The Benefits Of Change Management

The Benefits of Change Management

Patrick Foran (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

Change is inevitable. It is something unavoidable in any organization. In the modern business world, everything is changing at a fast pace. Business organizations face complex changes due to the changing customer needs and demands. It is same for different projects and projectized organizations. The project’s success is determined by the customer acceptance and implementation of the project’s deliverables. Changes in projects are usually more pervasive than changes within organizations. Customer requirements and expectations can change any time. Technology and other external factors highly influence customer demands and they can demand and expect changes in the project scope and deliverables In such cases, it may become essential to change or modify the project to achieve customer satisfaction.

Changes in project consist of any addition or deletion in the project specifications and deliverables. Such changes impact the project cost, quality and schedule. Whenever a change occurs in a project it brings its consequences as well and have the ability to highly influence the success and failure of the project. Change management is the way of standardizing the ways to ensure the efficient management of all the changes coming in the way of a project, without impacting the success of the project. It emphasizes continuously changing the direction of an organization to meet the ever-changing demands of customers ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"KtxoVILC","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hornstein, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Hornstein, 2015)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1423,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/LS8YHQK4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/LS8YHQK4"],"itemData":{"id":1423,"type":"article-journal","title":"The integration of project management and organizational change management is now a necessity","container-title":"International Journal of Project Management","page":"291-298","volume":"33","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Hornstein","given":"Henry A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hornstein, 2015).

The need of project change management has identified by Craddock. According to him, project success is achieved by meeting the triple constraints of time, scope and cost. The project stakeholders are focused on impending changes and for some stakeholders changes may result in the loss of power, this can result in conflicts arising from a divergence of focus. An integrated project change management approach can result in avoidance of such conflicts ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"v0WHbOBz","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Craddock, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Craddock, n.d.)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1420,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/J85XRWFG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/J85XRWFG"],"itemData":{"id":1420,"type":"article-journal","title":"What if project change management were a PMBOK® knowledge area?","author":[{"family":"Craddock","given":"William T."}]}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Craddock, 2007). There are two sources of changes in projects; internal and external sources. The internal sources of project change are related to the stakeholders, project manager and the project team while the external sources of changes in project are any unforeseen events and technological changes which change the customer’s demands and requirements ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"KEQkm3Bv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hwang & Low, 2012)","plainCitation":"(Hwang & Low, 2012)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1424,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/RNWYPMRG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/RNWYPMRG"],"itemData":{"id":1424,"type":"article-journal","title":"Construction project change management in Singapore: Status, importance and impact","container-title":"International Journal of Project Management","page":"817-826","volume":"30","issue":"7","author":[{"family":"Hwang","given":"Bon-Gang"},{"family":"Low","given":"Lee Kian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hwang & Low, 2012).

Changes in projects can result in increase of costs by means of delays in the project schedule, degradation in quality, or an increase in the overall expenses of the project. Change management is an essential component of every project because it enables to forecast the changes beforehand, adopt preventive measures and help manage change across the entire project. Change management not only helps in reducing the impact of changes on the project quality and budget but also helps solve problems that can impact the progress of the project ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"slNahOu5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hwang & Low, 2012)","plainCitation":"(Hwang & Low, 2012)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1424,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/RNWYPMRG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/RNWYPMRG"],"itemData":{"id":1424,"type":"article-journal","title":"Construction project change management in Singapore: Status, importance and impact","container-title":"International Journal of Project Management","page":"817-826","volume":"30","issue":"7","author":[{"family":"Hwang","given":"Bon-Gang"},{"family":"Low","given":"Lee Kian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hwang & Low, 2012). Studies reveal that effective change management results in considerable cost savings and enhance the overall cost performance of an organization. In addition, change management results in the quality improvement and overall performance of the project ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"eCMEKU0P","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hwang & Low, 2012)","plainCitation":"(Hwang & Low, 2012)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1424,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/RNWYPMRG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/RNWYPMRG"],"itemData":{"id":1424,"type":"article-journal","title":"Construction project change management in Singapore: Status, importance and impact","container-title":"International Journal of Project Management","page":"817-826","volume":"30","issue":"7","author":[{"family":"Hwang","given":"Bon-Gang"},{"family":"Low","given":"Lee Kian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hwang & Low, 2012). Furthermore, the project’s success not only relies on traditional measures of project performance but also on associated fields such as change management in an organizational setting ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"CwQVRomW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hornstein, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Hornstein, 2015)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1423,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/LS8YHQK4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/LS8YHQK4"],"itemData":{"id":1423,"type":"article-journal","title":"The integration of project management and organizational change management is now a necessity","container-title":"International Journal of Project Management","page":"291-298","volume":"33","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Hornstein","given":"Henry A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hornstein, 2015). A range of literature on PMIhave highlighted the potential impact of change and adoption on the success of a project and have encouraged project managers to further develop the theory of organizational change management ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5RiPLNya","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hornstein, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Hornstein, 2015)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1423,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/LS8YHQK4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/LS8YHQK4"],"itemData":{"id":1423,"type":"article-journal","title":"The integration of project management and organizational change management is now a necessity","container-title":"International Journal of Project Management","page":"291-298","volume":"33","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Hornstein","given":"Henry A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hornstein, 2015).

A change manager plays a key role in the success of a project. The change manager has to ensure that all the project activities are completed on time, ensuring that the project objectives are met within time and budget constraints through increasing employee adaption and usage. The change manager not only focuses on the human side of change but also focuses on changing the business processes and systems, job roles and organizational structures . The basic responsibility of a project change manager is to implement the change management strategies to reduce employee resistance and enhance employee adoption. The change manager plays a vital role in the effective change management because he works to drive quick adoption and higher proficiency with the change among employees. Such improvements in the project results in generating more benefits for the organization, creates more value, and higher returns on investments and helps with the achievement of outcomes and results. Though a change manager does not have the primary responsibility to do so, but he acts as the coach and works with other employees for the success of the project. While performing his role as a coach he helps senior leaders to fulfill the role of change sponsors. In addition, he also provides coaching and direct support to managers and supervisors in the organization. Apart from this, the change manager also supports project team in integrating change management into project planning.

Based on the importance of change management in an organization, hiring a change manager is a considerable investment in a project. The role of a change manager is to apply a structured methodology and a change management process and tools to effectively lead change management activities, while supporting adoption of the changes needed by a specific project. A change manager further supports, designs and develops ways to promote effective communication across the project team regarding any changes. He is also responsible for assessing the impact of change, change readiness and identification of key stakeholders in change, while at the same time supporting training efforts by providing constant input for the delivery of training programs.

In addition, a change manager is vital for the successful implementation of change management processes in a project. The change manager completes the change management assessments and identifies and prepare risk mitigation techniques. They are solely responsible for the overall quality of the change management process in a project and its final outcomes on the project. They take informed decisions about change requests, out of scope changes, important changes and also prioritize changes, and also make use of all the important change management tools and techniques, such as a change management reporting system, for the success of the project. Essentially, they are the process manager of the change process, ensuring that all the important activities of a change management process are carried out in an effective manner.

To conclude, change in unescapable in any organizational process and in the projects, especially the projects related to information technology. In order to respond to the ever changing needs of customer, change management is a critical element of project management which ensures changes are managed in an effective manner without disrupting customer satisfaction and the project quality, scope, and budget. Change management ensures minimal impacts of change on the project deliverables and the change manager contributes to the success of project by effective implementation of the change management process and its techniques.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Craddock, W. T. (n.d.). What if project change management were a PMBOK® knowledge area?

Hornstein, H. A. (2015). The integration of project management and organizational change management is now a necessity. International Journal of Project Management, 33(2), 291–298.

Hwang, B.-G., & Low, L. K. (2012). Construction project change management in Singapore: Status, importance and impact. International Journal of Project Management, 30(7), 817–826.

The Bretton Woods Institutions

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Bretton Wood System

Bretton Wood system, that was created initially to protect the war-ridden economies of the World, has taken hold of the World’s economic system. Whether or not, it has been removed, revamped or reoriented; it still is impactful for the present economic structure of the World. The following readings are important to analyses the trends in which the impacts of this system appear apparent.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) and the future of Multilateralism by Richard Baldwin, published in the Journal of Economic Perspectives, provides a thorough an overview of how multilateralism act as a tool for multilateral organizations- importantly the WTO. After presenting a precise overview of the history of the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT) and its subsequent evolution to WTO, the authors consider as to why the WTO is unable to achieve the wider consensus on the trade and tariff negotiations. The author opines that since the launch of Doha negotiations, the members of the WTO were unable to cope up with the failures of the Doha talks. Despite the failure of the Doha roundup of talks, the WTO has maintained the lowest tariff rate for unilateral, bilateral and multilateral trade, which is below 5 per cent. If any region has the maximum flow of trade and services, the tariff rate remains zero per cent. In chronological order, the author has discussed the following points in the article.

A brief analysis of the original GATT agreement clauses

How the GATT agreement strengthened the concept of political economy

An analysis of the reasons behind failed Doha talks

The theory of political economy underlays the whole perspective of the WTO and how this multilateral economic structure, pushes the countries to work in an economically conducive way. The concept of free market, of the political-economic theory, is the cornerstone of the WTO and such other multilateral economic organizations. This reading helps in analyzing how WTO- as a multilateral economic organisation has evolved throughout the times and its principles of non- discrimination, transparency, reciprocity, flexibility and consensus orientation has served its purpose throughout the times. The much important lesson from the WTO’s evolution is that “not the result based- but the rules-based system assures the success of a larger body.” Considering the scope, vision and functions of the WTO, this reading presents two main questions

How the role of WTO could be maximized, to yield economic outcome from conflict-prone regions?

What are the institutional flaws in the WTO, which restricts the achievement of creating more free trade and tariff zones?

The article titled The New Role for the World Bank, authored by Michael A. Clemens and Michael Kremer was published in the Journal of Economic Perspective. This article presents to the readers a thorough understanding of the institutional structure of the World Bank, how it pursues its goals of eliminating poverty, how the state economies benefit from the sources of the World Bank and why States prefers moving their capitals away from the World Bank. The authors in this article are of the view that the present-day economic structure encompasses tow important aspect; one is the World Bank (the global financial institution) and the second are the private entities that now holds many capitals. They opine that the absence of a common mission between these two entities- at last keeps them away from achieving their desired goals. To substantiate this argument- consider these two important perspectives; Has the World Bank has been successful in eliminating poverty from the world- despite having ample resources at this disposal, and have the private economic entities proved to be providing equal opportunities to every country of the World?

The theory of capitalism helps in understanding the underpinnings of this article. For example, capitalist entities which are blamed to protect the interests of specific entities; results in financial instability, create the chances of the financial crisis and often distance itself from the disadvantaged. This reading therfor puts forward the following questions

What new framework could be adopted to amalgamate these two, unlike ends?

How the World Bank be made free of the impression of serving capitalist interests.

The article includes many important points which substantiate the author's view of what should be the new role of the World Bank. The author substantiates his view by providing the overviews and importance of trade policy, tariff policy, tax policy, regulatory policy, conflict recovery policy and property rights policy of the World Bank. This brings the readers to a conclusion that in view of the increasing overlapping of economic entities, expansion of the authorities of the multilateral entities and failure of each one in achieving the desired outcome is pressing factors which restrain their institutional efficiency.

Martin Ravallion writes titled The World Bank: Why it still needed and why it disappoints; that the world bank is beneficial still today, as it has partially moved away from exactly why it was created. To authenticate the importance of his claim, one might have to look back to the circumstances for which it was created and then at the present-day economic conditions of both the developed and the underdeveloped countries of the world. the author opines that things and economies today are not like, they were after the end of the World War. Let's suppose a war-ridden country at that time had nothing to offer to trade, it was solely dependent on the foreign support, which helped those war-ridden economies to get themselves stand. Now, at present, the political situation at first instance- reduces the chances of the war, then the perpetrators consider whether the war would guarantee peace, and then reconsider the economic cost of the war. According to the author, beyond all these, the World Bank remains impactful. Then the author presents what exactly are now the threats to the World Bank's effectiveness, how more conducive a proper research-based technique could be implied to support the programs of the World Bank around the World i: e the expansion of the knowledge bank and finally, he presents the following three changes that are crucial for the effectiveness of the World Bank.

States must be generally incorporated in the structure of the World Bank. I: e, any state must not be a party or beneficiary of a single organ of the World Bank, rather be included in all its organs.

A thorough knowledge-based approach be inculcated before initiating any World bank’s program

Ambitious must be the all the World Banks programs.

Broadly, the theory of liberalism and more narrowly the theory of economic liberalism serves the purpose of this reading. Unless a liberal order is achieved, the countries of the world will remain doubtful of the roles of other states and of the multilateral organizations such as the board bank too. This reading appears too ambitious and remains hollow in answering the following two questions

Is the World Bank system being ready to provide far reaching economic benefits to under developed economies?

Is the political situation supportive to reconsider the World Banks remodeling?

All three readings generally provide a thought on the effectiveness of multilateral economic institutions. The core idea which all three readings provide is that the current World economic order, is not new, neither it is too obsolete. Before the analysis of this economic system, one must consider the political situation of that time. For example, the political situation during and after the world war was totally different from what the political situation of today is. Secondly, one then needs to be open to revamp the economic orders of the countries, and more importantly of the multilateral organization. Finally, these readings provide a sense that a state must always keep itself intact with the world’s financial system, to reap the benefits.

The Bunbury Boat Show

Title page

The Bunbury Boat Show

Outline of project

Abstract

Bunbury Boat Show is focused on studying the behavior of its potential customers. Assessment of customers behavior is critical for estimating the expected demand that the company might face in future. Customer bases surveys are conducted for examining the change in the attitudes of the potential customers. These surveys lead to the formation of strategy for meeting the changing behaviors of customers in the marine business. The factors that will impact the behaviors of customers include leisure time, economic downturn and rise of online entertainment.

Background

The recreational marine industry has undergone significant changes that will impact the future buying attitudes of the customers. Bunbury Boat Show may experience an increase or decline in the customers turnover. The company has noticed a significant decline in the water-based activities throughout the marine industry and doubts that it will impacts company’s future also.

Milestones of the project

To determine the demographics of the potential customers of Bunbury Boat Show.

To determine how economic factors such as household income will impact future decisions of customers.

To examine how much time and money potential customers are willing to invest in water-based activities.

To formulate suggestions for improving Bunbury Boat Show’s customer base.

Project deliverables

To meet the future demands of the potential customers of Bunbury Boat Show by investing in water-based activities.

The project is focused on providing easier access to watercraft to the customers.

The activities offered include standup paddle boating, motor yacht, sailing yachts, trailer boats, jet skis, water skiing, wind surfing, fishing and travel.

The project is also focused on offering interactive attractions to the potential customers who are willing to participate in water-based activities.

Demographics of participants

Bunbury Boat Show had conducted a survey for determining the behavior of its customers and for studying their buying attitudes. The demographics of the participants indicates that both male and female customers are surveyed. The demographics also reveals that the potential visitors were divided into three categories including millennial having ages of 18-34 years, generation X having ages of 35-50 years and baby boomers having ages of over 50 years. Household income was also inquired which was divided into seven categories as; less than $40,000, $41,000- $60,000, $61,000- $80,000, $81,000- $100,000, $101,000- $120,000, $121,000- $140,000, $141,000 and above. Classification of participants according to their household incomes provides information about the financial standing of employees. It is crucial to determine what is the monthly income of the potential customers. The survey also asked the residence of the potential visitors because it was important to determine if they were from Australia or any other country. Participants were also asked if they were Australian born or not. Method of transport used by customers was also investigated by giving the options of car, bust, train, walk or any other. The purpose of asking mode of transport is to determine which one is used more often and by majority customers.

Characteristics about water activities of customers were also determined. Water activities highlighted in the survey questionnaire include; kayas or canoes, scuba diving, jet skiing, water skiing, wind surfing, fishing, sailing, cruising, outing with family/ friends or any other. This question was asked for examining the most common interest of potential customers. It was important to find the water activity that was most popular among participants. The primary benefit is also inquired in the survey by understanding reviews of customers. This question reveals their purpose of visiting participating in water based activities such as family outing, fitness, relaxation, friendship, social networks or any other specific. Respondents are asked thee barrier faced by them in participation of boating or water board activities. These barriers include upfront costs, costs associated with participation, lack of time, lack of access to facilities and lack of storage facilities. The survey also determined the type of boat possessed by the customer including luxury boat, canoes or kayak, motor yacht, sailing yacht, wind surfer, trailer boat, key skies or any other. Customers who had no personal yacht were allowed to choose the option of ‘I do not own a boat’. This is crucial for determining personal characteristics of the customers who are more likely to visit the Bunbury Boat Show.

Research sample

The reason for using quantitative methods is that they are reliable and offer accurate measurements of the data. These methods allow determination of a causal relationship between dependent and independent variables (Vaus, 1996). Forecasting ability of quantitative methods suggests validity of the relationship. Mathematical frameworks are deployed along with theories for pertaining to the questions under study CITATION Vib13 \l 1033 (Pathak, Jena, & Kalra, 2013). The results obtained from these methods are statistical, logical and unbiased CITATION VZu17 \l 1033 (Zujo, Pancovska, Pertuseva, & Petrovski, 2017). Collected data is structured and include responses of a larger group that can be studied with convenience. The distinctive feature of quantitative method is that it allow collection of data directly rather than relying on previous surveys of researchers.

