Refection Paper

Reflection Paper

Jackie Copper

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Reflection Paper

Response 1

Based on my education, I can work in healthcare organizations, nursing homes, and hospitals. I can explore my knowledge through research by working in research organizations. Nursing is a field that enables us to work in multidisciplinary teams to enhance and develop our knowledge and attitude towards practice in healthcare. Qualified and efficient staff can work in the market in collaboration with healthcare organizations to effectively control the burden of disease ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ah5hs7ipms","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wendt & Russell, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Wendt & Russell, 2017)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1172,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/LFUD5VZL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/LFUD5VZL"],"itemData":{"id":1172,"type":"article-journal","title":"Dedicated Eduational Nursing Units: Clinical Instructors Role Perceptions and Learning Needs","author":[{"family":"Wendt","given":"Judith"},{"family":"Russell","given":"Bonnie J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wendt & Russell, 2017). Therefore, I can work in organizations that work for the prevention of disease.

Response 2

IOM's future for nursing emphasizes on higher education, as knowledge and research in the field of healthcare, are essential for nurses. To compete with the requirements of the jobs in the healthcare facilities, it is important to initiate evidence-based practice in nursing. I have observed that nurses should know information, and research in public health, health policies, and leadership skills to enhance their practice. For this particular purpose, I would pursue higher education in nursing. For example, associate degree and diplomas in nursing education, baccalaureate nursing program and registered nursing continuing education programs would be important for nurses ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ah5hs7ipms","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wendt & Russell, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Wendt & Russell, 2017)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1172,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/LFUD5VZL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/LFUD5VZL"],"itemData":{"id":1172,"type":"article-journal","title":"Dedicated Eduational Nursing Units: Clinical Instructors Role Perceptions and Learning Needs","author":[{"family":"Wendt","given":"Judith"},{"family":"Russell","given":"Bonnie J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wendt & Russell, 2017).

To meet the requirements of the practice in nursing. This education is important for nurses including evidence-based practice for their competencies. To build knowledge regarding nursing education, curriculums need to be upgraded and updated according to the new research in the field. For quality care services and the provision of effective care and treatment plans, it is important for nurses to get hands-on evidence-based practice ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"abg20isct","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rochon & Emard, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Rochon & Emard, 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1170,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6RLCV7UF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6RLCV7UF"],"itemData":{"id":1170,"type":"article-journal","title":"End-of-Life Care: Redesigning Access Through Leveraging the Institute of Medicine Future of Nursing Recommendations","container-title":"Home healthcare now","page":"208-212","volume":"37","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Rochon","given":"Therese"},{"family":"Emard","given":"Esther"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rochon & Emard, 2019). Higher education will encourage nurses to develop leadership skills and system improvement. I think critical decision making and disease prevention also require evidence-based practices and research to be implemented in the healthcare facilities, which is possible for nurses after getting an education in nursing.

Response 3

Continuing education and evidence-based practices would enhance knowledge of nurses in managing chronic health disorders, quality care, and disease progression. Education in nursing would enable nurses to develop leadership skills and strong decision-making skills to improve their everyday practice ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"abg20isct","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rochon & Emard, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Rochon & Emard, 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1170,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6RLCV7UF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6RLCV7UF"],"itemData":{"id":1170,"type":"article-journal","title":"End-of-Life Care: Redesigning Access Through Leveraging the Institute of Medicine Future of Nursing Recommendations","container-title":"Home healthcare now","page":"208-212","volume":"37","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Rochon","given":"Therese"},{"family":"Emard","given":"Esther"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rochon & Emard, 2019). To understand new technology and advancements in the field of nursing, education is important for nurses. The effectiveness of care and delivery of quality services is dependent completely on advanced knowledge. In my opinion, continuing education and capacity building programs would enable nurses to equip themselves with advanced skills to compete with the requirements of the market. Effective management skills and leadership skills are essential for working in collaboration with health care organizations.

Evidence-based research and practice are also important for nurses which are gained through associate or diploma courses in nursing. Inter-professional skills and team work would be developed through continuing education in nursing ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"abg20isct","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rochon & Emard, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Rochon & Emard, 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1170,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6RLCV7UF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6RLCV7UF"],"itemData":{"id":1170,"type":"article-journal","title":"End-of-Life Care: Redesigning Access Through Leveraging the Institute of Medicine Future of Nursing Recommendations","container-title":"Home healthcare now","page":"208-212","volume":"37","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Rochon","given":"Therese"},{"family":"Emard","given":"Esther"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rochon & Emard, 2019). Complete information regarding disease transmission, prevention and control would be gained through education and evidence-based practice ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ah5hs7ipms","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wendt & Russell, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Wendt & Russell, 2017)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1172,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/LFUD5VZL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/LFUD5VZL"],"itemData":{"id":1172,"type":"article-journal","title":"Dedicated Eduational Nursing Units: Clinical Instructors Role Perceptions and Learning Needs","author":[{"family":"Wendt","given":"Judith"},{"family":"Russell","given":"Bonnie J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wendt & Russell, 2017). Therefore, continuing education in nursing is essential for healthcare providers to fulfill the requirements of the IOM future of nursing. Baccalaureate and master's degrees would enable nurses to work professionally, fulfilling the standards of the American Nursing Association of registered nurses. Therefore, I have observed that there is a strong relationship between evidence-based practice and education of nursing.

Response 4

Education and evidence-based practice are an essential part of nursing education. I have reviewed various studies that have emphasized the education of nurses; however, evidence-based practice is also important along with education for healthcare providers. Education in a particular field such as primary healthcare nursing would enable nurses to work as an expert. To develop skills such as leadership and management, education can play an important role in this regard ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2qei4mo3fh","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Adams, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Adams, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1171,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/VPZDIQDZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/VPZDIQDZ"],"itemData":{"id":1171,"type":"article-journal","title":"The challenges of USA nursing education to meet local, regional and global need","container-title":"Revista brasileira de enfermagem","page":"392","volume":"69","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Adams","given":"Virginia W."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Adams, 2016). Education such as capacity building programs and diploma courses would enable nurses to develop knowledge and expertise in their everyday practice.

Education is also important for nurses and healthcare providers for improving competency. IOM's future for nursing has specifically highlighted that knowledge and practice are essential for nurses in recent years ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"abg20isct","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rochon & Emard, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Rochon & Emard, 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1170,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6RLCV7UF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6RLCV7UF"],"itemData":{"id":1170,"type":"article-journal","title":"End-of-Life Care: Redesigning Access Through Leveraging the Institute of Medicine Future of Nursing Recommendations","container-title":"Home healthcare now","page":"208-212","volume":"37","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Rochon","given":"Therese"},{"family":"Emard","given":"Esther"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rochon & Emard, 2019). New advancements and technological development would only be effective if a nurse has gained knowledge regarding these fields. The code of ethics is designed to provide the enabling environment for nurses in the healthcare facilities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"abg20isct","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rochon & Emard, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Rochon & Emard, 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1170,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6RLCV7UF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6RLCV7UF"],"itemData":{"id":1170,"type":"article-journal","title":"End-of-Life Care: Redesigning Access Through Leveraging the Institute of Medicine Future of Nursing Recommendations","container-title":"Home healthcare now","page":"208-212","volume":"37","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Rochon","given":"Therese"},{"family":"Emard","given":"Esther"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rochon & Emard, 2019). To concentrate on multidisciplinary teams and to collaborate with professionals, healthcare workers, social workers, pharmacists and physicians, nurses need to excel in their knowledge in nursing. For a safe future, IOM has highlighted the education of nursing as an integral part of the development of healthcare organizations.

Response 5

Healthcare professionals need to collaborate with education with practice to enhance the knowledge of nurses ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"abg20isct","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rochon & Emard, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Rochon & Emard, 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1170,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6RLCV7UF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6RLCV7UF"],"itemData":{"id":1170,"type":"article-journal","title":"End-of-Life Care: Redesigning Access Through Leveraging the Institute of Medicine Future of Nursing Recommendations","container-title":"Home healthcare now","page":"208-212","volume":"37","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Rochon","given":"Therese"},{"family":"Emard","given":"Esther"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rochon & Emard, 2019). The future of nursing is significantly dependent on the education and practice of nurses. Different states of the country have applied mandatory education for nurses such as baccalaureate degree or associate degrees to get their license to work as a professional. Advanced and higher education should also be mandatory for nurses to develop their leadership skills and proficiency in health care services. It has been observed that learning and practice are an essential part of healthcare facilities. Nurses who are proficient in their practices would be able to develop their skills according to the demand of the hour. Recent healthcare practices need additional skilled professionals to effectively control diseases. However, practice along with advanced educations is also important. Without knowledge, the future of nursing would be at stake. For example, nurses need to know how to manage chronic diseases such as non-communicable diseases. To effectively address the issues of healthcare facilities, nurses should be efficient, skilled and proficient in their profession ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"abg20isct","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rochon & Emard, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Rochon & Emard, 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1170,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6RLCV7UF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6RLCV7UF"],"itemData":{"id":1170,"type":"article-journal","title":"End-of-Life Care: Redesigning Access Through Leveraging the Institute of Medicine Future of Nursing Recommendations","container-title":"Home healthcare now","page":"208-212","volume":"37","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Rochon","given":"Therese"},{"family":"Emard","given":"Esther"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rochon & Emard, 2019). It is the responsibility of the state to address the educational issues of nurses and to sponsor the education of those in need. Qualified and efficient staff can work in collaboration with healthcare organizations to effectively control the burden of disease ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ah5hs7ipms","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wendt & Russell, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Wendt & Russell, 2017)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1172,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/LFUD5VZL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/LFUD5VZL"],"itemData":{"id":1172,"type":"article-journal","title":"Dedicated Eduational Nursing Units: Clinical Instructors Role Perceptions and Learning Needs","author":[{"family":"Wendt","given":"Judith"},{"family":"Russell","given":"Bonnie J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wendt & Russell, 2017). To reduce the burden of non-communicable disease, a collaborative approach should be required in which healthcare organizations and educational institutions would work for the mutual cause. The aims and objectives of the healthcare facilities should be to reduce the burden of disease and to control the epidemics from the communities. Healthcare facilities need efficient and qualified staff to address the recent issues of health such as global health issues, human trafficking, and fraud in healthcare systems. Healthcare organizations need educated and qualified nurses to meet the requirements of the American Nursing Association.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Adams, V. W. (2016). The challenges of USA nursing education to meet local, regional and global needs. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 69(3), 392.

Rochon, T., & Emard, E. (2019). End-of-Life Care: Redesigning Access Through Leveraging the Institute of Medicine Future of Nursing Recommendations. Home Healthcare Now, 37(4), 208–212.

Wendt, J., & Russell, B. J. (2017). Dedicated Educational Nursing Units: Clinical Instructors Role Perceptions and Learning Needs.

Refective Clinical Journals

Reflective Clinical Journals

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Reflective Clinical Journals

During the start of the process, I had a set of personal learning outcomes that I wanted to achieve over the next eight weeks. I knew things were going to be tough. However, I chose to persevere and was able to not only achieve my personal objectives.

In order to prepare, the very first thing I did was revise the HIPPA regulations. In my opinion, while learning theory, the practice of protecting client privacy is often overlooked ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2hGdvwVJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kayaalp, Browne, Sagan, McGee, & McDonald, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Kayaalp, Browne, Sagan, McGee, & McDonald, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":501,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/W95GV6QA"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/W95GV6QA"],"itemData":{"id":501,"type":"paper-conference","title":"Challenges and insights in using HIPAA privacy rule for clinical text annotation","container-title":"AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings","publisher":"American Medical Informatics Association","page":"707","volume":"2015","author":[{"family":"Kayaalp","given":"Mehmet"},{"family":"Browne","given":"Allen C."},{"family":"Sagan","given":"Pamela"},{"family":"McGee","given":"Tyne"},{"family":"McDonald","given":"Clement J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kayaalp, Browne, Sagan, McGee, & McDonald, 2015). Thus, I believe that choosing to go through the regulation was not only helpful, it also enabled me to adhere to the core competencies presented by QSEN ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"KBfSVcZb","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Alexander, Armstrong, & Barton, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Alexander, Armstrong, & Barton, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":502,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/D3PAUIRY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/D3PAUIRY"],"itemData":{"id":502,"type":"article-journal","title":"QUALITY AND SAFETY EDUCATION FOR NURSES","container-title":"Introduction to Quality and Safety Education for Nurses: Core Competencies for Nursing Leadership and Management","page":"39","author":[{"family":"Alexander","given":"Catherine C."},{"family":"Armstrong","given":"Gail"},{"family":"Barton","given":"Amy J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Alexander, Armstrong, & Barton, 2018).

