-based practices that reduced recidivism and crime among youth ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"FZEf0YcX","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Juvenile Detention Alternatives and Mass Incarceration - Juvenile Justice InitiativeJuvenile Justice Initiative,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Juvenile Detention Alternatives and Mass Incarceration - Juvenile Justice InitiativeJuvenile Justice Initiative,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":417,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/F24CM8KI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/F24CM8KI"],"itemData":{"id":417,"type":"webpage","title":"Juvenile Detention Alternatives and Mass Incarceration - Juvenile Justice InitiativeJuvenile Justice Initiative","URL":"https://jjustice.org/resources/juvenile-detention-alternatives/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,23]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Juvenile Detention Alternatives and Mass Incarceration - Juvenile Justice Initiative Juvenile Justice Initiative,” n.d.). These practices have proven to be beneficial and cost-effective than punitive measures. States ought to expand these evidence-based alternatives. Second, individual treatment is a process that accommodates a wide range of aspects. Such treatment also causes the juvenile to face hurdles in case he/she uses illicit drugs. Third, home confinement is a practice which constitutes the collaboration between the parents, teachers, and courts to critically monitor the offender. In this practice, the juvenile is not refrained from leaving home and is permitted to leave for school. It is one of the most productive alternatives which is mostly deployed when the juvenile is not deemed a potential threat to society and can be evaluated in the presence of the probationer officer for him.

Individual and Societal benefits of not Removing Offender from Community

There exists a wide range of profound benefits which are produced when the offenders are not removed from families or communities. The alienation from family can cause the offender to suffer from grave mental consequences as observed where offenders resort to violent acts inside the prisons. The primary purpose of not removing the offender form community pertains to the development of the offender and provision of a second opportunity ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"FS5kqf2N","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Alternatives to Youth Incarceration,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Alternatives to Youth Incarceration,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":418,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/AWEMPB5F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/AWEMPB5F"],"itemData":{"id":418,"type":"webpage","title":"Alternatives to Youth Incarceration","container-title":"American Civil Liberties Union","abstract":"On any given day, there are over 60,000 children locked up in juvenile facilities. For many children, entering a juvenile facility closely resembles the experience of entering an adult prison. Uniformed guards bring in young people restrained in handcuffs and leg irons, pat-frisk or strip-search them, issue them institutional undergarments and jumpsuits, and then lock them into cell blocks. Other children are sent to juvenile institutions with campus-like or pastoral settings, such as residential treatment facilities or wilderness programs, but still experience poor outcomes. Regardless of the type of placement, the very process of confining young people—cutting them off from their families, disrupting their education, and often exposing them to further trauma and violence—harms their development and has lifelong negative consequences.Community-based alternatives to incarceration are much cheaper and more effective in reducing crime and recidivism. While the average cost of a juvenile prison bed is $241 a day, a slot in a community-based program costs less than $75 a day. Alternative-to-incarceration programs provide a range of services and supports to young people and their families and seek to address the underlying causes that got young people into trouble. Many programs also incorporate restorative justice principles so that young people have the opportunity to repair harm to victims and give back to their communities.Many states have successfully reduced reliance on youth jails and prisons and expanded community-based alternatives by moving the fiscal incentives away from incarceration. Several states, including Ohio, Illinois, California, Texas, Alabama, and New York, have experienced huge decreases in youth incarceration after passing legislation to shift resources away from state-run facilities to locally operated, community-based programs. The ACLU is engaged in several state-based campaigns to promote policy and legislative changes to end the over-incarceration of children and provide them with the tools they need to grow into healthy and productive adults.","URL":"https://www.aclu.org/issues/juvenile-justice/youth-incarceration/alternatives-youth-incarceration","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,23]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Alternatives to Youth Incarceration,” n.d.). In the case of youth, it becomes imperative not to alienate them from the families and communities. It will cast adverse impacts on their education, social development and emotional development. The purpose of punishment can be served by living with families under stringent observation. The most prominent societal and individual benefit is the individual is offered the best platform to change the conduct and shun the criminal or violent activities in true letter and spirits.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Alternative to Incarceration (ATI) Programs - NY DCJS. (n.d.). Retrieved May 23, 2019, from NYS Division of Criminal Justice Services website: https://www.criminaljustice.ny.gov/opca/ati_description.htm

Alternatives to Youth Incarceration. (n.d.). Retrieved May 23, 2019, from the American Civil Liberties Union website: https://www.aclu.org/issues/juvenile-justice/youth-incarceration/alternatives-youth-incarceration

Juvenile Detention Alternatives and Mass Incarceration - Juvenile Justice InitiativeJuvenile Justice Initiative. (n.d.). Retrieved May 23, 2019, from https://jjustice.org/resources/juvenile-detention-alternatives/

Analysing Pahraphases Of A Source Passage

Analyzing paraphrases of a source passage

[Author Name]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Analyzing paraphrases of a source passage

Paraphrasing can be described as a process in which the work done by another person is explained using different words to ensure clarity and greater understanding. The source paragraph given explains how plagiarism and copying can hinder the learning abilities of a person. The paraphrasing done by student A’s was very effective as compared to the paraphrasing done by student B. While paraphrasing most of the students do not cite the author's name, article or research paper properly however student A in his paraphrase cited the author's name and the source name in a proper format. Additionally, Student A in spite of paraphrasing every line gained a concept from the topic and then using his own words summarizes it. He used simple words rather than complex vocabulary to explain the topic.

An effective paraphrasing must demonstrate all ideas presented in the source in a simple and plain language to ensure clarity. While comparing the paraphrasing done by both student A and student B it was clear that student B paraphrasing was less effective. Student B in spite of grasping an idea from a topic just rearranged the author’s sentences. Also, the key idea presented in a topic that plagiarism hinders student’s learning abilities was not clearly explained. Additionally, the connection between the sentences was also missing. This clearly shows that student B is not having enough understanding of the topic. Student B copied a whole sentence directly from the source and neither did he place quotation marks nor did he used the author’s name. For instance, he mentioned that “Evaluating sources, reading, paraphrasing, and summarizing are skills a student could use in a professional (work) environment”, but did not cite the author’s name properly. This is not acceptable as the sentence he wrote was not based on his idea and therefore citing the source was necessary. Moreover, the conclusion was also not satisfactory enough as he just rearranged the author’s sentence.

ANALYSIS OF A PROFESSIONAL JOURNAL ARTICLE FOR READABILITY AND PSEUDOSCIENCE VERSUS REAL SCIENCE

Usage of the Internet and Productivity

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Usage of the Internet and Productivity

Introduction

These days, the internet has become a powerful when it comes to making sure that how it tends to aid as far as the provision of the information is concerned. It also provides the user with an interface and a medium through which they are able to make sure that they can submit the information in a timely manner. Keeping this aspect in mind, it is pertinent to understand that what sort of impact internet is likely to have when it comes to evaluation of the job performance. The given article tends to discuss the same premises, it looks at how the usage of the internet contributes towards the productivity at the workplace and what are some of the broader concerns that are needed to be kept in mind in this regard. In this paper, the given article is going to be discussed, specially the way statistical and empirical information is provided. It would also be seen what some of the broader changes are that are witnessed in the organization as the given changes are implemented. The other thing that is going to be looked at is that what is the readability of the article and what are some of the finer points that are discussed during the course of the article (Castellacci & Viñas-Bardolet, 2019).

Readability and the Quality of the Writing

The reading starts well as it tends to point out both side of the arguments and the attention and the interest of the reader is grabbed from the first moment. The other thing that is being done here is that it has been made sure that the extant research points are being provided in a very clear and precise manner (Castellacci & Viñas-Bardolet, 2019). Thus, as far as the readability goes, the narration has started quite well. The other thing that is being done is that it has been made sure that whatever the ideas that are discussed during the course of the reading are discussed and brought about in a very interesting manner. What it means is that effort is being made to make sure that each of the respective reading section is setup in the manner that allows the user to make sure that they are developing enough insight with regards to the way the whole idea of the workplace productivity and the usage of the internet is supposed to be linked. Keeping that aspect in mind, the other thing that has to be noted is that how the theory and the hypothesis are supposed to be setup. Here, there is a clear effort on the part of the writer to make sure that they are able to point out the exact nature of the relationship that exists among men and women at the given point of time (Castellacci & Viñas-Bardolet, 2019). At times, there is information overload with regards to the way some of the statistical barometers are discussed during the course of the paper, but it can be seen that the readability and the interest of the user is sorted out in quite an appropriate manner. Whenever there is any piece of narration, the important thing that has to be done is to make sure that the right sort of balance has to be achieved with regards to providing the theoretical information as well as making sure that the underlying technical aspects and the interest of the reader is needed to be taken care off.

Scientific Methodology

At times, there is an impression among people that in order to ensure that something is made more interesting, there is an effort by the writer to make sure that they water down some of the finer points that are needed to be presented during the course of the reading. In this case though, that is not being done as all the corresponding hypothesis, the way they are being tested, the underlying relationship that exists among the variables is closely followed. At the same time, the variables are clearly defined and how they linkage among all the variables, specifically the workload, the productivity of the employee and the amount of time they tend to use on the internet are all being defined in a very precise manner. Keeping this aspect in mind, the corresponding scientific methodologies are discussed quite well during the course of the paper. The only thing that could have been improved was the literature review was something that was needed to be added (Castellacci & Viñas-Bardolet, 2019).

Conclusion

In the hindsight, it can be said that the article and the reading present some key information with regards to the amount of time the people tend to internet, and how it eventually relates with their level of the productivity. It has to be noted that during the course of the reading, there are many instances that are discussed that how the usage of the internet is bound to affect the productivity at the workplace and different ideologies are being presented. The research from some of the other authors and an alternative point of view though would have made it a much more credible source of information. he paper has investigated the channels through which the use of Internet for professional purposes affects job satisfaction. The empirical results of the study provide support for this idea, and confirm the set of specific hypotheses that we have developed on the moderating effects of Internet use. To begin with, two variables play a crucial role according to our results: employees' education level and their occupational category. Both of these variables turn out to be central in our analysis, since they have a threefold impact on job satisfaction.

References

Castellacci, F., & Viñas-Bardolet, C. (2019). Internet use and job satisfaction. Computers in Human Behavior, 90, 141-152.

Analysis Of Resources And Services Available To Support Gifted Education In Australia

Report

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Analysis of resources and services available to support gifted education in Australia

Introduction

Gifted children are those children who give evidence of their high performance and capability in different areas such as creative, intellectual, specific academic fields, and leadership fields. Such students require those activities and services that are not ordinarily provided within school realms so as to develop such capabilities to the fullest.

There are different services and, resources that are available to gifted students in Australia such as:

Differentiated Instructions

Differentiated instructions refer to modified courses and instructions that are designed for gifted students. These courses or instructions are planned within the context of management of student needs within the classroom of gifted children (Wellisch, et al. 2019).

Cluster Grouping

It is also called a heterogeneous classroom. Cluster grouping is a framework that is utilized for teaching gifted students taking into account that about 5 to 6 gifted students are clustered together, they have the same abilities, needs and interests that are clustered in the same classroom. It is used as a strategy that can help to address the need for a lot of students in a single setting and sitting (Wellisch, et al. 2019).

After School Clubs of Enrichment

Interest related clubs are designed that are meant to meet the needs of students after school hours. It is asserted that the participation of the students is voluntary in nature, which means that they have the right to take a decision regarding their participation. Moreover, students are allowed to learn by the support of different clubs such as Chess Club, Engineering Club and the Ecology Club (Mensa, 2019).

Independent way of studying

Gifted students are allowed to study independently, taking into account the fact that gifted students are gifted with self-directed learning strategies where the role of a teacher is to act as a guide for the student. Furthermore, the students will play a more active role in designing and managing to learn. In a simplified form, an independent way of learning will act as a platform where gifted students will learn to work on their own (Wellisch, et al. 2019).

Acceleration of subject and grade

Acceleration is defined as a strategy that can be used for helping a student to progress through education at a faster rate or at a younger age when compared to the other members of the same age or group. Grade acceleration is an opportunity that is meant for gifted students to advance to a better level on the basis of some strengths in subjects. It helps to save time and learn more (Mensa, 2019).

Early Admission

Gifted students are given the opportunity to take early admission which can be characterised as a movement of a student out of the normal progression. Usually, it is the progression of a pre-kindergarten student to a kindergarten level (GFSG Inc, 2019).

Camps and Centres in Summers

Under the implication of designed resources, students are allowed to get themselves enrolled in summer programs that are in partnership with both private and non-private agencies. Students are given diverse instructions with experimental, advanced and rigorous learning opportunities that can help to nurture the abilities and talents of the students. These opportunities are available in summer camps where they are provided with unique learning environments (GFSG Inc, 2019).

Dual Enrolment

Gifted Students are allowed to undergo dual enrolment that occurs when a student opts for college credit. Dual Enrolment helps them in getting major access to diverse technical and academic courses (Aussie Educator, 2019)

Internships for High School

Gifted Students are offered different internship courses that can help them to avail opportunities to experience some career exploration in different community businesses and other agencies that can empower an ability to learn within them (Sisk, et al. 2019).

Suitability of gifted education resources and services for young children

There are numerous perspectives in terms of analysing the suitability of gifted education resources and services that are meant for young children. According to Shaughnessy, (2018), the current resources and services are one of the best choices that can help gifted students do something extraordinary (Shaughnessy, et al. 2019). Gifted education can also improve the effectiveness of teachers because the course addresses both education texts and commercial materials that can address both behavioural traits and the other characteristic that can empower learning. However, the Victorian Department of Education asserts that there is more need for educational psychologists that can design a better content-oriented course for the students in order to let them learn in a far better way (GFSG Inc, 2019). Betts and Neihart believe that about 90% of children who are gifted are handed over to untrained teachers who are only exploiting the skills of children because they are not themselves well trained to deal with gifted students (GFSG Inc, 2019). While, Professor Braggett asserts that the courses, resources and the instructions that are designed for the gifted students are not up to the mark. There is a need for a teacher to provide them with an environment in which gifted students can show their skills, work on them and learn something extraordinary (Shaughnessy, et al. 2019). The perspective of parents is also a major point to consider because they are the ones who are opting and using different ways to support their children in learning something new. It is asserted that the parents are themselves much successful in declaring and identifying the gifted abilities of their children but at the same time, they are running short of resources that can encourage them to let their students learn (AAEGT - Australian Association for the Education of the Gifted and Talented, 2019). Very few parents are satisfied with the code of conduct and instructional material that is provided to the students while others think that gifted students should be guided and provided some different resources that can position them on such intellectual ranks that are higher than average students (Slater, et al. 2018).

Suitability, accessibility and the availability of resources and services is one of the major topics in the analysis of the gifted education, monitored by several real-life case analysis and data collected from other resources.

Suitability

Suitability is defined as the availability of required content and resources. According to Lubrc, (2019), it is asserted that the resources are designed universally so it is evident that they are suitable for almost all the gifted students. Although the exception is always there in the form of "disabled students and rural areas" that needs a bit of modification or improvement unless the resources are highly suitable to the requirements of students. Suitability also includes the adherence of content in terms of set goals at different levels, taking into account that there is a bit of variation in terms of different levels but the overall understanding of the suitability of resolvers for students is positive (Luburic, et al. 2019).

Accessibility

Accessibility in gifted education is defined as the ability or the provision of the institution to present the required resources to gifted students. It also includes the dimensions that are associated with people who belong to some backward area or they are not economically strong, it is affirmed that the accessibility of resources has some major gaps. Not all students have access to resource materials and it is one of the major issues to address (Luburic, et al. 2019).

Availability of resources and services

The department of availability of resources and services deals with the analysis of the distance within which a gifted student can get in touch with the set resources and services. According to the public, researchers, and the administrator’s perspective, availability of resources and services has never been an issue because almost all schools are provided with the resources that can be utilized for grooming and education of gifted students. Major issues are found in the provision and the accessibility to these resources because there are no complex or compact frameworks to be used for the evaluation of resources because the same teacher is teaching the courses (Luburic, et al. 2019). So, resources and services are already available, except for a few remote areas that are under development in terms of children education especially those who are gifted (Luburic, et al. 2019).