Cresswell (2009) provides a philosophical framework for the quantitative research methodology. It is not possible to investigate a larger group through qualitative methods because it is appropriate for a small group of individuals. Quantitative methods are more objective for studying the human behaviors because they cover wider range of phenomena and are effective for understanding behaviors (Aurah et al., 2014). An important reason for relying on quantitative methods it that they offer in-depth analysis of the concepts (Atkins & Wallac, 2012). Close association exits between the participants and researcher so it is more practical to make respondents understand their behavior that improves their ability of sharing their views (Ausubel, 1968). The present study has relied on quantitative research due to the prominent benefits of time saving. The researcher don’t need to interview the respondents and listen to their views. This approach allow them to share quantitative instrument that can be collected later. Emphasis is laid on number of figures that makes it convenient for the respondents to understand and choose the relevant options. Computation of statistical data is more simple for the researcher (Berg, 2007). A prominent reason for using quantitative methods is to save cost. The surveys can be mailed that don’t require visiting the participants personally (Berg & Howard, 2012). This type of research offers certain degree of use and control to the researcher. Using control group allow studying the behaviors related to different variables. Researcher bias is also eliminated because he don’t have direct contact with the participants when data is collected through mails, telephones or online surveys.

It was difficult to survey all potential customers of Bunbury Boat Show therefore, a small sample was selected for studying the behavior of customers. The sample is the representation of the entire population which in thee current report include potential customers of Bunburry Boat Show. The survey targeted 234 people who were potential visitors of Bunbury Boat Show. Selected sample will be used for studying the characteristics of customers. Random sampling is used for choosing the customers for the survey. Customers are also asked about the place where they keep their water craft. To further determine their interests in water activities they asked their plans of buying watercraft in the next six months.

Key findings

The perceptions of the potential customers were explored through the survey. Participants were asked their views about the facilities that are important for the water based activities. They were asked to rate the importance of marinas, boat ramps, water down facilities, boat pens and boat stackers. Findings reveals that majority (88 participants) of the participants strongly agreed on the importance of marinas facility while only few slightly disagreed. The views of the customers about boat ramps depicts that majority (104) strongly agreed that it is important for water-based activities. Participants also agree that wash down facilities are important for water-based activities. This reflects that they were convinced to use them during their encounter with such activities. However, the responses of the respondents indicates that majority believed that boat pens are not essential for water-based activities. This reveals that customers give less value to the boat pens. When respondents were asked about the boat stackers, majority stated that they disagree about its importance or need in such activities. The findings thus suggests that the potential customers give more importance to the facilities of marinas, boat ramps and wash down facilities compared to the boat pens and boat stackers.

The respondents were asked how they came to know about the Bunbury Boat Show. Two commonly selected options were online promotions, offline promotions and word of mouth. Majority of the customers stated that they have find out about Bunbury Boat Show and water based activities through offline promotions. The modes of online promotions used by the company for targeting customers include traditional modes including newspaper, TV and outdoor mails. In total 130 customers relied on offline marketing and 70 participants were convinced by word of mouth. The remaining 40 customers relied on online promotions. The modes of online promotions used by company include email, Facebook and instagram. The findings depicts that offline promotions is the widely used platform that convinces the customers for visiting the Bunbury Boat Show. The customers convinced by word of mouth relied on the information shared by their friend, relative or colleague. Customers were asked to rate the things that they prefer to see in the boat show. From the list of 17 activities they had to rank three most important activities as 1-3. The findings indicates that the most preferred first option was trailer boats as it was selected by 65 participants. The second most preferred option for the customers was motor yacht and the third most common preferred option selected by the participants was entertainment and lifestyle.

The participants were also asked how they consider Bunburry Boat show by examining their views. They were asked do they consider boat show good value for money. The respondents had to rate the answer by using the Likert scale. The results obtained from the survey depicts that majority strongly agreed that boat show is worth spending money. In total 111 participants stated that they strongly agree that investing in boat show a valuable use of money. The remaining respondents also moderately agreed with the value of water-based activities. Only limited participants slightly disagreed with the statement. This indicates that majority of the potential customers are willing to spend in the boat show and water related activities. The participants were also asked did they find the boat show informative or not. The findings indicates that majority of the customers strongly agreed that the boat show was informative. The data depicts that 170 respondents agreed that the information shared by the Bunbury Boat Show was useful. The customers were also asked about the reasons for enjoying the boat show by rating on the scale. The findings depicts that majority (92) of the customers strongly believed that they had been participating in water-based activities for handling the products. Similarly majority (90 customers) strongly agreed that they get advice on the products they are interested in. The results also depicts the 89 customers strongly agreed that they got answer to the questions they had, 90 talked about it to the dealers or representatives, 85 strongly agreed that they found how to use the product, 90 strongly agreed on having an opportunity to compared products and 85 stated that they find information about the new products. The chart depicts that only limited participants disagreed with the questions or the benefits of the boating information. The remaining customers revealed that they moderately agreed with the statements. These views depicts that potential customers of the boating activities gain complete information.

The participants were also asked how likely they are to purchase a product at the boat show. The answers depicts that 95 customers are extremely likely to purchase the product at the boat show. While only few stated that they are not at all likely to purchase a product. This indicates that the income and the awareness of the customers impact their decision about buying the products. When customers were asked about their views on purchasing the products from the vendors, majority stated that they are somewhat likely to purchase the products. This indicates that they didn’t show high willingness to purchase the product from the vendors. When participants were asked about the time they spent at the boat show, majority (150 customers) stated that they spend 2-3 hours. The data further reveals that the remaining 80 customers stated that they intend to spend more than one day on the boat show. The findings indicates that customers who participated in the boat show were willing to spend some time on the water-based activities. The findings also stated that majority of the customers attend the boat show with their family or partners. While the remaining visited it with their friends. When the customers were asked which information they consider more reliable they ranked information from friends, online sources and magazines highly reliable. This reveals that the potential customers are more likely to rely on the offline source.

Recommendations

The boat show can target more customers by investing in online marketing. The company’s reliance on online platforms is limited, which depicts the need for persuading potential customers by using interactive content. Social media platforms make people more visible and encourage measurement of public life. The social media changed and evolved massively during the last few years. The increased dependence of people on social media shows that the scope for online businesses increases. The number of people using social media is constituted as 2.8 million. Social media is one of the significant tools used in advertising and marketing. Social media delivers information in a hyper-personalized manner. The current facts reveal that the use of social media will increase in future. People rely more on social media compared to any other platform due to the advancements and reliability CITATION Lud14 \l 1033 (Schaupp & Bélanger, 2014).

The company must invest in flyers and other sources of offline marketing such as magazines because customers are more likely to believe on the information shared by these platforms. By investing in these offline marketing the company will increase its customer base.

The company can build economical packages for the families and can also offer discounts.

The company must provide awareness about the activities and equipment’s which will remove the information gap and encourage customers to participate in water based activities.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Albers, M. J. (2017). Quantitative Data Analysis—In the Graduate Curriculum . Journal of Technical Writing and Communication , 47 (2).

Bergamin, M., Zanuso, S., Alvar, B.A. (2012). Is water-based exercise training sufficient to improve physical fitness in the elderly?. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 9, 129–141.

Pathak, V., Jena, B., & Kalra, S. (2013). Qualitative research . Perspect Clin Res , 4 (3), 192.

Schaupp, L. C., & Bélanger, F. (2014). The Value of Social Media for Small Businesses. Journal of Information Systems: Spring 2014, Vol. 28, No. 1 , 187-207.

Zujo, V., Pancovska, V. Z., Pertuseva, S., & Petrovski, A. (2017). Construction Managers’ Perception for Sustainable Construction Contributing Factors: Analysis using Support Vector Machine. TEM Journal , 6 (2).

The Case For Reparations

The Case for Reparations

Name

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

The Case for Reparations

Introduction

The article 'The Case of Reparations', provided a brief outline and history of segregation in American society. The article presented different case studies to highlight how American society and laws discriminate the Blackman. They were not able to make their properties and were enslaved for more than 250 years. They were deprived of all sorts of socio-economic rights. They were specified for lower-level jobs and education was not available for them. Law and enforcement agencies were not treating them equally. There was huge segregation in the housing colonies of black and white people. The article also presented the efforts that were made to improve the situation in American society. Different methods were used for repressions for black people. But still, there could be found a huge amount of dissatisfaction among the different races of the society and the country could be found in two major segments. This classification of society was not on the bases of rich or poor, but on the color of a person. The society was divided into two classes of black and white people.

The Segregation and Reparations

The Case of Reparations provided an outlook on American society during the past four centuries. The focus of this article was to highlight the prejudice and biased behavior of American society towards the Blackman. In this article, the writer presented stories of different black people. In these stories, he tried to highlight the nature and causes of the unjust behavior of society towards the Blackman. Among the stories of the Blackman, one story was about Clyde Ross. His parents were economically well settled. Ross was a child when the authorities of Mississippi accused his father of not paying taxes and seized all of their property. Ross could not complete study, because his school was far from home and he was not allowed to use school transport as the white children normally did. His family got a very minor share in their agricultural products. He entered the army and fought in World War Two. In 1947, he migrated to Chicago and took a job. In 1963, he tried to buy a home for his family, but could not do so, as black people were not legally allowed to buy a home.

Then the writer, highlighted the different types of manipulative tools that were used against the Blackman. Areas of black people were ranked as lower class. The Whiteman became rich by exploiting the economic rights of the Blackman. According to the Pew Research Centre, there was huge economic inequality among the white and black people. White people were 20 times wealthier as compared to black people. ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ikR9s7iG","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Coates, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Coates, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":950,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/36IG9N2V"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/36IG9N2V"],"itemData":{"id":950,"type":"article-magazine","title":"The Case for Reparations","container-title":"The Atlantic","source":"The Atlantic","abstract":"Two hundred fifty years of slavery. Ninety years of Jim Crow. Sixty years of separate but equal. Thirty-five years of racist housing policy. Until we reckon with our compounding moral debts, America will never be whole.","URL":"https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/","ISSN":"1072-7825","author":[{"family":"Coates","given":"Story by Ta-Nehisi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",6]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,24]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Coates, 2014). Black people generally, did not live among the upper-middle class of white people.

Some steps were taken to compensate the Blackman for the injustices that had been practiced throughout history. In the late 18th century. Belinda Royall was a black woman who remained a slave for more than fifty years. She was given a pension as compensations. There were discussions in the UK and the USA, on how to compensate former slaves. But practically, very few steps were taken to protect the socio-economic rights of the Blackman.

Concluding Remarks

American society was divided into two categories of White and Black people. It was considered fair to manipulate the socio-economic rights of the Blackman. White people were considered to be superior. As John Booth wrote, ‘America was for the white people and not for the Blackman’. There was a significant prejudiced behavior of society towards black people and they were not considered as equal citizens. Although, we could see some efforts that were made compensate the Blackman. But practically, the situation did not improve much. We need to improve the situation by using modern means of communication to create harmony among different segments of society. We need to revamp the mindset of the general public as well as the authorities to improve the prejudice situation in society. There should be public campaigns on social and electronic media that can give birth to a balanced society.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Coates, S. by T.-N. (2014, June). The Case for Reparations. The Atlantic. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/

The Challenge Of Leadership Today ?

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The Challenge of Leadership Today

Name of the writer

Name of the institution

The Challenge of Leadership Today

Introduction

Effective leadership is essential for an organization to make progress in the competitive world. Effective leadership is the main drivers for growth, development, and innovation in an organization. Leadership is all about the adoption of a specific attitude to handle diverse workforce in an organization. It is notable to mention that leaders motivate people to cooperate and work together in order to achieve a certain goal. However, leadership constantly presents challenges to a leader. In the modern world, leaders are facing certain problems in the organizations that are often categorized as external and internal challenges, along with other challenges that arise from the nature of the leadership role. Here, the focus is to determine various challenges that are being faced by leaders and possible solution to combat these challenges in an effective manner.

Discussion

Organizations need strong leadership for optimum effectiveness. Leaders have the responsibility to deal with human psychology and to show expert tactics. It is notable to mention that leadership is facing certain challenges in the modern world in terms of management, inspiration, developing employees, team leading, guiding change, and the management of internal stakeholders and politics.

Developing Managerial Effectiveness

Developing managerial effectiveness is important for an organization to be successful in this competitive world. There is significant importance of leadership in effective management as leadership and management are complementary. In the modern world, leaders lack the ability to manage the workforce in an effective way, which is a serious problem. Many leaders often ignore problems so they do not have to directly address their workers to resolve this issue. Leaders face issues such as trust or personality clashes or employees feelings and emotions during a conflict. Therefore, its hard for a leader to derive a win-win solution for both parties to promote positive relations. Leaders need to prevent conflicts by listening to both parties in order to diffuse employees feelings and emotions regarding any issue of conflict. Leadership is about vision and innovation, whereas the manager has the role to administer that innovation. It is noteworthy to mention that managerial effectiveness is becoming a competitive advantage for an organization (Gill, 2002, p. 310). Organizations are trying to retain the leaders who possess the ability of managerial effectiveness as it helps to achieve desired results. If a leader is doing his job efficiently, but unable to make manage the entire department in a valuable manner, then the organization can never achieve its objects. The managerial effectiveness results in the achievement of organizational goals and workers satisfaction. Leaders must develop managerial effectiveness skills as it helps in increasing the productivity, growth and labors satisfaction. Managerial skills help to achieve the goals at minimum costs due to the optimum allocation of organizational resources. Leaders can deliver maximum output out of limited input by adopting managerial effectiveness skills. Leaders are an administrator who redirects resources to high returns from areas of low returns. It is notable to mention that managerial effectiveness helps the leader to select adequate resources for optimizing the results.

Leaders can choose appropriate technology, services, markets, products, and facilities by developing managerial instincts. It is the responsibility of a leader to adapt to the changing environment instead of focusing on the same leadership technique for a long time period. The business operates in a dynamic environment along with the various factors that keep on changing with the passage of time. These factors include social, political, economic, and legal aspects. Leaders need to work in an organization in accordance with the demands of the environment (Mukherjee et al., 2012, p. 275). One must understand that a leader is not usually influenced by the environment, but they make efforts to influence the environment. Managerial effectiveness deals with managerial jobs to accomplish the tasks effectively. Therefore, it is essential for a leader to develop managerial effectiveness to make progress in the competitive market.

Inspiring Others

In the dynamic and complex working condition, it is difficult for a leader to motivate and inspire everyone in a constructive way to ensure high productivity and efficiency. A leader must find a way to inspire its people in any organization to ensure job satisfaction and to encourage productivity. Leaders are facing the problem of inspiration and motivation in all over the world to ensure high productivity as no one can force employees to work in a satisfactory manner. However, an effective leader can motivate the employees by applying certain strategies such as adequate compensation and proper incentives. It is notable to mention that employees can be motivated by aligning their work goals with organizational goals. In order to achieve this, a leader needs to adopt effective planning and communication skills. It will help to create awareness in employees that the organization wants to align its goals with their work goals. Strategic planning is an important aspect of leadership as it allows leaders to communicate their goals in a persuasive and motivating manner (Levasseur, 2012, p. 216). On the other hand, ineffectiveness to communicate in an effective way lead towards frustration which often demotivates an employee due to the misunderstanding. Managing a diverse workforce is indeed a major problem for a leader. Therefore, it is essential for leaders to find a way to motivate their employees to ensure quality work and high productivity. Leaders need to understand exactly what motivates each employee under their command. It is evident that appreciation is a beneficial factor that motivates employees.

It is hard to retain skilled employees as the majority of industries are willing to provide them better job offers due to their high productivity and high quality. Leaders need to find the hidden skills in these employees and should appreciate them on the basis of their work and accomplishment. Appreciation is an effective tool to retain these employees and to motivate them to contribute towards organizational objectives. It is noteworthy to mention that the majority of employees are motivated by money and benefits. Leaders need to access working abilities and responsibilities of each employee to determine underlying motivations. In order to combat the serious issue of inspiration and motivation, leaders need to discuss the work-related desires with each individual. When a leader tries to meet the motive of an individual, it helps in motivating them to work with full efficiency. Furthermore, organizations are facing troubles in managing a fair system in the workplace. Unfair and bias system demotivate an individual to work with full efficiency. It is obvious that many organizations are practicing unfair system, which results in decreased productivity and works efficiency. It is the responsibility of a leader to create a fair system in order to achieve the objectives of an organization. Fairness is a vital motivating factor in the workplace. Incorporation of fair compensation to provide incentives, rewards, and benefits often inspire workforces to work hard and enhance their performance.

Leaders need to incorporate consistent policies and fair compensation programs in an organization to promote a positive and inspiring work environment. Leaders can motivate their employees with the help of lead by example. If a leader is energetic and participates in every activity, then employees will also tend to follow on his footsteps. On the other hand, if a leader is prone to procrastination or shows laziness, then employees are more likely to adopt the same behavior which can be catastrophic for the organization. Leaders need to behave in an energetic and active way to motivate employees to pursue excellence in their routine workplace tasks. Therefore, it is important for leaders to motivate their employees in order to enhance their performance which will lead to high productivity. Moreover, keeping employees in the decision-making process will help to encourage employees to adopt a specific change.

Developing Employees

In a workplace, employers often encounter a mix of different personalities, expectations, conflicts and communication issues. It is compulsory to get these people to work as an effective team. In order to do so, leaders often implement effective strategies and communication to resolve any conflict. In this regard, developing employees is an important aspect for the organization to avoid any fall back in the future. It is essential for leaders and managers to have an exit strategy. Whenever a leader gets a new position or got promoted, then he/she need to have a plan in place to fill his/her role. In order to fill the vacant space, leaders or managers should prepare their employees for leadership. Majority of organizations are facing troubles in the modern competitive environment as they do not encourage or promote employees development (Valentine and Prater, 2011, p. 20). First of all, leaders and managers need to encourage employees to network. Networking is beneficial for business development and individual growth. Leaders need to encourage networking at after-work events or during lunch hours. Networking with industry professional is effective to develop leadership skills in employees.

Researchers have found that many organizations are not emphasizing towards developing employees, which can be fatal for their management in the near future. When a leader or manager leave his position or join another department, then the company is in an urgent need to fill that position with a competent person. Therefore, it is the responsibility of leaders to provide opportunities for growth. Leaders need to provide employees with opportunities to grow in order to confirm that they are not stagnant in their current positions (Dess and Picken, 2000, p.22). The effective strategy towards employees development is to take employees in meeting associations or professional groups. Feedback is an important factor that helps to motivate employees to enhance performance. Constructive feedback is an effective strategy that helps leaders and managers to assist a person in an effort to improve productivity. Leaders should provide constructive feedback to employees by continuous communication as it is critical to developing employees. Leaders need to provide ongoing feedback to workers as it helps in identifying opportunities for development.