On the very first day of my clinical rotation, I was tasked with performing complete physical examination on patients. Later in the day, I described my findings with my clinical instructors. Over the course of the following week, I was tasked with discharge planning of the patients admitted to the hospital. Here, I identified the needs of the patients and identified their needs on the basis of home healthcare needs and visiting nurse requirement.

During week two and three, I was tasked with the preparation and administration of IV push medication. The task was easy but required diligent attention. Week four, I had to change the colonoscopy bag. I was also supposed to educate the patients on how to take care of the colonoscopy bag and change after being discharged.

Week eight, the last week of my clinical rotation, I learned how to insert an IV line. This was the hardest thing I had to handle during my clinical rotation, thus I had been preparing in anticipation for weeks. When it came down to it, I was able to do as needed and insert an IV line, with some assistance.

Reference

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, C. C., Armstrong, G., & Barton, A. J. (2018). QUALITY AND SAFETY EDUCATION FOR NURSES. Introduction to Quality and Safety Education for Nurses: Core Competencies for Nursing Leadership and Management, 39.

Kayaalp, M., Browne, A. C., Sagan, P., McGee, T., & McDonald, C. J. (2015). Challenges and insights in using HIPAA privacy rule for clinical text annotation. AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings, 2015, 707. American Medical Informatics Association.

Reflection

Reflection

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Reflection

At first, when I was informed that I would be undertaking this class, I felt this was unnecessary because I have a significant experience of different classes and workshops under my belt. However, after participating in this class made me feel that I have learned a lot about myself. Moreover, I improved my communication and working style through self-reflection.

Part 1: Working Style

My 5 dynamics revealed that I should work consciously during the Explore and Excite dynamics, while I glide through the Excite and Execute. From the looks of my report, I am highly adaptable to both of these dynamics (Walker, 2016). Maybe this is why I am chosen for different projects more often. Although I perform effortlessly in Excite and Execute, I find myself strongest in Excite style, whether it is personal life or professional life. I have two strengths that are compatible with the working style I have. My first strength is that I can both lead and cheer up my groups in any situation (Ailey et.al, 2015). The second strength that I have is that I can easily meet goals on tight deadlines.

There are some weaknesses of mine as I can become too controlling and too flexible. These weaknesses impede my working style. I am fully aware that if I do not work on my weaknesses I would easily lose the support of my team.

My strengths and weaknesses are the reason why I prefer working with colleagues with similar working styles. This course has made me realize that I can easily manage talent to complete a specific objective.

Part 2: Communication

According to the law of conversation, there are 4-different listening and talking modes; Pretense, Sincerity, Accuracy, and Authenticity (Walker, 2016). I witnessed the needle of the meter moving to and fro during the videos and thought how this analogy can fit when I was holding conversations with others (Ailey et.al, 2015).

The most appropriate example of pretense would be when my husband held a conversation on the phone with his son. My husband placed the phone on speaker mode and only replied to the son when he stopped by injecting phrases like “uh-oh” and “oh-really”. Since it was not face-to-face interaction; my husband did not express any feelings related to what the son was speaking about. At the same time, I feel that the son could not have managed a sincere reply (Ailey et.al, 2015). When I look back on the conversations of me and my father, I would place them in sincerity and accurate blocks. Although my father was brutally honest with me up, I am quite accurate in conversations with my daughter. Moreover, our conversations have an authentic feel to them. I would suggest to everyone that their conversations must be authentic (Walker, 2016). While I will work on my conversation skills so that my conversations revolve around value rather than waste.

Part 3: Strategies

While I have the skills to jot down notes quickly and can work efficiently in MS Word, I need to work on my organization, scheduling, and time-management skills. I have devised a plan to achieve these skills. I will use calendar and timely reminders to schedule a time for school and studies (Walker, 2016). I will try to study in a distraction-free environment. Moreover, I will manage my course work in a way that simpler course work will be covered at earliest while keeping the harder course work for later on. It is achievable by maintaining an outline of all the material of the course (Ailey et.al, 2015).

Part 4: Assessment

The exercises hold significant importance for me as they compelled me to interact which I would have evaded (Ailey et.al, 2015). I have a dull working environment at home which offers no human interaction. Moreover, live webcam sessions made me test my boundaries. As a result, I became distressed because I had to meet the challenge presented before me. As we were returning from an educational break, we all felt nervous when placed randomly in breakout sessions (Walker, 2016). However, I pledge to perform well under pressure. I will employ the knowledge gained to be a better student and a nurse supervisor. Moreover, I will use the law of conversations to further the cycle of value in both educational life and professional life.

References

Ailey, S., Lamb, K., Friese, T., & Christopher, B. A. (2015). Educating nursing students in clinical leadership. Nursing Management, 21(9).

Walker, L. P. (2016). A bridge to success: A nursing student success strategies improvement course. Journal of Nursing Education, 55(8), 450-453.

Reflection

Critical Reflection

Tracy Aduwo

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Critical Reflection

Introduction

The critical reflection in this paper is based on colonized races such as the aboriginal people who had a history of brutality. They were subjected to murders, genocide and racial discrimination that have devastating impacts on their lives. The aboriginal refers to the clan that includes the family members as well as their extended relatives. However, these families represented different cultures and races and were not a homogenous group. In earlier times, the lives of aboriginal families were easy and collaborative. They were the most peaceful and undisturbed people who were knowledgeable. Due to the lack of technologies, they were leading simple lives. However, after colonization, the lives of these aboriginal families had worsened. They were subjected to racial discrimination where some groups were given powerful roles over the others. The genocidal acts faced by the ancestors of aboriginal families are evident in their current attitudes ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"xQ4EwjDC","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(MacPhail & McKay, 2018)","plainCitation":"(MacPhail & McKay, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":102,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZeEdB6mD/items/NPTAPWV5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZeEdB6mD/items/NPTAPWV5"],"itemData":{"id":102,"type":"article-journal","title":"Social determinants in the sexual health of adolescent Aboriginal Australians: a systematic review","container-title":"Health & social care in the community","page":"131-146","volume":"26","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"MacPhail","given":"Catherine"},{"family":"McKay","given":"Kathy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (MacPhail & McKay, 2018). The problems of aboriginal families have generated from oppression by the white society. This had devastated impacts on their land use, laws, and spiritual beliefs that were badly traumatized.

Discussion

In 1992, aboriginal Australia struggled for their indigenous rights. The historic Mako decision overturn the ruling of white groups and asked for recognition and healing of aboriginal groups. It was decided to acknowledge the land concerns, racism and removal of children. The decision also emphasizes on joint work of aboriginal and non-aboriginal people so that they can share values, respect each other and prevail justice in the society. It was also stated that the aboriginal people should be considered as ‘first people' and given respect accordingly. For these groups, it is very important to respecting and acknowledging their cultural system. Thus, while working with aboriginal people, it is important to consider their core values and ethics ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0UTVeA6B","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Short, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Short, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":96,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZeEdB6mD/items/2L6FRUNH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZeEdB6mD/items/2L6FRUNH"],"itemData":{"id":96,"type":"book","title":"Reconciliation and colonial power: Indigenous rights in Australia","publisher":"Routledge","ISBN":"1-317-07054-2","author":[{"family":"Short","given":"Damien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Short, 2016). The service practice is required to frame their intervention in a culturally appropriate way to make the practice effective and bring positive change in society.

Working with Aboriginal Families

The initial way to engage with aboriginal families is to study their culture in detail before the intervention. The health professional is required to conduct the therapies under ethical values and norms of the family’s culture. In the book “working with Aboriginal families”, Dawn Bessarab’s has utilized two key models; the one is Aboriginal Terms of Reference that consider the effects of colonization, the legislative history of these families and their traditional values. Whereas the second model is the Aboriginal Cultural Model that determines the status of Aboriginal family and their connectedness with one another. It also looks into the interaction of these families with the government agencies and how their voices are heard in the broader society ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"TF2Jf9V7","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bessarab, 2000)","plainCitation":"(Bessarab, 2000)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":104,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZeEdB6mD/items/J4Z4GSRB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZeEdB6mD/items/J4Z4GSRB"],"itemData":{"id":104,"type":"article-journal","title":"Working with Aboriginal families: A cultural approach","container-title":"W Weeks & M Quinn (eds)","author":[{"family":"Bessarab","given":"Dawn"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bessarab, 2000). For every practitioner, it is important to consider prescribe values and principles before attempting the intervention. If we don't consider the terms of Aboriginal families, we will not be in a position to better understand their perspectives about certain things that may seem right to us but are not acceptable to them. Due to colonization the aboriginal families have been subjected to the brutality of murder, genocide and considered them inferior. The first consideration is to make them an important part of society. They are required to build a connection of them with members from different cultures. It is a high priority to reduce the class differences as well as the gender differences prevailing in traditional society ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"26GAiYum","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sherwood & Edwards, 2006)","plainCitation":"(Sherwood & Edwards, 2006)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":91,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZeEdB6mD/items/4536G599"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZeEdB6mD/items/4536G599"],"itemData":{"id":91,"type":"article-journal","title":"Decolonisation: A critical step for improving Aboriginal health","container-title":"Contemporary Nurse","page":"178-190","volume":"22","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Sherwood","given":"Juanita"},{"family":"Edwards","given":"Tahnia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sherwood & Edwards, 2006). The aboriginal people should include their women in the workplaces to gain more power like their counterparts. As a health professional, we need to increase their self-determination to improve their status. It is important to use indigenous approaches while confronting these families. The drawing connection model can be applied to gain maximum information form these families. The cultural model is also very effective in these situations that focus on the kinship and relationships within the community. It is also necessary to include the nuclear family, extended family and the aboriginal community in the process ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"nS459b3B","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cairney et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Cairney et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":103,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZeEdB6mD/items/KK37XU69"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZeEdB6mD/items/KK37XU69"],"itemData":{"id":103,"type":"article-journal","title":"Interplay wellbeing framework: a collaborative methodology ‘bringing together stories and numbers’ to quantify Aboriginal cultural values in remote Australia","container-title":"International journal for equity in health","page":"68","volume":"16","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Cairney","given":"Sheree"},{"family":"Abbott","given":"Tammy"},{"family":"Quinn","given":"Stephen"},{"family":"Yamaguchi","given":"Jessica"},{"family":"Wilson","given":"Byron"},{"family":"Wakerman","given":"John"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cairney et al., 2017).

Improving Health Outcomes for Aboriginal People

Successful health care requires effective communication between Aboriginal patients and practitioners. However, it is still a bigger challenge for the health department to effectively engage these people in their therapy. One method that is effective in terms of providing better health is the ‘clinical yarning method'. It is a patient-centred approach that also involves that aboriginal cultural preferences with that of biomedical understanding of the health of these people. The method focuses on three interrelated areas that include the social yarn, the diagnostic yarn and the management yarn. The social yarn is the initial step where the practitioner tends to develop an interpersonal relationship with their patient. The diagnostic yarn tends to figure out the patient's health condition. The practitioner listens to the patients' health story and interprets the best possible therapy. Lastly, the management yarn helps the practitioner to employ related stories to make the patient understand the health concern ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Z4GDyyFo","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lin, Green, & Bessarab, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Lin, Green, & Bessarab, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":93,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZeEdB6mD/items/HB9XSA52"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZeEdB6mD/items/HB9XSA52"],"itemData":{"id":93,"type":"article-journal","title":"‘Yarn with me’: applying clinical yarning to improve clinician–patient communication in Aboriginal health care","container-title":"Australian Journal of Primary Health","page":"377-382","volume":"22","issue":"5","author":[{"family":"Lin","given":"Ivan"},{"family":"Green","given":"Charmaine"},{"family":"Bessarab","given":"Dawn"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lin, Green, & Bessarab, 2016). These steps to incorporate a collaborative technique to provide treatment to the patients. The method is highly accepted and efficient in producing positive outcomes. However, there are limitations to the extent of patients sharing their data. Most of the times the patients are relucted to communicate with the health practitioner which makes it difficult to understand the actual reason for their sufferings. Attentive listening will increase the probability of care, empathy and emotional engagement with the patient ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"K77XcSzx","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Reeve et al., 2015)","plainCitation":"(Reeve et al., 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":94,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZeEdB6mD/items/42GJ7PIR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZeEdB6mD/items/42GJ7PIR"],"itemData":{"id":94,"type":"article-journal","title":"Community participation in health service reform: the development of an innovative remote Aboriginal primary health-care service","container-title":"Australian Journal of Primary Health","page":"409-416","volume":"21","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Reeve","given":"Carole"},{"family":"Humphreys","given":"John"},{"family":"Wakerman","given":"John"},{"family":"Carroll","given":"Vicki"},{"family":"Carter","given":"Maureen"},{"family":"O’Brien","given":"Tim"},{"family":"Erlank","given":"Carol"},{"family":"Mansour","given":"Rafik"},{"family":"Smith","given":"Bec"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Reeve et al., 2015).