Barriers that prevent children from using resources and services

Barriers are one of those aspects that can help to understand the gaps in terms of the proposed objective of education for gifted students and the deviation from set objectives. These objectives range from geographical concerns and the lack of interest of teacher to the complete unavailability of resources that can help gifted students (Hu, et al. 2019).

Differentiated Curriculum

Differentiated Curriculum is termed as one of the barriers because it limits the approach of gifted students to get access to the relevant paradigms of education. There are areas in Australia where the curriculum is not in synchronization with the overall framework of education, in fact, there is some self-generated content that is being taught to students due to which gifted students find their course different and they would be unable to understand (Hu, et al. 2019).

Rural Contexts

Although it is the 21st century, still perceptions are old. Rural contexts limit the approach of students because of limited resources and a narrow-minded approach. There is a rare positive relationship of people with other people and land which diminish the universal approach towards welfare of gifted students (Gourgiotou, et al. 2019).

Local Control

Local Control seems primitive but it is dominant in recent time where villagers limit the approach and access to resources taking into account that a single school will have only two or three students so it is hard for them to take initiatives that are relative to few students. It mitigates the approach of gifted education to resources (Breik, et al. 2019).

Limited supporting resources

There are a lot of supporting resources that are required to comply with gifted education such as transport, financial approach and another resource because many Australians have limited resources and they could hardly meet the requirement of educational needs., These limited resources affect gifted education in a drastic way (Hu, et al. 2019).

Institutional complications

Usually, an institution is affiliated with some large schools and they share resources which are not equal. So, a lot of gifted students are deprived of basic resources because of the dominance of a large school or prime focus on the priority students. (Hu, et al. 2019).

Untrained Teachers

Achievement of skills is not possible without teachers and untrained teachers are one of the major barriers that can compromise the access and approach to resources that can help gifted students. Teacher training is one of the prime necessities that is mandatory to let students learn as per their abilities (Hu, et al. 2019).

Recommendations for improvement of gifted education support services

There are a lot of recommendations that can be brought into practice with the aim to support and improve the gifted education support services for disadvantaged and vulnerable children and families, which are discussed as follows.

Provision of compact curriculum

It is recommended that gifted students should be taught by using compact resources. Students should be given a stimulating environment that can help them address the pace of learning. vulnerable students should be encouraged to move onto advanced content. Moreover, the idea of a compact curriculum also refers to the use of learning resources that are unique because the introduction to novelty will include both academic and experimental learning (AAEGT - Australian Association for the Education of the Gifted and Talented, 2019).

Flexibility in content and structure

Disadvantaged and vulnerable gifted students should be taught by using flexible content that can incorporate problem-solving academics along with a flexible structure such as different learning settings. It is also termed as one of the major requirements of the learning sources that are meant for gifted students because flexibility in content is a proof of their gifted nature while flexibility in structure will help them learn more by using past learnings as support (Breik, et al. 2019).

Empowering student’s abilities

Encouraging students is one of the ideologies that can be used to improve the learning skills and teach disadvantaged and vulnerable gifted students because empowering student’s abilities will help to get an updated version of students who have the self-confidence that can help them address issues. It also includes the choice of content as well as the strategies that are used for transferring the learning outcomes because there would be no scope for gifted students if they would not be empowered to access independent learning (Breik, et al. 2019).

Teacher’s training

Teachers are one of the resources that can help to address the requirement and learning of gifted students because the training of teachers would be one of the strongest approaches towards the understanding of gifted education. The untrained teacher will do more harm than good to the students, where their skills cannot be polished and empowered (Aussie Educator, 2019).

Assimilation of extracurricular activities with an academic framework

It is recommended that a change in perspective is required while addressing disadvantaged and vulnerable gifted students because they are limited to curricular and academic paradigms. It is necessary to give an equal significance to co-curricular resources or provision of academic objectives by using co-curricular approach because it will help a gifted child to get a better insight of being a learner (Aussie Educator, 2019).

Upgradation of resources

It is recommended that resources should be upgraded with the passage of time because technology and advancement in learning are bringing a massive shift in an institution so, the shift is required in the resources that are designed for gifted students because it will help them to stay updated with current and latest knowledge pools (Hu, et al. 2019).

Maximising approach to resources

Resources would be useless if access to resources will not be improved. It is recommended to increase and facilitate approach towards resources for disadvantaged and vulnerable gifted students so that all students can be facilitated and get the benefit of being a gift (Hu, et al. 2019).

References

AAEGT - Australian Association for the Education of the Gifted and Talented | AAEGT http://www.aaegt.net.au/

Aussie Educator https://www.aussieeducator.org.au/education/gifted.html

Breik, W. D., & Zaza, H. I. (2019). Coping strategies adopted by adolescents: A comparative study in relation to gifted status, gender, and family size. Gifted Education International, 35(1), 3-19.

Gifted Families Support Group (GFSG Inc) https://gfsg.org.au/

Gourgiotou, E., Katsavria, I., & Basagianni, E. (2019). Evaluation Results of a Teacher Professional Development Program in Greece on Gifted and Talented Children Education (GATCE). International Journal of Educational Technology and Learning, 5(2), 40-51.

National Australian organization https://education.arts.unsw.edu.au/about-us/gerric/

Hu, H. (2019). Implementing Resilience Recommendations for Policies and Practices in Gifted Curriculum. Roeper Review, 41(1), 42-50.

Luburic, I., & Jolly, J. L. (2019). An Examination of the Empirical Literature: Gifted Education in the Australian Context. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 42(1), 64-84.

Mensa - Australian Mensa https://www.mensa.org.au/

Shaughnessy, M. F. (2019). A reflective conversation with Helen Dudeney: Helping gifted in Australia. Gifted Education International, 35(1), 64-69.

Sisk, D. A. (2019). Book review: The SAGE Handbook of Gifted and Talented Education.

Wellisch, M. (2019). Ceilinged Out: Gifted Preschoolers in Early Childhood Services. Journal of Advanced Academics, 1932202X19851276.

Slater, E. (2018). The identification of gifted children in Australia: The importance of policy. TalentEd, 30(1), 1.

Analysis Of The USA Patriot Act

Analysis of the USA Patriot Act

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

Analysis of the USA Patriot Act

Introduction

The Patriot Act is legislation promulgated in 2001 to enhance the competency of law enforcement in the United States to deter and detect terrorism. Its official title reads as Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism. The provisions of the Patriot Act were revisited in 2015. However, several aspects of the act remain contentious in nature. Primarily, the Patriot Act is an extension of the instruments that were utilized against organized crime and drug dealers. The local law enforcement agencies played an instrumental role to enforce the act in true letter and spirits.

Discussion

The Judges could authorize the act by permitting the federal agents to use wiretaps to track a certain suspect. Each government agency plays a dominant role in the enforcement of the act. One of the most fundamental aspects is enhancing the intelligence and information sharing between the government agencies. Moreover, the state plays it part by abrogating specific statutes and legislation which limits the implications for crimes related to terror. A wide range of researchers argues that it desecrates the fundamental constitutional rights of American citizens. Since the government exercised the privilege and authority to spy on the citizens without their consent and enhance the risk for the ordinary citizen to become accused of a crime, section 215 was revisited. It is critical to highlight the manifestations of section 215 of the Act ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2g4ams43tn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Domke, Graham, Coe, John, & Coopman, 2006)","plainCitation":"(Domke, Graham, Coe, John, & Coopman, 2006)"},"citationItems":[{"id":"jmWtTeWl/awHrVoEh","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/H8YOvGFC/items/DEBQE5BX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/H8YOvGFC/items/DEBQE5BX"],"itemData":{"id":"jmWtTeWl/awHrVoEh","type":"article-journal","title":"Going Public as Political Strategy: The Bush Administration, an Echoing Press, and Passage of the Patriot Act","container-title":"Political Communication","page":"291-312","volume":"23","issue":"3","source":"Taylor and Francis+NEJM","abstract":"Research suggests that political elites excel at controlling political and media information environments, particularly in times of national crisis, such as the events and aftermath of September 11. This study examines the creation and passage of the Patriot Act, which was proposed by the Bush administration following the terrorist attacks and quickly passed with strong support by the U.S. Congress. We argue that (a) the public communications of the Bush administration, particularly those by George W. Bush and John Ashcroft, and (b) news coverage about the legislation were instrumental in this outcome. Public communications by Bush and Ashcroft and news coverage about the Act were content analyzed to identify the timing of the messages and the themes and perspectives emphasized, and congressional debates and activities were examined for insight into their relation with administration and press discourse. Findings suggest that Bush and Ashcroft's communications, in combination with a press that largely echoed the administration's messages, created an environment in which Congress faced significant pressure to pass the legislation with remarkable speed.","DOI":"10.1080/10584600600808844","ISSN":"1058-4609","shortTitle":"Going Public as Political Strategy","author":[{"family":"Domke","given":"David"},{"family":"Graham","given":"Erica S."},{"family":"Coe","given":"Kevin"},{"family":"John","given":"Sue Lockett"},{"family":"Coopman","given":"Ted"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006",9,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Domke, Graham, Coe, John, & Coopman, 2006).

Section 215 essentially violates the constitution in several ways. Above all, the Fourth Amendment prevents every authority or government to permit a search without the acquisition of a warrant and have a probable cause to believe the person to be a criminal. Meanwhile, the First Amendment's provision of free speech also gets violated. The government is already privileged to exercise authority. The Act enables the government to investigate the suspect but at the cost of the very fundamental right of the citizens' right to freedom and privacy. The agencies responsible for enforcing the Act are often criticized and suspected for exploiting and misusing the government resources and funds. The primary intentions of the federal authorities are unsure of utilizing the information which raises concerns for the government's power and autonomy.

The states ought not to have the same authority to display and sponsor the contentious symbols of having radical messages affiliated with them. It may sound a petty matter. However, the significance of these controversial symbols is of paramount importance in light of the 1sta and 14th Amendments.

Impact on Organizations and Businesses

The manifestations of the act are not only confined to expanded surveillance ventures. The cross border activities of the financial institution are critically examined under the framework of Title III statute. The security paradigms of the organizations are also further enhanced under the influence of the Act. For instance, the intricate privacy elements and observation of the organizations by the government agencies with the aim to abrogate the laundering activities prove productive for several organizations.

The citizens possess the very right to harness their privacy and security under the 1st Amendment (Phillips, C. M. (2017)). The Act is a potential source to preserve and protect the security of the citizens from harmful elements. Essentially, the security paradigms of the citizens are protected and similar impacts are observed in the vast framework of organizations. The context of the security environment changed in the United States after the detrimental incident of 9/11. The Patriot Act is the leading development directed at strengthening the security paradigms of the state. The multinational and small organizations were used previously by the terrorist elements. The enforcement of the Act by the government and agencies has prominently reduced the adverse implications for these organizations related to the security metrics.

A Critical Appraisal:

The Patriot Act is one of the major developments made in the United States after the incident of 9/11 to strengthen the privacy, security and elimination of the terror elements. There existed several contentious statutes in the Act as section 215. Irrefutably, the right to freedom, speech and privacy of the citizens were surely compromised under the functioning of the Patriot Act. The local law enforcement agencies exercised the right to intervene and spy the citizens which were deemed the suspect ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a24uvrhrreh","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mell, 2002)","plainCitation":"(Mell, 2002)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1340,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ccgWoSRn/items/ZHLAPNAM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ccgWoSRn/items/ZHLAPNAM"],"itemData":{"id":1340,"type":"article-journal","title":"Big Brother at the Door: Balancing National Security with Privacy under the USA Patriot Act","container-title":"Denver University Law Review","page":"375","volume":"80","shortTitle":"Big Brother at the Door","journalAbbreviation":"Denv. U. L. Rev.","author":[{"family":"Mell","given":"Patricia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]],"season":"2003"}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mell, 2002). The constitution incorporated the provisions which were promulgated by the government and several stakeholders became a part in the process.

Each citizen of the United States is independent to exercise the right to speech and privacy. There exist instances which are critical and exceptions and restrictions can be observed in the law to prevent the citizens from perpetuating violence. The Act caused the organizations to operate in a secure environment by enhancing security paradigms.

Conclusion:

The Patriot Act of the United States of America (USA) has played an instrumental role to reduce the terroristic activities in the states. The major feature of the Act was following a strict model of privacy and authorizing the local agencies to enforce the provisions in a productive manner. However, the citizens expressed grave concerns upon violation of their privacy. They were deprived of their right under the 1st Amendment. The Patriot Act casts a crucial impact on the organizational security metrics as well.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Domke, D., Graham, E. S., Coe, K., John, S. L., & Coopman, T. (2006). Going Public as Political Strategy: The Bush Administration, an Echoing Press, and Passage of the Patriot Act. Political Communication, 23(3), 291–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600600808844

Mell, P. (2002). Big Brother at the Door: Balancing National Security with Privacy under the USA Patriot Act. Denver University Law Review, 80, 375.

Phillips, C. M. (2017). The Constitutionality of Restricting the State Sponsorship of Oppressive Messages and Symbols. Retrieved from: https://digitalcommons.ithaca.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1140&context=whalen

Annotated Bibliography

Title page

Annotated bibliography

Visentin, M., & Scarpi, D. (2012). Determinants and mediators of the intention to upgrade the contract in buyer-seller relationships. Industrial Marketing Management, 41 (7).

Visentin and Scarpi (2012) uncover the formal contract mechanism required for the business. The buyer and seller cannot start a business until they bind through a formal contract. The article explains that the partner must be capable of automating the management and address the problems encountered in the process. It explains the business-to-business relationship between the parties is dependent on the contract. Social and economic factors are considered before entering into a legal binding. The intentions of the parties are influenced by the meditator. Trust and satisfaction are of relative importance in upgrading to a contract.

The article explains that dissatisfaction between parties causes discrepancy and impacts the contract. It highlights the need for voluntary positive commitment from both parties in case of B2B. social and economic factors are of significance in assessing the contract and relationship between parties. Relational identification impacts the nature of the contract. It is dependent on the satisfaction and commitment from both parties. Changes in satisfaction or loyalty challenge the validity of the contract.

The research is relevant to the current case study because it provides a theoretical background for the formation of a contract between buyer and seller and its impacts on the business. It highlights main elements of a contract such as an offer and acceptance without which the parties cannot enter into a legal binding. The source will be used for evaluating the nature of the contract between Fine Wine Imports and Kingston Family Vineyards. The elements of the contract will be used for examining does placing an order and agreement from Fine Wine creates a legal binding or not. This will also be used for assessing the validity of the terms and conditions of Kingston Vineyards. The source will also be used to evaluate how the contract works in business-to-business relationships.

Bashir, S., Anwar, S., Awan, Z., Qureshi, T. W., & Memon, A. B. (2018). A holistic understanding of the prospects of financial loss to enhance shopper's trust to search, recommend, speak positive and frequently visit an online shop. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 42.

The source provides information about the risk of loss associated with the online contract established between buyer and seller. It explains that internet-based consumer perceptions have a significant impact on the mediating role and the nature of the relationship. Shopper's trust is of great importance in the contracts that are established online. It explains that the buyer is liable to claim for the financial loss even after delivery of the order. The consumer has already perceived financial risk involved during making an online purchase. Trust factor also influences the buyer's intentions of purchasing the product through an online platform. Seller's policy on selling products also affects the nature of the contract and identifies which party bears the loss. The article provides brief details about the situations and conditions that might lead to a loss for the buyer. The conditions like failure to deliver functional product are also identified that will prove the negligence from the seller's side. It also highlights the need for considering perceived financial risk from the consumer's side before making a purchase.

The current source is linked to the case study because it provides analysis of the online business that will be used for determining the party that is liable for hearing the loss. The risk of loss between Fine Wine Imports and Kingston Family Vineyards will be evaluated by considering the contents of this article. It will be used for examining the impact of terms of sales and bill of landing on the risks of loss claimed by the buyer. The policy of the seller like money back guarantee or liability for claiming damages will also be used for determining the wrongdoer. The source will be used for identifying how perceptions about financial risk might have affected the claims made by the defendant.