Leading a Team

It is notable to mention that leaders face diversification in an organization which often lead to different conflicting situations. It is hard to lead a team when there is diversification of culture, traditions, and norms between team members. A leader often faces a diverse population in the workplace and managing that population can be problematic. Regardless of diversification, lack of effective communication is also disadvantageous for leaders and managers to communicate with other team members. A leader can never deliver his/her message in an effective way, he/she does not possess effective communication skill. Therefore, it is recommended for leaders and managers to communicate properly so that employees can easily understand their message. Lack of equal employment opportunities often discourages the workforce to make an effort in order to achieve the objectives of an organization. Leaders often face issues regarding the sense of responsibility. There are high chances of conflict when it comes to the proper management of a team. Different team members come up with different ideas and approaches to work that makes it difficult for a leader to build a consensus. It is essential for a leader to adopt better strategies relevant to the better ideas of conflict management. Leaders have to manage different workers who might have different working perspectives. It is notable to mention that these circumstances are challenging for the leader to align the performance of every member with the overall team objectives or goals. It is evident that a diverse workforce comes up with different ideas and working agendas, which often create resistance. When it comes to working in a diverse environment, then it becomes difficult for the team members to accept the change. It is one challenging aspect for the leader to enhance flexibility within the team members and motivate them to the new working strategies. Therefore, it is beneficial for a leader to be flexible and proactive to adopt change and ensure the participation of each team member in the entire process of organizational change. There is a need for offering better communication strategies to reduce the communication gap between team members and a leader.

Guiding Change

It is evident that change is always hard to adopt, especially in a diversified environment in an organization. The change process is a difficult process for both leader and employees in an organization. In a diversified atmosphere, handling resistance towards new policies and processes is always hard to manage. It is well-known that with great power comes great responsibility. Leaders need to manage and handle the resistance with patience. If a leader gets frustrated due to the resistance of employees towards any change in policy, then it is difficult for him/her to manage these people. Therefore, a leader needs to keep calm and manage resistance with patience. Engaging conversation with employees while being patient is an important quality of a leader. As confidence is frequently contagious, so it is important for a leader to provide certainty to the more reluctant members of the team. Guiding change is a real challenge for a leader or manager as it often creates conflicts. A leader always needs to find a solution to manage conflict that arises due to the change in the process. It is the best quality of an active leader to be eager, ready and dive into the problem to manage the building of conflict. A leader can communicate with its team members to encourage them that this change is beneficial for them.

Managing Internal Stakeholders and Politics

In an organization, leaders often face challenges regarding internal stakeholders and politics that can be harmful for both leaders and organization. Leaders must have the ability to manage the companys image and diverse environment. Stakeholders have a strong influence on the policies and projects of organizations, therefore, a leader must need to handle them effectively in order to satisfy the needs of an organization. If leaders are unable to manage internal stakeholders and politics in an effective way, then it can impact the hierarchical level in an organization. Adoption of transparent and effective strategic management is an effective way of coping with organizational politics (Battilana et al., 2010, p. 430). It is the responsibility of a leader to influence his/her employees to work in accordance with the organizational objectives. Leaders should need to resolve any conflict between stakeholders in an effective. A leader must take account of the relative influence of stakeholders on the company while managing internal stakeholders conflicts and politics. It is notable to mention that stakeholders often have different perspectives and objectives, which makes it difficult to handle them in an effective manner. Strategic management is an organizing process which is comprised of implementation and formulation. Content, process, planning, and action are critical aspects of strategic management. Strategic management is fundamentally an integrative exercise, which focuses on a particular area, by setting aside complication in favour of prominence.

Recommendations

Goal Setting

It is recommended for the leaders to set clear and realistic goals to achieve performance objective. Leaders need to be clear that what they actually want from the workers concerning the broad idea of organizational objectives.

Delegate More

It is suggested for the leaders to have a proper idea to delegate more in the form of influencing them. Effective delegation is important to minimise the issues of miscommunication between team members and leaders.

Gain Role Clarity

It is first to step for the leader to have a clear understanding of the actual objective considering the teamwork. The actual role of leadership needs to be clear for the leader to motivate all the team workers for their own tasks and specific work responsibilities.

Conclusion

To conclude the discussion about the changing roles of leadership in management and team development, it is critical to mention that it is important for leaders to align themselves with the changing domains. Adoption of specific leadership strategies according to the diverse teams is essential to achieve better organizational outcomes. A leader needs to develop effective communication strategies in order to deliver his/her message in an effective way that helps in enhancing the performance of employees. Employees motivation and inspiration is an important aspect which help leader to increase productivity to meet the objectives and goals of an organization. Furthermore, the lack of equal employment opportunities often discourages workforce to make an effort to accomplish the objects of an organization. Leaders or managers should provide equal employment opportunities for each employee to create a positive and motivating environment.

References

Battilana, J., Gilmartin, M., Sengul, M., Pache, A.-C., Alexander, J.A., 2010. Leadership competencies for implementing planned organizational change. Leadership. Q. 21, 422438.

Dess, G.G., Picken, J.C., 2000. Changing roles Leadership in the 21st century. Organ. Dyn. 28, 1834.

Gill, R., 2002. Change management--or change leadership J. Change Manag. 3, 307318.

Levasseur, R.E., 2012. People skills Leading virtual teamsA change management perspective. Interfaces 42, 213216.

Mukherjee, Debmalya, Lahiri, S., Mukherjee, Deepraj, Billing, T.K., 2012. Leading virtual teams how do social, cognitive, and behavioral capabilities matter Manag. Decis. 50, 273290.

Valentine, J.W., Prater, M., 2011. Instructional, transformational, and managerial leadership and student achievement High school principals make a difference. NASSP Bull. 95, 530.

Business and Management PAGE MERGEFORMAT 12

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The Demise Of Toys R Us

Case Study: The Demise of Toys R Us

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Case Study: The Demise of Toys R Us

Organization Overview

Toys R Us Inc is one of the renowned international brand of toys, video games, and clothing, founded in 1948. Its headquarter is located in Wayne, New Jersey, New York. The core business of the company is a Children's supermart. Its origin is traced back to the furniture store of its founder Charles Lazarus in 1948. Later on, the business dealt with sales of toys in 1953. In the USA the company had about 800 retail outlets, which decreased with time. Outside the US there are around 800 stores, which diminished rapidly due to the financial crises of the company. The decline of the company started with the entry of Amazon, and Walmart in the market, which captured most of its market shares. Amazon is a potential competitor which affected the market shares of the company because of its low price strategy. The North American operations of the company were filed for bankruptcy protection in September 2017. The company decided to close all its outlets in the United States and the United Kingdom in 2018. However, its operations in Asia and Africa were not affected by this decision. The company was unable to pay its huge loan, and the revenue generation was declined to a great extent. The profit and loss report of 2016- 17 revealed loss of US$ 34 millions loss and in the financial year 2017 the company liquidated. The number of employees was 64,000 which diminished at great extent during the liquidation of the business. The outlets and operations of the business in Canada was sold to the third party. The business was not acquired by any investor in USA, and UK during its liquidation stage. In Australia, the company closed its operations in August 2018, after the closure at other countries.

31699203175The logo of the company is given here.

The company website is www.toysrusinc.com.

External Environment Analysis

Economic

The economic conditions of a country are directly affecting business operations. The company was relied on the Chinese products, as its manufacturer were the Chinese companies. The company is taking advantage of cheap labor costs, and material costs, moreover the undervalued Chinese currency also benefited the company to purchase the lower cost products. The Chinese labors are continually demanding for higher pays and benefits during the last few years, so the prices are getting higher due to that reason. In the United Kingdom, the cost of labor is increasing because of health and safety, and the severance pay, etc. in the working environment. The value of the currency of China is growing during the last few years which raised the cost of the products. Moreover, China and the United States political relationship is also a big challenge, which resulted in several complications and rises in duties and other indirect costs of the company.

Social

The social environment is also changing rapidly, due to the access to fast internet. The products are easily available in online shops with reasonable prices, and fast delivery. Mostly children demand shifted from the toys and gaming products to the use of internet and social media. Many studies revealed that children are using the online games and other stuff, and almost they spend 44 hours in a week in front of the screen, revealed in a study which targeted kids with age of 8-18 years. The video games have a negative influence on the study of the school going children, for which the parents are highly concerned. Due to this social issue, the parents discourage their kids from using video games.

Political

In the United Kingdom the business of the company was affected by the BREXIT decision of the country. As the United Kingdom re-established its business and trade agreements and exited from the European Union. With this decision the duty of many products including the toys business increased, which raised the total cost of the product. The company was unable to raise its prices immediately because the prices were printed on each product and catalogs. Additionally, the company could not revise its cost because of the risk of losing its potential loyal customers. The customers could switch to low priced products.

Moreover, the cost of labor increased in Europe and America in recent years. The strict government interventions, and rises in the minimum wages, increased the labor cost of the businesses.

Technological

The technology used by the company was, and they did not innovate with the rapid advancement in the technology. The toys were up to the mark and were accordingly to the needs of the customers. However, the gaming segment of the company lagged, as the technology shifted to Wii, Xbox, and the PlayStation. This fast-moving advancement in the technological environment was a big challenge for the business.

Natural

The competition of the company increased due to globalization, and rapid entries of new competitors with the latest technology and strong marketing strategy. Most of the competitors having production plants or outsource their manufacturing in China to achieve the cost-effectiveness. Due to the intense competition in the market, the company has lowered its profit margin to survive, and compete with its rivals.

Internal Environmental Analysis

Market Analysis- Description of the market, Primary customers

The target customers of the Toys R Us is children for its toys and gaming products. However, the actual target customers are the parents who decide to purchase gifts for their children on different occasions. Especially the kids under the age of five years are unable to buy toys and take a decision about shopping. The next group is 6-12 years old children, who can decide their favorite product. However, the influence of the parents on the purchase decision still exist. The company advertisement campaign is based n the emotional appeal of mothers, as it shows that the company is concerned about the safety of their children. The increases in prices due to certain unavoidable external factors is the major concern of the customers, and the company is aware of the price sensitivity of their customers. Because the price war is on peak among the competitors. The sales of the company are also influenced by the layout and décor of the retail outlets. So the retail outlets of the company are highly decorated which grabs the attention of its potential customers.

The primary market of the business was the USA market for its toys and video games. Then the company extended its sale to the United Kingdom, Africa, and Asia markets. The company had 800 retail stores in the USA before its liquidation, and about 800 stores outside the United States before the bankruptcy. The company closed all its retail outlets in USA, England, and Australia. The company sold its business in Canada which is run by other investors. However, the business of the company in Asian and African market is still existing and generating significant revenue for the company. The business operations of the company are now limited to these two regions. The company was liquidated in 2017 and 2018 when it was unable to pay its huge amount of loan. During these years the company incurred a loss of 34 million US dollars.

Evaluation of Marketing Strategies

The marketing strategy of the company analyze the brand which covers the marketing mix and explains the strategy of the company to access their potential customers and fulfill their needs. ​​ Product

The company had the largest chain of retail outlets with specialized in toys and video games. The Toy R Us has two branches such as; Babies R Us, and Kids R Us. The Babies R Us deals in the baby's toys specialized products to entertain the babies, while the Kids R Us focuses on the toys and clothing for the kids with age above five years. The major products of the company were divided into the following categories. The action figures, and learning toys, Arts and crafts, building sets, Kitchen and cookery sets, puzzle games, outdoor sports games, video games, tools sets, kids clothing and kids, etc.

Price

The company has strong competitors with an effective market strategy, and strong supply chain network. The potential competitors are Walmart, Hamleys, Kay Bee Toys, and some departmental stores. The Toys R Us was ranked number two after the oldest toy store Hamleys. The company had issues with pricing as the customers claimed that they are charging higher than other brands. There are certain Chinese brands which offer good quality products at a lower price. The target market of the company was middle and upper class, so they offered good quality products at a higher price because they can afford it. The Walmart and Hamleys prices are lower than Toys R Us, so the sales of the company declined due to this factor. To get their market shares back, and survive in the market the company should revise its pricing strategy. It was one of the reasons for the bankruptcy of the company.

Distribution

The company had more than 1500 retail outlets around the world. Only in the USA, it had 800 stores, all of these were closed recently due to the financial crises. The company operated in more than 35 countries with their outlets throughout the world. The company expanded its business from the United States to Africa, Asia, Australia, Canada, and Europe. In some countries, it had taken up licenses, while others as franchisees. The company started to focus on the needs of customers and gets their immediate feedback, so they opened customer services in different areas to meet their needs. They also provided support to their customers online. The company also collaborated with Amazon to sell its products on in their online shops.

Promotion

The Toys R Us used a different medium for promotion of its products, and aware its potential customers regarding its new products, and its features. The company spent a huge budget on TV advertisements. The advertisements were unique which grabbed the attention of children, and they used different poems and songs which made the children relate themselves to the company's brands. The company also had an in-store promotional campaign which had a positively influenced the sale of the company. Apart from commercial television advertisements, the company also used another medium including internet, radio, and newspapers.

Evaluation of the other Functional Areas

Finance

The company faced financial crises during 2017 and 2018, where it had to pay $ 2.9 billions of its loan. The company was unable to pay its loan, so it was filed for bankruptcy during 2018. The company closed its 800 stores in the USA, 150 stores in England, sold its stores in Canada, closed its business in Australia during the same fiscal year. During the year 2005, the company had leveraged buyout (LBO) by many investors named as KKR Group, Vornado Realty Trust, and Bain Capital are particularly targeted to blame for bankruptcy. The actual reason for bankruptcy was the lack of innovations and failed to respond in time to the rapid technological changes. The total revenue for the year 2014 was recorded as the US $ 12.4 billions while the total assets were worthed the US $ 6.09 billion. The net income of the company fell during the last few years. At the end of the year 2016 its net income was the US $ -36 million, while it reached the US $ -164 million in 2017(Knowledge@Wharton, 2019).

Production

The company had the policy to outsource all its products, and the company did not involve in the manufacturing business. It sold the products made by Mattel, Hasbro, Bandai Namco, Lego, Spinmaster, and many other small suppliers. The video games were manufactured by Nintendo, Microsoft. The sale of the company was huge so that it could deal with the manufacturer for modified and specialized products.

Human Resources

A proper and smooth running of the business is always an issue for the organizations. It needs strong management and control to be successful and prosper in the market. The major cause of the failure of the company was the weaker leadership skills. The business structure was designed with more management layers which reduce the innovations and sharing of new ideas.

Technology

The technology used by the company was, and they did not innovate with the rapid advancement in the technology. The toys were up to the mark and were accordingly to the needs of the customers. However, the gaming segment of the company lagged, as the technology shifted to Wii, Xbox, and the PlayStation. This fast-moving advancement in the technological environment was a big challenge for the business (Epstein, 2018).

Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) Analysis

Strengths

Weaknesses

A large number of outlets

Oldest brand with having loyal customers

Strong distribution network

Distinguished baby brands

Large Variety of Toys for differently-abled kids

Less flexible to the changing environment

Bankruptcy filed because of online competition

Heavily dependent on the seasonal sale

Low innovations and product development

Opportunities

Threats

Expand its business to the emerging economies.

Joint ventures with multinational brands like Amazon etc

Use of advanced technology

Highly saturated market of toys and retail industry.

Customers are shifting to online retailers.

Development of Strategic Alternatives

The company has to re-engineer and redesign its structure and strategies. The strategy should be the customer's centric and encourage innovations. The company should focus on the needs of the customers, and allocate more budget to the research and development department.

Evaluation of Strategic Alternatives

The company has to review its existing strategy and makes some alternative strategies that could move the company out of these financial crises. The company should have many strategic alternatives and analyze all the alternatives, and then select the best opportunity among them.

Recommendation of the better Alternative

The company needs to rethink and redesign all its functions and strategies.

Innovation is the key to survive in the fast-growing and changing the tastes of consumers.Implementation Techniques for Recommended Alternative

The effective implementation of these recommendations depends on the management and administration of the organization. Moreover, it needs strong leadership skills, and an inspirational leader to transform the organization. The company was founded in the USA, and it lost all its business in the parent market. So the company has to recapture its market. It needs the top management to make concrete policy and learn from its failure. Control Procedures to keep Recommended Alternative on course.

The company needs to maintain a strong management control to implement its recommended strategy efficiently. The top management should communicate its new objectives and strategies with its employees to get their trust. The restructuring and transformation process is teamwork, which could not be happened without the support of its employees.

References

Can Toys R Us Recapture Its Glory Days? - Knowledge@Wharton. (2019). Knowledge@Wharton. Retrieved 25 January 2019, from http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/toys-r-us-bankruptcy-filing/

Epstein, M. J. (2018). ADAPTING FOR DIGITAL SURVIVAL: Society, technology, and business are changing. Are you and your company leading or lagging?. Strategic Finance, 99(8), 26-34.

The Discipline Project

Name

Professor name

Subject

Date

Analytical essay

Corporate Social responsibility (CSR) has evolved in the business culture with time. The paper aims at providing an in-depth view on the role of CSR and how it changed in the global business environment. The central concept of CSR states that corporations or firms have responsibility towards society that is focused on promoting greater welfare. Until the 1930s no significant literature was available on the role of corporate responsibility or business ethics.

However, after 1940s the companies started taking responsibility of the business practices by showing their concerns towards the society and environment. CSR is represents the social expectations of the people from the business organizations. Business ethics has now become a widely adopted phenomena in the business world. All leading companies have developed their policy on corporate social responsibility, which reflects their interest in helping the society.