Time constraints are a major issue in such therapies where the patient require high care. The practitioner cannot compromise on the quality of the information, therefore need to make effective use of available information. However, the practitioner needs trainers to better respond to the patient need. They cannot incorporate the traditional methods but require to improve their skills to provide better feedback to their patients. Besides the social yarn, the practitioners are required to focus on clinical yarn and treat every patient differently. They are required to better focus on the medical condition of the patient and develop trust with them. Also, the best strategy is to work with aboriginal interpreters who help to overcome cultural and language barriers. The aboriginal patients require intensive care due to their traumatic history, thus it is essential to effectively manage the patients ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"QQAUHpVB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Couzos & Murray, 2008)","plainCitation":"(Couzos & Murray, 2008)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":92,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZeEdB6mD/items/UFFKY48S"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZeEdB6mD/items/UFFKY48S"],"itemData":{"id":92,"type":"book","title":"Aboriginal primary health care: an evidence-based approach","publisher":"Oxford University Press","ISBN":"0-19-555138-9","author":[{"family":"Couzos","given":"Sophia"},{"family":"Murray","given":"Richard"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Couzos & Murray, 2008).

Australian Government Policy

The most initial government policy was the European Settlement (1788-1880s) that has led the foundations of discrimination against the aboriginal communities. The settlement stated to take lands from aboriginal people. The historical facts also stated that under this settlement the children were subjected to poisoning. This has created a feeling of hopelessness in the communities while seeing their inferior position in society. Some of the critics have referred to it as soul destroying for the communities where they lose affiliation with the society. The justification provided by the whites stated that aboriginal people have lost their values and culture. They believed that they should not possess the same position as the elite groups ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"TpiHmltW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Eckermann, Dowd, & Chong, 2010)","plainCitation":"(Eckermann, Dowd, & Chong, 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":89,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZeEdB6mD/items/5NBZ24R2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZeEdB6mD/items/5NBZ24R2"],"itemData":{"id":89,"type":"book","title":"Binan Goonj: bridging cultures in Aboriginal health","publisher":"Elsevier Australia","ISBN":"0-7295-3936-9","author":[{"family":"Eckermann","given":"Anne-Katrin"},{"family":"Dowd","given":"Toni"},{"family":"Chong","given":"Ena"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Eckermann, Dowd, & Chong, 2010). This has resulted in the loss of moral values as well as humanity. The aboriginal people responded to the situation with greater retaliation. In the quest to balance the administrative powers they resigned to the white dominants. However, it further removed them from the post resulting in zero power with these people. This resulted in the loss of land, language, culture and leadership to the white domination. The colonial policies have not only affected that generation but the process was ongoing and it had impacted several generations. However, these policies help us to generalize what worked in the benefit of Aboriginal people and what did not work ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rCIjPZ2v","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Taylor & Guerin, 2010)","plainCitation":"(Taylor & Guerin, 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":90,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZeEdB6mD/items/N85Q32BV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZeEdB6mD/items/N85Q32BV"],"itemData":{"id":90,"type":"book","title":"Health care and Indigenous Australians: cultural safety in practice","publisher":"Macmillan Education AU","ISBN":"1-4202-5633-5","author":[{"family":"Taylor","given":"Kerry"},{"family":"Guerin","given":"Pauline"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Taylor & Guerin, 2010). The past policies have made these people inferior and dependent on their dominant counterparts. These policies and structures have largely impacted the mentality and psychological aspects of these societies. Also, the brutalities have made them worried about their children's and their success in society ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"VwqZp4Dd","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Paisley, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Paisley, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":97,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZeEdB6mD/items/I48BQ8MY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZeEdB6mD/items/I48BQ8MY"],"itemData":{"id":97,"type":"chapter","title":"An ‘education in white brutality’: Anthony Martin Fernando and Australian Aboriginal rights in transnational context","container-title":"Rethinking settler colonialism","publisher":"Manchester University Press","author":[{"family":"Paisley","given":"Fiona"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Paisley, 2017).

People-centred Care

Health practitioners alone cannot manage to tackle the challenge of aboriginal communities. It requires equal attention from the government and law-making agencies to include them in the policymaking. People-centred approach refers to the policies that are more friendly for the general public and reflect their priorities. It asks for developing inclusive policies that include the inferior and marginalized groups in the process of decision making. The above models have emphasized the communication between these groups and the health practitioners. Thus, the medical group needs to focus on those strategies that involve the aboriginal groups and focus deeply on their community ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"eqiVSAgu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Freeman et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Freeman et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":98,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZeEdB6mD/items/DY2Z4FMR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZeEdB6mD/items/DY2Z4FMR"],"itemData":{"id":98,"type":"article-journal","title":"Case study of an aboriginal community-controlled health service in Australia: Universal, rights-based, publicly funded comprehensive primary health care in action","container-title":"Health and human rights","page":"93","volume":"18","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Freeman","given":"Toby"},{"family":"Baum","given":"Fran"},{"family":"Lawless","given":"Angela"},{"family":"Labonté","given":"Ronald"},{"family":"Sanders","given":"David"},{"family":"Boffa","given":"John"},{"family":"Edwards","given":"Tahnia"},{"family":"Javanparast","given":"Sara"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Freeman et al., 2016). Due to the history of aboriginal people, health practitioners should adopt collaborative approaches. This will enable us to get timely information about future threats. It will also build trustworthy relationships with the patients that would resultantly empower them. This will also help to quickly diagnose similar future cases ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"K3ZneyUW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Nelson, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Nelson, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":99,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZeEdB6mD/items/B2X9QRYK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZeEdB6mD/items/B2X9QRYK"],"itemData":{"id":99,"type":"article-journal","title":"Rewriting the narrative: Confronting Australia’s past in order to determine our future","container-title":"NEW: Emerging Scholars in Australian Indigenous Studies","page":"20-26","volume":"4","author":[{"family":"Nelson","given":"T."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Nelson, 2018).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Bessarab, D. (2000). Working with Aboriginal families: A cultural approach. W Weeks & M Quinn (Eds).

Cairney, S., Abbott, T., Quinn, S., Yamaguchi, J., Wilson, B., & Wakerman, J. (2017). Interplay wellbeing framework: a collaborative methodology ‘bringing together stories and numbers’ to quantify Aboriginal cultural values in remote Australia. International Journal for Equity in Health, 16(1), 68.

Couzos, S., & Murray, R. (2008). Aboriginal primary health care: an evidence-based approach. Oxford University Press.

Eckermann, A.-K., Dowd, T., & Chong, E. (2010). Binan Goonj: bridging cultures in Aboriginal health. Elsevier Australia.

Freeman, T., Baum, F., Lawless, A., Labonté, R., Sanders, D., Boffa, J., … Javanparast, S. (2016). Case study of an Aboriginal community-controlled health service in Australia: Universal, rights-based, publicly funded comprehensive primary health care in action. Health and Human Rights, 18(2), 93.

Lin, I., Green, C., & Bessarab, D. (2016). ‘Yarn with me': applying clinical yarning to improve clinician-patient communication in Aboriginal health care. Australian Journal of Primary Health, 22(5), 377–382.

MacPhail, C., & McKay, K. (2018). Social determinants in the sexual health of adolescent Aboriginal Australians: a systematic review. Health & Social Care in the Community, 26(2), 131–146.

Nelson, T. (2018). Rewriting the narrative: Confronting Australia’s past in order to determine our future. NEW: Emerging Scholars in Australian Indigenous Studies, 4, 20–26.

Paisley, F. (2017). An ‘education in white brutality': Anthony Martin Fernando and Australian Aboriginal rights in a transnational context. In Rethinking settler colonialism. Manchester University Press.

Reeve, C., Humphreys, J., Wakerman, J., Carroll, V., Carter, M., O’Brien, T., … Smith, B. (2015). Community participation in health service reform: the development of an innovative remote Aboriginal primary health-care service. Australian Journal of Primary Health, 21(4), 409–416.

Sherwood, J., & Edwards, T. (2006). Decolonisation: A critical step for improving Aboriginal health. Contemporary Nurse, 22(2), 178–190.

Short, D. (2016). Reconciliation and colonial power: Indigenous rights in Australia. Routledge.

Taylor, K., & Guerin, P. (2010). Health care and Indigenous Australians: cultural safety in practice. Macmillan Education AU.

Reflection Assignment: Meeting Essential IX

MEETING ESSENTIAL IX

Name

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Meeting Essential IX

The advanced technology in the past years has changed the concentration of medicine from a services-oriented and caring model to a cure-oriented and technological model. There have been tremendous advances in the field of research and medicine. However, I have observed that physicians in healthcare facilities have attempted to balance medicine’s spiritual roots and modern technological models of care ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a24sltob5df","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Timmins & Caldeira, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Timmins & Caldeira, 2017)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1169,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/Y9JJ5MHR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/Y9JJ5MHR"],"itemData":{"id":1169,"type":"article-journal","title":"Understanding spirituality and spiritual care in nursing","container-title":"Nursing Standard","volume":"31","issue":"22","author":[{"family":"Timmins","given":"Fiona"},{"family":"Caldeira","given":"Sílvia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Timmins & Caldeira, 2017). Spiritual care involves care for the whole person. Physicians prefer to deliver care for the persons emotionally, physically, socially, and spiritually. Spiritual care and values are an important aspect in the delivery of healthcare services. For example, I have observed that respecting patient's preferences and providing them with services according to their values and beliefs are also important. In the past few decades, it has been observed that respecting patient's autonomy is also a part of healthcare services.

For example, I have observed that delivering healthcare services to patients such as holding their hands, spending time listening to them, providing compassionate care, and discussing their problems, gives them additional strength. Therefore, patient-centered care is all part of the spiritual needs of patients ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"al4u11ph7q","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Jones, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Jones, 2018)"},"citationItems":[{"id":47,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QH9WJCT3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QH9WJCT3"],"itemData":{"id":47,"type":"paper-conference","title":"The Future Impact of Much Lower Launch Cost","publisher":"48th International Conference on Environmental Systems","author":[{"family":"Jones","given":"Harry"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Jones, 2018). Several types of research have been conducted on spirituality in health care and it has been analyzed that providing comprehensive health care services heals the patients faster. I have observed that it heals the soul of the patients and mends their spiritual damages by respecting their beliefs. In delivering such services to patients, healthcare providers have to work like an educator, an advocate, and services provider ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a24sltob5df","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Timmins & Caldeira, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Timmins & Caldeira, 2017)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1169,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/Y9JJ5MHR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/Y9JJ5MHR"],"itemData":{"id":1169,"type":"article-journal","title":"Understanding spirituality and spiritual care in nursing","container-title":"Nursing Standard","volume":"31","issue":"22","author":[{"family":"Timmins","given":"Fiona"},{"family":"Caldeira","given":"Sílvia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Timmins & Caldeira, 2017). It has been evaluated that the beliefs and values of patients are equally important for their recovery, as it plays a role in developing the will-power that is required for a speedy recovery. Academic education and real-world issues in healthcare facilities should be in alignment to provide effective quality care to the patients. I would suggest that evidence-based practice, patient-centered care and taking care of the spiritual needs of patients should be the preferences of healthcare providers.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Jones, H. (2018). The Future Impact of Much Lower Launch Cost.

Timmins, F., & Caldeira, S. (2017). Understanding spirituality and spiritual care in nursing. Nursing Standard, 31(22).