Utler, r. J., & Worrall, j. D. (2008). Wage and injury response to shifts in workplace liability. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 61 (2).

The source is used for evaluating the conditions that make tort liability applicable in case of the injured employee. It provides brief details about the compensations that the employee will receive in case of injuries such as insurance and damages. The article also highlights the party that is responsible for paying damages to the injured employee. Changing liability will not affect injury or wages. The source makes use of the theory of risk and wage adjustments for identifying the right compensation that the employee would receive. Cost avoiding theory is also utilized for explaining the cause of tort liability. It also states that it is difficult to identify the injuries in case of online business.

This source will be used for evaluating which party will be responsible for paying for the damages suffered by the injured employee. Theoretical risks and wage adjustments provide a theoretical framework for dealing with the case. It will be utilized for identifying that party that is responsible for causing injury to the truck driver.

Bruno, T. (2016). Tort/Negligence - Traffic Accident – Truck Driver & Employer – Respondeat Superior – Negligent Hiring & Retention. North Carolina Lawyers Weekly.

The source is used for determining the contents of tort/negligence in case of injury. The article explains the role of supervisor-employer in preventing critical situations. Burno identifies situations that could prove the negligence of the employer such as the hiring of incompetent employee or driver. Negligent hiring has a significant impact on the quality of service.

This source will be used for determining the role of the employer in the negligent behaviour of the driver. It will thus provide information for examining the situation and identifying the party that is responsible for causing injury to the employee. The truck driver hired by Fine Wine was incompetent and committed error by delivering the order to the wrong address. The case will pertain to the theory of negligence that is one of the commonly used theoretical foundations in lawsuits against injuries.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Visentin, M., & Scarpi, D. (2012). Determinants and mediators of the intention to upgrade the contract in buyer-seller relationships. Industrial Marketing Management, 41 (7).

BUTLER, R. J., & WORRALL, J. D. (2008). WAGE AND INJURY RESPONSE TO SHIFTS IN WORKPLACE LIABILITY. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 61 (2).

Bashir, S., Anwar, S., Awan, Z., Qureshi, T. W., & Memon, A. B. (2018). A holistic understanding of the prospects of financial loss to enhance shopper's trust to search, recommend, speak positive and frequently visit an online shop. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 42.

Bruno, T. (2016). Tort/Negligence - Traffic Accident – Truck Driver & Employer – Respondeat Superior – Negligent Hiring & Retention. North Carolina Lawyers Weekly.

Annotated Bibliography And Case Study Analysis Paper

Name of student

Institution affiliation

Name of instructor

Annotated bibliography

1. Paul Mcmahon. (2018). Conflict and contract law. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Volume 38, Issue 2, 1 June 2018, Pages 270–298,https://doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqy011

Contracts exist in different forms in the business world. There are many conflicts that have resulted from the fact that people do not have knowledge of the rules they have to follow when getting into a contract. This scholarly article concentrates on the manner in which law has enabled people to avoid the many cases they have always encountered in the past. The existence of good laws enables people to have a clear way with which they are supposed to engage in business. The article also addresses different common laws that are used in day to day business.

The relevance of this article is of great importance in this field of study. The article clearly brings out the aspects that must always be addressed in any contract. Since this field of study majorly concentrates on what makes contracts to be abiding, it is a great resource to be used in solving the conflicts that business people experience from time to time. Conflict and contract law spell out the procedures and elements that contracts should follow. To ascertain whether the mistake that resulted in a conflict is a responsibility of the buyer or the seller, conflict and contract law must be put into practice.

2. Carter JW. (1988). Contract law. Journal of contract law

To understand the nature of contracts better, Carter comes up with a journal that mainly consists of the major conflicts that people experience. From time to time, business people always get into conflicts that might not be easy to solve without the knowledge of contract law. Before each of them signs the contract, they always need to understand the rules of the country in question. Specifically, they need to be conversant with contract law to avoid such conflicts. The journal has different cases that directly relate to this course. The journal is compiled by Carter though it has worked from different scholars. With relative examples, the journal educates on contracts and the law that is used in the process of contracts.

To this course and assignment, the journal has a lot of relevance. The journal rotates around contract law which is the major topic tackled by this course. It lists the elements of a contract and the manner in which they are protected by law. It is easy to apply the knowledge from this journal to different situations that affect people when doing business. The journal also has different ways that can be used by business people to be able to solve the conflicts that they face when they get into contracts.

3. Joachim Bonell. (2018). The law governing international commercial contracts and the actual role of the UNIDROITPrinciples. Uniform Law Review, Volume 23, Issue 1, 1 March 2018, Pages 15–41,https://doi.org/10.1093/ulr/uny001

The elements of a contract can be used to solve the conflicts that many business people always encounter as they get into contracts. This article discusses the major things that can determine whether a contract is legal or not. By going through the article, one can learn the various steps that they need to follow when getting into any contract in the business world. The author provides an easy to understand explanation of how business people should be getting into contracts. By going through the whole journal that mainly deals with contract law and business conflicts, one can also learn the process to use when solving business conflicts.

The article is directly related to this course. This course looks at the manner in which supplies should be done. A process is a contract that is governed by laws and in case one of the parties in the contract does not abide by the laws then it becomes easy to penalize them. The article can be used as resource material, in this case, to relate to the cases that affect contracts in life. The article can also be used to get different case studies that show how business people can break the laws that govern business contracts without knowing.

4. Tomlison EC. ( 2015). The negotiation of contractual agreements. Sage journals.

To get the meaning of a contract, this journal goes ahead to look at the basic elements that should be present in a contract. With the journal, one can easily get how contracts should be done and why many people fail to honor the contracts that they get into. The author separates the different elements that make up a contract and the manner in which they should be related. This course mainly deals with supplies management. One needs basic knowledge of contracts and how they should always be done. It is through studying the nature of a contract that one can solve conflicts that affect business people once they get into such contracts. Business people always hire professionals to get into such contracts on their behalf. To be able to handle such a position, one must know the different laws they are expected to follow.

The article is an excerpt from the journal of conflicts and contract law. The topic directly relates to supplies management. One must learn such laws before they can get into contracts that involve the supply of different types of products. The article directly connects with this topic and assignment and it clearly shows why it is a great resource for this assignment.

5. GT Gundlach. (1993). Contract law and its alternatives. Sage journals

As a resource used in supplies management, it clearly provides procedures that should be followed in case of any contract. The major challenge that business people always face is the fact that they do not always have an idea of the rules and laws that govern contracts. By looking at what is in the journal, one can clearly point out the laws that always affect contracts. There are various academic articles that talk about different aspects of contracts and conflicts that affect such contracts.

The journal is of great relevance in this topic as it clearly spells out the different laws that should be followed by anyone who wants to get into any form of business contract. Supplies are contracts between a supplier and a buyer. The journal, therefore, provides important information that can be used to know how the contracts work.

CASE STUDY

This is a case of mistakes made during a contract. The case presents different ways in which business people can break the contracts that they get into. Fine Wines makes an order of the wines that they need from overseas. They make the order through an online platform and make the payments through the Miami Trust Bank. In a contract, it is necessary to have a third party (necessarily a bank) that can withhold the payments for some time until the buyer confirms receipt of the good in good condition.

The contract mainly involves two parties who later have conflicts after mistakes are made by different parties involved in the contract. The first mistake that occurs in the contract is the fact that the supplier goes ahead to sign the contract without confirming the terms and conditions of the contract. The second mistake that occurred in this contract is the fact that a wrong account number was provided for the payment of the wines ordered by the company. This is not a mistake from either the bank or the buyer since they did not provide the account number to be used for payments.

There are other mistakes that took place during the contract and can only be understood by putting into practice the laws that govern contracts. To understand the contract better it is better to break it into the following parts:

Contract formation

Before any transaction is done, the first step is always to contract formation. Both parties have to agree with the quality of goods as well as the prices. In this case, there was a contract because both parties signed and agreed to engage in business. Although the seller did not read the terms and conditions of the contract, it remains a contract because he went ahead to agree with the terms of the contract. Once he has agreed with the uniform commercial code, he had no option but to stick with whatever the rules will state (Bonell, 2018).

In the contract, there was an offer of $15000 made by the buyer. The seller clearly noticed this offer and agreed to it. This is what makes it a binding contract between the two parties. Once one party presents an offer for business and the other party makes an acceptance, it becomes a contract and will follow the universal commercial code. There was involvement of a third party to oversee the payments. The law requires that in any contract, there should exist at least one party that is non-partisan to any of the parties involved in the contract. The party (usually a bank or any financial institution with a good reputation) is expected to withhold the money until the buyer receives the purchased goods. The third party is expected to release the money only when the buyer confirms that the goods have reached the agreed destination.

In this contract, the third party was the Miami Trust Bank that was to make the payments once Fine Wines Imports confirmed receipt of the goods at the port. Under Article 4A of the universal commercial code, it is important to have an intermediary bank to help with the payments. This is well taken care of by the presence of the bank in the contract.

Under article 1 on the definitions of a contract, this is one that becomes a full contract with all the elements that a contract should have.

Another important element of a contract is the intention to create a legal relationship. This implies that both parties agree to operate within the law. In this contract, the seller agreed to abide by the universal commercial code when he signed the offer that was sent to him by the buyer. Another key element of a contract that is evident in this contract is a consideration that has been made. The buyer promised to pay $15000 for the wines once they reach the port. All these reasons make this a valid contract that must operate within the laws that govern sales and purchases from state to state.

Risk of loss

The risk of loss, in this case, involves three companies. The seller, the buyer and the company involved in the freight. The loss was incurred because the wine was delivered to the wrong warehouse. Both the seller and the buyer made clear instructions that the wine was supposed to be delivered to warehouse E. when Southern Shipping made the delivery to warehouse B, they made a mistake and they should, therefore, bear the value of the loss. It is their mistake that resulted in the loss that occurred (JW, 1988).

Article 7 that deals with the bills of lading define the role of each party when goods are in transit, in the warehouse and until they are picked up by the buyer. The article states that it is the duty of the freight company to ensure that the goods are delivered in the state in which they left the seller. Any loss incurred during the freight is solely on the freight company. It also defines the role of the freight company once the goods reach the warehouse. The company should inform the seller that the goods have been delivered so that the seller can send an invoice to the buyer who then clears the payment.

It is also the duty of the shipping company to ensure that the goods are delivered to the desired warehouse. Failure to which any losses that might occur as a result of the mix up will be paid by the shipping company. In this regard, the loss of the wine will be paid by the shipping company.

Tort liability

Once the wine went bad, it was the duty of US customs to ensure it was removed from the warehouse. During the movement, an employee got injured and is also planning a lawsuit against the responsible company. The employee does not in any way have a contract with the US customs, Fine Wines Imports or even Kingson Family Vineyards. The employee only has a contract with Sunshine State Movers. The employer is responsible and will ensure all the employees against such accidents (McMohan, 2018).

The legal theory that can be used in this case is the one that governs employer-employee relations. The employment law deals with the rights of employees within an employment contract. The employee shall be compensated in case of infection or injuries when performing their duties. The company contracted to move the wine from the warehouse should, therefore, pay the employee because the accident occurred when he or she was on duty.

References

Paul Mcmahon. (2018). Conflict and contract law. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Volume 38, Issue 2, 1 June 2018, Pages 270–298,https://doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqy011

Carter JW. (1988). Contract law. Journal of contract law

Joachim Bonell. (2018). The law governing international commercial contracts and the actual role of the UNIDROITPrinciples. Uniform Law Review, Volume 23, Issue 1, 1 March 2018, Pages 15–41,https://doi.org/10.1093/ulr/uny001

Tomlison EC. ( 2015). The negotiation of contractual agreements. Sage journals.

GT Gundlach. (1993). Contract law and its alternatives. Sage journals

Annotated Poster / Professional Knowledge

RUNNING HEAD: EDUCATION

Annotated Poster / Professional Knowledge

[Name of the Student]

[Name of the Institution]

Annotated Poster / Professional Knowledge

Question Number 1

The task chosen is a personal recount in which the student wrote about mother's day. The information provided in this particular account is significant to the student, and his/her parents and the vent is described briefly. However, if more information was added and clear writing without grammatical errors would be useful, but this literary piece of writing about the personal account is full of errors and omissions. The improvement and development are needed to structure the sentences, and their flow should be in a smooth transition. The speech or narration is not in one direction, as active and passive voice is intermixed. The tenses used should also be in either way, past or present. Improvement is needed at various places; first of all, sentence structure should be in one go or continuous flow. The strategic development is to read essays or articles from people who are pro at writing excellent material. Vocabulary building should be done by studying different literary books and watching movies.

Question Number 2

This sample is evidence of student achievement for outcomes of an actual learning level rather than any assumed learning according to the Victorian curriculum. As this sample provides a real example of enhancing the personalized learning programs for every student, it provides enough evidence for student achievement. The student connected his personal life scenario while giving a personal account, which is mentioned in the Victorian curriculum (Exley et al., 2016). The account on mother's day includes the information regarding student's encounter with his mother at first like he made tea, cornflake cake and toasted bread slices with jam on it, is the true depiction of personal feelings while doing such stuff for his mother on a special day. In the Victorian curriculum, the approach of learning used is a literary strategy and personalized way of learning. Therefore, this sample shows how the fulfillment of the curriculum's particular is achieved through this task's accomplishment.

Question Number 3

According to the AITSL Effective Feedback, the teacher has to go through proper guidelines given by AITSL. According to those guidelines, I will as a teacher of this student provide an effective feedback based on my outcomes form the sample which I checked of that student (McDonough, 2018). Firstly, the overall performance of the task would be assessed. Just like in the chosen sample, the overall effect given is negative as there are so many omissions and cutting of the text. Also, the punctuations, article placement, and capitalizing the words are not carefully catered to.

The providence of information would be done as so that student tends to change his writing style and focus on his errors while criticizing his writing in a constructive manner. The sample is overall in good shape when it comes to the information given, although the addition of a few more things or in a creative way would have enhanced the literary piece. The self-assessment by the student of his workpiece will be retrieved so that student may think twice what and how he wrote what was provided to him.

I would also like to offer the student feedback based on the positive elements while talking about negative elements I would prefer doing it in a constructive way not belittling the student just providing him some insight and clarify things for him more. At first, I would highlight the things done perfectly so that it boosts the morale of the student, then I would identify the mistakes and errors, and I'll tell them how it is okay to make mistakes but not to repeat them.

Question Number 4

When planning the next stage of the teaching and learning program to progress this student’s learning focus on the following skills and knowledge, i.e., I would work on his literary skills and capabilities by assigning him more writing pieces and providing a more clear and easy approach to enhance the writing skill. I will ask the student if he or she is not comfortable the way I teach, and if I should provide a different way through which his writing is enhanced. This provides a student with more confidence and trust in the teacher, and they tend to make fewer mistakes the next time and built strong skills with the passage of time. I will also prefer my students working in groups as collaborative learning makes them learn more.

My main focus as a teacher would be to provide a comfortable and productive environment to my students, and if one lacks behind, I will propose certain strategies according to which no student would be left behind. The current student whose sample is understudy, might not be able to grasp the proper information and learning according to my usual way of teaching so I'll provide him with the opportunity to discuss his issues with me and then I will prefer omitting certain ways and will redefine my teaching style. The strategic development is to read essays or articles from people who are pro at writing fine material.

I will clear the goals of the lesson, and also I will show and tell the way different tasks are done so that if the visual or auditory learning of the students is different, they might learn either way. The most important of all is to make the student practice a lot so that the errors and mistakes get lesser.

Question Number 5

The ways of teaching which I would likely be using on my student are mentioned above, and they all link to the AISTL and the Pedagogical Model because both these models gave the details regarding effective teaching and its style. According to pedagogical model, the resources, activities, support, and evaluation provided to the student as mentioned above as well will enhance the abilities of the student and will provide him with better learning opportunities (Quintana, and Fernández, 2015). As I reconsidered my teaching style just to support the student is the way according to which pedagogical model expects and guides teachers to do.