Conceptual paradigm of CSR has evolved throughout history. Historical events have played profound role in the popularity and implementation of this ethical business approach. Research methodology relies on empirical evidence based on the scholarly database. Scholarly articles and journals on business ethics are studied for evaluating the role of CSR in the business culture. Scope is limited by using the thematic areas and for getting to access to the relevant material only. Search terms used for finding relevant articles include “corporate social responsibility”, CSR history”, “changes in CSR”. Reliable sources are used for finding relevant research articles.

The historical roots of corporate social responsibility reveals that this term is not very young because Rome introduced the business laws based on ethics. The purpose of these laws was to restrict businesses from engaging in exploitative practices and for making them follow the business regulations.

During the sixteenth and seventeenth century English Crown imposed corporate laws on business firms. The laws was modified in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries by focusing on the social ills including poverty. Christianity influenced the corporate laws because the state realized that business entities have responsibility in helping the society such as by providing employment. Philanthropic activities increased in the 1950s and 1960s. Businessman regulations were imposed in all developed countries including United Kingdom and United States.

In 1970 the Committee for Economic Development (CED) published the corporate social responsibility policy for the US firms, first time in the history. Social and legal legislations were imposed. In 1980s the state of USA and UK has taken active role on monitoring corporate behaviors such as by setting pricing policy. The role of CSR became most visible in 1990s due to the climate changes and future threats of global warming. Sanctions were imposed on the firms for controlling carbon emission, which had deteriorating impacts on the environment.

By 2000s most of the leading and international firms had integrated CSR policies for claiming that they have keep interest in protecting the society and environment. Firms had accepted their obligations towards the society and engaged in practices that resulted in the society’s welfare such as environment awareness campaigns and offering charities for the health of poor. After 2010 the efforts of firms have improved further. Several international arrangements are made among countries such as the Paris Agreement of 2010 and Sustainable Development goals of 2015.

Reflective analysis

Rhetoric contexts of the article has made it vivid and understandable.

Time and place

The article “A literature review of the history and evolution of corporate social responsibility” was published in Springer in 2019.

Authors

Mauricio Andrés Latapí Agudelo, Lára Jóhannsdóttir and Brynhildur Davídsdóttir are professor at University of Iceland and have significant experience in the field of corporate social responsibility. All authors have published many articles, which reflects his expertise in the field. The expertise of the authors makes the source more credible. The authors of the article have used proper scholarly approach for studying the history of corporate responsibility in the corporate world. The use of complex terms is limited.

Structure

The authors have followed a proper structure in the article, starting from abstract. It gives a brief summary of the purpose, methodology and discussions. The authors have used an organize structure by creating separate headings for each century such as 1970s, 1990s and 2000s. Discussions section provides detailed analysis of historical facts that leads to a well-developed conclusion stating that CSR has become essential criteria in current period for the businesses.

Language

The authors have used specific terminology that is relevant to the field of business such as ‘maximization of profits’, ‘economic objectives’, ‘business ethics’, ‘businessman obligations’. These terms are commonly used in business articles and I was already familiar. The authors have thus used simple language for the convince of the students,

References convention

Credible databases are used by the authors including “Pro Quest, Science Direct, Sage and Springer”. The sources are cited throughout the article which reflects reliability. The authors have included over 100 scholarly articles for providing evidentiary support to the research discussion. Agudelo et al., (2019) have used empirical evidence for supporting their argument of increased importance of CSR in the current world.

Purpose

The purpose of the article is to examine how role of corporate social responsibility changes and what are the reasons behind its evolution. Organizations operating in the modern business culture have to integrate CSR policy to reflect their concerns towards society and the environment. The article uncovers the role of corporate social responsibility and ethics in the businesses. The role of corporate social responsibility has changed throughout history, which gained popularity in 1970s.

Work Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Agudelo, Mauricio Andrés Latapí, Lára Jóhannsdóttir and Brynhildur Davídsdóttir. "A literature review of the history and evolution of corporate social responsibility." International Journal of Corporate Social Responsibility 4.1 (2019): 2-23.

The Effect Tha The Internet Has On Personal And Group Dynamics.

Title

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Impact of Internet on Personal and Group Dynamics

Personal and group dynamics are important considerations when it comes to the study of people working in teams and groups. These topics have been studied in the fields of psychology and management and are vital for the study of organizational behavior. Group dynamics emphasize on the ways group members interact with each other in terms of task performance and interpersonal skills. Since, persons form groups, individual dynamics and behavior also influence the group dynamics. Group dynamics enable to understand how individual actions make in the group context. According to Tuckman, group formation goes through five stages including forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. Internet and the associated technologies have changed and influenced the ways in which individuals behave, interact, communicate and solve problems in a group.

The group is an important part of human life and an organization. A study examining the impact of the internet on group activities reveals that there are generally positive views on the ways groups have enabled people to communicate with each other ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a25f7599hvi","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(PURCELL AND SMITH, 2011)","plainCitation":"(PURCELL AND SMITH, 2011)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1816,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/T7FK4Y6E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/T7FK4Y6E"],"itemData":{"id":1816,"type":"post-weblog","title":"Section 4: The impact of the internet on group activities | Pew Research Center","abstract":"How Americans view the internet’s impact on groupsWhen asked to assess the impact of the internet on the ability of social, civic, professional,","URL":"https://www.pewinternet.org/2011/01/18/section-4-the-impact-of-the-internet-on-group-activities/","shortTitle":"Section 4","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"PURCELL AND SMITH","given":"KRISTEN AND AARON"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011",1,18]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Purcell & Smith, 2011). Americans believe that the internet enables the identification of group related issues and allows communicating with other groups. For any group-based activity, in general groups such as social, civic and religious groups, Americans believe that the internet has placed a positive impact on the group activities. Groups at the workplace also play an important role in the success of an organization. Clear communication, better interaction, strong leadership and understanding the individual person's personality and behavior contributes towards group and organization's success, and all these factors are affected by the presence of the internet.

The major impact of the internet on group dynamics is on group communication with its own members and other groups. The Internet enables the people of a group to stay in touch and involve in all the group activities. It enables them to keep up with the group news and it also assists the group members to contribute their time and effort in the group activities. Groups and teams are formed in organizations to solve a problem, accomplish an objective or mission and perform some activities. Internet and other related technologies allow the group members to keep up with the group activities and progress towards attainment of goals and objectives.

Modern organizations also form online and virtual groups to exploit advancements in technology in different projects. Virtual groups allow virtual meetings between members of an organization and its groups to contribute towards organizational goals. This also brings about many challenges in the groups such as developmental issues, which also occur in face-to-face groups ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a27jqcdnn6g","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Becker, 2003)","plainCitation":"(Becker, 2003)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1815,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/QKVP4QXB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/QKVP4QXB"],"itemData":{"id":1815,"type":"article-journal","title":"Just tell me what to do: Group dynamics in a virtual environment","author":[{"family":"Becker","given":"Karen L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Becker, 2003). Studies reveal that when groups are working in a virtual environment but it is also an opportunity for the group members and leaders to understand group dynamics. Virtual groups have become very common in an organizational setting and it highly affects the way groups are formed and the way they function.

Internet also allows training, learning and mutual sharing of information among each other. The virtual experience in virtual groups based on the endless communication opportunities allow knowledge sharing and new technologies allow fast sharing of information. Virtual groups experience also allows reaching the certain dimensions of learning that was not possible without the advent of modern technologies ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a3egjfn08j","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Severino & Messina, 2011)","plainCitation":"(Severino & Messina, 2011)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1818,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/KE3YPU6S"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/KE3YPU6S"],"itemData":{"id":1818,"type":"article-journal","title":"Group dynamics in on-line and face-to-face interactions: an experimental study on learning methods","container-title":"Sociology Mind","page":"65","volume":"1","issue":"02","author":[{"family":"Severino","given":"Sergio"},{"family":"Messina","given":"Roberta"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Severino & Messina, 2011). The endless technologies offer an opportunity to exchange ideas and opinions in a way that was not feasible earlier. This helps in better achievement of tasks and attainment of organizational objectives. Internet also allows the group members to take the leadership roles in a group activity and persuades the individuals’ members to actively participate in group activities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"snppKV1h","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(PURCELL AND SMITH, 2011)","plainCitation":"(PURCELL AND SMITH, 2011)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1816,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/T7FK4Y6E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/T7FK4Y6E"],"itemData":{"id":1816,"type":"post-weblog","title":"Section 4: The impact of the internet on group activities | Pew Research Center","abstract":"How Americans view the internet’s impact on groupsWhen asked to assess the impact of the internet on the ability of social, civic, professional,","URL":"https://www.pewinternet.org/2011/01/18/section-4-the-impact-of-the-internet-on-group-activities/","shortTitle":"Section 4","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"PURCELL AND SMITH","given":"KRISTEN AND AARON"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011",1,18]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Purcell & Smith, 2011).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Becker, K. L. (2003). Just tell me what to do: Group dynamics in a virtual environment.

PURCELL AND SMITH, K. A. A. (2011, January 18). Section 4: The impact of the internet on group activities | Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewinternet.org/2011/01/18/section-4-the-impact-of-the-internet-on-group-activities/

Severino, S., & Messina, R. (2011). Group dynamics in on-line and face-to-face interactions: an experimental study on learning methods. Sociology Mind, 1(02), 65.

The Effects Of Sexual Harassment In The Workplace

The Effects of Sexual Harassment in the Workplace

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the institution]

[Date]

The Effects of Sexual Harassment in the Workplace

Introduction

Sexual Harassment was pervasive in the past as women were treated as objects, but it is shocking to see that nothing changed all these years. Even today, in the workplace thousands of women are facing the problem of sexual harassment, and many of them are unable to take actions due to the threat of job insecurity. In 2018, many employers were exposed by the females on the claims of sexual harassment. Unfortunately, not enough action was taken against them; their job positions were merely changed. The reason for this high rate of sexual harassment is that most of the women do not know what sexual harassment includes. Sexual Harassment is the unwelcome verbal and non-verbal advances that may cause a threat to the individual and makes the work environment hostile and toxic for that employee (Anjum, Ming et al., 2018). The effects of sexual harassment in the workplace are very harmful to the employee who suffers from this issue. Sexual harassment is a vast phenomenon that includes a wide range of expressions and acts most employees do not consider a problem and take them lightly which adds to the problem.

Discussion

In the current realm, the critical ethical issue corporate world is suffering the most, is the sexual harassment issue in the workplace (Power & Lundsten, 2005). Only a few cases are reported so far in the corporate sector whereas the rest of the cases went unnoticed which boosts the morale of the predator. This boost allows him to make more attempts in the future and the victims ultimately leave the organization making the turnover rate high because of this issue. The effects of this issue cannot be ignored as it causes a disturbance in the life of the victimized individual leading to depression, employee's resignation, low productivity, and unfriendly behavior with other employees, loss in a job, etc. Many victimized employees take the sexual harassment as the only condition of employment in that particular organization and stop complaining. This action leads to the adverse effects on their mental health as the focus shifts from work; disturbances occur mentally as the uninvited pressure increases (Gruenigen & Karlen, 2018).

Although the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) has defined the phenomenon in great detail to facilitate the employees, the guideline includes uninvited sexual advances, requests for personal favors that are sexual, physical contact with any employee, gazing, passing inappropriate remarks, etc. (Gutek, 2015). But, still many employees are hesitant to report the unethical behavior due to many reasons, and the prevalence of sexual harassment is getting very common in 21st century within the organizations (Fitzgerald & Cortina, 2017). A study was conducted assessing the 764 ethical challenges faced by the employees in the workplace in which the respondents reported the sexual harassment as one of the most complex business issues faced frequently in business ethics (Power & Lundsten, 2005).

Unfortunately, sexual harassment has become a requirement for survival in the organizations for many working women. Almost every woman has to face this ethical issue at some point in their professional careers. Some are confident enough to report this issue whereas others opt for leaving the organization to save themselves from the harassing environment (McLaughlin, Uggen & Blackstone, 2017). There was another study undertaken to inspect the effect of sexual harassment for the working women at the start of their careers. The study concluded that sexual harassment leads to high financial stress due to sudden job change significantly affecting women’s career accomplishment (McLaughlin, Uggen & Blackstone, 2017).

This issue is at its peak in the multinational organizations also because the targeted employee is unable to do something about it and is suppressed by the top management (Gutek, 2015). There is a famous example of Ford Motor Company in the recent past related to the sexual harassment issue. The company was involved in several sexual harassment incidents that threw a negative spotlight on the company’s name. One of the prominent cases occurred in 1999 where Ford Motor Company was accused of sexual harassment in the workplace by 600 women (Rosewarne, 2007). The complaints were reported to EEOC and lawsuit was filed. In the EEOC v. Ford Motor Company (Chicago) case, the women were then awarded worth $8 million (Rosewarne, 2007). The company continued to be involved in similar trials and ending up reaching another settlement by EEOC worth $10 million in August 2017 (Susan & Einhorn, 2017). That didn’t stop here, and more cases were highlighted in the same year in December. Although the top management apologized to the public by writing an open letter, Ford still has a long way to go to solve the sexual harassment problem in the future.

Conclusion

Sexual harassment is indeed a threating situation for any organization as it not only affects the lives of the victim employees but also damages the organization's reputation in the eyes of the public. This kind of ethical issue should be addressed as early in the workplace as possible. For that, top management has to intervene and play a decisive part in resolving this business ethics issue in their companies. The leadership of every organization should establish a sharp and transparent code of conduct leaving no ambiguity on the professionalism of the employee's behavior. It’s the responsibility of the employer to deal with this issue whenever he is made aware by the other employees and should not take it lightly. On joining, every employee should be provided with a doctrine that promotes no harassment in the workplace by mentioning in detail all the aspects of sexual harassment. Training should also be given to the staff regarding harassment prevention. A proper mechanism should be formed to handle the employee complaints about harassment by listening to both parties and drawing hidden investigation. It is best to keep a comfortable and friendly in the workplace that does not discourage an employee from filing such complaints.

Lessons should be learned from Ford’s ignorance and suppression of all those harassment cases. If the top management had taken severe steps initially, the company would never be again in the highlight.

References

Anjum, A., Ming, X., Siddiqi, A. F., & Rasool, S. F. (2018). An Empirical Study Analyzing Job Productivity in Toxic Workplace Environments. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(5), 1035.

EEOC Determination Supports Charges of Sexual Harassment at Two Ford Motor Company Plants in Chicago. (1999, January 6). Business Wire.

Fitzgerald, L. F., & Cortina, L. M. (2017). Sexual harassment in work organizations: a view from the twenty-first century. APA Handbook of the Psychology of Women. APA. Available at http://www. apa. org/pubs/books/4311534. aspx.

Gutek, B. A. (2015). Sexual harassment. Wiley Encyclopedia of Management, 1-1.

McLaughlin, H., Uggen, C., & Blackstone, A. (2017). The economic and career effects of sexual harassment on working women. Gender & Society, 31(3), 333-358.

Power, S. J., & Lundsten, L. L. (2005). Managerial and other white-collar employees’ perceptions of ethical issues in their workplaces. Journal of Business Ethics, 60(2), 185-193.

Rosewarne, L. (2007, July). Pin-ups in public space: Sexist outdoor advertising as sexual harassment. In Women's Studies International Forum (Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 313-325). Pergamon.

Susan, C. & Einhorn, C. (2017). Ford Apologizes for Sexual Harassment at Chicago Factories. Nytimes.com. Retrieved 11 January 2019, from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/21/us/ford-apology-sexual-harassment.html

Von Gruenigen, V. E., & Karlan, B. Y. (2018). Sexual harassment in the workplace: Its impact on gynecologic oncology and women's health.

The Environment In Which Business Operates

Memorandum

To: Use your instructor’s name

From: Student’s Name

Date:

Subject: Vendor Selection Criteria

Picking a vendor is one of the most stressful but fundamental processes a business must carry out. Through this memorandum, a selection criterion for vendors is recommended. Our company has always been efficient in operating its services at the highest level, by utilizing the minimum cost. Quality is the one thing we cannot compromise with; therefore we need vendors who may give their best to help us in operating our function by maintaining quality. At the same time, vendors are responsible for supplying the straight purchases of the company, and all the cost company bears to produce the products depend upon those purchases. However, selection of appropriate vendor process goes through some critical changes with the improvement of technology and computer communications (Weber, Current, & Benton, 1991). There are a few selection techniques for choosing the suppliers of the company.

The very initial step would be to create a list or specify the skills and potentials of vendors which are required for the company. As a potential vendor selection is like selecting a partner for the business and the company would trust their abilities and services in a proficient manner. It is a planned process as well as a careful selection of vendors, which helps the company to progress rapidly (Mukherjee, 2016). Likewise, specifying criteria will help to evaluate the skills of vendors. Secondly, it is also important to know that the vendor is regular and consistent in delivering the products and services for the company. If a vendor has problems in performing the functions on a daily basis, then it will affect daily activities of the company. Moreover, it also necessary to know the computer and technical skills of the vendors. It is essential to have a supplier who understands the underlying information technology skills to compete in the digital world.

The next step is Vendor search, after highlighting the requirements for the vendor's selection, it is time to search for them. The selection team should ensure to have the most significant number of vendors proposals on the table. At the same time, the team must keep in mind the vendors may meet the minimum requirements of the company. While going through the different proposals from the vendors, the company should see whether the selected vendor is flexible working with the company. It is because business sometimes changes their guidelines, there are chances that keeping the vendor unaware initially may cause vendors to penalize the company (Mak & Nebebe, 2016). Therefore, it is crucial to know the flexibility of the suppliers working with the company rules.

Finally, it is time to check on the preferred vendors whether they are dependable or not. For that, it needs testimonials and references from some reliable and trustworthy sources. After it, there will be a contract negotiation with the vendor. It should be noted that the contract negotiation plan has prepared already before going through the selection process. All the objectives of the company should be kept in mind while negotiating the contract with the vendor. For instance, the vendors' selection criteria of KK Textiles is briefly studied before preparing this memorandum. All the favorable points which seemed preferable for our company are selected. Everyone is well aware of the progress of KK Textiles in the market. At the same time, they are giving 50% of their credit to the vendors who are working for them. Therefore, having a similar strategy for vendors' selection for our company might work.