Reflection Essay

Online Nursing Course

Student’s Name

Institution

Date

Introduction

An online nursing course like any other courses covers a variety of topics to fulfill the mandate of the course. First, online course majorly conducted through a virtual platform where we access learning materials such as assignment, notes, and other materials from the lecturer. The assessment was also done regularly to ensure that we understand the course. Though we rarely physically interact, throughout the course we had a proactive platform for group discussion, and chat forum where we could discuss issues related to the topic. Throughout the course, we learned various aspects in nursing such as the promotion of healthcare, nursing practice and regulations, patient care and other related issues in nursing.

However, looking back to the issues discussed and how the course was conducted through, I think an online nursing course provides detailed information regarding nursing practice. Like any other student pursuing a nursing course in other platforms, I think an online nursing course provides more portion of the content of what is being studied. This is because of several discussion, charts and practical exercise which we as nursing students undertake at various hospitals or healthcare settings we are assigned. But the hardest part of the online nursing course is lack of face to face interactions with the lecturer and other students as well. It is frustrating and therefore, in the future designing of online nursing course, learners should be assigned healthcare settings immediately the course begins for effective assessment and guidance. Nursing is not like other course lie business and another effective interaction with patients and other stakeholders is needed to ensure that learners understand the concept well for delivery of healthcare to patients. The future designing of online nursing course should put in consideration physical engagement, and more practical work.

In conclusion, throughout the course, I learned several aspects of nursing and studied several works related to nursing practice. Though there was no face to face meeting learning was interesting because of numerous learning materials provided by the lecturer and assessment conducted regularly.

Reflection From NYT Opinion Piece On PM2.5

Reflection from NYT Opinion piece on PM2.5

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

Reflection from NYT Opinion piece on PM2.5

PM 2.5 is considered as a deadly minute microscopic particle that exists in the air as a pollutant. It enters the deepest parts of the lungs and causes early deaths among the people. It is considered as deadlier then alcohol, smoking and sodium intake. It is one of the most toxic environmental risk factors that is affecting the population all over the world.

Environmental epidemiology is concerned about the impact of the environment on human health. According to Clean Air Scientific Advisory, the EPA position regarding the particles does not hole a stable ground as its report casually linked the premature death with these air pollutants without providing scientific proves. Environmental epidemiology is not a pseudoscience all the claims but must be verified through scientific evidence. Epidemiology gathers data from valid resources however, its ability to gather data is restricted. Also, it constrained by the swift changes that occur by emergency situations in the healthcare sector. By the time the data is collected verified and analyzed, it usually becomes outdated. But it cannot be considered as pseudo-science just because the other factors also contribute to human health. This view of the anti-regulatory parliament members is not valid.

The effects of pollution can hit any type of population despite its socio-economic influence. It effects are more significant in the populations that already are suffering from the health conditions. Socioeconomic factors have little influence on the pollution situation. Clean Air and scientific Advisory committee provide advice to the EPA on the Air quality standards. According to the law EPA needs to set standards for the air pollutants based on their influence and priority order to maintain the safety. However, this committee has taken out all the epidemiologists from its team. It was further weekend by the by Mr. Wheeler when he disbanded 20 member advisory panel for PM 2.5 that included the environmental epidemiologists. This review panel was responsible for measuring the concentration and reviewing the PM 2.5 standards. No research can be done on the standards of air quality without environmental epidemiologists.

Dr. Tony Cox is not a good representative for the clean air committee, because he is using a narrow statistical approach in his studies and his actions to remove epidemiological studies from his research is a proof of this. The academic scientists and epidemiologists both are critical in formulating policies and regulating air standards. Only with a balanced approach, the policies can be formulated to maintain the air and environmental standards to save the vast American population from getting sick from the high concentration of PM 2.5 particles.

Reflection On Experiences With People With Dementia

Reflection on Experiences with People with Dementia

Name

Affiliation

Date

Reflection on Experiences with People with Dementia

Introduction

The purpose of this assignment is to reflect the experiences of interacting with people with dementia. In the health care setting, there are greater chances of interacting with elderly patients having the condition of dementia. It is very important to know how to deal with them, in order to provide them better care and treatment facilities. Gibbs (1988) reflective cycle provides the opportunity of describing the scenario, as well as analyzing it from different perspectives, which then enables the person to evaluate his/her performance and develop the action plan for future. Gibbs (1988) reflective cycle would also be utilized in this case, in order to analyze the reflective experience and formulate the action plan to interact with the people with dementia in the future.

Description of the experience/event

During the initial years of my placement, as a student in the mental health center, I interacted with Mrs. Nora, who was a sixty years old patient who had dementia. She had been in the mental health center for the past three months, and her son had got her admitted there, as she used to go out of the home to search for her husband and younger daughter and often got lost, and injured as well. The location of the scenario is the mental health center, and the context is that I was assigned the duty of looking after Mrs. Nora during the second week of my placement. I had seen her before but had not interacted with her or provided direct care to her. When I was giving her the last dose of the day, before she went to sleep, she started inquiring that when her husband would bring her daughter. She started calling the name of her son while asking him to go search for his dad. She believed that she was in her house, with her son and her husband had gone to pick up their daughter. My mentor was attending another patient, so I could not disturb her, and I told Mrs. Nora that her husband has called and said that he would come in the morning, however, the outcome was that she became even more depressed (Livingston, Sommerlad, Orgeta, Costafreda, Huntley, Ames, & Cooper, 2017).

Feelings

I experienced feelings of stress and incompetency in that situation. I was not able to provide better care to Mrs. Nora as she was agitated and depressed over the absence of her husband and daughter. I felt incompetent because of the fact that I could not tell her that her husband and daughter had died three years back and they were not going to come anymore. I could not tell the truth while being fearful of her reaction and my feelings about the outcome became even more complex. I kept thinking about telling her the truth; however, I was worried that her condition might deteriorate even more (Talbot, & Brewer, 2016). My feelings have not changed completely even after reflecting on the experience. The internal belief that I could have calmed her down and relaxed her caused the feeling. Moreover, the external influence that she kept waiting for her husband and daughter till the time she fell to sleep also caused the feeling (Jakobsen, & Sørlie, 2016).

Evaluation

The negative thing about the experience was that I could not tell the truth to Mrs. Nora and gave her false hope, in order to avoid making her condition worst. I was worried about her reaction so I told her that her husband and daughter would come in the morning, thinking that she would forget about it in the morning. The positive thing about the experience is that I did not contribute to worsening the condition of a dementia patient. Although, she felt agitated and depressed for some time, while waiting for her family, however, if I had told her the truth, she may not have been able to accept it and become more grieved and depressed (Jing, Willis, & Feng, 2016).

Analysis & Critical Appraisal

I can make a better sense of the situation now in the way that I am well aware of the fact that dementia patients have a problem with short and long term memory. They also forget about the things, while they are actually doing something. For example, forgetting about bathing while they are taking a bath. So, I would have indulged Mrs. Nora in some other activity to divert her attention, instead of giving her false hopes and making her depressed. The knowledge of gaining and diverting the attention of dementia patients, (Moyle, Olorenshaw, Wallis, & Borbasi, 2008) was helpful for understanding the situation. Due to their short memory, it is easy to distract dementia patients from the things which upset them. It is recommended to do so, in order to help them not get stressed over the things which are not in their control anymore (Gibbs, 1988).

Conclusion

The thing which I have learned from this experience is that it may not be beneficial to tell the dementia patients about the death of family member which they believe is still alive. However, it is also not good to give them false hope, because it makes them even more depressed and agitated. So, the better solution of the scenario is to involve them in the activities which they like, as a strategy of diverting their attention. I could have used this strategy to avoid making Mrs. Nora more depressed and agitated (Dening, King, Jones, Vickestaff, & Sampson, 2016).

Action Plan

The action plan for the future is that if I would interact with elderly people with dementia in the future, in order to ensure their care and treatment. I would definitively avoid giving them false hoes. I would try to learn the interests of the elderly people and develop some activities while keeping in view their interest (Hancock, Woods, Challis, & Orrell, 2006). Dementia is a degenerative and chronic illness, and healthcare providers do not know how shocking news would impact the mind of the patient (Cleary, & Doody, 2017). So, I would try my best to keep the patients busy and not letting them ponder upon the things which can make them depressed and agitated.

References

Cleary, J., & Doody, O. (2017). Nurses' experience of caring for people with intellectual disability and dementia. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 26(5-6), 620-631.

Dening, K. H., King, M., Jones, L., Vickestaff, V., & Sampson, E. L. (2016). Advance care planning in dementia: do family carers know the treatment preferences of people with early dementia?. PloS one, 11(7), e0159056.

Gibbs, G. (1988). Learning by doing: A guide to teaching and learning methods. Further Education Unit.

Hancock, G. A., Woods, B., Challis, D., & Orrell, M. (2006). The needs of older people with dementia in residential care. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: A journal of the psychiatry of late life and allied sciences, 21(1), 43-49.

Jakobsen, R., & Sørlie, V. (2016). Ethical challenges: Trust and leadership in dementia care. Nursing Ethics, 23(6), 636-645.

Jing, W., Willis, R., & Feng, Z. (2016). Factors influencing the quality of life of elderly people with dementia and care implications: A systematic review. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics, 66, 23-41.

Livingston, G., Sommerlad, A., Orgeta, V., Costafreda, S. G., Huntley, J., Ames, D., ... & Cooper, C. (2017). Dementia prevention, intervention, and care. The Lancet, 390(10113), 2673-2734.

Moyle, W., Olorenshaw, R., Wallis, M., & Borbasi, S. (2008). Best practice for the management of older people with dementia in the acute care setting: a review of the literature. International Journal of Older People Nursing, 3(2), 121-130.

Talbot, R., & Brewer, G. (2016). Care assistant experiences of dementia care in long-term nursing and residential care environments. Dementia, 15(6), 1737-1754.

Reflection Paper

Reflection Paper

Name

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Reflection Paper

The concept of team work will help the professionals in acute care settings to lead and collaborate in the phase of planning. The team process will help and enable healthcare providers to develop the goals and action plans for the implementation of safe practices ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2734pinvtf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dow et al., 2013)","plainCitation":"(Dow et al., 2013)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1227,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/P7DY8UCG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/P7DY8UCG"],"itemData":{"id":1227,"type":"article-journal","title":"Applying Organizational Science to Health Care: A Framework for Collaborative Practice","container-title":"Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges","page":"952-957","volume":"88","issue":"7","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Developing interprofessional education (IPE) curricula that improve collaborative practice across professions has proven challenging. A theoretical basis for understanding collaborative practice in health care settings is needed to guide the education and evaluation of health professions trainees and practitioners and support the team-based delivery of care. IPE should incorporate theory-driven, evidence-based methods and build competency toward effective collaboration., In this article, the authors review several concepts from the organizational science literature and propose using these as a framework for understanding how health care teams function. Specifically, they outline the team process model of action and planning phases in collaborative work; discuss leadership and followership, including how locus (a leader’s integration into a team’s usual work) and formality (a leader’s responsibility conferred by the traditional hierarchy) affect team functions; and describe dynamic delegation, an approach to conceptualizing escalation and delegation within health care teams. For each concept, they identify competencies for knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors to aid in the development of innovative curricula to improve collaborative practice. They suggest that gaining an understanding of these principles will prepare health care trainees, whether team leaders or members, to analyze team performance, adapt behaviors that improve collaboration, and create team-based health care delivery processes that lead to improved clinical outcomes.","DOI":"10.1097/ACM.0b013e31829523d1","ISSN":"1040-2446","note":"PMID: 23702530\nPMCID: PMC3695060","shortTitle":"Applying Organizational Science to Health Care","journalAbbreviation":"Acad Med","author":[{"family":"Dow","given":"Alan W."},{"family":"DiazGranados","given":"Deborah"},{"family":"Mazmanian","given":"Paul E."},{"family":"Retchin","given":"Sheldon M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013",7]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Dow et al., 2013). I would suggest that applying team process in the healthcare setting will enable nurses to work effectively by applying the evidence based practices through proper planning. The leadership and followership is another important step in the assessment and advocacy of team and staff to manage the traditional barriers in accomplishing healthcare services. It will enable nurses to apply the leadership roles and to collaborate with the team members. Decision making would be enhanced through effective leadership ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2734pinvtf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dow et al., 2013)","plainCitation":"(Dow et al., 2013)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1227,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/P7DY8UCG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/P7DY8UCG"],"itemData":{"id":1227,"type":"article-journal","title":"Applying Organizational Science to Health Care: A Framework for Collaborative Practice","container-title":"Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges","page":"952-957","volume":"88","issue":"7","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Developing interprofessional education (IPE) curricula that improve collaborative practice across professions has proven challenging. A theoretical basis for understanding collaborative practice in health care settings is needed to guide the education and evaluation of health professions trainees and practitioners and support the team-based delivery of care. IPE should incorporate theory-driven, evidence-based methods and build competency toward effective collaboration., In this article, the authors review several concepts from the organizational science literature and propose using these as a framework for understanding how health care teams function. Specifically, they outline the team process model of action and planning phases in collaborative work; discuss leadership and followership, including how locus (a leader’s integration into a team’s usual work) and formality (a leader’s responsibility conferred by the traditional hierarchy) affect team functions; and describe dynamic delegation, an approach to conceptualizing escalation and delegation within health care teams. For each concept, they identify competencies for knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors to aid in the development of innovative curricula to improve collaborative practice. They suggest that gaining an understanding of these principles will prepare health care trainees, whether team leaders or members, to analyze team performance, adapt behaviors that improve collaboration, and create team-based health care delivery processes that lead to improved clinical outcomes.","DOI":"10.1097/ACM.0b013e31829523d1","ISSN":"1040-2446","note":"PMID: 23702530\nPMCID: PMC3695060","shortTitle":"Applying Organizational Science to Health Care","journalAbbreviation":"Acad Med","author":[{"family":"Dow","given":"Alan W."},{"family":"DiazGranados","given":"Deborah"},{"family":"Mazmanian","given":"Paul E."},{"family":"Retchin","given":"Sheldon M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013",7]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Dow et al., 2013). Nurses would be able to facilitate patients with quality care as the leadership would enable them to take evidence based decisions for effective treatment plans.