The AISTL includes the teaching interventions and the feedback from the student and also from the teacher (McDonough, 2018). This way, the information regarding learning choices and teaching activities are more cleared or given in a more precise way. The effectiveness and infectivity of the reflective analysis support the student in enhancing the capabilities and the skills for writing or reading properly. The way through which I will clear the goals of the lesson, and also I will provide and tell the way different tasks are according to the AISTL.

Question Number 6

There are three main theories of learning, and out of these, the two theories, i.e., cognitive constructive and socially constructive, are important in the classroom learning environment (Illeris, 2018). Although the behaviorist approach is an effective one as well, it is more useful for adults and different scenarios then classroom environment. In cognitive constructivism, the system of knowledge is based on cognitive structure, and it is constructed through the preexisting cognitive structures of the learners, i.e., the student's cognitive abilities which are already present are just enhanced.

The learning occurs through the accommodation and assimilation of the innovative information as it is described earlier that I will show and tell students the new ways of learning, but it will be according to preexisting cognitive structures. This discovery will emphasize the learning pace and motive. The motivation will come from within according to the cognitive, constructive way of learning, i.e., the learners are motivated from within, and they set the goals and objectives for learning. Hence, when I mentioned above that, I will provide these students the environment in which their discovery and assimilation are promoted then this learning theory goes along with the methods proposed by me as a teacher (Exley et al., 2016).

The social constructivist theory is according to the social context, and it enhances the learning skills and abilities of the students by social interactions among people (Skehan, 2018). This theory views learning as an integration of the students into their social capacity or community. Therefore, the collaborative approach which accommodates or assimilates the students with innovative information will further help me as a teacher to enhance the learning capacity of my students and the things which they could not learn with classic methods is taught to them according to the new teaching methods. This is only possible through the motivation, which is intrinsic as well as extrinsic rendering to the theory of social constructivism. I will prefer my students working in groups as collaborative learning makes them learn more.

The decision made to teach this student according to different ways so that there are effective strategies used in order to build the learning (reading or writing) of the students. Therefore, the ultimate goal of giving feedback is to enhance the learning style and remove all the apparent errors or mistakes which are more likely to reoccur if not catered to fully. As I reconsidered my teaching style just to support the student is the way according to which pedagogical model expects and guides teachers to do.

Bibliography

Exley, B., Honan, E., Kervin, L., Simpson, A., Wells, M., and Muspratt, S., 2016. Surveying the field: primary school teachers' perceptions of the literacy capabilities of recently graduated primary school teachers. Practical Literacy: The Early and Primary Years, 21(2), p.39.

Illeris, K. ed., 2018. Contemporary theories of learning: learning theorists... in their own words. Routledge.

McDonough, S., 2018. Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership: Illustrations of practice. Practical Literacy, 23(1), pp.46-47.

Quintana, M.G.B., and Fernández, S.M., 2015. A pedagogical model to develop teaching skills. The collaborative learning experience in the Immersive Virtual World TYMMI. Computers in Human Behavior, 51, pp.594-603.

Skehan, L., 2018. Growing High Standards: Using the AITSL standards to develop your teaching. Agora, 53(3), p.26.

Applying Regulations In Varying Care Settings

Applying Regulations in Varying Care Settings

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Applying Regulations in Varying Care Settings

Common Standards of Healthcare

There are a number of common standards observed in the health care regulation, regardless of the practice setting. According to the handbook released by the World Health Organization ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"4CgvvFf9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Clarke, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Clarke, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":8,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/SDMXJ7RH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/SDMXJ7RH"],"itemData":{"id":8,"type":"article-journal","title":"Law, regulation and strategizing for health","container-title":"Strategizing national health in the 21st century: a handbook. Geneva: World Health Organization","author":[{"family":"Clarke","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Clarke, 2016), a brief summary of these general standards is as follows;

Extend access to the sort of services necessary for the well-being of an individual.

Minimizing any and all inefficiency in the system, along with the development of mechanisms for pooling on funds and development of sustainable mechanisms.

Ensuring access to all essential medicines, along with the provision of effective and quality services based on the needs of the population.

Solo Medical Practices and Employed Physician Practices

A practice without any employment affiliations or partners associated with it is termed as a solo practice. On the other hand, health care corporations that own a number of clinics or a hospital with employed physicians are usually called employed physician practices. Following is a detail of various aspects of these services;

Staffing Requirements

Since the setup in a solo practice is rather small in scale as compared to the needs of employed physicians practices, the requirements of staff members on-board at all times is also small. Within a Solo practice, a patient-centered medical home model (PCMH) is used ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9s73rFw8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Markovitz, Alexander, Lantz, & Paustian, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Markovitz, Alexander, Lantz, & Paustian, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":10,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/CJVMKDJC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/CJVMKDJC"],"itemData":{"id":10,"type":"article-journal","title":"Patient-centered medical home implementation and use of preventive services: the role of practice socioeconomic context","container-title":"JAMA internal medicine","page":"598-606","volume":"175","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Markovitz","given":"Amanda R."},{"family":"Alexander","given":"Jeffrey A."},{"family":"Lantz","given":"Paula M."},{"family":"Paustian","given":"Michael L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Markovitz, Alexander, Lantz, & Paustian, 2015), where the staff, along with caregivers, works with the patients in a collaborative manner, to provide them with well-coordinated and high-quality care ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"6jZcf0G4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Peikes et al., 2014; Shojania et al., 2006)","plainCitation":"(Peikes et al., 2014; Shojania et al., 2006)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":9,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/W73T8RLR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/W73T8RLR"],"itemData":{"id":9,"type":"article-journal","title":"Staffing patterns of primary care practices in the comprehensive primary care initiative","container-title":"The Annals of Family Medicine","page":"142-149","volume":"12","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Peikes","given":"Deborah N."},{"family":"Reid","given":"Robert J."},{"family":"Day","given":"Timothy J."},{"family":"Cornwell","given":"Derekh DF"},{"family":"Dale","given":"Stacy B."},{"family":"Baron","given":"Richard J."},{"family":"Brown","given":"Randall S."},{"family":"Shapiro","given":"Rachel J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}},{"id":11,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/YDYYMY48"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/YDYYMY48"],"itemData":{"id":11,"type":"article-journal","title":"Effects of quality improvement strategies for type 2 diabetes on glycemic control: a meta-regression analysis","container-title":"Jama","page":"427-440","volume":"296","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Shojania","given":"Kaveh G."},{"family":"Ranji","given":"Sumant R."},{"family":"McDonald","given":"Kathryn M."},{"family":"Grimshaw","given":"Jeremy M."},{"family":"Sundaram","given":"Vandana"},{"family":"Rushakoff","given":"Robert J."},{"family":"Owens","given":"Douglas K."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Peikes et al., 2014).

However, team-based care is more prevalent in employed physician practices. Here, staffing practices are based on the needs of the patient population as well as the needs of the institute, a large workforce is usually staffed with individuals that work together with high levels of efficiency and communication ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"FPe6UAhj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Milani & Lavie, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Milani & Lavie, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":14,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/YZPIDYQZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/YZPIDYQZ"],"itemData":{"id":14,"type":"article-journal","title":"Health care 2020: reengineering health care delivery to combat chronic disease","container-title":"The American journal of medicine","page":"337–343","volume":"128","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Health care 2020","author":[{"family":"Milani","given":"Richard V."},{"family":"Lavie","given":"Carl J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Milani & Lavie, 2015).

Release of Patient Records

Release of medical information, both in solo and employed physician practices, are to comply with the state as well as federal guidelines. This process generally remains the same through different stats and health practices. The one requesting the records must submit written consent with information like;

Patient information

Last four digits of SSN

Name and address of one asking for the records.

Signature of patient

Patient Rights

The notion of rights for a patient was developed under the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which gives every human being equal and undeniable rights. It allows them dignity, privacy (regarding medical records), review of the billing statement, express concern as well as have a right to knowledge about clinical trials which may improve their ailing health, among various others. These rights remain constant throughout all medical practices, solo or otherwise, with the state.

Administrative Structure

At present, most healthcare practices adhere to the “Patients before Paperwork” initiative that was first taken in 2015. It redirects the efforts of physicians and other members of the staff to care for their patients and attend to their needs and deliver appropriate treatments as opposed to keeping up with the administrative tasks ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Erickson</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>444</RecNum><DisplayText>(Erickson, Rockwern, Koltov, &amp; McLean, 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>444</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0xspd9026f2x5oeadwwv29f0apvsspafr2zr" timestamp="1557537603">444</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Erickson, Shari M</author><author>Rockwern, Brooke</author><author>Koltov, Michelle</author><author>McLean, Robert M</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Putting patients first by reducing administrative tasks in health care: a position paper of the American College of Physicians</title><secondary-title>Annals of internal medicine</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Annals of internal medicine</full-title></periodical><pages>659-661</pages><volume>166</volume><number>9</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>0003-4819</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Erickson, Rockwern, Koltov, & McLean, 2017). According to ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Knox</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>445</RecNum><DisplayText>Knox, Brach, and Schaefer (2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>445</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0xspd9026f2x5oeadwwv29f0apvsspafr2zr" timestamp="1557538559">445</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Knox, L</author><author>Brach, C</author><author>Schaefer, J</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Primary care practice facilitation curriculum (Module 32)</title><secondary-title>Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality [Internet]</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality [Internet]</full-title></periodical><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Knox, Brach, and Schaefer (2015), the administrative structure in a health care practice comprises of;

Human resources

Information technology management

Financial management and billing

Quality improvement

Reporting and regulatory marketing

Business development and marketing

Risk management

Designing and managing workflow

Maintaining medical records

Security

Medical care staff – such as doctors and nursing staff

Clinic work

Most solo practices have diverse administrative teams, with an individual playing more than one role in the system to deal with all the above-mentioned administrative tasks. On the other hand, employed physicians’ practices usually have a department dedicated to a certain task.

Specific care environment

Health outcomes of a patient are greatly affected by the healthcare provider, as well the environment the patient receives this care in, regardless of their background ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"PgHPPab2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(McClain, Hawkins, & Yehia, 2016)","plainCitation":"(McClain, Hawkins, & Yehia, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":19,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/PDW8UPVQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/PDW8UPVQ"],"itemData":{"id":19,"type":"article-journal","title":"Creating welcoming spaces for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) patients: An evaluation of the health care environment","container-title":"Journal of homosexuality","page":"387-393","volume":"63","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"McClain","given":"Zachary"},{"family":"Hawkins","given":"Linda A."},{"family":"Yehia","given":"Baligh R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (McClain, Hawkins, & Yehia, 2016). Thus, hospitals need to be spaces that are responsive to patient’s needs, which directly influences their ability to get better. Thus, while solo practices are a better situation to provide with short-term care, employed physician practices are better suited to looking after the needs of a patient, especially one in critical condition. They host intensive care units (ICU), burn units and other specialized care units situated specifically for cases that need individual attention ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"kmG170ep","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Fradgley, Paul, Bryant, Zucca, & Oldmeadow, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Fradgley, Paul, Bryant, Zucca, & Oldmeadow, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":20,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/ZD9YBYTS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/ZD9YBYTS"],"itemData":{"id":20,"type":"article-journal","title":"System-Wide and Group-Specific Health Service Improvements: Cross-Sectional Survey of Outpatient Improvement Preferences and Associations with Demographic Characteristics","container-title":"International journal of environmental research and public health","page":"179","volume":"15","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Fradgley","given":"Elizabeth"},{"family":"Paul","given":"Christine"},{"family":"Bryant","given":"Jamie"},{"family":"Zucca","given":"Alison"},{"family":"Oldmeadow","given":"Christopher"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Fradgley, Paul, Bryant, Zucca, & Oldmeadow, 2018).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/FCGCCCXX"],["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/ARY8NGN8"]],"omitted":[["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/YDYYMY48"]],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Clarke, D. (2016). Law, regulation and strategizing for health. Strategizing National Health in the 21st Century: A Handbook. Geneva: World Health Organization.

Erickson, S. M., Rockwern, B., Koltov, M., & McLean, R. M. (2017). Putting patients first by reducing administrative tasks in health care: a position paper of the American College of Physicians. Annals of Internal Medicine, 166(9), 659–661.

Fradgley, E., Paul, C., Bryant, J., Zucca, A., & Oldmeadow, C. (2018). System-Wide and Group-Specific Health Service Improvements: Cross-Sectional Survey of Outpatient Improvement Preferences and Associations with Demographic Characteristics. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(2), 179.

Knox, L., Brach, C., & Schaefer, J. (2015). Primary care practice facilitation curriculum (Module 32). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality [Internet].

Markovitz, A. R., Alexander, J. A., Lantz, P. M., & Paustian, M. L. (2015). Patient-centered medical home implementation and use of preventive services: the role of practice socioeconomic context. JAMA Internal Medicine, 175(4), 598–606.

McClain, Z., Hawkins, L. A., & Yehia, B. R. (2016). Creating welcoming spaces for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) patients: An evaluation of the health care environment. Journal of Homosexuality, 63(3), 387–393.

Milani, R. V., & Lavie, C. J. (2015). Health care 2020: reengineering health care delivery to combat chronic disease. The American Journal of Medicine, 128(4), 337–343.

Peikes, D. N., Reid, R. J., Day, T. J., Cornwell, D. D., Dale, S. B., Baron, R. J., … Shapiro, R. J. (2014). Staffing patterns of primary care practices in the comprehensive primary care initiative. The Annals of Family Medicine, 12(2), 142–149.

Arguing For Causes Or Effects

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

The #metoo movement

Causes and likely effects

The most popular movement against sexual harassment and sexual assault nowadays is the “Me Too” movement. This movement basically gained traction after it went viral on different social media platforms in October 2017 in the form of hashtag. It was basically supposed to spread awareness about the prevalence of sexual assault and sexual harassment especially harassment faced in the workplace. It also resulted in allegation of sexual harassment and assault against some big names like Harvey Weinstein. The hashtag #metoo became viral after actress Alyssa Milano, motivated the victims to speak about the harassment they faced and let the world realize the prevalence of the issue. The purpose was to empathize with the victims and empower them. This was encouraged by many actors and celebrities in their social media posts, Gwyneth Paltrow and Ashley Judd to name two.

There was huge following on the social media of the hashtag #metoo and several people in the film and fashion industry came up with stories or experiences that involved sexual harassment. The hashtag was tweeted more than 200,000 times in a single day and on Facebook the tag was used more than 4.7 million times. In November 2017 that led to the #churchtoo hashtag that highlighted the harassment and assault in churches. And many women associated with churches came forward to amend the dealings of the harassment cases in churches

This resulted in changes being made in many organizations that include the amendments in harassment policies and also the wage gap between the two genders. The movement also led to the identification of the black sheep in many arenas including academics, financial industry and politics as well and led to the presentation of the bill in the us congress that emphasized on the flaws of the system dealing with sexual harassment complaints and required that it would take 180 days for a complaint to be filed which took months earlier. Several other domains like medicine, music industry, sports, military and even pornography and astronomy.

The movement has led to increased concern of the general public about sex education and now children are being taught more about consent and the right to say no and to report any undesired behavior. It calls out for the accountability of the perpetrators and safe work environment for all.

This movement for me is important as it has been researched time and again that the cases of sexual harassment and assault go unreported most of the time. In America, 25–85% of women say that they face harassment at some point or other. There is severe underreporting in schools as eighty percent of them won’t never report any case of assault. In japan, merely 4% of the rape cases are reported and the accountability of the accused is even rarer. There have been claims that women are now using the metoo movement to defame others or for their personal gains, but it should be noted here false accusations only account for 2-10% of the total reports. The media plays a part in harassment cases. A research revealed that media portrays a person participating in the movement in two ways: either as a victim or an over exaggerator. This plays a vital part as the perceptions of the masses about anything are greatly influenced by media. Also the definition of sexual harassment varies, for some it is as defined by the law, while others have a broader perception. Research needs to be done in this regard for getting qualitative results.