In conclusion, some of the recommended elements for the selection of vendors for our company. Hopefully, it will make a considerable impact on the progress of our company in the future.

References

Weber, C. A., Current, J. R., & Benton, W. C. (1991). Vendor selection criteria and methods. European journal of operational research, 50(1), 2-18.

Mukherjee, K. (2016). Supplier selection criteria and methods: past, present, and future. International Journal of Operational Research, 27(1-2), 356-373.

Mak, T., & Nebebe, F. (2016). Factor analysis and methods of supplier selection. International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 5(1), 1-9.

The External Environment

The External Environment

Adonis Jimenez

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

The External Environment

My approved company’s name is Walt Disney Company. One of the global objectives of the company is to entertain the public and the answer would be entertainment is the primary industry for the company. The ticker symbol for Walt Disney Company is

In the global business market, companies have to face some barriers and same is the case with the Walt Disney Company. To compete in the market, growth, and maintain sustainability in the market are important to plan strategies. One of the greatest barriers for the company is the decrease in the number of its subscribers in its primary industry that is the Entertainment and Sports Programming Network of Disney (ESPN) ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9oGxSuMU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}The Walt Disney Company}, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(The Walt Disney Company, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1630,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/Z4722NWU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/Z4722NWU"],"itemData":{"id":1630,"type":"webpage","title":"The Walt Disney Company","container-title":"The Walt Disney Company","abstract":"The mission of The Walt Disney Company is to be one of the world's leading producers and providers of entertainment and information.","URL":"https://www.thewaltdisneycompany.com/","language":"en-US","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,14]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (The Walt Disney Company, n.d.). Strategic management of the company has been helpful in the past and vice versa. The main problem was the accessibility of its services, which were more expensive in comparison with other companies providing the same services. To overcome barriers to the industry for the new potential, the company had to revise the strategic planning to increase the number of its ESPN subscribers in the global market. The strategic planning of the company makes it able to compete in the market and achieve objectives of the industry in this challenging business world {Citation} ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"e8UeYYNF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Furrer, 2006)","plainCitation":"(Furrer, 2006)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1462,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/ITERRE4T"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/ITERRE4T"],"itemData":{"id":1462,"type":"chapter","title":"Marketing Strategies","container-title":"Social Science & Medicine - SOC SCI MED","page":"81-98","source":"ResearchGate","abstract":"The study and practice of marketing have broadened considerably, from an emphasis on marketing as a functional management issue, to a wider focus on the strategic role of marketing in overall corporate strategy (e.g., Kotler, 2000; Sudharshan, 1995). This broadening of the marketing concept, to include strategic as well as operational decisions, has resulted in an overlap between marketing and strategic management. Managers around the globe are recognizing the increasing importance for the firm to develop marketing strategies to compete effectively in worldwide markets. The emergence of a more open world economy, the globalization of consumers’ tastes, and the development of a worldwide commercial web all have increased the interdependency and interconnections of markets across the globe. In such a global environment, firms should develop their marketing strategy around three key dimensions (Zou and Cavusgil, 2002): (1) standardization-adaptation, (2) configuration-coordination, and (3) strategic integration. Following Sudharshan (1995), we define a firm’s marketing strategy as the development of and decisions about a firm’s relationships with its key stakeholders, its offerings, resource allocation, and timing.","author":[{"family":"Furrer","given":"Olivier"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006",1,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Furrer, 2006). To compete with the other company it came with the idea of developing the productions towards innovation for example production of technological products in the international market.

For any company pricing strategies are important to compete in the market with other similar industries and for their sustainability. The existing companies may have higher prices and they may have more customers therefore, new potentials in the market have to make strategies on the prices and marketing. These both are important to attract the customers towards the products of the industry. Another countermeasure for a new potential company is the geographic location and customers. A new competitor has to target those locations where the demands for the company’s products are higher and people can afford such services.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Furrer, O. (2006). Marketing Strategies. In Social Science & Medicine - SOC SCI MED (pp. 81–98).

The Walt Disney Company. (n.d.). The Walt Disney Company. Retrieved January 14, 2020, from https://www.thewaltdisneycompany.com/

The Foreign Exchange Markets & Interaction With Other Markets

Foreign Exchange Markets & Interaction

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Foreign Exchange Markets & Interaction

Introduction

The World Factbook provides information on the transportation, exchange and international trade and the business condition of regions like Latin America. The economic environment and the political situation in the state of Paraguay offer a foreign exchange officer to take individual decisions that could benefit their population. This landlocked country has a market economy which is distinguished by urban street vendors, microenterprises, re-export of consumer good to neighboring countries and the large informal sector. The official exchange rate is consist of 39 billion US dollars. It is the ninth largest soy producer in the world, and the average annual value is estimated at 4 percent.

Discussion

As a foreign exchange officer, it is essential to choose Paraguay as it has a vibrant market and surrounded by various well-known markets of the world. In the market exchange decisions for the country, there is a need of regularization of the Paraguay import and export through diversity in human capital (Berry, 2017). Specific steps are also taken by a government to enhance diversity and exchange of human capital with various products in Europe and the Middle East. Single digit tax rate, hydroelectric dam, cheap energy, and the labor are the contemporary requirements for the country. Further, the elimination of corruption or maximum reduction can boost the foreign exchange rates and interaction with other markets. Deficient infrastructure and the structural reform are part of progressive economy initiatives.

The decision of shared prosperity through human capital and products is a valuable tool for Paraguay to increase and sustain its growth (Bryant & Javalgi, 2016). Statistics of economics reflect that there is an intense need to demonstrate the service sector which is accounted for 71 percent GDP of the entire globe. In the developing states, the service sector is considered for 52 percent and more than 50 percent of the country's GDP in the leading areas like transport, construction, communication, and distribution is because of services provided by the human capital. The state has achieved the overall framework of services policies, and it incorporated the creation of services forum that coordinate and diversify stakeholder in policy making (Iamsiraroj, 2016). The presence of regulatory agencies and strong regulation in various services sites contribute a large amount of national growth for Paraguay.

Training, structuring and building the capacity of human capital will lead to the quality of life for an ordinary individual. According to the report of World Economic Forum countries in Latin America are declining in their human capital and services that can enhance the productivity of this region. Labor force participation is also low, and it is among the people with age of 55-64. The involvement of the younger generation along with the large scale trained population can provide progressive changes in the exports and foreign exchange.

Social welfare net with the health of familiar individual should be given due importance to enhance their market and services produced in the local and international business (South America, 2019). The economic growth of Paraguay is above the regional average, but there is a need for macroeconomic stability through strong human capital. In the world of business, human capital is not only productive for foreign exchange, but it is also a critical factor in global competitiveness, growth, and development.

Conclusion

Skills of workers lead to innovation in multinational companies and also contributes to positive political and social outcomes. The decision of foreign exchange and interaction with other markets is support by World Factbook (Factbook, 2015). A state should consider services sector and human capital like Paraguay. The low labor cost and diversifying the market through social services will significantly enhance the foreign exchange rate.

References

Berry, A. (2017). Elements of an employment strategy for Paraguay. In Losing Ground in the Employment Challenge (pp. 25-54). Routledge.]

Bryant, C. E., & Javalgi, R. G. (2016). Global economic integration in developing countries: The role of corruption and human capital investment. Journal of business ethics, 136(3), 437-450.

Factbook, C. I. A. (2015). The World Factbook; 2010. See also: http://www CIA gov/library/publications/the-world-Factbook, accessed January, 30.

Furtado, C. (2018). Economic Development of Latin America. In Promise of Development (pp. 124-148). Routledge.

Goel, R. K. (2018). Foreign direct investment and entrepreneurship: gender differences across international economic freedom and taxation. Small Business Economics, 50(4), 887-897.

Iamsiraroj, S. (2016). The foreign direct investment–economic growth nexus. International Review of Economics & Finance, 42, 116-133.

Knight, J. (2015). Internationalization is changing the world of higher education, and globalization is changing the world of internationalization.

South America: Paraguay — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency. (2019). Cia.gov.

The Global Marketplace

The present era is a time of expansion, which is largely supported by technology. For this reason, most of the businesses tend to go international today. However, differences among the countries come as a great challenge to their way when they plan to expand their operational activities. Therefore, the businesses and enterprises seek to find timely solutions that do not only resolve any issues arising or coming their way but that also support the operational choices and management decisions being made within the organizations for one reason or another.

In this regard, the businesses must excel in a number of skills. Primarily, the companies must work on their cross-cultural communication skills. Additionally, the companies must also work on enhancing their networking abilities as well. Platforms such as LinkedIn have made it easier for companies to spread the word about their operational activities and business goals. However, they need to achieve excellent networking abilities if they want stay afloat in the competitive market. Also, the businesses aiming at going international must work on collaborations with either international companies or local companies involved in international ventures.

More importantly, the companies must work on training their personnel in interpersonal skills, which play a key role for businesses to land good professional relationships and building respect. For instance, Nike has devised particular training programs for enhancing the interpersonal skills of its employees. According to Forbes, adaptive thinking is the key for businesses to expand at international level in the current times. Therefore, the organizations must work on breeding curiosity, humility, and impulse control in their workers. The companies must also work on making both their managers and employees emotionally intelligent. Additionally, if the businesses want to succeed on the international skies unequivocally; it demands resilience and mental toughness. Again, training is the key here.

The Iconic Retail Markrting Report

The Iconic Retail Marketing Report

Retail marketing is employed by the retailers to increase awareness about their products or services, gain customers interest, and/or improve sales. Retail marketing strategies are implemented at several operations or processes of a business to select the retail channels available in the market, to set prices for the products, and to manage the display of products in a retail store. This study provides marketing strategy report of The Iconic , an online fashion retail store in Australia.

Part A

Background and History

The Iconic is a leading online fashion and sports retail store in Australia, which has been running its operations since 2011. It is based in Sydney, and has developed into the largest destination for customers looking for latest fashion designs, and sportswear as well as kids-wear delivering the latest trends. It has links to more than one thousand local as well as international brands and be able to offer its customers access to a wide range of brands. The Iconic makes use of the latest technology for getting this unrivalled access to brands and provides more than sixty thousand products for men and women. Since it has been operating business for almost eight years, the company has well established itself in the online retail fashion and sports market. The Iconic has more than thirteen million visitors per month. As they claim, The Iconic launches around two hundred new products every day. This implies that the company has a huge network of business and the number of employees, processes, and activities is great. The company has succeeded a huge customer following by offering its great service and products to them through all these years.

The Iconic declares that the purpose of the company is to offer complete customer liberation. It implies that they want to offer their customers such a seamless experience that they feel a sense of utmost liberty of shopping. This could happen if the company is allowing the customers to select from a range of goods, services, and other related facilities. Therefore, the company s mission is to turn shopping into a seamless and inspiring experience. The mission of the company indicates they focus on the quality of service and value delivered to customer for interacting with their company. A seamless experience the customers can have if the company offers the right products that the customers want or demand, facilitate the customers in placing orders on their website, and deliver goods to customers with best possible channels ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDcHNITWKt,propertiesformattedCitation(Parsons Descatoires, 2016),plainCitation(Parsons Descatoires, 2016),noteIndex0,citationItemsid48,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/RJ6GTZLD,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/RJ6GTZLD,itemDataid48,typearticle-journal,titleRetail marketing A novel research agenda,container-titleAustralasian Marketing Journal (AMJ),page102-107,volume24,issue2,authorfamilyParsons,givenAndrew G.,familyDescatoires,givenEllie,issueddate-parts2016,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Parsons Descatoires, 2016). An inspiring experience will be guaranteed if the company surpasses its customers expectations in offering, dealing, and delivering goods.

Target Market and Positioning

The Iconic delves into offering the latest fashion trends of the industry to its customers. The company focuses on targeting customers who are looking for fashion and innovation. These customers may belong to diverse demographic backgrounds. However, customers who are most likely to be attracted by the companys products on sale are the youth and the children. Therefore, the company has designed its procurement, marketing, and distribution units in a way that best deliver the customer experience to these fashion-craving children and young people. The research figures also reinforces this fact, as the age-range of customers mostly come online to shop at the companys store lies between 25 to 35. These customers not only appreciate the goods available on the companys store, but also like the fast delivery service of the company.

One of the Iconic executives speak of the targeting and positioning strategies of the company and reveals that initially, they developed their website with no emphasis on any specific group of customers ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDah33lLCY,propertiesformattedCitation(Ward, 2017),plainCitation(Ward, 2017),noteIndex0,citationItemsid49,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/UCAXWZTK,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/UCAXWZTK,itemDataid49,typearticle-journal,titleTarget marketing,container-titleThe balance small business. The,authorfamilyWard,givenSusan,issueddate-parts2017,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Ward, 2017). The website did not address specific needs of different groups of customers. However, the website was tailored with time according to the specific needs of customer groups. This implies that different sections on the website were designed in a way that every group of customers having their specific wants and preferences can search their required items in a single section, saving their time to a considerable extent. Further, the Iconic has successfully positioned itself as the first option of youngsters to buy clothes, footwear, sportswear, etc. of latest fashion with maximum ease in the buying process as well as the fastest delivery with minimal charges.

Competitors and Competitive Advantage

The company s main competitors are ShoeDazzle and GOAT. The Iconic has developed effective marketing strategies to cope with the competition it faces in the market. The Iconic takes advantage of its wide network of suppliers and vendors whose products are displayed on the website for selling and delivering to customers. The Iconic has access to the brands that are latest in the market and products that cover the needs of selected groups of customers with full competency ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDlbNXERac,propertiesformattedCitation(West, Ford, Ibrahim, 2015),plainCitation(West, Ford, Ibrahim, 2015),noteIndex0,citationItemsid50,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/X8TYLAFC,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/X8TYLAFC,itemDataid50,typebook,titleStrategic marketing creating competitive advantage,publisherOxford University Press, USA,ISBN0-19-968409-X,authorfamilyWest,givenDouglas C.,familyFord,givenJohn,familyIbrahim,givenEssam,issueddate-parts2015,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (West, Ford, Ibrahim, 2015). Another competitive advantage the Iconic has over its competitors is the fully responsive website that gives the customers the best experience of online shopping with liberty of choice, access, and delivery.

The company s focus on the range, service, and technology applied in completing the activities is the main competitive advantage the company has over its competitors. The range of goods offered is very wide, as mentioned above. The additions to the current goods delivered by the company also increments the range of companys services. Further, the Iconic promises to deliver orders to customers within three hours maximum after placing the order. If a customer has a delivery order of more than fifty dollars placed on the Iconic website, and the company will charge no fee for delivering the order to the customers location. There will also be imposed no charges for bringing the sold goods back from the customers in case they decide the purchased goods are not their perceived products or due to some other reasons as well. Moreover, the company uses state-of-the-art technology in running its operations and activities. It has a well-acclaimed iSO app for transacting the business activities. The Internet sites designed for the Web and the mobiles are fully interactive and engage the customers to the full extent. The shopping experience offered by the company to its customers is fully personalized ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDuvNISXCH,propertiesformattedCitation(Herrera, 2015),plainCitation(Herrera, 2015),noteIndex0,citationItemsid51,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/LEJBDMRE,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/LEJBDMRE,itemDataid51,typearticle-journal,titleCreating competitive advantage by institutionalizing corporate social innovation,container-titleJournal of Business Research,page1468-1474,volume68,issue7,authorfamilyHerrera,givenMaria Elena Baltazar,issueddate-parts2015,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Herrera, 2015). The customers can complete their purchasing transactions in all of their synchronized devices. Finally, the company boasts of its working team that demonstrate tremendous expertise, talent, and relevant job skills combined with their commitment, enthusiasm, and professionalism.

Retail Sector Description and Environmental Factors

The company runs its business online, that is, it interacts with the customers through the website. However, the company has to indulge in field activities as well as related to businesses of this kind. This implies that the company has arranged competitive facilities for running its business activities. The procurement division, the marketing and sales support, and the distribution system all are managed with expertise of the competent team of company executives. The Iconic operates in the retail sector of Australia, which is a very competitive market place, especially for the new emerging companies. The efficient website and the exquisite operational structure of the company enables it to excel in the industry where fashion and latest trends are in high demand.

The retail industry has flourished to great extents with the advent of the Internet revolution. The customers today prefer buying and transacting goods online. This is because it saves time, money, and effort. The environment of the companys business is supportive and favourable. Australias infrastructure, especially the infrastructure of Sydney, is very favourable for the businesses to carry out operations with ease and cost-effectiveness. That is why the company has been able to offer valuable services to its customers. The regulations of Australia, which govern and make policies for businesses have made it convenient to do business through any channel smoothly.

Current Website

The company s website is interactive, responsive, attractive, well designed, and well-structured. There are different sections of products, and within each section of products, there are options for choosing goods from various groups, each presenting goods with some common attributes. The company offers goods for both genders, different demographic groups, and children. People can search among clothes, shoes, accessories, kids collections, and sports items. Each of these categories has been further subdivided into smaller categories of items. The company facilitates further the use of its website by incorporating extra tabs or links that lead to specified group of items only, such as shop men , shop women , and shop kids .

Benchmark against a Competitor s Website

ShoeDazzle is one of the major competitors of the company. However, the range of categories offered by ShoeDazzle is narrower than that of the Iconic. The Iconic s website design is more user-friendly, elegant, and elaborative. The segregation of target customers is more evident in the Iconic s website. They have given more emphasis on providing the specific needs of different groups of customers in a time-saving and easy-surfing way. The imagery used in the Iconic s website aims at conveying the marketing message of the company more forcefully. The website is more comprehensive overall based on the thematic content, look, and the dominating trends. The website offers visitors an opportunity to follow their favourite brands as well.