Formality and locus of leadership would enhance capacities and abilities of leaders, in order to achieve the organizational goals. Modifications in behavior are essential for nurses because it would help them to facilitate patients and deliver quality care ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2734pinvtf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dow et al., 2013)","plainCitation":"(Dow et al., 2013)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1227,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/P7DY8UCG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/P7DY8UCG"],"itemData":{"id":1227,"type":"article-journal","title":"Applying Organizational Science to Health Care: A Framework for Collaborative Practice","container-title":"Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges","page":"952-957","volume":"88","issue":"7","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Developing interprofessional education (IPE) curricula that improve collaborative practice across professions has proven challenging. A theoretical basis for understanding collaborative practice in health care settings is needed to guide the education and evaluation of health professions trainees and practitioners and support the team-based delivery of care. IPE should incorporate theory-driven, evidence-based methods and build competency toward effective collaboration., In this article, the authors review several concepts from the organizational science literature and propose using these as a framework for understanding how health care teams function. Specifically, they outline the team process model of action and planning phases in collaborative work; discuss leadership and followership, including how locus (a leader’s integration into a team’s usual work) and formality (a leader’s responsibility conferred by the traditional hierarchy) affect team functions; and describe dynamic delegation, an approach to conceptualizing escalation and delegation within health care teams. For each concept, they identify competencies for knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors to aid in the development of innovative curricula to improve collaborative practice. They suggest that gaining an understanding of these principles will prepare health care trainees, whether team leaders or members, to analyze team performance, adapt behaviors that improve collaboration, and create team-based health care delivery processes that lead to improved clinical outcomes.","DOI":"10.1097/ACM.0b013e31829523d1","ISSN":"1040-2446","note":"PMID: 23702530\nPMCID: PMC3695060","shortTitle":"Applying Organizational Science to Health Care","journalAbbreviation":"Acad Med","author":[{"family":"Dow","given":"Alan W."},{"family":"DiazGranados","given":"Deborah"},{"family":"Mazmanian","given":"Paul E."},{"family":"Retchin","given":"Sheldon M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013",7]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Dow et al., 2013). Dynamic delegation is another important step that shapes the hierarchical structure of healthcare system. According to the clinical need, hierarchical structure would be developed and effective delegation for responsibilities would be explained in the health care organizations ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2734pinvtf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dow et al., 2013)","plainCitation":"(Dow et al., 2013)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1227,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/P7DY8UCG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/P7DY8UCG"],"itemData":{"id":1227,"type":"article-journal","title":"Applying Organizational Science to Health Care: A Framework for Collaborative Practice","container-title":"Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges","page":"952-957","volume":"88","issue":"7","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Developing interprofessional education (IPE) curricula that improve collaborative practice across professions has proven challenging. A theoretical basis for understanding collaborative practice in health care settings is needed to guide the education and evaluation of health professions trainees and practitioners and support the team-based delivery of care. IPE should incorporate theory-driven, evidence-based methods and build competency toward effective collaboration., In this article, the authors review several concepts from the organizational science literature and propose using these as a framework for understanding how health care teams function. Specifically, they outline the team process model of action and planning phases in collaborative work; discuss leadership and followership, including how locus (a leader’s integration into a team’s usual work) and formality (a leader’s responsibility conferred by the traditional hierarchy) affect team functions; and describe dynamic delegation, an approach to conceptualizing escalation and delegation within health care teams. For each concept, they identify competencies for knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors to aid in the development of innovative curricula to improve collaborative practice. They suggest that gaining an understanding of these principles will prepare health care trainees, whether team leaders or members, to analyze team performance, adapt behaviors that improve collaboration, and create team-based health care delivery processes that lead to improved clinical outcomes.","DOI":"10.1097/ACM.0b013e31829523d1","ISSN":"1040-2446","note":"PMID: 23702530\nPMCID: PMC3695060","shortTitle":"Applying Organizational Science to Health Care","journalAbbreviation":"Acad Med","author":[{"family":"Dow","given":"Alan W."},{"family":"DiazGranados","given":"Deborah"},{"family":"Mazmanian","given":"Paul E."},{"family":"Retchin","given":"Sheldon M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013",7]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Dow et al., 2013). Applying these steps in the healthcare facility will help nurses to develop inter-professional collaboration and awareness of system. Nurses would become more responsible and accountable for their decisions in the presence of effective leadership. An effective member of IP team needs to establish the effective leadership, modifications in the behaviors and dynamic delegation to address the emerging issues of healthcare organizations.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Dow, A. W., DiazGranados, D., Mazmanian, P. E., & Retchin, S. M. (2013). Applying Organizational Science to Health Care: A Framework for Collaborative Practice. Academic Medicine : Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 88(7), 952–957. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0b013e31829523d1

Reflection Paper

Reflection Paper

[Name of the Student]

[Name of the Institution]

Reflection Paper

Patient Identifiers

Patient identifiers refer to the inevitable components that are needed to commence the processes related to treatment of a patient. According to Cleveland Clinic’s policies and procedures, patients ought to be identified by two factors: date of birth / full name and medical record number. These identifiers would be used for accessing any details about the patient and identifying related information. The identifiers are recorded electronically in the clinic’s database system, written on patient’s wrist, and mentioned on paper charting systems. The identifiers help staff avoid confusing clinical information of different patients with one another.

Document Forms Required

Consent forms are required to be filled out for each patient before surgery. Consent forms are to be signed by the patient, surgeons, and anesthesia providers. Patients are informed of the necessary details and requirements as well as possible outcomes of the treatment.

Sources of Data Collection

Since patients with diverse histories and backgrounds come for treatment or surgery, it is essential to assess and record the medical history of every patient so that the staff could know clearly their needs and plan subsequent treatment effectively. Certain situations may arise during the treatment of patients wherein they do not approve some practices due to demographic, religious, or personal attitudes and preferences. The consent form signed by the patients after informing them of treatment requirements includes approval or disapproval of such practices that are likely to be carried out in their treatment (Sivanadarajah, El-Daly, Mamarelis, Sohail, & Bates, 2017).

Cleveland Clinic’s Universal Protocols

Protocols for clinics include the guidelines to be followed in providing treatment to patients, or investigating particular details and findings related to patients. The protocols adhered to by Cleveland Clinic are in accordance with the Joint Commission’s standards. The universal protocol helps clinic’s staff consider and treat the patient under appropriate protocol. This process entails various phases. First, patient assessment is carried out following specific procedures for adult and pediatric patients. Second, airway protocol is applied to identify patient’s category, distinguishing between adults and children. Third, circulation is assessed for adults or children using separate shock protocols. The restriction procedure for spinal motion is followed where it has been indicated. Fourth, the vital signs including heart rate, blood pressure, respirations, room air SpO2 help are taken into account. Finally, the patient is categorized as per the given criteria and placed in the appropriate group.

Alterations of Health Causing Risks

The patient’s ability to rehabilitate and recover can be impacted severely based on the co-morbidities of the patient. The surgeons need to clearly know the medical history of the patient. Any varied forms of acquired disease must also come into consideration. The clearance for a specific treatment or surgery should only be given if the patient is able to go through the suggested treatment. This preoperative clearance will reduce the complexities that could possibly arise during the course of treatment.

Handoff Communication

Handoff communication is carried out between a clinician or nurse and another clinician or nurse. For a surgery, a patient’s handoff is transferred from preoperative nurse to intraoperative nurse to postoperative nurse (Chitkara, Dials, Schuh, Thompson, Wagner, & White, 2017). The anesthesia provider and surgeon transfers handoff to the nurses and this information or guidelines help them manage providing care to the patients. This allows the nurses to carry on providing care to the patient on the desired level.

Recovery: Phase 1

In phase 1, the patient is kept in PACU (Post-Anesthesia Care Unit), and his or her vital signs (heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, etc.) are observed closely. Pain management and fluid administration also begins.

Recovery: Phase 2

The second phase of recovery occurs in the medical surgical unit where nurses provide intensive care to patients to help them cope with illness, prevent disease, and promote health.

References

Chitkara, H., Dials, K., Schuh, K., Thompson, N., Wagner, C., & White, M. (2017). A Protocol to Enhance Nurse-to-Nurse Communication during Patient Handoff.

Sivanadarajah, N., El-Daly, I., Mamarelis, G., Sohail, M. Z., & Bates, P. (2017). Informed consent and the readability of the written consent form. The Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England, 99(8), 645-649.

Reflection Paper

Reflection

Working style

A proper working style has been used in the term paper because it followed a proper pattern. The work is presented in a coherent manner as paragraphs flows in order. I have used a narrative tone for explaining the contents of the paper. Proper grammatical structure is followed that adds more clarity and vividness to the paper. The overall writing structure depicts the use of formal and logical tone. The introduction is created in appropriate manner that gives brief details about the topic. Thee particular ideas and concepts are explained in the body paragraphs. The conclusion provides detailed summary of the findings. I managed to overcome challenges by using a simple method or writing.

Communications

My experience of communications reflects that proper methods have been followed in conservations. The information was presented to thee listeners in appropriate manner that allowed them to understand it. This resulted in improved interaction and conversation with the listeners. The talking modes adopted during the process of communications include accuracy and sincerity. I learned for my style of communication depending on the conversation meter. I focused more on accuracy that means considering the facts. This is important for transmitting the credential and reliable information. Another thing that I explored was sincerity that means doing what is right. During my conversation with the people I thought that I was right.

I think that the talking modes created cycles of waste and value in my relationship. The trait of accuracy is important for conveying a reliable information. This prevents from sharing wrong or unauthentic information. I also rely on sincerity that is based on the assumption of doing right. I learned through the conversation meter scale that I can reduce cycle of waste by increasing my level of sincerity, accuracy and authenticity.

Reflection_Master (MSN) Essential

Reflection Master (MSN) Essential

Student’s name

Institution

Date

Deflection Master (MSN) Essential

High-quality medical service always grounded in the holistic principles and therefore, NP requires listening and understanding the issues, which each patient face to provide elaborate services. It is also essential to delicately make an effort to dive deeper to understand what a patient is undergoing. For instance, last week, when a patient showed up for refill for Gabapentin for her neuropathy, the patient opened up and illustrated an issue which is affecting her. It is, therefore, important to able to communicate interrogate issues and apply an evidence-based approach to provide a clear solution.

The class prepared me for MSN essential by practicing efficient reading of various related textbooks, other posts, and conducting my research about several illnesses, which generally affect the population. The discussion was also held, focusing on a variety of scenarios that deals with different ages CITATION Wor15 \l 1033 (World Health Organization, 2015). In the process, we had to established different methods which can be used to diagnose pediatrics, geriatrics, and adults. Learning the pathophysiology and diseases help to study how to improve the health of people. According to Kinchen (2015), nursing practitioner core competencies include being able to critically analyze data and evidence to provide improvement for advanced nursing practice. It also includes the ability to integrate knowledge and forms of studies to provide adequate healthcare services. Through research, class, and reading various posts, I can analyze a given condition and provide healthcare service that can provide a better outcome.