Another study of the 15 articles published in the New York Times revealed that 33.3% showed that harassment is a problem of the entertainment industry, 20% supported that this movement is global, 13.3% discussed the incidents in academics and another 13.3% discussed the mitigation strategies being adopted to avoid harassment. The remaining were focusing on the prevalence of assault in politics, restaurant and advertising industries. The study also showed that the New York Times cited cases coming from the privileged backgrounds and none of the articles discussed the cases face by the poor. This hints that the powerless and poor victims may not be given attention or even discouraged to report or disclose their secrets of assault.

Another study looks for the implications of law in the and sees if the movement influences the way courts pass judgments in harassment cases and whether the movement has an impact on the sexual harassment laws. The results showed that the movement has great potential in changing the ways in which sexual assault is seen in societies by reforming ways of sex education and raising knowledge of the damages of sexual assault. The movement can also lead to changes in the system and ways in which the society strives to serve justice to the victims.

Another study showed that after the me too movement the MTV surveyed 1800 young individuals of age group 18-25 and came up with the results that 40% of the male respondents admitted that they have changed substantially the way they behave in romantic relationships and 25% of the female respondents said that mens’ behaviors have changed after the movement, however more research is needed to see the real changes in behaviors and perceptions. Also the media and advertising should stop the objectification of women. Companies are using technology for the safety of the women like safety buttons or alarms on the phones to seek help if any assault happens to them.

A report published in WMC Reports said that the frequency of articles related to sexual assault in the New York Times have increased by 30% as of August 2018 as compared to May 2017. And articles covering the #Metoo movement make up for 52% of them.

As for me, the movement is of great significance as we as human race and a society need to modify things that are of importance namely perceptions of honor, masculinity, power, sex, consent and empowerment. For decades women, and even men and children have been subject to abuse, rape and mental and emotional torture and are forced to live their whole lives keeping the trauma with them. This movement has enabled people to come forward to raise their voices and report the perpetrators and seek justice. Now people are more aware and concerned about the sex education and are empowering sexual assault victims and motivating them to move on in life with dignity and respect.

There are parts of the world like India and Pakistan and other developing countries where there is a palpable disparity between the standard of lives of men and women and the societies have always been judgmental towards women. The victim is blamed for provoking the perpetrator by the way they dress or talk. But this is rapidly changing thanks to the movement. Now every woman, man or child can raise his/ her voice against the injustice done to him/ her through this movement. Social media has enabled people to speak up for themselves and seek justice. As we saw in the Zainab rape case, where a little girl named Zainab was raped and then murdered but the rapist couldn’t get away with this due the pressure from public on the law enforcement institutions via Facebook and other social media platforms. He was dealt with according to the law in a short span of time.

Many actors in the Bollywood have also come forward against the sexual harassment and bullying by senior actors and/or directors in the industry. The issues and incidents with casting couches have been highlighted.

People from almost all walks of life an every part of the world now have the liberty to live their marital or romantic lives according to their will and consent and constraints like lack of power and finances are no longer a hindrance. It is shamefully amazing that women being the opposite gender of same species have suffered and endured so much for centuries. But finally they have a voice of their own and are empowered enough to speak up.

Families have a great role in curbing the problem of sexual harassment as they are responsible for how their children behave and have the responsibility to teach their sons and daughters about manners and etiquettes. The “boys will be boys” narrative and perceptions about masculinity need to be reshaped. Schools also play a big role in shaping the personalities of the students. Companies should also care about the equality among the employees of both the genders. All sets of the society, in fact, need to play their part to make this world a better place to live in for whole of the human race.

The movement has already had an impact on the ideologies of people but still there is a long way to go to attain equality. Many governments especially the developed world are working on the improvement of quality of life and the wellbeing of the masses. We as people should do in our capacity, at local, community, state and country level to make this country a safer place to be in. We as a nation should strive to lead the world in this regard and set example for others to follow.

Works Cited

(PDF) # Metoo Movement: An Awareness Campaign. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323816747_metoo_movement_An_awareness_campaign. Accessed 14 Mar. 2019.

Evans, Alyssa. #MeToo: A Study on Sexual Assault as Reported in the New York Times. Vol. 8, 2018, p. 8.

Media and #MeToo: How a Movement Affected Press Coverage of Sexual Assault - Women’s Media Center. http://www.womensmediacenter.com/reports/media-and-metoo-how-a-movement-affected-press-coverage-of-sexual-assault. Accessed 14 Mar. 2019.

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Bohman, Clara Knäpper. RESEARCH PAPER #Metoo and the Media Framing of Sexual Harassment A Frame Analysis of the #Metoo Movement and Perception of Sexual Harassment within Austrian Media. www.academia.edu, http://www.academia.edu/35673081/RESEARCH_PAPER_Metoo_and_the_Media_Framing_of_Sexual_Harassment_A_frame_analysis_of_the_Metoo_movement_and_perception_of_sexual_harassment_within_Austrian_media. Accessed 14 Mar. 2019.

Argumentative Research Essay

Name

Professor name

Subject

Date

Argumentative essay

Introduction of the problem

Electric vehicles provide an efficient alternative to the conventional vehicles in the auto industry. The use of electric vehicles increased in the world due to the efficiency and technological advancements. The technology offered in hybrid cars is capable of replacing the conventional gas vehicles. Diverse sets of electric vehicles are available in America that offers a range of benefits to the consumers. The significant advantage associated with the Electric Vehicles (EV’s) is reduced costs and carbon emission. Hajderi and Paco (2017) define EV as, “engine that works with conventional or alternative fuels and an electric motor that uses energy stored in a battery. Extra power provided by the electric motor creates the possibility of a smaller engine, resulting in better economy of fuel without sacrificing performance” (Hajderi & Paco, 2017). They improve fuel efficiency and performance of the vehicle. Regarding usability, the electric vehicle is a better choice compared to the conventional vehicles that consume massive fuels. As the society will be unable to fulfill their energy requirements due to oil depletion. Forecasts state that the sales and use of EVs will increase after 2020 due to the cheaper batteries and more extended range. Environment sustainability has become one of the prominent issues of the twenty-first century due to rising temperate and generation of greenhouse gases to threatening level. Gas vehicles contribute to the generation of carbon dioxide that leads to global warming. To address this issue it is important to switch to modern vehicles that will increase world’s capacity of controlling global warming CITATION Fan17 \l 1033 (Liao, Molin and Wee). Significant researches are done to examine the relationship of gas emission and global warming. As electric vehicles are eco-friendly and they allow drivers to save money, they can replace the convectional gas vehicles.

Reason and evidence

Datum# 1

Fuel saving remains the visible advantage of the electric vehicles as it consumes only 38% fuel in the city and 20% in the highway when compared to the fuel consumption of the conventional vehicle CITATION Fan17 \l 1033 (Liao, Molin and Wee). The in-built design of the engine makes electric vehicles cars more fuel efficient resulting in high utility. The electric vehicle is a better choice compared to the conventional vehicle regarding performance and efficiency. Fuel efficiency makes electric vehicle more reliable and suitable for the vehicle industry as it eliminates the issues of energy waste or consumption of fossil fuels (Weiss, Zerfas and Helmers). Due to efficiency the sales of EV’s have increased massively. The sales of hybrid vehicles increased massively in the United States in the last few years. The sales of electric vehicles reflected an increase of 37% in 2016. Total cars sold in the year were 159,139. The popular models of hybrid cars sold in America include Telsa Model S, Telsa Model X, Nissan Leaf, Ford Fusion and Chevrolet Volt. California sets the target of selling 1.5 million hybrid cars by the year 2025 CITATION Dav102 \l 1033 (Buckeridge, Glazier and Harvey). The sales reflected the growth of 32% in 2016, depicting the increase in market share compared to the previous years. The global sales describe the increase of 42% with the selling of 777,497 vehicles CITATION Fan17 \l 1033 (Liao, Molin and Wee).

Datum# 2

Consumption of less fuel makes hybrid cars more efficient as they eliminate environmental pollution. The perceived benefits depend on the technical and ecological aspects. Low consumption of fuels in electric cars means low generation of carbon emission. Facts reveals that 24 pounds of carbon dioxide are generated by the trucks and cars that are running on gas. Facts depicts that, “about five pounds comes from the extraction, production, and delivery of the fuel, while the great bulk of heat-trapping emissions more than 19 pounds per gallon comes right out of a car’s tailpipe” CITATION UCS14 \l 1033 (UCS). The statistics confirms that gas vehicles generate tons of carbon dioxide that has deteriorating impacts on thee environment.

Global warming also has deteriorating implications on the health of people because it leads to the development of many respiratory diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and Rhinosinusitis. Exposure to gas vehicles leads to the respiratory issues including asthma. Research findings states that “admission for some respiratory conditions, such as asthma, may be associated with suboptimal ambulatory care, which may in turn be associated with low SES and exposure to motor vehicles” CITATION Dav102 \l 1033 (Buckeridge, Glazier and Harvey). The findings suggests that people belonging to low socio-economic status are more likely to encounter motor vehicles that will in turn increase the risks of respirator disease.

Datum# 3

Electric vehicle provide the cost-effective solution that saves your money. Tax breaks also offer advantages to the purchasers of hybrid cars. The international policy of environment protection allows people to buy electric vehicle. Incentives for the buyers include savings, discounts and tax rebates. Lighter weight and the smaller gas engine provides a more efficient solution to the consumers CITATION Dav102 \l 1033 (Buckeridge, Glazier and Harvey). Improved equipment and reliability involved in hybrid cars makes it a better alternative to conventional vehicles. The costs faced by the driver of the electric vehicle is two times smaller compared to the conventional vehicle. The cost of fuel per mile is 0.05 to 0.07 dollars. While in case of the traditional vehicle the cost per mile is recorded as 0.10 to 0.15 dollars (Weiss, Zerfas and Helmers). Research studies have confirmed that electric vehicles are more effective in saving money. Statistics reveals that “the net energy savings for the electric vehicle will be $413 per year. Over the 10-year life of the vehicle, this will result in a cumulative savings of $4130 on energy costs” CITATION Ing16 \l 1033 (Malmgren). The data states that switching to electric vehicles allow people to save money.

III. Warrants

Warrant# 1

The data is supported by the claim that electric vehicles gives huge boost to energy efficiency. The essential function that provides leverage to the electric vehicle is the technology enhancement allowing it to store energy in battery compared to the conventional vehicle’s storage of fuel CITATION Fan17 \l 1033 (Liao, Molin and Wee). Combining efficient combustion engines with the batteries enhances the performance of these cars. Batteries also provide supplementary engine power that allows speed recovery. Regenerative braking is an additional feature that provides an edge to the electric vehicle technology compared to the conventional vehicles. Braking in stop-and-go traffic leads to enhance efficiency. Improved energy storage adds to more efficiency of electric vehicle in comparison to the conventional vehicles. Regenerative braking accelerates the performance leading to high-energy capacity and efficient release of energy. They rely on batteries that are made up of nickel-metal-hydride that is relatively heavy CITATION Dav102 \l 1033 (Buckeridge, Glazier and Harvey). Lithium batteries offer lighter batteries that are more efficient in energy saving. Due the technology used in the electric vehicles they can capable of using low fuels. The data supports the claim that electric vehicles can replace the gas vehicles because low fuel consumption with generation of maximum output leads to the advantage of the users.

Warrant# 2

The data supports the claim that electric vehicles are better than traditional gas vehicles because they helps in resolving the problem of global warming. The central advantage of the vehicle as the transformation from single source energy to multiple sources. Sophisticated mechanical and electrical systems offered by hybrid car provide environment friendly option to the consumers CITATION AKa17 \l 1033 (Karim and Shahid). Electric vehicle dispense effective solution to control pollution resulting from carbon emission. The comparison of engine performance and mileage coverage depicts that these cars can cover more distance with fewer fuel consumption. People of society are more likely to adopt them due to their proactive role in the society. It allows society to cut fossil fuels consumption, the source of carbon and nitrogen emission. Fossil fuels have constantly deteriorated the environment through the release of toxic gases thus contributing to global warming CITATION CRe07 \l 1033 (Reynolds and Kandlikar). Electric vehicles rely on batteries that mean fuel conservation and reduced carbon emission. It is a practical way out for attaining environmental sustainability.

Warrant# 3

Backing

Backing for warrant# 1

When it comes to consumer products, the most important thing that appeal customers is the level of efficiency offered by the product. This supports the warrant because modern consumer is concerned to buy car that offer high efficiency. The plug in hybrids offers a new technology that is more likely to convince people to purchase electric cars. Efficiency is also linked to the performance of the electric vehicles. Because EVs perform better than the conventional gas vehicles, customers choose to buy electric cars. Consumers are also expecting improvements in technology with time and they get annoyed with the old vehicles CITATION Jea07 \l 1033 (Chanaron and Teske). Old technology become obsolete and customers are aiming at findings something that better fit their modern expectations. Electric vehicles that will convince consumers to buy it offer new features. EVs don’t require refueling that allow drivers to save time and again depicts high efficiency and improved performance.

Backing for warrant# 2

One of the biggest concerns of current consumer is about environment protection. Due to climate change many awareness campaigns are launched and initiatives are taken to explain the deteriorating impacts of the gas and oil consumption. Almost everyone is aware about the association of carbon emission with greenhouse gases generation and global warming. Electric vehicle manufacturers like Tesla are also using aggressive marketing by focusing on environmental concerns CITATION Fan17 \l 1033 (Liao, Molin and Wee). These ads have also convinced a larger population that the need for taking action is urgent. They have built adequate knowledge about environmental degradation and the role of fossil fuels in the generation of toxic gases. These factors play significant role in persuading the buyers to switch to the modern electric vehicles. Realism also states that climate protection campaigns had made many people environmentally responsible. This reflects that they will act responsibly by purchasing car that will minimize the risks of carbon emission and global warming. People concerned about the future generations will also choose to buy electric vehicles for providing safe environment. Facts reveal that electric vehicles don’t emit pollutants directly that means reduced carbon emission. EV’s are also more acceptable because it convinces the users to focus on their health.

Backing for warrant# 3

The claims are valid because electric vehicles offer huge potential of saving money. The first thing that a person considers in making a purchase is the purchasing power. A customer is inclined to buy a car that is affordable and offer maximum utility. As EVs are cheaper than convectional gas cars, people can save cost. The prominent factors that allow individuals to save cost are the fact that these cars don’t require refueling. This means users will only have to purchase the car and not pay for the fuel depending on the miles covered CITATION Dav102 \l 1033 (Buckeridge, Glazier and Harvey). Compared to that gas cars demand more refilling depending on the distance covered. This means that people have to stop at gas stations for refills. Customers relying on gas cars have to pay more money compared to the electric car owners. Realism states that customers who are rational take a decision based on the cost-benefit analysis. As electric cars require only initial costs and not the fuel costs, that will lead to maximum utility. The best possibilities of saving money is by relying on the charging. The cost-saving aspect is visible because a person can drive 150 km without recharging CITATION AKa17 \l 1033 (Karim and Shahid). It is also stated that the maintenance cost of EV’s is also low compared to the gas vehicle. As electric vehicles offer huge potential of saving money customers will buy more electric vehicles in future.

Rebuttal

Counter-argument#1

No significant evidence is available that could prove that EV’s will control the issues of climate change because purchase of this modern technology has remained very low. There will be no significant market for electric vehicles because people are inclined to use gas vehicle. The counter-argument claims that investing in EV’s is not a rational decision because the demand remains significantly low. The argument claims that it is not possible to examine the practical role of EV’s in reduction of carbon emission because all evidence available is limited. People have not accepted electric vehicle as a better replacement from gas cars, which makes it difficult to understand how it will practically contribute to environment sustainability. This also makes EV a less preferable choice because of the old consumption patterns.

Rebuttal to counter-argument #1

Counter-argument can be refuted on the basis of the fact that EV’s don’t use fuels. Because these modern cars are relying on batteries this means the consumption of fuels or gas is zero, which is identified as a significant contributor of global warming. Cars running without gas or fuel will be eliminating no carbon that means they will be eco-friendly and help in attaining the goal of protecting climate CITATION Fan17 \l 1033 (Liao, Molin and Wee).