Part B

The Men s Shoe Page on The Iconic

The Iconic s website, as mentioned above, offers the customers a convenience in shopping online by categorizing the goods into three main broad groups, i.e., shop women and shop men. These broad categories further entail many links to pages that offer certain sets of items grouped as per their features. The page of this website selected for the current study is men s shoe page. Since it would lie under the main broad category of shop men , the discussion will proceed accordingly.

Items displayed in the general outlook of categories in men s shoes is given in the picture below

This is the top part of the page dedicated for shopping of men s items. The page shows categories of shoes on one side and the top brands featuring in the website s portfolio of goods on the other side. This figure shows that the company s website has addressed needs of men and women separately. This approach causes ease of use, as well as an impression on the visitor s mind that the company specializes in offering its products or goods. A special recognition has been given to men and women while placing items on the website s display. The captured image shows that The Iconic shoe page displays a wide variety of shoe categories for men. They include sneakers, boots, dress shoes, style shoes, casual shoes, sandals, thongs, ankle shoes, and so on. Moreover, the brands available are almost all those that prevail in the market with majestic sales shares and brand impacts. These are Nike, Adidas, Lacoste, Timberland, and others.

The areas of improvement on this section of the page under discussion are the visuals involved, the position of some distinguished categories among the displayed items, and the uniformity of presentation. This implies the visuals are too simple and dull, which is not as attractive as it should be for a retail store targeting the youth. The text colour needs to be more intensified. This is important so that the visitor does not find any difficulty in reading and searching items. Further, the distinguishing categories like all shoes , new arrivals , all brands , etc. should not be placed where they are now. This is because these are more generalized categories and these should be placed in another column or row. It would increase the convenience of navigating between the related searches. In their current place, they look like some misplaced objects, giving them an alien-like appeal. Moreover, the colour uniformity is missing in the text. Some items are in bold while most of the items are not. All the words do not have the same colour, which reflects a lack of update work on the website.

The following picture is the men s shoe first page that starts giving samples of shoes delivered by the company.

The Iconic having a large collection of goods demonstrate these items on different pages numbered to get referenced easily. The customer can scroll through these pictures of mens shoes and subsequently place the order of the choice. The page displays on the left side of its different categories of shoes, several preference criteria to refine searches, and other attributes that differentiate these shoes.

The main thing missing here is that the focus of target marketing has not been addressed in the left navigation bar. There is no option where some specialized searches can be made such as the youth s priorities and preferences. The page is void of depicting vividly any emphasis on the marketing strategy of the company. The criteria setting options on the left side of page needs to add more options in their subcategories.

The following picture gives the categories of shoes offered to men.

The picture displayed above shows the list of categories for men, but it lacks certain categories that need to be added on this page. Although on other pages the missing categories are available, yet it seems imperfect to not mentioning those categories on this page. This is because the company s marketing strategy requires to focus on these particular aspects. For instance, the categories of latest trends , best-selling , innovative creations , trend-settlers , choice of the youth , and similar others are not included in the category list of shoes. This kind of missing items will weaken the impact of marketing strategy adopted by the company.

The company specializes in the fast-paced industry of providing the best solutions to customers at their doorstep. The customers do not have to put more effort in finding the right solution to their needs and issues. The marketing strategy of the company is narrowed to a retail perspective. However, the major implementation of its strategy is only possible in the precise representation of strategic priorities of the company on the website. The website lacks the glamour, visuals, and layout that attracts, engages, and urges customers to keep on navigating the website. Further, the display of shoes pictures on the pages is simplistic, non-prioritized, and infinite. The visitor will find it cumbersome to scroll through so many options that never tend to come to an end.

The problems with the text font size and colour are evident. The background of shoe pictures is not harmonious with the required look of the website. The website page is short in innovation, creation, and the marketing foresight. The companys focus looks to be more on creating feasibility and convenience in delivery of items, as evident in the navigation bar when going down to the delivery options. However, the same focus is missing on the marketing strategy implementation level, which indicates a certain lack of concentration to this end.

Recommendations with Justifications

The company has succeeded in positioning itself as a dynamic, competent, and advanced organization that strives for becoming the top organization in its particular industry. It operates business and interacts with customers online through its website. The website is user-friendly, simple, and responsive. However, there are certain flaws and imperfections in the website that come in the way of its marketing efforts and do not align with its marketing strategies. These flaws, shortcomings or the imperfections have been discussed above. This section provides recommendations for removing the aforementioned and making the webpages as per the companys goals.

The company has focused on providing customers with the latest trends and products. The webpage should display this focus in the layout, presentation, and content. The webpage should be more user-friendly in the sense that it can engage customers for more hours. The user should feel no simplicity in the development of pages. All the elements constituting the shoe page of men on the website should be in harmony with the strategic goals of the company.

The font colour on a particular section on the page should not mismatch among different words. All words should be displayed with the same font colour and same font size within a section. This is to increase credibility, improve impression, and enhance customers visual experience. The layout of the different sections should be symmetrical on a page so that all sections get their respective importance on the page. The important thing to be noted is that all the items mentioned under a selection of major group title should align with the overarching approach of marketing being presented in that particular area.

The missing items on the mens shoe page should be added to increase the impact of marketing done by the company. The missing categories needed to add on the website have been mentioned in the previous section of this study. These should be placed on the website to make the thing effective in full extent. The categories showing innovation, trends, and others must have their proper place on the page. The companys marketing strategy relies on efficient delivery of products to customers. It should be combined with extra emphasis on the presentation of materials on the pages of the website. The sections of groups of customers can be increased to show a wide range of target customers. This is important because today s market trends speak of the need of an online store that is capable of providing all products about a particular industry on a single platform. The company can add options of navigation through these suggested add-ons in their webpage.

The web page is simple, and it needs to get more heavily designed. However, for this particular study, it is suggested that the pictures should be made bigger on the pages. The display of prices is not clear or easily identified because they use the same font style and colour as do the other fonts have. Therefore, the price tags must be made more highlighted. The picture backgrounds are very plain. The website pages are categorized efficiently. They only need to be presented in a better way so that the customer can feel the impact of companys marketing in the very first sight. People buy what they see. Hence, the layout should be as per the visual needs of the targeted group of customers of the company.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL uncited,omitted,custom CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Herrera, M. E. B. (2015). Creating competitive advantage by institutionalizing corporate social innovation. Journal of Business Research, 68(7), 1468 1474.

Parsons, A. G., Descatoires, E. (2016). Retail marketing A novel research agenda. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 24(2), 102 107.

Ward, S. (2017). Target marketing. The Balance Small Business. The.

West, D. C., Ford, J., Ibrahim, E. (2015). Strategic marketing Creating competitive advantage. Oxford University Press, USA.

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The Impact Of Dollarization In Ecuador , El Salvador , Panama And Argentina

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

The Impact of Dollarization in Ecuador, El Salvador, Panama and Argentina

Introduction

Dollarization is the process of adapting the foreign currency of the choice of region in parallel or can be instead of the domestic currency. There is a history of planning and development of the Latin countries including El Salvador, Panama and Argentina who have recently adapted the dollarization and due to which the course of the country’s development is certainly changed (Ajide, 398). The paper is based on the secondary data collection and the research method being used for the data collection was the qualitative research method (Gonzalez, 107). The damage was irreversible and there were possibilities that if the current economic situation of the country could not be improved than the overall region, and it’s connected economies would be disturbed and permanently disconnected. The entire plan was very precisely followed and it is observed that it was impossible without the help of the public. The currency is somehow presenting the economy of the country but on the other side if it becomes a burden than it is always advised to perform the dollarization. The central bank is eliminated as an issuing authority and the financial assets were transferred to the other bodies. The Latin countries adaptation of the dollarization is one of the most advantaged move for the research oriented communities to study and enhance the understanding of the difference of non-dollarization regions with the dollarization focused communities (Ozsoz, Emre, and Erick). There are some important social and economic factors which are important to be discussed while discussing the dollarization and the change in the economy of the country.

Thesis Statement

The main aim of the paper is to enhance the understanding on the impact of Dollarization in the developing countries of the Latin continent including Ecuador, El Salvador, Panama and Argentina.

Research Question

What is the impact of Dollarization in economy and overall economic structure of the regions of Ecuador, El Salvador, Panama and Argentina?

Literature Review

Dollarization

Dollarization is the process of adapting the foreign currency of the choice of region in parallel or can be instead of the domestic currency. For example in the past, Ecuador have focused on adaption of the United States Dollar as their own currency. Dollarization is not observed to involve the dollar as a currency but any currency adaptation (Rostowski, Jacek and Robert). There is a history of planning and development of the Latin countries including El Salvador, Panama and Argentina who have recently adapted the dollarization and due to which the course of the country’s development is certainly changed (Ajide, 398). Ecuador, El Salvador, Panama and Argentina are some of the most important countries and regional sectors which have recently used the dollarization to uplift their economies successfully. This helped in the maintaining of a number of perks that involve the reduction of hyperinflation as well as the fiscal and budgetary discipline.

According to one of the most important research on the dollarization being discussed as a concept which was certainly being considered a factor of globalization for the world and acapted by the Latin countries (Gonzalez, 107). This have helped to resolve a number of problems that involved the handling of economy internally as well as maintaining the international relations with respect to economic, and trade related concerns. The Latin countries adaptation of the dollarization is one of the most advantaged move for the research oriented communities to study and enhance the understanding of the difference of non-dollarization regions with the dollarization focused communities (Yepes). The dollarization was based on the availability and accuracy of the opportunity at the time of tough times of inflation, internal crises and many more external issues.

The Socioeconomic Implications of Dollarization

There are several number of issues regarding the management of the socioeconomic implications in the Latin world due to which the dollarization was highly preferred. According to the political structure of the region, the damage to the social, legal, and overall economic environment of the country was massive. The damage was irreversible and there were possibilities that if the current economic situation of the country could not be improved than the overall region, and it’s connected economies would be disturbed and permanently disconnected. This would result in the country’s isolation from the entire world and due to which the economic system would never be completely solved. The Latin world could be considered as the same as the Palestine, Kashmir, and Somalia in which the population is neither economically stable, nor socially. The countries don’t have any certain and reliable connections with the entire world which is causing an unreliable living standards and highly uncertain future.

In regards of the Latin world where the countries like Ecuador, El Salvador, Panama and Argentina, didn’t had a certain future in the near past, there was civil war, instable economic and financial institutes, the inflation was irreversible and massive, the countries were mostly in the civil war, there was no possibility of development and progress in the overall region, as well as the corruption was also not confined and limited. Due to all of these factors the dollarization was expected to be the only solution in which the country preferred the international currency to improve its internal problems concerned to social, economic, and financial development of the overall Latin region. It is observed that the severe external pressure on the governments with respect to the management of the economy of the region was concerned to be one of the main reason of the dollarization and after a short period of practice, this solution of dollarization is observed to be highly profitable, stable, and well preferred for the entire region of the Latin countries.

Impacts of Dollarization

There are several reasons of dollarization for a particular region. The country leaders have to make several important considerations to conclude if the region should adopt to the dollarization process or should maintain the struggles. There are several impacts on dollarization and it is observed that according to the economic details most of the past incidents of dollarization in the past concerning to the conversion of local economy on the foreign currency are observed to provide a highly positive impact.

One of the most important impact of dollarization is the handling of the high inflation through which the population of the region could be beneficed through the exchange rate targeting which is on the other words known as the fixation of the system. The macroeconomic volatility is considered as one of the highly considerable and major systematic impact of dollarization. In this factor, the evolution of external imbalances in the cross sectional relationships between the Latin world and the external world on the broader scale could be studied and understood. The fear of the floating exchange rate induced by the gap in positions is also important to be observed in which the overall economy is mentioned to be as at a marginal risk and the uncertainty could also be massive. Another most important impact of dollarization is the economy damage which is the Credit risk undervaluation by unhedged borrowers.

Ecuador

In the year of 1990s, the economy of Ecuador was underwent a troublesome time. The external debts were observed to be increased from the amount of 77% and the poverty was also increasing. The GDP was decreased and the poverty’s widespread were some of the causes of the dollarization. The labor market has experienced a low mobility during that time and the tax system was also not properly regulated as well as there was no or very rare transparency (Gonzalez, 107). The banking system was observed to be weakened and the recovery chances were lacking due to poor or unseen supervision (Epstein, Hernán, and Salvador). Another most important reason of instability of the country was the over dependency on the oil which was responsible in making the country more vulnerable to the fluctuations in the world’s oil prices (Rostowski, Jacek and Robert). The inflation was also increased due to the lack of trust in the economic system, the currency and the banking system. The non-performing loans were increasing and reached almost 45%, GDP as 22%, and 16 financial institutes were suspected to either being shut down or put under government control.

El Salvador

The reason for dollarization of El Salvador is quite unique as the region had a twelve years long civil war which was ended and peace agreement was signed in 1992 (Ozsoz, Emre, and Erick). The living conditions were started to improve but the inflation was observed to be increased due to the reopening of several different financial institutes and functionalities that include the lowering of tariffs, privatization of sectors, and pension to retired and disables (Gonzalez, 90). The country remained stable in 1990s but the inflation was disturbing the economy of the country and was an enhancing factor in decreasing of the trust among the local population (Gonzalez, 107). According to the economic experts, the main reasons of the dollarization was the lowering of the interest rates and an increase in foreign investment (Rostowski, Jacek, and Robert, 37). The overall data analysis explains that almost 50% of the problems were solved through dollarization and the rest of the 50% were expected to be solved by handling the basic economic instability issues.

Panama

Panama is one of the world’s most important country is known for its panama canal which is an economic corridor for the passing of the ships and boats from one ocean to the other. The country was observed to be facing serious debts and a number of other issues due to which the dollarization was performed. Due to the advantages observed in the countries of Ecuador and El Salvador, the government of Panama also preferred the dollarization for the handling of uncertain inflation and several other internal issues. The switch of the local currency to the dollarization was one of the best move as per explained by the economic research experts. They mention it as a correct achievement at the right time. The key indicators of panama dollarization are real economy, fiscal and credit as well as the nonfinancial public sector debts. It is observed that the gross domestic product of the country in the international dollar rate is $22,788, according to the Washington Times. Now panama have an amazing benefit of doing business freely with the connected American regions. The immigration laws are quite friendly. The international banking center is stabilized and connected. The easy remittances, connected economy, and solid connectivity to the entire world are some of the highly considerable benefits of the dollarization. The Panama Canal is important and deals are required to be made so that the country would be prosperous. There was an expectation that after globalization almost 60% of the issues of dealing could be resolved and it was true.

Argentina

The dollarization in Argentina was an important economic change for the region as it was the devaluation of the Brazilian real and it was prompted by the President Carlos Menem of Argentine. The Peso is officially replaced by the United States Dollar “$”. The central bank is eliminated as an issuing authority and the financial assets were transferred to the other bodies (Rostowski, Jacek, and Robert, 37). He advocated the dollarization of the region for the betterment, stability, improvement, balance, and sustainability of the economy and economic factors. There are some important social and economic factors which are important to be discussed while discussing the dollarization and the change in the economy of the country (Rostowski, Jacek and Robert). It is observed that many economists of the region were having a severe shock of the news of abandoning the local currency on the sudden basis and dollarization the entire nation in a limited period of time (Epstein, Hernán, and Salvador). It was expected that even if the move is well structured and well corporate by the internal as well as external private and government level institutes, still it is impossible if a single incident would happen abnormal. The entire plan was very precisely followed and it is observed that it was impossible without the help of the public. Surprisingly, the public which was very highly volatile and vulnerable to the civil war was accepting all the terms and followed the rules which resulted in the successful processing of the dollarization. It was observed that in the past few decades almost more than half of the countries participated in the dollarization process but now this percentage is declining smoothly.

Methodology

The paper is based on the secondary data collection and the research method being used for the data collection was the qualitative research method. This is one of the most popular and diversified data collection method in which there is no involvement of the numeric data and only theoretical concepts are being involved. That’s why the qualitative research method is the collection and gathering of the non-numeric data (Miles, 331). There are certainly an outnumbered ways of handling the information collection which includes the research from the internet involving the research journals, economic forums, detailed analysis, and many more for the collection and understanding as well as discussion of the reasons, opinions, and motivations. There are many types of qualitative research methods that involve the ethnography, narrative, grounded theory, case study, and Phenomenological way of handling and collecting data (Gonzalez, 107). It is observed that many economists of the region were having a severe shock of the news of abandoning the local currency on the sudden basis and dollarization the entire nation in a limited period of time. All of these ways are best with respect to their needs but for particularly this paper, the grounded theory research method and the narrative would be helpful because of two main reasons.

The grounded theory would help in the addition of the economic discussion maintained on the base of the theories and the structure of the discussion, interconnection of the theories, and the argumentation would be maintained (Ozsoz, Emre, and Erick). The narrative would help in the collection of facts from different sources and composing a generous argumentation or narration for the research paper (Epstein, Hernán, and Salvador). There are some important social and economic factors which are important to be discussed while discussing the dollarization and the change in the economy of the country (Rostowski, Jacek and Robert). These factors are very important and would be help in the understanding and the maintaining of the region based discussion restricted to the regions of Ecuador, El Salvador, Panama and Argentina. The literature review includes the discussion of the facts, argumentation, and theoretical background of the study as well as several other factors. The discussion and recommendation would include the future prediction and a good personal opinion which would help in finalizing that either a country should perform the dollarization or not in a particular region of the world.

Discussion and Recommendations

There are many countries which are struggling with their economies and are considered to be highly vulnerable to the external factors and the internal disturbances (Miles, 320-331). The region is rich with production, minerals, economic development, and social stability but the inflation, depreciation costs, and the instability of the system are some of the most important factors which are causing a severe problem for them (Yepes). The currency is somehow presenting the economy of the country but on the other side if it becomes a burden than it is always advised to perform the dollarization (Ajide, 409). There are very less countries which are not globally intact and usually the local community prefers to deal with international global economies for the good profit rates but there are several problems related to currency and exchange rates which are becoming a problem (Epstein, Hernán, and Salvador). There are certainly an outnumbered ways of handling the information collection which includes the research from the internet involving the research journals, economic forums, detailed analysis, and many more for the collection and understanding as well as discussion of the reasons, opinions, and motivations. Due to the advantages observed in the countries of Ecuador and El Salvador, the government of Panama also preferred the dollarization for the handling of uncertain inflation and several other internal issues. The inflation was also increased due to the lack of trust in the economic system, the currency and the banking system. The fear of the floating exchange rate induced by the gap in positions is also important to be observed in which the overall economy is mentioned to be as at a marginal risk and the uncertainty could also be massive. The macroeconomic volatility is considered as one of the highly considerable and major systematic impact of dollarization.