The course has to help helpful in improving my understanding of several issues related to healthcare provision. Through class notes, readings, and research, I have come to understand the process of solving several medical problems, which affect the population.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Kitchen, E. (2015). Development and Testing of an Instrument to Measure Holistic Nursing Values in Nurse Practitioner Care. Advances in Nursing Science, 2-34.

World Health Organization. (2015). People at the Centre of Health Care. Harmonizing mind and body people and systems, 2-35.

Reflective Essay

Reflective Essay

Sarjo

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Table of Contents

TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u Introduction/Overview PAGEREF _Toc17129362 \h 3

My Three Moments in Time PAGEREF _Toc17129363 \h 3

Link to Social Determinants PAGEREF _Toc17129364 \h 6

References PAGEREF _Toc17129365 \h 11

Appendix – other details not able to be included in the word count PAGEREF _Toc17129366 \h 13

Introduction/Overview

As an African-Australian woman, I realize that my ethnicity, gender, cultural identity, life events, and social circumstances have had a significant influence on my personality and identity. I draw my cultural identity mainly from my ethnicity as an Australian woman of African-descent, which then reflects in the way I communicate and socialize, the beliefs and values I hold, and the way I interact with the structural forces around me. However, like others, my life has also been affected by circumstances that preordained my choices. It is important to understand and reflect over how various moments, milestones, and life events shape how I am as an Individual. In turn, these will allow me to gain a better appreciation of the needs of other ethnic minority communities in Australia. In this paper, I will recall and reflect over three moments in my life that are closely linked to the social determinants of my own health and well-being. Thereafter, I would use these insights to examine how these social factors correlate with the historical events and factors which shaped the social determinants of the Indigenous Australian community.

My Three Moments in Time

2430780574357500As I recall life events and moments that have left a deep impact on me or my social circumstances, I remember the small gestures and acts of micro-aggression that I used to face at school due to my ethnicity. I was born in Australia, daughter to 2nd generation immigrants from Australia. Yet, even as a millennial who has known no country other than Australia, I saw how people had little knowledge about my background. I remember students and teachers often inquiring about where I was from or whether my parents migrated trying to flee starvation back in Africa? Even if at the implicit level, I could perceive that I was socially excluded from the rest of the class due to the colour of my skin. I remember once when as a child, we were shown the Lion King in class, and the teacher decided to pause the film and ask me, “Sarjo, can you translate the song for the rest of the class?” Even though I realize that homogenization and stereotyping of people of African-descent is a common issue, I commonly felt that ordinary Australians were still clueless about many aspects and held many incorrect beliefs about the community.

right5400675Another event I remember was related to my cousin, Kofi, who I had always looked up to as role model. He was very confident, well-mannered, polite, and a bright student and I remember how I would always look up to him. One day, however, I came to know about Kofi’s drug addiction. The news naturally seemed shocking and unbelievable, yet it turned out to be true. He did not seem like other guys in the street who would do drugs, and it turned out that Kofi had turned to alcohol and drugs to escape his own troubles and worries in life. It was a hard time for not just family but me also, who saw in him a person with moral values and principles. Yet, everything had now changed; his drug addiction did not just destroy him but caused his family great suffering, anxiety, and pain. Eventually, our families decided it was best to send Kofi to a rehabilitation centre for treatment. It was hard to see the pain of someone you admire dearly in such a worse condition but I was glad that he agreed for treatment. However, the event served as a reminder to me how drugs could destroy even the best among us.

23806155476240Another event in my life that shook me was when my dad lost his job. My dad had worked hard and struggled throughout his life so that he could provide us with a better life in Australia. My grandparents had spent all their savings on his education, and eventually, my father landed good positions in the Australian construction industry. We had a decent quality of life and accommodation and life seemed to be progressing smoothly in this aspect. Yet, as the economy turned, the corporation that he worked for decided to cut down on employees. Among them was my dad, who was laid off alongside hundreds of other workers. Although, he tried applying for other positions, yet the construction industry was experiencing a significant downturn back then and no company was hiring. With the industry plummeting, the situation seemed hopeless and my father had to do some odd jobs to provide some income to care for the family. Yet, that income was not enough and eventually, our family savings ended. The other members of the family met my dad and assured him that they would pool in money to pay the rent until he finds a new job, and he could return the money whenever he had enough. Despite that, we were living paycheck to paycheck even after drastically cutting down on expenses. That time was particularly depressing and all I could think about those days was what I wanted to do in life, or what career I could choose that would prevent a situation like that.

Link to Social Determinants

Throughout my life, I have seen first-hand how various circumstances such as income levels, a lack of employment, social exclusion, and social support can create situations and circumstances that affect their health and well-being. It is well-documented in literature that lower education levels, high unemployment, unaffordable housing, and other factors such as racism, discrimination, and social exclusion are active determinants in influencing health outcomes CITATION Bru06 \l 1033 \m Jon18 (Galobardes, Shaw, Lawlor, Lynch, & Smith, 2006; Voßemer, et al., 2018).

Ethnicity and one's social location plays a large role in preordaining a lot of our choices in life. The values our family holds, their connectedness to the overall community, and the type of neighbourhood that we reside in, are significantly affected by our ethnicity. In my view, Australia did not have as much exposure to other cultures as much as America and Europe did. African immigration before the 1980s was rare and, in my view, may have been the cause of this lack of exposure. Some of the implicit biases and stereotyping I experienced while growing up was the product of that inaccurate portrayal. Implicit biases often manifest themselves in the form of discrimination and social exclusion, which creates a social disadvantage in terms of opportunities, skills, community participation, and the availability of resources CITATION AIH16 \l 1033 (AIHW, 2016). Moreover, it can lead to anxiety and long-term stress and eventually lead to disease and ill-health in the affected community.

The abuse of legal and prohibited drugs is extensively recognized as a major health concern in Australia and it comes with a broader economic and social cost. Tobacco is known to be the key cause of premature deaths than any other drug in Australia. In addition, alcohol-associated hospitals are more than that of legal drugs CITATION Rox13 \l 1033 (Roxburgh & Burns, 2013). As was evident in the case of Kofi, drug users not only harms themselves but their family and friends are also vulnerable to major health concerns. The consequences of the use of drugs can range from mental illness to suicide and death. However, the extent to which individuals has a social life sometimes results in fewer disease and improved life expectancy. Social support is pivotal for mental wellbeing and assists the victims in dealing with material and economic sufferings. I was a witness how it was social support that eventually saved Kofi from completely destroying his life.

Furthermore, unemployment is known to correlate with higher risks of illness, mortality, and disability relative to those who enjoy stable employment CITATION Jon18 \l 1033 (Voßemer, et al., 2018). The resulting stress from unemployment leads to a significant impact on the mental and physical wellbeing of the individual owing to the psychological and financial problems that come with it. Moreover, unemployment also correlates with education and skills; hence, people or groups that are socially excluded from society find considerable hindrances in gaining suitable and stable employment compared to native or majority populations. I witnessed how unemployment could directly affect the family’s physical and psychological wellbeing when my father was laid off. A high and stable income allows access to better services and goods, such as housing, food, and healthcare. It also allows time for individuals to engage in leisure and healthy pursuits CITATION Bru06 \l 1033 (Galobardes, Shaw, Lawlor, Lynch, & Smith, 2006). A loss of income adversely affects access to these services and, in turn, leads to stress and ill-health.

Link of three events to a historical landmark affecting the Indigenous community

It is evident from the literature that the social determinants of health rest on various interconnected social factors. The health and social inequalities faced by Indigenous Australians is extensively documented in the literature CITATION Nol10 \l 1033 (Purdie, Dudgeon, & Walker, 2010). The inequity is particularly visible in the case of lack of access to adequate healthcare, poor infrastructure in terms of sanitation, healthy housing, and waste disposal CITATION AIH16 \l 1033 (AIHW, 2016). In particular, cultural and historical factors such as discrimination, racism, and colonialism have a strong link to Indigenous social and economic development.

It is essential to recognize the historical and socio-political factors that have contributed to these developments. As Australia was colonized, the Indigenous population suffered annihilation at various levels. The widespread massacres and introduction of newer infection diseases lead to a situation where only 10% of their population was left alive by 1850 CITATION Nol10 \l 1033 (Purdie, Dudgeon, & Walker, 2010). The remaining population was subsequently segregated and dispossessed of their lands. At the same time, the government launched forced assimilation families which lead to the forced removal of children from their families and communities. These generations were later termed as the ‘stolen generations' CITATION Nol10 \l 1033 (Purdie, Dudgeon, & Walker, 2010). In effect, the colonization process created long-lasting, multi-level barriers in improving the situation of Indigenous populations. Today, these barriers manifest themselves at levels such as physician-patient interaction and the delivery of care services CITATION Pip15 \l 1033 (Waterworth, Pescud, Braham, Dimmock, & Rosenberg, 2015).

The Indigenous populations also experience disadvantage in terms of average household incomes, employment rates, and healthy living. Even if for a brief time period in life, I had seen firsthand how lower household income can provide less income for families to engage in healthy leisure activities, access healthy food, afford safe housing, and access adequate healthcare. Moreover, lower educational attainment rates and health literacy further puts the Indigenous population inside a vicious cycle that is hard to break free of. Additionally, it is not just socio-economic disadvantage which resulted from these historical events but also risk behaviours. In particular, tobacco smoking and alcohol abuse is a result of the social disruptions and stress associated with everyday life and activities that Indigenous populations continue to suffer from CITATION Ali14 \l 1033 (Markwick, Ansari, Sullivan, Parsons, & McNeil, 2014). 

Similarly, the colonial period of Australia witnessed a pervasive form of racism. Indigenous populations were restricted from practising their traditional way of life. Geographical restrictions barred them from leaving designated areas while forced assimilation policies prohibited them from practising their culture, speaking the traditional language, or passing down their traditions and history. The subsequent loss of life, liberty, and dignity altered the native populations' social and cultural behaviour CITATION Pip15 \l 1033 (Waterworth, Pescud, Braham, Dimmock, & Rosenberg, 2015). The implicit forms of stereotyping and racism I felt growing up was enough to cause me certain stress in life; yet, I cannot fathom how it would feel like to have your entire culture, history, and dignity stripped from you. These historical incidents carried long term emotional and social consequences and led to the social exclusion that people saw in contemporary times. It also explains why there continues to be lower levels of trust, loss of productivity, and poor health choices among the community. Even today Indigenous populations estimated to experience at least one incident of racism in a yearCITATION Ali14 \l 1033 (Markwick, Ansari, Sullivan, Parsons, & McNeil, 2014).

To conclude, I understand how my life experiences have shaped my understanding of the issues faced by ethnic minorities, and in particular, the Indigenous Australian community. Reflecting on how these cultural and social determinants shaped my health and wellbeing, it becomes easier for me to understand how the circumstances, in which Indigenous Australians live and grow in, affect these outcomes. Hence when providing care to the community, it is important to be sensitive to the historical, cultural, and political factors that have created the circumstances that are leading to poor health behaviours or choices, and to address those issues in a culturally sensitive manner.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY AIHW. (2016, September 13). Australia's health 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2019, from Australian Institute of Health and Welfare: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-health/australias-health-2016/contents/determinants

Galobardes, B., Shaw, M., Lawlor, D. A., Lynch, J. W., & Smith, G. D. (2006). Indicators of socioeconomic position (part 1). Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 60(1), 7-12. Retrieved from https://jech.bmj.com/content/60/1/7

Markwick, A., Ansari, Z., Sullivan, M., Parsons, L., & McNeil, J. (2014). Inequalities in the social determinants of health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People: a cross-sectional population-based study in the Australian state of Victoria. International Journal for Equity in Health, 13(1), 91-101. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4209035/

Purdie, N., Dudgeon, P., & Walker, R. (2010). Working Together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Mental Health and Wellbeing Principles and Practice (1st ed.). Canberra, ACT: Australian Council for Educational Research.