The counter-argument can also be rejected on the claims that the demand for EV’s increased in the regions that have launched them in the markets. Efficiency is one of the prominent reason for the people to switch to electric cars because they perform better than the gas cars. The evaluation of markets for hybrid car depicts its growth in the US vehicle industry CITATION Dav102 \l 1033 (Buckeridge, Glazier and Harvey). The states of America that allow hybrid vehicle registration including Florida, California, Texas and New York. The market share of hybrid cars is prominent in the developed countries. The share of the hybrid cars shrinks in the developing countries. The market shares of hybrid cars will improve in the developed countries like the US in the next few years CITATION AKa17 \l 1033 (Karim and Shahid). Rising fuel prices in the vehicle industry depict the possibilities of increased hybrid cars demand in future. Growing environmental concerns due to global warming and carbon emission make HEV more feasible for the industry.

Counter-argument# 2

Electric vehicles costs more due to the maintenance and technical faults. The counter-argument claims that EV’s exhibit high probability of technical faults that means customers will face high costs of maintenance. These vehicles will not allow users to save money but will in fact increase cost burden CITATION Ing16 \l 1033 (Malmgren). Compared to the EV’s gas vehicles don’t posits the challenges of technical faults so customers will save more money. Electric vehicles are more vulnerable to technical faults that will discourage people from buying them. The technical defects of Tesla electric cars was due to the inefficiency of the technical team. There were many technical errors that confirm that companies are still struggling to bring a fully developed vehicle to the market. There are also possibilities of more accidents due to the sudden technical failure. Therefore, gas vehicles are more beneficial compared to the electrical vehicles.

Rebuttal to counter-argument # 2

Counter-argument can be refuted on the facts that with the enhancement of technology and launch of fully developed models there challenges of technical failures will be resolved. The companies have taken the responsibility of performing tests before releasing these vehicles. Such tests will highlight technical faults and will allow technicians to resolve the problems. This will lead to the creation of bets vehicles that are free from technical faults CITATION Ing16 \l 1033 (Malmgren). The claims that EV’s require more maintenance is wrong because facts have revealed that the structure is highly efficient that will demand minimum maintenance. The counter-argument can also bee rejected by using the case of Tesla when the company had accepted the responsibility of technical failure and called back the defeated cars. This reflects that companies are more determined to take actions for resolving technical faults and present a fully tested model because technical defects will ruin their reputation CITATION Dav102 \l 1033 (Buckeridge, Glazier and Harvey). The maintenance cost of these vehicles is also low. Behavioral economics explains the main incentive during purchase decision remains the price of purchase. The consumer theory of preferences states that the consumers choose from an available set of alternatives. Consumer preference theory suggests that the comparison of the cost associated with electric vehicles will increase the chances of consumers purchase. Reduces fuel consumption and saving due to low energy consumption acts as a primary incentive. electric vehicle offer reduced operating cost due to one-time battery purchase thus allowing consumers to save money. Increased costs have a negative impact on consumer decision-making CITATION Jea07 \l 1033 (Chanaron and Teske). Battery range also has a positive influence on the purchase decisions of individuals in the vehicle industry. The driving range is high in case of hybrid technology compared to the conventional cars that influence the consumer preferences.

Conclusion

The analysis of the facts and evidence depicts that electric vehicles are more practical for replacing the conventional gas vehicles. The man argument defends the uses of EV’s on the basis of cost effectiveness and environment sustainability. Electric vehicles are capable of replacing the conventional vehicles due to the range of benefits that it offers. Replacing traditional vehicles with the hybrid cars as it helps in reducing fuel consumption thus eliminating the problem of oil depletion. The modern combustion technology for the engine offered by electric vehicle relies on high precision gasoline injection resulting in reduced fuel consumption. The vehicle industry of United States reveals that the consumption of oil is significantly elevated in the transportation department. The total consumption of oil in the transport department is 70%. Increased reliance on the country on fossil fuels depicts the need for curtailing oil consumption. The electric vehicle provides an advantage to the industry as it reduces the consumption of oils. It is also efficient in attaining economic development. Reduced energy spending and decline in oil imports creates economic opportunities for the country. The counter-argument makes weak claims that are not supported by evidence. Hence, it is possible to refute counter-argument.

Work Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Buckeridge, David L, et al. "Effect of motor vehicle emissions on respiratory health in an urban area. ." Environ Health Perspect. 110.3 (2010): 293–300.

Chanaron, Jean-Jacques and Julius Teske. "Hybrid vehicles: a temporary step." International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management 7.4 (2007).

HAJDERI, ASLLAN and STAVRI PACO. "HYBRID VEHICLES AND THEIR IMPACT ON POLLUTION REDUCTION IN URBAN AREAS." Interdisplinary Journal of Research and Development 4 (2017).

Karim, A. and Z. Shahid. "Performance and Cost Analysis of Conventional Petrol Car Converted Into Solar-Electric Hybrid Car." J. Energy Resour. Technol 140.3 (2017).

Liao, Fanchao, Eric Molin and Bert van Wee. "Consumer preferences for electric vehicles: a literature review ." Journal Transport Reviews 37.3 (2017).

Malmgren, Ingrid. "Quantifying the Societal Benefits of Electric Vehicles ." World Electric Vehicle Journal 8 (2016).

Reynolds, C and M Kandlikar. "How hybrid-electric vehicles are different from conventional vehicles: the effect of weight and power on fuel consumption." Environmental Research Letters 2.1 (2007).

UCS. Car Emissions and Global Warming. 2014. 06 11 2019 <https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/car-emissions-global-warming>.

Article Critique

International Marketing Strategy in Emerging-Market Exporting Firms.

Authors: Samiee, SaeedChirapanda, Suthawan

(Review)

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Introduction

Emerging market firms rely mainly on themes of export as their central international marketing strategy rising from their developing market status to a developed one. The efficacy and success of certain markets are directly proportional to the levels of understanding of international marketing strategy, the limit to resources and a clear understanding of related information involved for a suitable international market strategy. The authors of the paper undertake the international market strategy for exporters in Thailand and the influence of their strategy on the market. The authors reflect upon the difference in environment andmarket processes that condition the Thai exporters. They further comprehend how the adoption of local marketing strategies by the Thai exporters into their international marketing strategy plan has made them successfully launch in local markets abroad. Exporting firms from emerging markets that match the marketing strategy abroad hence provide a suggestive successful ratio with superior performance with a three-dimensional structure of sales, finances and consumer outcome. The co-alignment between the international market strategy and environment bring positive results for the economy. The findings provide a shred of extensive empirical evidence that Thai exporters concurrently emerged successful by acknowledging gaps between their marketing strategy and the local markets abroad.

Discussion

I think although adapting to the environments may be one of the successful features of the emerging firm'sinternational market strategy, however, sometimes the host countries markets/governments hinder the smooth process of incorporating local market process into a firms marketing strategy. Exporting firms from emerging markets usually belong to small income markets; therefore, they cannot always cater to the needs of a targeted market just by adapting to their local environments CITATION Hos00 \l 1033 (Hoskisson, 2000). This might become a point of contention between the exporting firms and receiving markets CITATION Wal06 \l 1033 (Street, 2006). Moreover, policies by home governments to access foreign markets regarding resources, training, and information encourage prosperous economic activity. The degree of regulation and implementation of organizational culture can be vividly hindered by exporting firms and the intermediaries involved hence making it difficult to manage for them. In a broader perspective, the international marketing strategy shall be neutral of political and socio-economic themes.Some of these issues, hint at how emerging markets undertake international marketing strategy. It may be very different from what is perceived and known about developed markets, to gain a better understanding of market strategies through export, we should also comprehend how to deal with pre-existing issues in a potential market such like monopolies, consumers response to the commodity and resources involved.Despite the author's high focus on the local environment of the market, there are still other external factors which affect local markets have not been explored or yet identified as to what makes an international market strategy successful. Moreover managerial, political, economic and consumer factors also limit an international marketing strategy’s adaption in specific settings. However, it concludes that though it is possible but rapid transitions are difficult to keep up with especially by the emerging firms.

Conclusion

Marketing strategies are perpetually coaligned with market orientation due to the presence of marketing assets in the market orientation. The market orientation is inclusive of consumers, product design, consumer demands, sales value and strategic marketing along with the competitive advantage. Market orientation defines the ideals of marketing design and execution for an effective marketing strategy. The local market orientations aids in developing a constructive and successful international market strategy. The strategic interface of the firm upholds the market orientation and the required resources to be involved in achieving fruitful gains against to achieve competitive advantage. Market orientation helps to attune the market strategy with the environment of the market.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Hoskisson, R. L. (2000). Strategy in emerging economies. Academy of Management Journal, 43(3), 249-267.

Street, W. (2006). IPO outlook. The Wall Street Journal, C26.

Assault, Battery, And Crimes Against Persons

Assault, Battery, and Crimes against Persons

James Grey

Assault, Battery, and Crimes against Persons

This assignment explores three different scenarios which involve laws related to assault, battery and self-defense.

Scenario 01

Question 01

According to the federal criminal system, an assault with a deadly weapon is when one attempts to hit a person or perform an act that causes the victim to rationally expect imminent harm. In some states, assault does not need to involve physical contact and the felon can still be convicted for it. While the aggravated battery is defined according to the law as an act of Battery with a deadly weapon. It entails the use of a deadly weapon by the offender in the commission of the crime ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"iwADg0jl","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Currul\\uc0\\u8208{}Dykeman, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Currul‐Dykeman, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":569,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YgsdZK9k/items/8H3HZJX2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YgsdZK9k/items/8H3HZJX2"],"itemData":{"id":569,"type":"chapter","abstract":"It is generally understood that an assault is a lesser included offense of a battery. This means in almost every case, an assault is included in a battery. During the time period when a victim is aware that a battery is about to come upon her (and up and until the contact is made) an assault has taken place. Once the touching occurs it results in a battery. That is why many jurisdictions have codified this behavior as one crime, “Assault and Battery.”","container-title":"The Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice","ISBN":"978-1-118-51738-3","language":"en","note":"DOI: 10.1002/9781118517383.wbeccj545","page":"1-3","publisher":"American Cancer Society","source":"Wiley Online Library","title":"Assault and Battery","URL":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118517383.wbeccj545","author":[{"family":"Currul‐Dykeman","given":"Kathleen"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,11]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Currul‐Dykeman, 2014).

         The similarity between assault with a deadly weapon and aggravated battery is that both the crimes require the use of a deadly weapon when the crime is being committed. A deadly weapon is an object which is likely to cause death or severe bodily harm. The common examples of deadly weapons include a gun and a large knife. It is due to the reason that they are intrinsically dangerous and are intended to cause injury.

The example of assault with a deadly weapon is intentionally pointing a gun at a person as a threat. Examples of aggravated battery are hitting someone with a weapon or hazardous object, shooting someone with a gun, battery which causes impermanent or permanent disfigurement, or any other severe injury, and also battery against anyone belonging to a legally protected class which includes police officers, social services workers, healthcare providers, disabled or an elderly person.

Question 02

According to the situation, the act of pointing the knife at (A) is considered an assault with a deadly weapon. As the deadly weapon which is a knife, in this case, can cause serious harm to (A). Even though, it has not inflicted harm yet but according to law, the attacker will be tried for assault with a deadly weapon. Assault is considered in most states as the intent to harm, even without physical contact with the victim.

Next, the man strikes (A) and rips the handle of the purse. At this moment, the act of assault is converted to the conduct of battery. As major injury was inflicted on (A) when the attacker stroke. It is a petty offense, but the attacker will be tried for it. The man will be charged for the aggravated battery as he hit (A) with the knife which is categorized as a deadly weapon.

Question 03

               In this scenario, the attacker hit the victim (A) with a knife which is considered as a deadly weapon. At first, he threatened (A) while pointing the knife at her and later hit the victim. This is the reason the conduct of the attacker is considered as aggravated battery. The use of weapons intensifies the situation as it has the potential to inflict a serious injury on the victim ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"RFXhAUoP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Scheb & II, 2008)","plainCitation":"(Scheb & II, 2008)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":577,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YgsdZK9k/items/VF5BN2GA"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YgsdZK9k/items/VF5BN2GA"],"itemData":{"id":577,"type":"book","abstract":"Current, engaging, and succinct, CRIMINAL LAW, Fifth Edition, describes both the reasoning behind criminal law and the practical applications of that law. It couples a traditional presentation of case law with cutting-edge coverage of recent trends in law. Drawing from the combined legal and practical experience of the authors--a judge and a law professor--the text gives you firsthand insights into the American legal system, and its simple, nonlegal language makes it easier to read than other law books. Featuring relevant cases-in-point throughout the text, the authors encourage you not only to learn but also to really think about and understand the law. A new student website also offers samples of case briefings, which provide excellent examples to model your own briefings after. CRIMINAL LAW, Fifth Edition, also utilizes extensive case material, covers the historical background of criminal law, and includes the latest Supreme Court decisions. This is one of two updated splits of the combined CRIMINAL LAW AND PROCEDURE, Sixth Edition (c. 2008), by the same authors.Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the ebook version.","ISBN":"978-0-495-50480-1","language":"en","note":"Google-Books-ID: nWfswSfyU9kC","number-of-pages":"481","publisher":"Cengage Learning","source":"Google Books","title":"Criminal Law","author":[{"family":"Scheb","given":"John"},{"family":"II","given":"John Scheb"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008",3,20]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Scheb & II, 2008). As in this case, the key factor is the use of a weapon which makes the initial assault and the battery as assault with a deadly weapon and aggravated battery respectively.

               So, the fact pattern that would change the scenario from assault with a deadly weapon and aggravated battery to simple assault or battery, is the absence of deadly weapon. This means that if the attacker omits the use of a weapon while he demands the purse and as he hits, the charges will drop from aggravated battery and assault with a deadly weapon to simple assault and simple battery.

               For the prosecution of an aggravated battery charge, a jury looks for the factors which would raise a battery charge to an aggravated battery charge. In most of the states, a firearm and a knife are considered a deadly weapon. If the deadly object used is other than these two, it is the responsibility of the prosecution to prove that the alleged object could potentially inflict serious harm or result in the death of the victim. 

Scenario 02

Question 01

According to federal and state laws, the act of kidnapping is defined as taking someone against their will, from one place to another. Illegal imprisonment of a person in a closed and controlled space is also considered as kidnapping. The purpose of illegal confinement is usually for purposes including torture for certain demands or facilitation of another criminal activity. In cases, where the parent takes their child, without legal custody rights, the parents can be charged for kidnapping the child. Conventionally, detention and movement of a person are considered to be a serious injury for the victim, and for this rationale kidnapping and similar felonies are categorized as serious crimes ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zfvvMZqS","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}A Rationale of the Law of Kidnapping,\\uc0\\u8221{} 1953)","plainCitation":"(“A Rationale of the Law of Kidnapping,” 1953)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":579,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YgsdZK9k/items/STZWEEE5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YgsdZK9k/items/STZWEEE5"],"itemData":{"id":579,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Columbia Law Review","DOI":"10.2307/1119084","ISSN":"00101958","issue":"4","journalAbbreviation":"Columbia Law Review","page":"540","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","title":"A Rationale of the Law of Kidnapping","volume":"53","issued":{"date-parts":[["1953",4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“A Rationale of the Law of Kidnapping,” 1953). Thus, kidnapping is a serious offense and mostly prosecuted in state courts. If the case crosses the state limits, the federal authorities can get involved and take control of the case.

After the world-renown kidnap and murder of Charles Lindbergh's infant son, a federal kidnapping statute which is now known as the Federal Kidnapping Act 18 U.S.C. § 1201(a)(1) was approved by U.S. Congress and later in 1932, it became a law. It allows the federal authorities to get involved and hunt down the kidnappers once the state lines are crossed. According to the Federal criminal code (18 U.S.C. Section 1201), kidnapping is a serious criminal offense, and the offender can be sentenced for 20 or even more years, according to the past charges on criminal and current circumstances.