Conclusion

In a nutshell it can be explained that the dollarization is only purposed for the stability of the economy of the country as well as maintaining the living standards of the country (Ozsoz, Emre, and Erick). In Ecuador, the non-performing loans were increasing and reached almost 45%, GDP as 22%, and 16 financial institutes were suspected to either being shut down or put under government control. In El Salvador, the main reasons of the dollarization was the lowering of the interest rates and an increase in foreign investment (Gonzalez, 107). The fear of the floating exchange rate induced by the gap in positions is also important to be observed in which the overall economy is mentioned to be as at a marginal risk and the uncertainty could also be massive. There are certainly an outnumbered ways of handling the information collection which includes the research from the internet involving the research journals, economic forums, detailed analysis, and many more for the collection and understanding as well as discussion of the reasons, opinions, and motivations. Similarly some other countries are also being discussed which involved the importance of dollarization and the impact stopped on the social and economic status of the country. There are some important social and economic factors which are important to be discussed while discussing the dollarization and the change in the economy of the country.

References

Miles, William. "The impact of the US on Latin American business cycles: A new approach." Economic Systems 41.2 (2017): 320-331.

Yepes, Juan P. Dollarization and growth: a synthetic control approach to Ecuador and El Salvador’s cases. Diss. 2016.

Ajide, Kazeem B., Ibrahim D. Raheem, and Simplice A. Asongu. "Dollarization and the “Unbundling” of Globalization in sub-Saharan Africa." Research in International Business and Finance 47 (2019): 398-409.

Lim, Cheng Hoon, et al. Financial Stability Reports in Latin America and the Caribbean. International Monetary Fund, 2017.

Epstein, Hernán, and Salvador Marconi. "Purchasing power parities for Latin America and the Caribbean, 2005-2013: methods and results." CEPAL Review (2016).

Rostowski, Jacek, and Robert Ene. "Assessing Dollarization." Beyond Transition. Routledge, 2017. 37-59.

Gonzalez, Aldo, Alejandro Micco, and Ana Maria Montoya. "Dollarization, foreign ownership, and competition in the banking industry in Latin America." Emerging Markets Finance and Trade 51.1 (2015): 90-107.

Ozsoz, Emre, and Erick W. Rengifo. Understanding dollarization: causes and impact of partial dollarization on developing and emerging markets. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, 2016.

The Impact Of Steve Jobs’s Leadership

The Impact of Steve Job’s Leadership

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

The Impact of Steve Job’s Leadership

Leadership is an important function of management that helps an organization to achieve its objectives. Having an effective and influential leadership style can motivate the workforce to improve its productivity. Steve Jobs has been known for his influential and innovative leadership. With his innovative ideas, he managed to revolutionize the industry.

Summary of Biography (Steve Jobs)

Family

Steve Jobs was born on February 24, 1955, in San Francisco. The biological parents of Steve Jobs were Abdulfattah ‘John’ Jandali and Joanne Carole Schieble. However, it is important to mention that he was adopted by Paul Reinhold and Clara Jobs. He had four children, Lisa Brennan Jobs, Eve Jobs, Erin Siena Jobs, and Reed Jobs from his spouse Laurence Powell.

Education

The youth of Steve Jobs was riddled with frustration regardless of the fact that he was an innovative and intelligent person. He was enrolled at the Reed College in 1972 after passing from the high school. It is important to consider the fact that six months after enrolling in the college, Steve Jobs was dropped out. He dropped out to pursue his interest through a calligraphy course (Sharma & Grant, 2011).

Profession

Steve Jobs started his professional career in 1973 as a technician at Atari Inc. in California. After a significant amount of time, he went to India in order to find spiritual enlightenment. He returned after a period of seven months to create a circuit board in the Atari Inc. Steve Jobs founded Apple Computer Company along with Wozniak in 1976. Initially, that company was formed to create circuit boards. In the meantime, they invented the Apple I computer. Steve Jobs created NeXT Inc. in 1985 due to the difference in opinions with Wozniak. In 1998, Steve Jobs was able to introduce Apple iMac to the world. His brilliant management and leadership skills motivated his employees and colleagues to come up with innovative ideas. It is important to mention that he became Walt Disney Company’s largest shareholder in 2005. He managed to get more than 7 percent stock of that company, which ultimately made him an important board member (Toma & Marinescu, 2013). One of the biggest inventions of his career was launching the iPhone. iPhone provided him with immense fame and popularity that changed the fortune of both Steve and his company. In 2011, he managed to introduce Siri in the iPhone 4S. It was virtual assistance that allowed a consumer to resolve his/her queries through a voice recognition mechanism.

Mentee (Mark Zuckerberg)

It is important to consider the fact that Steve Jobs inspired the majority of people during his professional career. His innovative leadership skills provided other people with inspiration and motivation to come up with new ideas. It is notable to mention that every successful entrepreneur had a mentor or it had been mentees to other entrepreneurs. Steve Jobs inspired a lot of entrepreneurs to establish their own business in the digital world. Steve Jobs even served as a mentor to the co-founder of Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg. It has been examined that mark Zuckerberg was inspired and counseled by Steve Jobs during the early years of his company to make a successful entrepreneur. In the early years of its launch, Facebook was going through a rough patch, which appeals to many investors and businessmen to buy the company. Steve Jobs provided him with some useful advice to reconnect with the mission of the company. After the death of Steve Jobs, Mark Zuckerberg thanked him in a social media post by stating “Steve, thank you for being a mentor and a friend. Thanks for showing that what you build can change the world.”

Transformational Leadership Theory

Principals

It has been observed and analyzed that Steve Jobs believed in the transformational leadership style as it provided the employees with inspiration and motivation. There are four main principals of the transformational leadership theory including inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, idealized influence, and individualized consideration. Followers of transformational leadership theory are usually inspired and motivated with a common objective. They tend to fulfill the mission, values, and vision of a company (Mulla & Krishnan, 2019). As a leader, these individuals help workers to understand that the task they engaged in is valuable for them as well as for the organization. Furthermore, the transformational leadership style is well known to change the status quo (Dorfman et al., 2012). If they observe that a specific idea of the company is not good enough for the company, then there are more likely to introduce new ideas that contain mutual benefits for both the company and employees. Like a transformational leadership style, Steve Jobs also did not hesitate to discard a status quo for the mutual benefit of the organization. Intellectual stimulation was one of the most inspiring factors in the leadership style of Steve Jobs as it set employees up for success. It motivates employees to be creative and innovative to approach problems in order to produce better solutions.

Idealized influence is another prominent principle in the transformational leadership style that influences employees to adopt various principles that are set forth by a leader (Sharma & Grant, 2011). The idealized influence of Steve Jobs allowed him to inspire the majority of his employees to adopt the ethical principles that are set forth by him. It is necessary to understand the fact that Steve Jobs’ interaction with employees had a significant impact on them which influenced these employees to consider him as his role model. Moreover, individualized consideration is also an important principle of the transformational leadership theory. It is notable to mention that Steve Jobs focused a lot on the concept of recognition. He believed that an organization can only work effectively and efficiently if its leaders are able to recognize the true talent within that organization. Steve Jobs recognized the skills of each person, which allowed him to motivate them to encourage their success. The concept of recognition allowed Steve Jobs to motivate individuals so that they can create opportunities for them.

Components of a Transformational Leader

A critical examination of the components of a transformational leader is effective to determine various qualities that are required to be successful in an organization. Transformational leaders have a significant quality of inspiration and motivation that allows them to encourage their employees to increase their productivity. It is notable to mention that Steve Jobs had the ability to change the behavior of his employees through inspiration and motivation. He was always able to create a vision for his followers and employees to emulate their actions. The concept of self-efficacy is one of the most important aspects that allow a leader to motivate his employees that they can go beyond expectations (Busse, 2014). It is necessary to understand the fact that transformational leaders such as Steve Jobs usually relied on charisma. Steve jobs influenced his workforce through charisma, which is described as a social authority to change the behavior and character of the individual. Instead of his role and position, Steve Jobs modifies the behavior and character of his team members through his legitimacy and social authority. The social instincts of Steve Jobs are considered a positive force that helped him to mobilize Apple Inc. He focused on deviation management and corrective action to increase the profitability of his organization. Deviation management of Steve Jobs allowed him to recognize the valuable talent from his workforce so encourage them to meet upon the performance standards. A critical examination of Steve Jobs’ leadership styles illustrated that he presented himself as a positive role model regardless of hierarchy. Even his tenure in other organizations, he tried to connect with his colleagues and employees regardless of hierarchy. Steve Jobs had the ability to increase the performance of his team members to elevate the effectiveness of the organization. Through appropriate motivation and constructive criticism, Steve Jobs managed to increase the performance of his employees.

Behavioral Traits of a Genius

Steve Jobs happens to be an inspiration for many people in the tech world. Behavioral traits of a person describe all about his actions, words, habits, and thoughts (House & Aditya, 1997). A critical examination of the life and leadership style of Steve Jobs illustrated that he fostered certain values such as honesty, justice, equality, human rights, fairness, and loyalty. Due to his impressive behavioral traits, he was able to inspire the vision of the organization's future. He successfully motivated individuals to enhance their productivity to contribute to the success of the organization. Social interaction with colleagues and employees encouraged others to develop a culture of collaboration in the organization. It is the core responsibility of a transformational leader to bring out the best in teams and individuals. The same was the case with Steve Jobs as he established a positive working environment in the organization through his various behavioral instincts. Transformational leadership has the ability to foster higher moral maturity in others. Being a positive role model for his entire organization, Steve Jobs managed to foster an interdependent work relationship that helped enhance the moral maturity of his team members.

Burns on Transformational Leadership (James MacGregor Burns 1978)

According to Burns (1978), “transforming leadership occurs when leaders engage with followers in such a way that leaders and followers raise one another to higher levels of motivation and morality”. Therefore, it is important to understand that the crucial task of transformational leaders is to engage in such ethical activities that allow them to raise the awareness of their followers towards a significantly high standard. A critical examination of Burns idea on the transformational leadership style indicates that a transformational leader always thrives for excellence. It is important to mention that the transformational leadership of Steve Jobs allowed him to seek changes in the existing thoughts and status quo. His ability to seek innovative ideas and techniques allowed him to contribute towards the greater good. The transformational leadership style of Steve Jobs has high expectations with employees; therefore, they always try to inspire their employees to reach their goals. Leaders are well aware of the fact that increased motivation levels of employees are of utmost importance for the organization. Consequently, they managed to inspire and motivate people to deliver the vision for collective good.

Ethics and Values

Wok habits

A critical examination of the works ethics and habits of Steve Jobs is highly important to understand the reasons behind his successful career. It has been observed that Steve Jobs had always shown persistence in every task. Steve Jobs persisted by returning to rescue Apple Company in 1997, which proved to be effective as it helped Apple Inc. to grow into one of the most significant companies. He always focused to embrace innovation (Allio, 2013). For instance, Steve Jobs observed the commercial potential in the mouse, which attracted his attention. He embraced innovation and use it for this first computer, which proved to be highly effective. Furthermore, Steve Jobs always paid attention to aesthetics to establish a potential emotional connection between the customer and the product. One of the most important work habits of Steve Jobs was to seek the opportunity to change the lives of individuals. With his innovative ideas and personal instincts, Steve Jobs managed to revolutionize the American industry.

Wealth position

At the time of his death, Steve Jobs was worth billions. The estimated worth of Steve Jobs at the time of his death was nearly 10.2 billion dollars.

Social Responsibility

It is notable to indicate that socially responsible leadership has a responsibility to develop a socially responsible company. It is the responsibility of a leader to consider the impact of his/her activities on employees and customers (Waters & Bird, 1987). Steve Jobs always tried to evaluate the potential pros and cons of his innovative ideas before implementing them. Complying with the interest of employees and customers was the first priority of Steve Jobs. These priorities helped Steve Jobs to comply with corporate social responsibilities in an effective manner.

Critical Cultural Theory

World Viewpoint

The basic purpose of the critical cultural theory is to change society as a whole through careful examination. Instead of only explaining or understanding society, a critical cultural theory emphasizes on critiquing and modifying a specific society. The unconventional leadership style of Steve Jobs helped him to spot areas of improvement. He always carefully examined the entire situation and tried to come up with a possible to mitigate a problem. A critical assessment of the current state helped him to establish potential solutions to overcome that issue. Analyzing the need for the entire world regarding technology, he made innovative decisions.

The Misfits Stance

A critical examination of the Misfits Stance by Steve Jobs demonstrates that one can never ignore criticism. Whenever someone comes up with new ideas and thoughts, people usually shot him down with destructive criticism. Steve Jobs tried to inspire people that they can do whatever they want. He motivates people that if they are smart enough to come up with new ideas, then they are more likely to change the world.

Apple INC. Organization

Failures vs. Successes

Steve Jobs stated that “innovation distinguishes between a leader and a follower.” He was well aware of the fact that innovative ideas are key to become a leader. However, throughout his career, he made certain mistakes. The first failure of Steve Jobs can be reflected through the Apple III computer. Apple III had stability issues which resulted in design overhaul. In the Apple Inc. organization, Steve Jobs was known for his intense perfectionism. In his early years in Apple Inc., he fired many talented employees without hesitation when they did not provide immediate conforming to his design aesthetics (Finkle & Mallin, 2010). Due to such reasons, he had to leave that organization in 1985. However, he managed to temper his obsession with control. Steve Jobs faced the task of reconstructing Apple Inc. in 1997 as it was on the verge of bankruptcy. He releases iMac in 1998 in order to streamline the company’s focus and to drop costly projects. It proved to be effective as Apple Inc. managed to sell approximately 800,000 unties of iMac at the very beginning of its launch. After that, Steve Jobs provided with an idea of creating Apple's App Store and iTunes, which increased the profitability of the organization.

Adhocracy Organization Culture

The success of Apple Inc. is highly associated with its cultural and organizational structure. Steve Jobs established a positive working culture where employees and leaders collaborate with each other to enhance their productivity. He managed to develop a corporate culture in Apple Inc. to support certain strategic objectives in order to increase profitability. Steve Jobs’ drive for innovation was accomplished by aligning it with the cultural traits of the company.

Conclusion

In a nutshell, Steve Jobs’ influential and innovative leadership style provided him the opportunity to become a successful leader. The unconventional leadership style of Steve Jobs inspired and motivate individuals to enhance their productivity for the collective benefit. Steve jobs embraced his failures and tried to fix them through effective decision-making skills.

References

Allio, R. J. (2013). Leaders and leadership–many theories, but what advice is reliable?. Strategy & Leadership.

Beekun, R. I. (2012). Character centered leadership: Muhammad (p) as an ethical role model for CEOs. Journal of Management Development, 31(10), 1003-1020.

Bel, R. (2010). Leadership and innovation: Learning from the best. Global business and organizational excellence, 29(2), 47-60.

Busse, R. (2014). Comprehensive leadership review - literature, theories, and research. Advances in Management, 7(5), 52-66.

Devinney, T. M. (2009). Is the socially responsible corporation a myth? The good, the bad, and the ugly of corporate social responsibility. Academy of Management Perspectives, 23(2), 44-56.

Dorfman, P., Javidan, M., Hanges, P., Dastmalchian, A., & House, R. (2012). GLOBE: A twenty-year journey into the intriguing world of culture and leadership. Journal of World Business, 47(4), 504-518. Eberly, M. B., Johnson, M. D., Hernandez, M., & Avolio, B. (2013). An integrative process model of leadership: Examining loci, mechanism, and event cycles. American Psychologist, 68(6), 427-443.

Finkle, T. A., & Mallin, M. L. (2010). Steve Jobs and Apple, Inc. Journal of the International Academy for Case Studies, 16(7), 31.

House, R. J., & Aditya, R. N. (1997). The social scientific study of leadership: Quo vadis? Journal of Management, 23(3), 409-473.

Isaacson, W. (2012). The real leadership lessons of Steve Jobs. Harvard business review, 90(4), 92-102.

Malony, H. N., & Hoagland, D. D. (1984). Moral development: A review of empirical research. Religious Studies Review, 10(4), 343-347.

Mulla, Z., & Krishnan, V. (2009, June). Do Transformational Leaders Raise Followers to Higher Levels of Morality? Validating James MacGregor Burns. Hypothesis in the India Context Using Karma-Yoga. In ASAC (Vol. 30, No. 8).

Prabhakar, G., Diab, W., & Bhargavi, S. (2016). Transformational Leadership and Corporate Social Responsibility: The UAE Experience. Review of Contemporary Business Research, 5(1), 108-114.

Sharma, A., & Grant, D. (2011). Narrative, drama and charismatic leadership: The case of Apple’s Steve Jobs. Leadership, 7(1), 3-26.

Suar, D., & Khuntia, R. (2010). Influence of personal values and value congruence on unethical practices and work behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 97(3), 443-460.

Toma, S. G., & Marinescu, P. (2013). Steve Jobs and modern leadership. Manager, (17), 260.

Waters, J. A., & Bird, F. (1987). The moral dimension of organizational culture. Journal of Business Ethics, 6(1), 15-22.