Roxburgh, A., & Burns, L. (2013). Accidental drug-induced deaths due to opioids in Australia. Sydney, NSW: National Drug & Alcohol Research Centre. Retrieved from https://ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au/resource/accidental-drug-induced-deaths-due-opioids-australia-2013-0

Voßemer, J., Gebel, M., Täht, K., Unt, M., Högberg, B., & Strandh, M. (2018). The Effects of Unemployment and Insecure Jobs on Well-Being and Health: The Moderating Role of Labor Market Policies. Social Indicators Research, 138(3), 1229-1257. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11205-017-1697-y#citeas

Waterworth, P., Pescud, M., Braham, R., Dimmock, J., & Rosenberg, M. (2015). Factors Influencing the Health Behaviour of Indigenous Australians: Perspectives from Support People. PLoS One, 10(11), e0142323. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4658065/

Appendix – other details not able to be included in the word count

Criteria

The characteristic or outcome that is being judged.

Standards (The standard of performance)

HD

D

C

P

NN

Self assess

Brevity, clarity, sequencing and consistency of information.

Written - with spelling, grammar, paragraph structure and use of terminology that meets academic standards

Presentation – accurate and clear recording

5 marks

You provide an excellent introduction to your reflective written submission or presentation that highlights the import moments in your life

Your reflection report is well written and presents a credible narrative that paints a holistic picture of 3 events in your life. No spelling and punctuation errors

Excellent verbal communication in presentation [4-5]

Your general introduction is good, with a clear summary of the key points to be covered that highlight the import moments in your life

You have met the academic standards for writing and present a credible narrative that paints a holistic picture of 3 events in your life. Only a few spelling and punctuation errors evident. Your paragraph structure is good and appropriate language used.

Clear verbal communication in presentation easily interpreted.

[3.5-4]

You introduce the reflection yet have not stated clearly enough what is covered.

Your submission reads well, though lacks a logical flow of ideas. The narrative is consistent yet misses some key points. Problems may include some sentences being a bit confusing and/or rambling; good use language, but some paragraphs missing a key idea or focus, to enable a flow of information.

Verbal communication in presentation is not fluid and marker has difficulty impetrating the key message [3-3.5]

Your introduction is very brief and doesn’t adequately state what the key events will be covered.

The narrative is simplistic and while it outlines personal events it is not easy to follow for the marker. There are a number of spelling and grammatical errors throughout, which detract from your content and flow of ideas. You need to review correct paragraph structure.

Verbal communication in presentation difficult to follow [2.5 -3]

Your introduction is absent and doesn’t state the key reflection elements or the context of the presentation.

Many spelling and punctuation errors. Errors may include unclear sentence structure, no use of meaningful paragraphs to allow logical flow of content, poor use of language.

Poop prestation with no clear focus.

You need to consult with the Study and Learning Centre for assistance with writing and or presentation skills.

[0-2.5]

Criteria

The characteristic or outcome that is being judged.

Standards (The standard of performance)

HD

D

C

P

NN

Self assess

Personal reflection of 3 personal events and links to social determinants of health.

3 appropriate photos that capture this event

10 marks

You provide an excellent and in-depth reflection of the 3 events that impacted on your own social determinants of health.

Your written narrative or presentation flows logically, and you mention all the relevant social, political and cultural events that may have influenced the event.

You provided at least 3 images that accurately support your narrative

[8-10]

You provide a well-constructed and in-depth reflection of 3 very relevant events that impacted on your own social determinants of health.

Your written narrative or presentation flows well, and you mention most of the relevant social, political and cultural events that may have influenced the event.

You provided at least 3 images that have supported your narrative

[7-8]

You provide a sound reflection of 3 relevant events that impacted on you, some linked to social determinants of health.

Your written narrative or presentation flows well, and you mention a few relevant social, political and cultural events that may have influenced the event.

You provided at least 3 images that have supported your narrative, but the marker is unclear of the reason you chose them

[6-7]

You provide a barely adequate reflection of 3 relevant events that impacted on you, with few links to social determinants of health.

Your written narrative or presentation does not flow well. Little mention of any relevant social, political and cultural events that may have influenced the event.

You provided some images that have supported your narrative, but the marker is unclear of the reason you chose them

[5-6]

You provide an inadequate reflection of relevant events that impacted on you, with no links to social determinants of health.

Your written narrative or presentation does not flow well. No mention of any relevant social, political and cultural events that may have influenced the event.

You provided unrelated images to support your narrative, but the marker is unclear of the reason you chose them [0-5]

Link of 3 events to a historical landmark of what was affecting the Indigenous community at that time and potential social determinants

10 Marks

You provide an excellent link of your 3 events to an accurate timeline of events that would have impacted on an Indigenous person.

You present a credible argument that demonstrates an understanding of how all these historical events that shaped the social determinants of an Indigenous person [8-10]

You provide an evidence-based link of your 3 events to an timeline of events that would have impacted on an Indigenous person.

You present a credible argument that demonstrates an understanding of how historical events that may have shaped the social determinants of an indigenous person

[7-8]

You provide an adequate link of your 3 events to some events that would have impacted on an Indigenous person.

You present a sound narrative that shows some understanding of how some of the historical events may have shaped the social determinants of an indigenous person

[6-7]

You provide a barely adequate link of your 3 events to any events that would have impacted on an Indigenous person.

You present a brief statement that shows little understanding of how some of the historical events may have shaped the social determinants of an indigenous person

[5-6]

You provide an inadequate link of your 3 events to any events that would have impacted on an Indigenous person.

No understanding of how some of the historical events may have shaped the social determinants of an indigenous person.

[0-4.9]

Criteria

The characteristic or outcome that is being judged.

Standards (The standard of performance)

HD

D

C

P

NN

Self assess

Effectively links evidence-based information to the historical data

Intext referencing used throughout. Referencing formatted in accordance with APA requirements

5 marks

You effectively linked quality evidence to support the historical context of the 3 personal events reported and the link to an indigenous person’s historical influences.

Your intext referencing and final reference list demonstrate a high level of consistency and are formatted correctly and according to APA guidelines.

[4-5]

You provide good evidence the historical context of the 3 personal events reported and the link to an indigenous person’s historical influences.

Your use of intext referencing is good, and generally consistent. Reference list indicates good use of APA guidelines for most reference citations.

Please read comments made throughout which indicate where improvements can be made

[3.5-4]

The references used provide adequate evidence supporting the historical context of the 3 personal events reported and the link to an indigenous person’s historical influences. However, you have not searched widely enough in some areas.

Intext referencing is used throughout but is inconsistent. You need to review the use of quotes and paraphrasing intext. Your use of et al. is incorrect.

Your reference list is not in alphabetical order.

You must review the APA guidelines.

[3-3.5]

Your use of evidence-based information is limited and reflects inadequate research.

You have not been consistent in your citation of references throughout this paper. You have not formatted your intext referencing according to APA. Your reference list is not formatted correctly.

Your reference list is missing some information and does not adhere completely to APA requirements.

[2.5- 3]

No evidence to support your response.

Your lack of supporting evidence indicates inadequate research into the context of the 3 personal events.

[0-2.5]

Comments

Reflective Journal

Reflective Journal

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Reflective Journal

In nursing practice, the empirical or theoretical and practical works are done side by side. The seminal article of Carper describes four knowledge patterns legitimized in nursing; empirical, moral and personal knowledge, and aesthetics. For achieving excellence, each of these four patterns is necessary for the practice of nursing. The evidence-based practice of nursing incorporates both the empirical and practical learning along with the aesthetic sense of the nurses. Being a nurse, it is very useful in practice to maintain the quality of healthcare in this recent era. The knowing element supports the practice or practical work in nursing. If there is little or less knowledge about the ways of dealing with a patient and all the related activities, then the blunders done by nurses would be infinite. The learning through research and practicing in the nursing field according to the evidence is essential for the quality of healthcare. Thus empirical nursing is also known as the science of nursing.

The aesthetic nursing provides the unique ways in which a client and nurse explore the aspects of personal perceptions regarding fostering the creativity in self-awareness. The aesthetical knowledge enhances the awareness of nurse and their understanding of the condition in which a human resides, and it also gives meanings to the reason for being alive. The old and conventional ways of therapeutic communications got advancement through adding the aesthetics in nursing practice. Also, nursing education now fosters compassionate care and reciprocity in the practice of nursing (Stanley, 2011). It is the way of personal knowledge in nursing care and practice, through the components of attributes, definitions, and examples. It is significant in knowing the patient genuinely and connecting with them to the deeper level, thus raising the ethical and moral safety for the patient care. It is also known as the art of nursing.

References

Stanley, J. M. (2011). Advanced practice nursing: Emphasizing common roles. Philadelphia, PA: FA Davis.

Reflective Journal

Reflective Journal

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Reflective Journal

Advanced practice registered to nurse (APRN) is the term used for both clinical nurse specialist and nurse practitioner. In the role of nursing, leadership plays a significant role in the changing healthcare system, such that their task varies between the managerial, administrative, practice, policy making etc. These are also good visionaries, role models, collaborators, quality care advocates and communicators. As an APRN, all these roles are essential for leadership in nursing and maintaining the quality of care. The nursing leaders have been a highly reliable source for national and regional levels of organization (Joel, 2017). The development of APRNs in the United States has been through the collaboration of these leaders of nurses. The affordable Act has been in action due to the effort of nurses leaders. Thus they have been acting for the well-being of both the nurse's pool and healthcare quality. As an APRN the ethical challenges have been lowered by many high rates, due to the advancement in the nursing practice.

The ethical and moral concerns are currently focused in the United States due to the help of these APRNs, they truly put an effort for delivering cost-effective and quality healthcare to the patients. The changes are vastly occurring in healthcare, for instance, affordable charges of treatment, high productivity, and inadequacy have turned APRNs to think more about the new evidence-based practices and high-quality service. As an APRN, we are now focusing on illness management, treatment and prevention, also in the promotion of quality health. Highly qualified nurse practitioners are now recruited into the practice, working truly on the bases of innovative diagnosis and research. The evidence-based practice has improved the quality of care and practice (Joel, 2017). As being the nurse's leader, it is the foremost duty to incorporate all such practices which go into the wellbeing of the patients and then nurses.

References

Joel, L. A. (2017). Advanced practice nursing: Essentials for role development. FA Davis.

Reflective Journal

Reflective Journal: Pharmacology

Lina Grmia

[Name of the Institution]

Reflective Journal: Pharmacology

Introduction

This paper highlights general concepts in the field of pharmacology and principles of safe medication in the context of CNO practice standards. I will discuss these concepts in the scenario of my teaching plan, the relevant strategies that I will use to teach patients and essential information about pharmaceutics that my patients will need to know. Therefore, as a practical nursing student, I will provide a complete guideline about pharmacology and relevant concepts in this respective paper that will extensively increase my patients in knowledge.

Discussion

Teaching Plan of Pharmacology for Patients

Pharmacology is a discipline of medical sciences that deals with the study describing the effect of drugs and medications on the life of humans, animals and other living creatures (Adams et al., 2018). There are numerous general concepts and principles which are an essential part of the field of pharmacology. However, while creating a teaching plan to educate my patients, I will choose few but important general concepts which they can easily understand to know about their medications.

At first, I will include information about pharmacy in my teaching plan. Patients need to be made aware that the drugs they are being prescribed can be bought from pharmacy outlets. The discipline of pharmacy is a study of a collection of drugs and medications along with their compounding and dispensing to patients (Zgarrick et al., 2016).

Along with providing the knowledge of chemists, I also plan to teach my patients about Immuno Pharmacology. It includes instruction for patients about the effect of drugs on an immune system of a living organism and how antibodies react to medicine when a patient takes a medication dosage (Harding et al., 2017).

Another important concept of pharmacology that will feature in my teaching plan is Pharmacotherapeutics. It is a domain which will give extensive knowledge to my patients about what drugs will prevent the patient from having a particular disease and how the patient will treat that disease if it befalls on him/her.

Teaching Strategies

For the execution of my teaching plan, I would require effective strategies to make my patients get the maximum benefit from what they are taught. Some of the strategies will be discussed in this section that can make my teaching plan for patients a success.

Firstly, effective use of technology is an excellent tool for helping patients absorb the pharma knowledge and in quick succession without any additional training costs. With the help of technology; patients can check avail all features of e-medicine. Those features may include monitoring the price of medicines or match the patient's current situation with the possible symptoms online of a particular disease.

An all-season alternative to technology is written material. Another teaching strategy is that patients can be handed over written prescriptions that give details regarding their personal information (including name, contact number, disease, etc.), nature of their disease, required medicinal doses and information regarding any follow-up visit. These all strategies should be based upon the patient's ability to learn about drugs. I would analyze the different strengths and weaknesses of patients so that I can teach them according to their level and skill-set.