           In the changed scenario, the attacker forces the victim to the car while pointing a knife at her. According to this change, the offender will be charged for kidnapping as he takes the victim against her will and forces her to stay in the car even after the police demands her to step out. Hence, this fulfills the criterion of kidnapping.

Question 02

The act of kidnapping includes taking one person against their will from one place to another or confining them to a closed space. On the other hand, the taking hostage denotes someone who is detained by a captor as insurance against any harm from the law enforcement. Generally, the hostages are apprehended for forcing a government entity or community to fulfill conditions given by the captor. The conditions can include the safe exit of the captor, release of prisoners, ransom, etc.

           Despite that kidnapping and taking hostage are two different offenses based on their purposes, but both these crimes are equally offensive and critical. Both the crimes involve a person’s life at stake and thus none of these can be taken lightly or prioritized one over another.

Scenario 03

Answer 01

In the third scenario, the argument elevates to an extent that (A) pulls out a knife from her purse and swings it at the attacker. The attacker, in this case, did not threaten in any way as presumed from the scenario. So, the attacker requires to defend himself. The attacker has received a serious threat from (A), and it seems that if he does not defend himself, he may be seriously injured with the deadly weapon. However, before any tactic of self-defense, the attacker must try to resolve the issue, but if the situation persists the attacker is authorized to use force for his defense. If on further investigation, it turns out there was no good rationale for (A) to swing the knife at the attacker, she can try for the assault with a deadly weapon  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"s10OFhR5","properties":{"unsorted":true,"formattedCitation":"(Schachter, 1989)","plainCitation":"(Schachter, 1989)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":584,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YgsdZK9k/items/ILDTUENW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YgsdZK9k/items/ILDTUENW"],"itemData":{"id":584,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Self-defense on the international level is generally regarded, at least by international lawyers, as a legal right defined and legitimated by international law. Governments, by and large, appear to agree. When they have used force, they have nearly always claimed self-defense as their legal justification. Governments disputing that claim have usually asserted that the legal conditions of self-defense were not met in the particular case. However, despite the apparent agreement that self-defense is governed by law, the meaning and validity of that proposition remain open to question. There are some who challenge the basic idea that the security of a state—its self-preservation—can and should be subjected to international law. Others question whether under present conditions the ideal of a rule of law can be applied on the international level to national security decisions. My aim in this essay is to explore some aspects of the problem raised by these challenges to the applicability of international law to claims of self-defense. It is not my intention, I should add, to consider specific interpretations of self-defense.","container-title":"American Journal of International Law","DOI":"10.2307/2202738","ISSN":"0002-9300, 2161-7953","issue":"2","language":"en","page":"259-277","source":"Cambridge Core","title":"Self-Defense and the Rule of Law","volume":"83","author":[{"family":"Schachter","given":"Oscar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1989",4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Schachter, 1989).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY A Rationale of the Law of Kidnapping. (1953). Columbia Law Review, 53(4), 540. https://doi.org/10.2307/1119084

Currul‐Dykeman, K. (2014). Assault and Battery. In the Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice (pp. 1–3). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118517383.wbeccj545

Schachter, O. (1989). Self-Defense and the Rule of Law. American Journal of International Law, 83(2), 259–277. https://doi.org/10.2307/2202738

Scheb, J., & II, J. S. (2008). Criminal Law. Cengage Learning.

Assessing A Healthcare Program/Policy Evaluation

Assessing a Healthcare Program/Policy Evaluation

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Assessing a Healthcare Program/Policy Evaluation

Patient Self-Management Support Programs: An Evaluation

Description

Managing a chronic illness or a disease is a distressing and lengthy procedure. The patients have been documented to care for themselves which often resulted in poor outcomes regarding their already debilitating health. Patient Self-Management Support Programs were created to provide education to the patients by enhancing their ability and skills to manage their affliction (Ganguli, Clewell & Shillington, 2016). Additionally, regular assessment of patients' progress is also documented. These programs aim to bring down the healthcare provision cost and improve healthcare indicators for chronically afflicted patients (Narva, Norton & Boulware, 2016).

How was the success of the program or policy measured?

The measures upon which the success or failure of these programs depends must be in line with the goals of these programs. These multiple measures were consolidated in a single portfolio. This portfolio kept track of all the objectives and goals attained so far in line with the recommendations of the self-management support programs. It also documented if patients got better at managing themselves in the fight against the disease and any change came in their behavior that enabled them to live a prosperous life.

How many people were reached by the program or policy selected? How much of an impact was realized with the program or policy selected?

The annual healthcare budget earmarked for chronic illnesses has been swelling for years. Against this background, patient self-support management programs were formulated. The aim of these programs was to target maximum patients. The extent of the impact of the realization of the goals and objectives of the self-support management programs could be understood by the fact that these programs could help to save $3.9 billion on a national level annually.

What data was used to conduct the program or policy evaluation?

Primarily, the data of the huge costs that are incurred by the chronically ill patients were collected. The data suggested that chronically ill patients are sustaining huge costs in managing their diseases. Additionally, the progress reports were studied and concluded that patients are performing poorly when they tried to manage themselves.

What specific information on unintended consequences were identified?

When a policy or a program is intended to target such a large population, it is imperative to assess any unintended consequences that may arise as a result. While creating self-support management programs, policymakers assessed that healthcare provision could be further fragmented should healthcare providers change health plans.

What stakeholders were identified in the evaluation of the program or policy? Who would benefit the most from the results and reporting of the program or policy evaluation? Be specific and provide examples.

Every program in order to be successful must take onboard key stakeholders. The key stakeholders identified while creating the self-support management programs were patients, their families, healthcare professionals such as doctors, nurses and other staff members. Stakeholder patients will be largely affected by the program. For instance, the chronically ill patients that have been poorly performing while managing themselves would be the biggest beneficiaries of the program. That is because they would be educated enough under this program to effectively look after themselves bringing down healthcare costs significantly.

Did the program or policy meet the original intent and objectives? Why or why not?

The extensive evidence to evaluate is lacking significant backing to suggest that the self-support programs attained their intended targets. That is because these programs lack structure so far and there exists uncertainty about whether these programs would be useful or not.

Would you recommend implementing this program or policy in your place of work? Why or why not?

Definitely, I would recommend this policy and programs to be widely implemented at my place of work. The reason for this is because chronically ill patients perform so poorly when caring for themselves. They have been seen to struggle to cope with the implications related to the affliction. The implementation of this policy would provide the necessary education and give them the skills to manage the disease themselves.

Identify at least two ways that you, as a nurse advocate, could become involved in evaluating a program or policy after one year of implementation.

The role that a nurse advocate plays in bringing significant change after the implementation of the policy is undeniable (Kent et.al, 2016). As a nurse advocate, I would furnish relevant data of the patients to concerned bodies and departments to analyze and bring with more effective policies and strategies. Additionally, I would hold a conversation with patients to raise awareness regarding the benefits of such programs (Choi, 2015).

General Notes/Comments

Conduct more research that would serve as a launchpad to come up with more unique and cost-effective self-support management strategies.

References

Choi, P. P. (2015). Patient advocacy: the role of the nurse. Nursing Standard (2014+), 29(41), 52.

Ganguli, A., Clewell, J., & Shillington, A. C. (2016). The impact of patient support programs on adherence, clinical, humanistic, and economic patient outcomes: a targeted systematic review. Patient preference and adherence, 10, 711.

Kent, E. E., Rowland, J. H., Northouse, L., Litzelman, K., Chou, W. Y. S., Shelburne, N., ... & Huss, K. (2016). Caring for caregivers and patients: research and clinical priorities for informal cancer caregiving. Cancer, 122(13), 1987-1995.

Narva, A. S., Norton, J. M., & Boulware, L. E. (2016). Educating patients about CKD: the path to self-management and patient-centered care. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 11(4), 694-703.

Assessment Task 1: Individual Case Study Analysis

To: ABC

From: Name of the Student

Date: XX/XX/XX

Subject: Lack of Diversity at the Workplace

One of the major issues that is being faced by the organizations these days is that how they are going to be making sure that they bring enough diversity on board. Especially when it comes to the gender ratio, the organizations these days are expected to make sure that they take steps in this regard. Despite this fact, there are many organizations that has not done enough when it comes to making sure that they deal with the issue of the diversity in an appropriate manner and the strides are needed to be made in this regard. The other aspect in terms of the way diversity is needed to be taken care off is that how serious are the organizations when they are expected to be dealing with the issues of diversity. Both the selected articles provide plenty of insight about how important it is for the managers to make sure that they take care of the diversity but also some of the issues that are faced by the organizations when they are trying to make their workplace more diversified. There is lot of resistance that is faced by the businesses when it comes to the way diversity program are needed to be managed. The problem is that despite all the goodwill that is created when it comes to the way diversity is needed to be dealt with, the major problem that the organizational stakeholder’s are needed to be taking care off is that there is always going to be resistance if there is an effort to make sure that the much more diversified workplace is needed to be created. The other problem is the underlying approach that is being used by the organizations when they are trying to be more diverse. What it means is that despite the lip service that is being made in this regard, the fact remains that there is a need to make sure that the much more effort is needed to be put in as far as the way diversity is needed to be managed at the level of the organization. As the organizations are not sincere most of the times, they are unable to implement the diversity programs in an effective manner to get things done at the broader level to say the least. Then there is major issue of how consistency is missing from the range of initiatives that are needed to be taken by the organizations as far as the way they are supposed to be taking care of the diversity. What it means that despite all the lip service that one gets to see with regards to the gender diversity and removal of the pay gap, the perception is that him the long run, there is lot of effort and the intention of the part of the organization is to make sure that they make the most benefit out of the diversity programs instead of doing something meaningful out of it. The other thing that disrupts the original intent of the program is that how the whole program is disrupted is due to the fact is that the leadership at the level of the organization is not really committed to the way this whole issue is needed to be addressed at the first place and how the broader issues are needed to be brought in to make sure that the issue is being resolved in an appropriate manner to say the least. So much greater effort is needed to be put in this regard.

These are some of the issues that are faced by women, but the situation is much more difficult when it comes to some of the other alternative communities. What happens is that they have to face much more difficulties as far as the way broader social challenges are needed to be adopted to. The challenge that they face is that most of the times, the funding outlet that they need to be working upon as well as some other particulars are not provided to them. As the required level of support is not being provided to them, they have a hard time gaining support and gaining acceptance at the broader level. The realization is needed to be made by the organizational stakeholders that the leaders and the people who are advocating for the cause of the alternative communities deserve to be provided support with. One of the ways through which their level of support can be increased is that they should be provided funding in a much more apt manner. Not only that, effort is needed to be made to make sure that the all the promised financial support hat is up in the charter of the organizations and educations support. By allowing the participation in a much more natural manner and making sure that these communities is one of the key things that is needed to be done. The diversity is an important aspect in the organizations these days. One of the most common conundrums that organizations face is why their diversity and inclusion (D&I) programs are ineffective. D&I is an oft-used buzzword that companies are now starting to invest a lot of time and resources into, but many companies struggle with creating training programs and implementing systems that produce real changes. Despite the popularity of D&I, organizations grapple with how to overcome “diversity fatigue,” a term coined to mean diversity efforts that are lip-service and simply for face value.

References

Benson, J., Yuasa, M. and Debroux, P., 2017. The prospect for gender diversity in Japanese employment. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(5), pp.890-907.

Blau, F.D. and Kahn, L.M., 2017. The gender pay gap: Have women gone as far as they can?. Academy of Management Perspectives, 21(1), pp.7-23.

Blau, F.D., Brinton, M.C. and Grusky, D.B. eds., 2016. The declining significance of gender?. Russell Sage Foundation.

Dobbin, F. and Jung, J., 2018. Corporate board gender diversity and stock performance: The competence gap or institutional investor bias. NCL Rev., 89, p.809.

Gregory‐Smith, I., Main, B.G. and O’Reilly III, C.A., 2014. Appointments, pay and performance in UK boardrooms by gender. The Economic Journal, 124(574), pp.F109-F128.

https://www.forbes.com/sites/janicegassam/2019/03/31/5-reasons-why-diversity-programs-fail/#4452e947637d

https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/4/2/student-criticizes-gsas-lack-of-diversity-funding/

Ledwith, S. and Colgan, F., 2018. 1 Tackling gender, diversity and trade union democracy. Gender, Diversity and Trade Unions—International Perspectives.

Leslie, L. M., Manchester, C. F., & Dahm, P. C. (2017). Why and when does the gender gap reverse? Diversity goals and the pay premium for high potential women. Academy of Management Journal, 60(2), 402-432.

Pinar, M., McCuddy, M.K., Birkan, I. and Kozak, M., 2018. Gender diversity in the hospitality industry: An empirical study in Turkey. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(1), pp.73-81.

Reskin, B.F. and Bielby, D.D., 2016. A sociological perspective on gender and career outcomes. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(1), pp.71-86.

Sallop, L.J. and Kirby, S.L., 2017. The Role of Gender and Work Experience on Career and Work Force Diversity Expectations. Journal of behavioral & applied management, 8(2).

Autism Spectrum Disorder And The Transition And Adult Years

Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Transition and Adult Years

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Transition and Adult Years

Introduction

Autism Spectrum disorder is the psychological disorder range of the neurodevelopmental type including Asperger syndrome and autism. In America, about one percent of total people are affected by the autism spectrum. In addition, men face ASD more than women. ASD affects communication and social skills, developmental course and behavioral characteristics. The causes of the disorder are uncertain, however, genetic conditions or family history is one of the main factors causing autism spectrum disorder. The main purpose of the research is to analyze the crucial information about the autism spectrum disorder and its transition in adulthood.

Pathophysiology of the disorder indicates that autism involves the uneven growth of the brain. It means some part of the brain get enlarged than the other parts due to which some areas hold various neurons while some areas get few neurons. Autism spectrum disorder also causes disabilities in the temporal lobe, frontal lobe, corpus callosum, limbic system, and mirror neuron system. Although the disorder can be identified as early as eighteen months to three years, however, its symptom expression varies at different stages of life. ASD impacts development and social skills but it does not mean that individuals with ASD do not have any skills. Reports indicate that many adolescents have extraordinary skills related to music and art without proper training and education. It indicates that ASD does not make an individual totally dependent on others. However, proper education and training are required for a positive transition during adulthood.

Discussion

Adulthood is the stage of life when numbers of changes occur which affect the physical, psychological, and emotional development of the individuals. Adulthood brings new opportunities and responsibilities for the individuals. For instance, an individual gets admission in the college for higher education or an individual starts his first job to become financially independent. However, transitions in adults suffering from autism spectrum disorder are different than the normal person. Autism spectrum disorder can be recognized at the age of two or three. Since childhood, individuals with ASD face difficulties in the daily task and adopting normal life. This is why their struggle get increased when they enter into adulthood. Various research on different domains including education, employment, housing, training, social support, and community involvement indicates that the people suffering from ASD show poor outcome during the transition to adulthood ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"OoN2iw6H","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Coming of Age: Autism and the Transition to Adulthood | Interactive Autism Network,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Coming of Age: Autism and the Transition to Adulthood | Interactive Autism Network,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":865,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/XVV32C5K"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/XVV32C5K"],"itemData":{"id":865,"type":"webpage","title":"Coming of Age: Autism and the Transition to Adulthood | Interactive Autism Network","URL":"https://iancommunity.org/ssc/autism-transition-to-adulthood","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",7,8]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Coming of Age: Autism and the Transition to Adulthood | Interactive Autism Network,” n.d.).