The Intern

The Intern

[Author’s name]

[Institute’s Name]

The Intern

Introduction

           The role of the leader is recognized as a necessary aspect in organizational settings to ensure the successful implementation of different corporate strategies according to the central aim of the business organization. It is noteworthy to mention that leadership is one complex phenomenon that is associated with various forms of consideration. It is important for the leader to adopt an appropriate leadership style according to the changing requirements in the case of the workplace setting. The alignment of proper leadership style also related to the specific requirements of employees that appeared in the form of their motivation, rewards, teamwork, adaptability of innovative change, and the overall interpersonal influence (Dziczkowski, 2013). This paper focuses to consider fictional characters from the movie, “The Intern” to comprehensively compare the desired approach of ideal managerial style.  

Discussion

           The approach of managerial style can be observed in many different forms considering the requirement of the situation or the leadership domain adopted by the manager as an influential leader. It is vital to critically categorize the most suitable form of managerial style according to the changing approach of organizational management. The contemporary movie, “The Intern” is selected to compare the leadership style of the lead character of the movie with the desired form of ideal managerial style. A deep analysis of the selected movie revealed that it is one good option to learn many influential lessons to better apprehends the practical idea of leadership. The presentation of leadership in this movie successfully delivered the idea that how influential and promising organizational leaders should be achieved organizational outcomes (Clayton, Sanzo, & Myran, 2013). 

           It is noticeable to indicate that Jules Ostin is the leading face of ‘About the Fit’ played an influential role to adopt some contemporary ideas of leadership in the organizational set-up. It is also critical to mention that in the earlier stages of her leadership, she was not interested to adopt any form of risk. She comes up with the belief that as the dynamic leader, she would be able to manage everything by herself and there is no need to consider senior citizens as an intern. She was interested to successfully infuse a traditional form of work experience with the innovative domain of organizational performance by applying different ideas of innovation. On the other hand, she also inclined to adopt some form of authoritative leadership style as she was unwilling to accept the idea of selecting senior citizens as an intern for the company. She was keen to deliver mentoring services to all the workers and align their personal performance with the overall organizational performance. She wanted to adopt the idea of mentoring leadership but she somehow lacked the courage to adopt some unpopular corporate decisions. 

           The basic and dynamic idea delivered in this movie is that the key objectives of leadership can be achieved without adopting the approach of authority. Flexibility is one major characteristic of the leadership style adopted by the leader in the movie. The leadership quality in the form of a flexible approach can be examined in the character of Ben. As the intern and senior citizen working for the organization, he was not ashamed to learn new work approaches and show some form of flexibility for other team members. He is confident and flexible enough to initiate new and out of the box ideas in an organizational setting that eventually helped him and organization during the entire process of growth and performance development. He portrayed his significant and crucial role in a workplace setting as the corporative entity for others. He strongly believed the approach that mentoring is the successful leadership style to align workers with organizational goals. He perceived mentoring as the source of motivation for workers to encourage them to effectively work within teams by respecting the diversity of other team members. The application of the mentoring leadership style in the film can be mainly observed through the character of Ben. Ben, as the intern who was senior from all his members, was keen to share his knowledge with others. This form of collaboration for all team members by Ben is an explicit example of the idea of a mentoring leader who was interested in share his knowledge with others without any intention of gaining authority. As the senior member of the organizational team, he always remained to wile to help others and shared the intensity of their frustration level. The character of Ben in the movie is interesting to observe to better apprehends the effectiveness of mentoring leadership as the ideal style of leadership. He had plenty of leadership questions that helped to identify his prestigious position and helpful for others. 

           A comprehensive consideration of both the characters of Jules Ostin and Ben in the movie is a vital step to recognize various forms of mentoring leadership as the most suitable leadership style for the diverse organizations. The influential impact of mentoring leadership as an ideal leadership style can also be observed in the case of the broad idea of employee selection and socialization. In the movie, it is observed that earlier Jules Ostin was hesitated to consider senior citizens as the intern for the organization. She comes up with the thought the successful blending between modern and conventional working approach is somehow a difficult target to achieve. This specific perception was greatly corrected by the character of Ben who recruits as the intern in the organization. He established his position in the organization as a strong member of the team comprised of all young individuals. Contrary to the traditional domain of working, it is observed that Ben was keen to develop a great form of socialization and collaboration with other team members. He always showed his willingness to interact with others and successfully learn from them. It can be rightly said that he successfully played his role as an informal mentor within the organizational setting. 

           Organizational culture played a critical role to develop and sustain successful forms of ideal leadership style in the form of mentoring leadership. It is important for the leader to develop a conducive working environment so employees are open to adopting various practical measures and strategies to achieve the goal of their organizational performance (Bateman & Snell, 2019). The assessment of the company’s culture in the movie helped to characterized it as a flexible working environment that allows workers to discuss their aspirations and problems with others to apprehend the form of a solution. It is also significant to indicate that facet of a company’s culture is greatly embraced by Ben who was new in the organization but he was keen to successfully adopt new working environment. He successfully played his role as the informal leader who was willing to listen to others carefully and helped them to successfully address various domains of organizational challenges. Diversity is one of the most prominent features appeared in the case of a workplace setting presented in the movie. Ben as the senior citizen was somehow different from others as his approach of working was different and initially, he never had understating to use different technological tools. The diversity of the company’s environment permits him to successfully blend with the overall organizational perspective. 

Conclusion

           To conclude the discussion on the identification of the ideal leadership style referring to the movie “The Intern,” it is vital to indicate that mentoring is recognized as the best suitable leadership style to involve all the employees according to the organization’s needs. It is essential for the leader to adopt the strategy of flexibility to accept new ideas and develop a better form of teamwork. A supportive role by the leader can be helpful for the workers to connect their personal performance with the desired form of organizational objectives. 

References

Bateman, T. S., & Snell, S. (2009). Management: Leading & collaborating in a competitive world. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill.

Clayton, J. K., Sanzo, K. L., & Myran, S. (2013). Understanding mentoring in leadership development: Perspectives of district administrators and aspiring leaders. Journal of Research on Leadership Education, 8(1), 77-96.

Dziczkowski, J. (2013, July). Mentoring and leadership development. In The Educational Forum (Vol. 77, No. 3, pp. 351-360). Taylor & Francis Group.

The Internet’s Effect On Society

Internet in the Society

Institutional Affiliation

Student’s name

Course

Date

Internet in the Society

Effects of Internet in the Society

The use of the internet has played a major role in creating various changes in society. Both positive and negative impacts. Internet is all about facilitation of online communication. One of the major impacts the internet has had in society is bringing people together. Through online communication, people are now able to communicate within the society, towns, countries and even continents. It is now possible for people to talk to each other and unite on various aspects without the need of having them traveling for long distances in order to meet people.

Through the internet, creativity and innovation have been triggered in the society. With the internet, it is very easy to do different research in different fields. The ability to access important information on various aspects has made it easier for people to build on their knowledge, learn new things and implement various things like machines which contribute to making different jobs easier. Online tutorials also help people to understand a number of things, which they need in achieving the change they want to create in society. Aspects like technology improvements have been made possible through the use of the internet, which enhances the learning of new things.

The internet has also participated in promoting immorality among most people in society. With electronic communication gadgets, people are now able to access all kind of stuff they need. Among them, we have pornographic images/films, criminal activities like theft, murder, suicides, etc. Access to such information make people start practicing them. Basically, the information found on the internet has affected the morality of the users, and this explains the reason why most people are easily engaged in bad activities. It is all about what they learn from the internet. This means that to some extent, society has also been greatly affected negatively through the use of the internet.

The Leadership Context Essay

RUNNING HEAD: THE LEADERSHIP CONTEXT ESSAY

The Leadership Context Essay

Jasvir Kaur Mander

[Name of the institution]

The Leadership Context Essay

Introduction:

Leadership is an important concept when it comes to management and handling of certain tasks that are goal driven. There are many ways to define leadership in different contexts. In general, it may be very difficult for an individual to define leadership with exact traits of the leadership. It is due to the fact that leadership context will change with a change in a situation or organizational culture or in a cross-cultural situation. In the individual perspective, leadership is an interpersonal process in which a single person tries to influence and change the behaviour of others. There are a number of different leadership styles, not all effective in a single context. Different leadership styles are required in different situations to achieve a common goal.

To achieve a collective goal, a leader must not train followers but must be able to prepare them for future leadership roles as well. Therefore, an effective leader may also be regarded as a mentor of the team. However, some researchers use the term management and leadership interchangeably because they claim that there are no distinct differences between the two. Leadership has followers while the management has subordinates ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aubeoi3rqj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hallinger, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Hallinger, 2018)"},"citationItems":[{"id":2384,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/DXTTT974"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/DXTTT974"],"itemData":{"id":2384,"type":"article-journal","title":"Bringing context out of the shadows of leadership","container-title":"Educational Management Administration & Leadership","page":"5-24","volume":"46","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Hallinger","given":"Philip"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hallinger, 2018). The first step to start with any leadership situation is the identification of the personality traits of the leadership. The second step is the attempt to execute different leadership styles such as democratic, autocratic, laissez-faire, strategic, transformational, and transactional. Each of the leadership styles has its own pros and cons that can be helpful in the achievement of the goal.

Democratic leadership style is based on input from the team members. Autocratic leadership makes a decision without input from the members. Laissez-faire leadership is a style of leadership that provide the members' opportunities to grow on their own with an alternative reward system, rewarding best performing members with perks. Strategic leadership tries to achieve team goals by incorporating smaller team goals with broader organizational goals ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a23a5hb9j14","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Truong and Hallinger, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Truong and Hallinger, 2017)"},"citationItems":[{"id":2385,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/T6R8I2UJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/T6R8I2UJ"],"itemData":{"id":2385,"type":"article-journal","title":"Exploring cultural context and school leadership: conceptualizing an indigenous model of có uy school leadership in Vietnam","container-title":"International Journal of Leadership in Education","page":"539-561","volume":"20","issue":"5","author":[{"family":"Truong","given":"Thang Dinh"},{"family":"Hallinger","given":"Philip"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Truong and Hallinger, 2017). Different leadership styles can be employed in a changing context because it plays a significant role in the selection of the leadership style. The essay describes the context of leadership, style, and traits in two different scenarios such as leadership by a sports coach and leadership by a supervisor on a construction site.

Analysis:

Leaders are required in all of the significant fields of life such as in sports. Sports play an important role in the life of societies and athletes. Athletes and players are directly influenced by the leadership and personality traits of their coach. A sports coach is responsible for the individual as well as team success or failure. The job of a coach in a sports team is only guaranteed if the team is successful as a whole instead of individual players of the team. A coach has to integrate individual performance and direct them for team victories that require considerable leadership qualities. Given the responsibilities of a coach and leadership context of a sports coach, authoritarian leadership cannot be practised by a sports coach ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a9rq8dhjvn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Maak et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Maak et al., 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":2388,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/GMD999XB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/GMD999XB"],"itemData":{"id":2388,"type":"article-journal","title":"Business statesman or shareholder advocate? CEO responsible leadership styles and the micro‐foundations of political CSR","container-title":"Journal of Management Studies","page":"463-493","volume":"53","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Maak","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Pless","given":"Nicola M."},{"family":"Voegtlin","given":"Christian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Maak et al., 2016). To achieve a team goal of winning a match suitable leadership style and personality traits of coach must be examined as a coach is not only influencing the physical performance of the players but their psychological performance as well.

There are many correlates related to the behaviour of the coach that influence the performance of the team such as team cohesion. Research studies have revealed that there is empirical evidence that team cohesion is tied to coaching behaviour. Such as in a military context of leadership, the cohesiveness of different combat groups found to be related to the behaviour of unit leaders. In the healthcare context, evidence revealed that leaders that show less directiveness and more personal warmth have more cohesive groups. In an organizational context, evidence suggested that leaders having cohesive teams reward productivity of their team members ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a6tfmfb0cv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Vignola et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Vignola et al., 2017)"},"citationItems":[{"id":2392,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/JCDNC9GQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/JCDNC9GQ"],"itemData":{"id":2392,"type":"article-journal","title":"Leadership for moving the climate change adaptation agenda from planning to action","container-title":"Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability","page":"84-89","volume":"26","author":[{"family":"Vignola","given":"Raffaele"},{"family":"Leclerc","given":"Gregoire"},{"family":"Morales","given":"Mariela"},{"family":"Gonzalez","given":"Julian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Vignola et al., 2017). Therefore, a single leadership style cannot be effective all the time even in the same team setting. In the context of sports coaches, the research primarily focused on the identification of the coaching characteristics, behaviour patterns, and leadership styles most effective in achieving team goals.

In general, a sports coach will be considered as an effective leader if he becomes attuned to the personal and individual needs of athletes under training. It is important for a sports coach to be effective because he is not only affecting the physical performance of the team but their psychological well being as well. Therefore, despite having a solid command on the particular sports game a coach must play the role of a mentor, limit setter, follower, and teacher. Effective coaches are those who realize that they can make a difference in team performance by improving their own skills that influence the behaviour of the team as well. A sports coach must have to apply a mediational and multidimensional leadership role catering individual needs of the athletes to achieve the team goals.

On the other hand, when it comes to the leadership context and personality traits of a construction supervisor, the situation is entirely different from that of a sports coach. The construction industry is among one of the economic sectors suffering from the increased amount of occupational injuries. Research studies related to occupational safety revealed that the safety of workers on construction sites is directly related to the leadership style of site supervisors ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1vuqd876jm","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Van Hemmen et al., 2015)","plainCitation":"(Van Hemmen et al., 2015)"},"citationItems":[{"id":2394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/ULX4ULDT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/ULX4ULDT"],"itemData":{"id":2394,"type":"article-journal","title":"Leadership styles and innovative entrepreneurship: an international study","container-title":"Cybernetics and Systems","page":"271-286","volume":"46","issue":"3-4","author":[{"family":"Van Hemmen","given":"Stefan"},{"family":"Alvarez","given":"Claudia"},{"family":"Peris-Ortiz","given":"Marta"},{"family":"Urbano","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Van Hemmen et al., 2015). Contingency leadership practices and situational leadership styles depend on contextual factors. Most of the site supervisors in the construction industry tend to utilize the autocratic leadership style. It is due to the fact that they tend to treat their workers as their subordinates rather than encouraging them to innovate the process.

Construction workers may have to perform fix duties or jobs during construction work and autocratic leaders impose their decisions on workers without understanding the safety requirements. Occupational safety is an important context in the choice of leadership style for a construction site supervisor. If the supervisor is not aware of the safety hazards of a particular action, then he may force workers to perform the task and indulge into severe injuries leading to far-reaching consequences ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2109ctt825","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Muralidharan and Pathak, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Muralidharan and Pathak, 2018)"},"citationItems":[{"id":2397,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/RCQZNVJD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/RCQZNVJD"],"itemData":{"id":2397,"type":"article-journal","title":"Sustainability, transformational leadership, and social entrepreneurship","container-title":"Sustainability","page":"567","volume":"10","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Muralidharan","given":"Etayankara"},{"family":"Pathak","given":"Saurav"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Muralidharan and Pathak, 2018). Authoritarian and autocratic style of leadership by construction supervisors is not appropriate in the context of occupational safety. As the construction site supervisors have to deal with a large number of workers and handle tasks at operational as well as strategic level, the transformational style of leadership is appropriate based on research studies.

A transformational leader in construction work can push workers out of their comfort zone while maintaining the occupational safety requirements as well. In many situations of the construction industry emphasis is placed no technical significance of the project rather than leadership requirements to perform the task safely. If the worker's perception is that their supervisor is concerned with their safety then team cohesion will be increased greatly resulting in better results. Otherwise, it would be extremely difficult to achieve such results in construction work while giving occupational safety a due place. A construction site supervisor must practice a transformational role to increase the safety of workers helping them to achieve team goals without any significant occupational injury cases.

Conclusion:

The essay described the influence of leadership styles and traits of leadership in two different contexts such as leadership by a sports coach and leadership by a construction site supervisor. There are different leadership styles and a single leadership style cannot be the most effective style in all of the situations. A sports coach cannot deploy autocratic or authoritarian style of leadership because he is not influencing the physical performance but the psychological performance of the players as well. The leadership style of the coach must be tailored toward the individual requirement of the players as they will contribute towards the team goal of victory. An autocratic leadership style from a sports coach will not only disrupt the cohesion of the team but will lead to the failures in achieving the team goals as well.

In the other scenario discussed in the essay, the leadership context of a construction site supervisor is analysed. The construction industry is suffering from an increased number of occupational injuries. Research studies have tied the increased number of occupational injuries in the construction industry to the authoritarian style of leadership practised by the site supervisors. In following the strict orders, the workers may not follow safety precautions appropriately leading to personal injuries. Such injuries disturb s the cohesion of team and affects the overall performance of the team. A transformational leadership style is appropriate for a construction site supervisor because it will allow him to push workers out of their comfort zones without compromising on safety precautions. It will also create a sense of compassion between the workers for their supervisor and they will happily follow the instructions as well. In conclusion, it has been described that leadership is entirely contextual. No single leadership style can conquer all of the situations. A good leader is one that changes the leadership style based on the context of the job being performed to achieve team targets.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Hallinger, P., 2018. Bringing context out of the shadows of leadership. Educ. Manag. Adm. Leadersh. 46, 5–24.

Maak, T., Pless, N.M., Voegtlin, C., 2016. Business statesman or shareholder advocate? CEO responsible leadership styles and the micro‐foundations of political CSR. J. Manag. Stud. 53, 463–493.

Muralidharan, E., Pathak, S., 2018. Sustainability, transformational leadership, and social entrepreneurship. Sustainability 10, 567.

Truong, T.D., Hallinger, P., 2017. Exploring cultural context and school leadership: conceptualizing an indigenous model of có uy school leadership in Vietnam. Int. J. Leadersh. Educ. 20, 539–561.

Van Hemmen, S., Alvarez, C., Peris-Ortiz, M., Urbano, D., 2015. Leadership styles and innovative entrepreneurship: an international study. Cybern. Syst. 46, 271–286.

Vignola, R., Leclerc, G., Morales, M., Gonzalez, J., 2017. Leadership for moving the climate change adaptation agenda from planning to action. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 26, 84–89.