These strategies would although not perfect the medicinal properties of drugs, but it can surely make patients get fully aware as to what medicine they can choose when they are caught up by a disease. The modern teaching methodologies would also increase my skill-set in teaching that can benefit my patients in the long-run.

Important Information about Medications for Patients

Patients can access important advice and instructions about usage of medications on CNO Practice Standards. It also elaborates guidelines for us, i.e., nurses/teachers as to what precautions we have to take while dealing with patients. College of Nurses of Ontario (CNO) has developed these standards to ensure the complete satisfaction of patients (Laschinger et al., 2016). For this purpose, CNO aims to have qualified nurses who can provide safe medication practices.

I plan to connect the above-described concepts with the principles of safe medications as described in CNO practice standards. This is because only pharma knowledge is not sufficient for the rehabilitation of the patients. They also need to execute the learned information in the right area to recover quickly from their illness. Therefore, the patients need to know for how they can implement my teachings for safe intake of medications while avoiding their adverse reactions.

Moreover, the patients also need to realize that medications from well-known chemists and companies are also an essential factor to consider. This is because there are pseudo companies who produce drugs of the same formula with different or even the same brand name (Adams et al., 2018). Consequently, instead of getting relief, patients get sicker as the medications are not authentic. Therefore, the patients need to be alert regarding these fake companies and always should prefer to buy medicines form well-renowned pharmacy.

Conclusion

In conclusion, I would say that planning is an essential part pre-requisite to any task. Thus while going through a first clinical experience as a nurse, it is necessary to build up a teaching plan for a beginner nurse like me. While the teaching plan suggests what to do; the teaching strategies suggest how to do? So along with the modern teaching methodologies, it is essential that I follow CNO Practice Standards in parallel to the strategies described above. In this way, my patients will effectively learn about pharmacology in the easiest way possible; this will be an enormous success for me both as a nurse and as a teacher.

References

Adams, M., Holland, L. N., Bostwick, P. M., & King, S. L. (2018). Pharmacology for nurses: A pathophysiological approach. Pearson Canada Incorporated.

Harding, S. D., Sharman, J. L., Faccenda, E., Southan, C., Pawson, A. J., Ireland, S., ... & Bryant, C. (2017). The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2018: updates and expansion to encompass the new guide to IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY. Nucleic acids research, 46(D1), D1091-D1106.

Laschinger, H. K. S., Zhu, J., & Read, E. (2016). New nurses’ perceptions of professional practice behaviours, quality of care, job satisfaction and career retention. Journal of nursing management, 24(5), 656-665.

Zgarrick, D. P., Alston, G. L., Moczygemba, L. R., & Desselle, S. P. (2016). Pharmacy Management: Essentials for All Practice Settings, 4e.

Reflective Journal

Reflective Journal

Name

Affiliation

Date

Reflective Journal

The role of nurse practitioner includes providing care and treatment to the patients of almost every age group. They work under the guidance of the doctors and arranging to provide better health care facilities to the patients. The nurse practitioners have a master degree in nursing, which provides them with the opportunity of pursuing their career in the field of healthcare in which they are interested like they can specialize in midwifery, or pursue their career in nursing leadership. The nurse practitioners are able to diagnose and treat the patients as well as providing them with guidance and education regarding their condition and care procedures (Hamric, Hanson, Tracy, & OGrady, 2014). In addition to it, the role of clinical nurse specialist involves greater responsibilities as compared to the nurse practitioner. They have to manage the responsibilities of clinical practice, teaching, consulting, research and management. They are also responsible for improving the healthcare facility for the patients by supervising the nurse staff. They tend to evaluate the current practices, review the alternatives and provide counseling and education to the staff. In addition to it, they also provide education and counseling to the patients and their families. They also take part in the new research in the field, to ensure the betterment of the quality of care (Hamric et al., 2014).

On the other hand, the role of the Certified Nurse-Midwife includes providing care and treatment in the department of gynecology, as well as the primary healthcare of pregnant women and newborn children. They also provide the healthcare facilities, education and counseling to the women experiencing menopause. They are also responsible for providing prenatal and postpartum treatment. There are some common elements in the role of Nurse Practitioner and Clinical Nurse Specialist and the role of Certified Nurse-Midwife, as they provide primary care, education and treatment to the patients while taking part in the new research and improving the health care system. However, the role of Certified Nurse-Midwife differs in the way that they only provide their services in the field of midwifery, due to their expertise and specialization.

Reference

Hamric, A. B., Hanson, C. M., Tracy, M. F., & OGrady, E. T. (2014). Advanced Practice Nursing. An Integrative Approach. 5th. Edition. Elsevier Saunders. Kap, 1-6.

Reflective Journal

Reflective Journal

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Reflective Journal

The purpose of Interprofessional Health Education

Interprofessional Health Education consists of the learners and educators from the different health disciplines so that they can jointly learn and apply the foundational principles of the field, for achieving the set goal (Buring et al., 2009). Based on my current understanding, the purpose of Interprofessional health education is to learn the skills, and attitudes for working with the interprofessional team in the field of health care. Moreover, learning of these attributes and skills to work with the team jointly, and set the patient-centered care by establishing the common goal for the patient is an approach to productive actions. the concrete initiatives with the collective discussion and approach can act as a guide for quick achievement of desired objectives. According to my understanding, the purpose of this education involves developing multiple abilities in the learners, so that while working with the team of different members they can use the observations and expertise of their specific profession for the optimal care of the patient.

Interprofessional Collaboration

Interprofessional collaboration is one of the major aspects of interprofessional health education. However, considering my current understanding of the topic, interprofessional collaboration in health care is a beneficial aspect because it is considered as one of the major section for improving the health outcomes for the patients in the dimension of decreasing the mortality rates, optimizing the level of health care, decreasing morbidity and preventing the adverse effects of the drugs reactions (Bosch & Mansell, 2015). By the interprofessional health education, different people existing in the team with the different skills work on a similar problem as the other team members. However, the perspective and dimension of the work are different. So, when a similar problem is dealt with collaborative and collective approach, it tends to provide more opportunities to consider minor issues regarding the goal, and that is why there are more chances of the improvement and optimized care. Hence, Interprofessional Health Education is much important in all the aspects of professional learning.

References

Bosch, B., & Mansell, H. (2015). Interprofessional collaboration in health care: Lessons to be learned from competitive sports. Canadian Pharmacists Journal/Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada, 148(4), 176-179.

Buring, S. M., Bhushan, A., Broeseker, A., Conway, S., Duncan-Hewitt, W., Hansen, L., & Westberg, S. (2009). Interprofessional education: definitions, student competencies, and guidelines for implementation. American journal of pharmaceutical education, 73(4), 59.

Reflective Journal E

Reflective Journal E

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Reflective Journal E

The term homelessness is defined as the people living way below the current living standards that a normal person requires. This includes people living on streets and, in the most severe cases, near the dumpsters. The term can also be used for the people who move place to place for a temporary residence like their friends home or relatives home, etc.

Homelessness statistics

According to the statistics, there were 552,830 people who were homeless for a night in the US in 2018 which means almost 0.3% more in 2018 than in 2017. Also, 37% of the homeless people have families with them which is extremely alarming. Another factor that is of great importance is the ethnicity like most homeless people were Africans Americans and American Indian.

Homelessness causes

Homelessness is caused because of the high prices of houses available. Basically, poverty and homelessness are interrelated. The other causes include:

Divorce

Natural disasters (earthquake, rainfall)

Fire

Low income

Eviction by law

Mental disorder ( for instance PTSD)

Unemployment

Substance abuse

and many more.

Vulnerable population

Homeless people are also vulnerable to lots of things. They lack healthcare facilities and not enough food supplies due to which there is an increased rate in the deaths of the people.

In north-west 33rd terrace, Lauderhill, Fl 33311 most of the population is of different ethnicity and due to this the number of homeless people is more. In this specific are there is a family center named “Edward W. Smith, Jr. Family Center”, provides the food to homeless people. They also give them free showers and clean clothes irrespective of their ethnicity or religion. As in the US, the poverty rate is 12.3% and among this rate, most of the people are either refugees or of different ethnicity like Hispanics, African Americans, and, etc. This is the major plus point because homeless people are already living a miserable life yet they have to face discrimination on the base of their color and, gender. They also arrange seminars and different awareness programs for the community to participate in where they can learn different opportunities to make their lives better. They also go home to home to get the volunteers of different age groups so that they can create a friendly environment. One of their main agenda is to work with different healthcare service providers so that they can provide healthcare facility to homeless people. As health is one of the major concern for the homeless people. They do not have access to the vaccines for chronic diseases and do possess lower immunity. This can also be dangerous for the people who came in contact with them because they are also exposed to the disease. It is therefore very important to first arrange the healthcare facility for the homeless. In Edward W. Smith, Jr. Family Center they first send the homeless people to their healthcare facility where they are checked and if they have any diseases they are eligible to get the treatment for free (Koh & O’Connell2016). This step also ensures the safety of the volunteers and encouraging more people to take part as volunteers.

Improved sanitary conditions for homeless

In Edward W. Smith, Jr. Family Center as discussed earlier that there is a complete healthcare facility but healthcare is not enough when the sanitary conditions are poor. So in this health center they have a separate sanitary facility that they have made with the help of donations in the community. Without proper sanitary facility they are bound to use the streets or other dumping sites which will be unhygienic for even the community as well.

Mental health promotion

In order to accumulate the homeless people in the community, there is a need to modify the available healthcare services. Although there are excellent health care services in the north Lauderhill, yet it still needs to be modified. The people who are homeless do have a past that affects them in a way that they develop mental disorders. Due to this most of them become criminals, drug addicts, and etc. this is a severe issue because this is a direct threat to the community, living around them. As in the community there are people of different age groups and mostly children and teens are vulnerable, there is a chance that they also indulge in these activities. In our area, free therapy camps are arranged weekly where the people can discuss their problems and if they have a mental disorder that needs to be treated they are immediately admitted to the healthcare facility. The counselors also notify the center if the person has violent behavior or have criminal tendencies so that they can be treated quickly. They do have a small rehab center for the homeless drug addict where they are provided education and treatment. Many educated people volunteer to teach them so that they can pursue their choice of career after releasing from the rehab. This initiative will help the homeless as well as the community and will create a secure environment worth living (Urbanoski .et.all 2018).

Assistance for homeless people

Another service that Edward W. Smith, Jr. Family Center offers is to provide assistance to homeless people so that they can at least get some help and can make themselves independent. They offer them different employment opportunities like selling newspapers from block to block or working in Walmart. They also give social support to the homeless people that lost their home due to natural disasters like earthquakes, rainfall, fire, and, etc (Sumalinog & Hwang 2017). Additionally, they provide counseling and different therapies for the people who lost their home because these people are already in the trauma and had to start their life and built a home for themselves.

Working with the homeless

Working with the homeless community is extremely tuff because they are afraid of the people. They have a constant fear that the food offered to them is limited and only some of them can get that. This causes them to react accompany with fighting and cutting lines. But, in Edward W. Smith, Jr. Family Center, they make sure to avoid any kind of distress by equally dividing the food by putting them into small boxes. They also work in collaboration with our local church. This event is called “kindness for everyone” on every Saturday. Most of the people love to participate in this event. They call the food boxes a gift so that no one feels embarrassed. This sends a very positive message creates awareness within the people that they need to help the people in the need.

Strengths and obstacles

There are a few strengths and challenges that still need to be addressed. Homeless people encounter lots of abuse and hatred from society due to which they are unable to cope up with others. Likewise, the people working in the family center for homeless also have to bear all the problems that are discussed earlier. They do have to run the center on donation which is very difficult for them as there is a lot of expenditure on the facilities provided to the homeless. It is therefore required that the government should support these organizations or provide them some funds. Also, there should be health facilities and sanitary facilities present in every community provided by the government for the homeless.so that together we built a better future.

References

Koh, H. K., & O’Connell, J. J. (2016). Improving health care for homeless people. Jama, 316(24), 2586-2587.

Sumalinog, R., Harrington, K., Dosani, N., & Hwang, S. W. (2017). Advance care planning, palliative care, and end-of-life care interventions for homeless people: A systematic review. Palliative medicine, 31(2), 109-119.

Urbanoski, K., Veldhuizen, S., Krausz, M., Schutz, C., Somers, J. M., Kirst, M., ... & Goering, P. (2018). Effects of comorbid substance use disorders on outcomes in a Housing First intervention for homeless people with mental illness. Addiction, 113(1), 137-145.