Education

During 2009 to 2010 about 37 lac students of age three to twenty-one years with ASD got special education in America. Autism impacts the social and learning skills of the individual. Due to the issue like anxiety and depression, these students find difficult to connect with others that result in the potential problem. The potential problem makes it difficult for students to learn and enhance their skills. This is because students with ASD also face difficulties related to language and speech. Therefore, special education is failing to prepare individuals with ASD during the transition to adulthood. As autism spectrum disorder impacts the growth of the brain therefore, it also affects the intelligence level of the young adults as compared to the normal individuals. It is observed that the brain of a 4-year old child exhibits a decline in brain growth. His brain operates as the brain of a 2-year-old child. This is the reason that young adults with ASD have the lowest enrollment in colleges or high schools. Only 38.8% completion rate is estimated for post-secondary schools and 57.1% for the graduation with a diploma. It implies that ASD impacts the learning skills of the individuals during the transition in adulthood and individual find difficult to acquire higher education for better future or good employment ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"szYArTHc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Taylor & Seltzer, 2011)","plainCitation":"(Taylor & Seltzer, 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":860,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/D29WMLMF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/D29WMLMF"],"itemData":{"id":860,"type":"article-journal","title":"Employment and Post-Secondary Educational Activities for Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders During the Transition to Adulthood","container-title":"Journal of autism and developmental disorders","page":"566-574","volume":"41","issue":"5","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"This report describes the post-high school educational and occupational activities for 66 young adults with autism spectrum disorders who had recently exited the secondary school system. Analyses indicated low rates of employment in the community, with the majority of young adults (56%) spending time in sheltered workshops or day activity centers. Young adults with ASD without an intellectual disability were three times more likely to have no daytime activities compared to adults with ASD who had an intellectual disability. Differences in behavioral functioning were observed by employment/day activity group. Our findings suggest that the current service system may be inadequate to accommodate the needs of youths with ASD who do not have intellectual disabilities during the transition to adulthood.","DOI":"10.1007/s10803-010-1070-3","ISSN":"0162-3257","note":"PMID: 20640591\nPMCID: PMC3033449","journalAbbreviation":"J Autism Dev Disord","author":[{"family":"Taylor","given":"Julie Lounds"},{"family":"Seltzer","given":"Marsha Mailick"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011",5]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Taylor & Seltzer, 2011).

Employment:

Low capability to acquire higher education leads to the problem of unemployment. Unemployment is a crucial issue for any nation. They try to increase employment, however, continues unemployment for individuals with any kind of disability is an additional issue for them. In America, only twenty-seven percent disabled individuals were employed. Individuals with ASD are unemployed in the majority. This is because they face the problem of communication skills. They find difficult to adjust in the new environment or job. Depression or anxiety makes it difficult for them to take work stress which results in less productivity as labor. However, the poor outcome in jobs does not indicate that individuals with ASD cannot work. They can work in different businesses and firms with appropriate support. Supported employment can increase cognitive performance along with the improved quality life ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"YB0Sw2C5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Thompson, B\\uc0\\u246{}lte, Falkmer, & Girdler, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Thompson, Bölte, Falkmer, & Girdler, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":858,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/35Y8Z5YI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/35Y8Z5YI"],"itemData":{"id":858,"type":"article-journal","title":"To be understood: Transitioning to adult life for people with Autism Spectrum Disorder","container-title":"PloS One","page":"e0194758","volume":"13","issue":"3","source":"PubMed","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to explore the viewpoints of parents of young people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in relation to their child's transition to adulthood.\nMETHODS: Data were collected during four structured focus groups with 19 parents of young people with ASD with average to high intellectual capacities. Condensed meaning units were identified and checked during focus groups, and were subsequently linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF).\nRESULTS: Three major themes emerged: to be understood, to understand the world and to succeed. The ICF domains of activity and participation and environmental factors emerged as having the greatest potential to influence transition outcomes.\nCONCLUSIONS: Policies and services should focus on strengths to maximise participation in higher education, employment and independent living amongst young people with ASD. Interventions targeting environmental factors could be effective in improving participation in adult life. Person-centred and individualised approaches could further complement this approach supporting the transition to adulthood for people with ASD, ultimately improving outcomes in adulthood.","DOI":"10.1371/journal.pone.0194758","ISSN":"1932-6203","note":"PMID: 29579089\nPMCID: PMC5868819","title-short":"To be understood","journalAbbreviation":"PLoS ONE","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Thompson","given":"Craig"},{"family":"Bölte","given":"Sven"},{"family":"Falkmer","given":"Torbjörn"},{"family":"Girdler","given":"Sonya"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Thompson, Bölte, Falkmer, & Girdler, 2018).

Community Involvement:

Autism Spectrum disorder impacts the social functioning of individuals. For instance, they get limited social and emotional reciprocity, feel hard to eye contact and they cannot read facial expressions. When a normal person moves from childhood to adulthood, he often faces issues of mood swings or become more aggressive. Individuals with ASD feel even more aggression and when they move towards adulthood their aggression becomes dangerous for themselves and people around them. They are not good in explaining their issues and thoughts to the other which develops frustrations and aggression. Therefore, self-injuries behavior is really prominent in young adults with ASD. Communication gap creates a problem in the development of a high-quality social relationship. This is why adults with ASD have no friends at all that results in isolation and loneliness ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"4xvm4Ejt","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Anderson, Sosnowy, Kuo, & Shattuck, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Anderson, Sosnowy, Kuo, & Shattuck, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":871,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/JDJ3QQ2S"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/JDJ3QQ2S"],"itemData":{"id":871,"type":"article-journal","title":"Transition of Individuals With Autism to Adulthood: A Review of Qualitative Studies","container-title":"Pediatrics","page":"S318-S327","volume":"141","issue":"Supplement 4","source":"pediatrics.aappublications.org","abstract":"Many young adults with autism spectrum disorder experience poor transition outcomes in key areas, including postsecondary employment, higher education, health care, social connectedness, and independent living, yet we lack a clear understanding of the specific factors that impact these outcomes. We reviewed qualitative research in which the perspectives of youth and young adults with autism spectrum disorder, parents, services providers, and other stakeholders were gathered to identify barriers and facilitators to optimal outcomes. Findings revealed that poor transition outcomes are influenced by several factors, including poor person-environment fit, uncertainty about the roles of parents, and the lack of comprehensive or integrated services. These findings also revealed the aspects of familial, organizational, and policy contexts that may be targeted for interventions. Finally, stakeholders emphasized that supports should be individualized and focused on the changing aspects of the young adult’s social and physical environment rather than behavior change. We discuss implications for policy and practice and provide recommendations for further research.","DOI":"10.1542/peds.2016-4300I","ISSN":"0031-4005, 1098-4275","note":"PMID: 29610413","title-short":"Transition of Individuals With Autism to Adulthood","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Anderson","given":"Kristy A."},{"family":"Sosnowy","given":"Collette"},{"family":"Kuo","given":"Alice A."},{"family":"Shattuck","given":"Paul T."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",4,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Anderson, Sosnowy, Kuo, & Shattuck, 2018).

Housing

Individual face difficulties in studies, employment, and social life, however, they often show positive response towards their families. They enjoy the company of their parents and siblings. Though, during the transition in adulthood, they continue to stay at home depending on their families. Due to the lack of education and suitable employment, they become unable to be independent in adulthood. In adulthood when normal individuals look towards higher education and a good job, individuals with ASD totally rely on their families. Numbers of studies indicate that below 10% of young adults with ASD live independently during post-secondary school. This is because they feel difficult for completing easy and daily tasks. In addition, they have difficulty with processing complex information and dealing with new situations which result in the need for support and supervision.

Financial Consideration and Healthcare:

Dependency on others results in financial issue for an adult with ASD. Individual during the transition to adult seeks for new opportunities that can make them financially strong. Some individuals work to support their families while others for carrying their education expenses. With age and transition to adulthood individuals with ASD need educational, medical, behavioral services and therapeutic. These medical and non-medical services require a high cost for the well-being of autism patients. Reports indicate that the medical cost for a disabled individual is six times greater than the consumption for normal individuals. Health insurance can be helpful to reduce the healthcare cost however it does not cover intense service that autism patient requires. This is the reason that 14% of total income is lost from the families whose family member has autism ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"niXQgZ6k","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Friedman, Warfield, & Parish, 2013)","plainCitation":"(Friedman, Warfield, & Parish, 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":870,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/AWHR2R8J"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/AWHR2R8J"],"itemData":{"id":870,"type":"article-journal","title":"Transition to adulthood for individuals with autism spectrum disorder: current issues and future perspectives","container-title":"Neuropsychiatry","page":"181-192","volume":"3","issue":"2","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","DOI":"10.2217/npy.13.13","ISSN":"1758-2008","title-short":"Transition to adulthood for individuals with autism spectrum disorder","journalAbbreviation":"Neuropsychiatry","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Friedman","given":"Nora DB"},{"family":"Warfield","given":"Marji Erickson"},{"family":"Parish","given":"Susan L"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013",4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Friedman, Warfield, & Parish, 2013).

In addition to the transition to adulthood, healthcare becomes more complicated and challenging. Different hormonal, physical and psychological changes occur due to which it become difficult for the individual with ASD to adjust with the changes. The demand for specialized care for common co-morbidities in young adults' increases. Individuals with ASD face unusual sensory responses which lead to compounding transition challenges. Special healthcare is needed to control issues like anxiety while entering a highly stimulating or a new environment.

Conclusion

Autism Spectrum disorder is a psychological disorder that includes Asperger syndrome and autism. During the transition to adulthood individuals with autism face new challenges as adulthood results in ending of entitlements of children's service system. It results in a fragmented healthcare system for their families. Individuals with ASD show poor outcome in various domains including education, employment, educational and behavioral training, social support, housing, financial consideration, and healthcare. Various researches indicate the disengagement of service and policies are needed to control and monitor for the betterment of the individuals with ASD. ASD creates a problem in communication and learning skills of the individuals due to which they become unable to get higher education and good jobs. However, it does not indicate that young adults with ASD are unable to do anything. Proper training for their behavioral changes and to enhance their skills can help them to work in different industries and fields. These adults sometimes get extraordinary skills in art and music without training. Therefore, social support is required so they can adjust in the new environment. Otherwise, individuals with ASD find difficult to adjust to a new job or institute. During the transition to adulthood, dependency on others results in financial issues. The bottom line is that young adults with ASD require special care and programs for training. Proper training and efficient school-based transition planning are required so that young adults can cope with the new changes during the transition to adulthood.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Anderson, K. A., Sosnowy, C., Kuo, A. A., & Shattuck, P. T. (2018). Transition of Individuals With Autism to Adulthood: A Review of Qualitative Studies. Pediatrics, 141(Supplement 4), S318–S327. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-4300I

Coming of Age: Autism and the Transition to Adulthood | Interactive Autism Network. (n.d.). Retrieved July 8, 2019, from https://iancommunity.org/ssc/autism-transition-to-adulthood

Friedman, N. D., Warfield, M. E., & Parish, S. L. (2013). Transition to adulthood for individuals with autism spectrum disorder: Current issues and future perspectives. Neuropsychiatry, 3(2), 181–192. https://doi.org/10.2217/npy.13.13

Taylor, J. L., & Seltzer, M. M. (2011). Employment and Post-Secondary Educational Activities for Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders During the Transition to Adulthood. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(5), 566–574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-1070-3

Thompson, C., Bölte, S., Falkmer, T., & Girdler, S. (2018). To be understood: Transitioning to adult life for people with Autism Spectrum Disorder. PloS One, 13(3), e0194758. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194758

“Beyond F.A.T. City: Look Back, Look Ahead—Conversation About Special Education.”

Beyond F.A.T. City: A Look Back, a Look Ahead—A Conversation about Special Education

[Name of Writer]

[Name of Institution]

1. Fairness, at first glance, tends to mean equality or sameness. It would seem fair to provide everyone with the exact same opportunity or the same materialistic item or even the same emotional and psychological help. However, when we look at it from a more refined perspective, we understand that fairness is not defined by access to exactly same resources. Richard Lavoie, in his video about F.A.T. City and special education, asserts that fairness in a classroom is not defined by handing out the same means and treatment to all the students. Fairness cannot be quantified into an entity that equates what every student receives in a class. Rather, Lavoie explains that fairness is providing the recipients with what they need. This calls for individual care. Richard Lavoie goes on to explain how every child is special in their own way and must therefore need tailor-made care that is meant only for them. A certain item or piece of advice or even a method of guidance might bring unmatched difference in one student’s education but can have little to no effect on countless others. Some students have more trouble reading than others. Some might have trouble focusing. Others can show a tendency to find expression difficult. It is crucial that a teacher or an instructor is capable of finding a fairness in their classroom by catering to the needs that might be exclusive to certain students. Although tricky to navigate, this road is the only one that promises an equally remarkable education for all the students in the classroom.

2. The crux of the advice that Richard Lavoie offers in this video is the idea that perfect fairness is an impossible feat and quite literally, a fantasy. With children at home or in a classroom, being completely fair in giving them exactly the attention and the resources that they need is not achievable. Lavoie gives parents this consolation that they should not overwhelm themselves in an attempt at being perfectly fair. Parents should, however, keep in mind the basic criteria of fairness. All the children in a family are not the same. Even though kids, in their attempts at receiving a similar treatment from their parents, might convince them that fairness does indeed mean equality, parents should remember that that is not the case. Richard Lavoie is therefore officially permitting parents to treat their children differently. Catering to the special needs of every child is the only fair way to go about parenting and being equal to a fault does not achieve that. Moreover, the video also offers advice on the sensitive issue of children complaining that their teachers or their parents cannot understand what they are going through. Although Lavoie openly agrees to this suggestion, he also admits that the authority of making a judgement call still rests with the teachers and the parents. His advice still prevails in the idea that it is up to the parents to interpret the needs of their children and then be ‘fair’ about meeting those.

3. When discussing the dynamics between a teacher and their students at length, it is important to mention that teachers can sometimes entertain certain assumptions about their students. These can be understood with reference to teachers assuming that certain students might not be able to complete a specific assignment. When Richard Lavoie discusses fairness in the classroom, he understands that in an attempt to teach ‘fairly’ and to understand the special needs of some students, teachers can be guilty of making assumptions. Some of these assumptions can work in the classroom and provide the teacher with the material they need to work efficiently with a student. However, some assumptions made at the expense of a student can also bring harm to the student and to the quality of their education. Teachers can mistake one mistake with a consistent inability. This leads to the teacher trying to be fair to the student by providing extra care that the child might not even need. On the other hand, teachers can also be unfair by assuming that students will respond similarly to their teaching methodologies and the teaching aids they use in the classroom. It is therefore equally likely for a teacher to underestimate or overestimate their student’s capabilities of keeping up with their assignments and projects. Lavoie talks about these assumptions because teachers need to understand that they cannot fully comprehend what their students with learning disorders might be going through. Hence assumptions are understandable but there needs to be solid reasoning behind each observation and a motivation to uphold fairness in the classroom.

4. The most striking topic in the video for me was completely letting go of the idea that a teacher might be capable of understanding or even grasping the idea of what a learning disability must feel like to a child. Teachers can sometimes believe that they can empathize with their students to the level that they understand their difficulty with language. However, this video so remarkably asserts that it is totally unacceptable for a teacher to assume that.

The second key concept from the video that will stay with me is understanding the root of aggressive or unruly behavior from a learning-disabled student. Richard Lavoie clearly stated and later explained that a child will easily choose being bad over being dumb. A child will choose to bear the consequences of breaking rules before they choose to expose themselves to the consequence of their inability to learn. It is therefore upon the teacher or the coach to correctly diagnose the issue and react accordingly.

Finally, the third significant topic from the video is an introduction to the idea of true fairness in the classroom. When dealing with learning-disabled children, it is vital to fully understand that all those children have different needs and need to be catered to in a specific individual manner. A fair classroom only exists when each child is given exactly what they need. This goes against the general idea that equality is fairness and hence it is a very important takeaway from the video.

5. All three of these topics that were discussed so thoroughly in the video will have special impacts on my own teaching practice. I have learned to delete all thoughts or ideas in my head that might convince me that I can relate with the struggles of learning-disabled children. This can be generalized even further to include children without a learning disability. It is simply outrageous to comprehend what any of my student might be going through at a given time. It is therefore important that I create an alternative source for my teaching methods other than relating to the students’ struggles. The idea that a child will choose to break rules if it prevents them from looking stupid will also influence the way I choose to teach children. I will be more likely to look for patterns and alternate sources for an unwarranted display of aggression. If I can correctly identify the cause of the chaos, I will be better equipped to deal with it. Moreover, I will employ all these concepts and helpful ideas in trying to establish fairness in the classroom that I administer.