Assignment

Assignment

Name

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author’s Note

Assignment

Studies have shown that social media campaigns have a strong influence on creating awareness among communities. Last month, I have participated in a seminar where the influence and impact of the social media campaign was highlighted. Later, I came to know that this organization has conducted various local media campaigns on existing media such as radio, television, and newspaper. I have proposed my name to become part of the future campaign. After joining, I have observed that through these media campaigns, powerful messages regarding various health risk behaviors including child survival, road accidents, screening and prevention and use of tobacco and sex-related behaviors were propagated ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"6pjwaK1H","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Gonz\\uc0\\u225{}lez-Bail\\uc0\\u243{}n & Wang, 2016)}","plainCitation":"(González-Bailón & Wang, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1247,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/XSX9DYM6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/XSX9DYM6"],"itemData":{"id":1247,"type":"article-journal","title":"Networked discontent: The anatomy of protest campaigns in social media","container-title":"Social networks","page":"95-104","volume":"44","author":[{"family":"González-Bailón","given":"Sandra"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Ning"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (González-Bailón & Wang, 2016). In recent years, local media campaigns have been found very active in social work.

A large population has been receiving important health-related messages through these campaigns. The campaign has been working for the welfare and education of communities. This campaign was utilizing social media platforms such as Instagram and Facebook. The young generation is actively using these platforms; therefore, the messages regarding lifestyle change would be effectively delivered. This campaign has used PIE components to effectively address the major health risk behaviors of the communities. For example, the use of alcohol, drug abuse, and child survival and screening and prevention programs of illnesses. The campaign was prepared and the members have utilized a real timeline in which pages and videos were prepared for the communities. The page was monitored using a Gantt chart to effectively implement the program. The campaign was prepared by experts in healthcare organizations.

Healthcare professionals have been participated in the campaign, they delivered interviews regarding prevention and screening programs and other related issues were discussed. The videos were recorded and played online on the timeline. The evaluation of the messages was recorded using likes, messages received on-page, shares, and feedback from the reviews. The effectiveness of the campaign was also measured through the feedback of communities as people were sharing the videos as healthy activities presented in the videos ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a142spdimc0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Gonz\\uc0\\u225{}lez-Bail\\uc0\\u243{}n & Wang, 2016)}","plainCitation":"(González-Bailón & Wang, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1247,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/XSX9DYM6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/XSX9DYM6"],"itemData":{"id":1247,"type":"article-journal","title":"Networked discontent: The anatomy of protest campaigns in social media","container-title":"Social networks","page":"95-104","volume":"44","author":[{"family":"González-Bailón","given":"Sandra"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Ning"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (González-Bailón & Wang, 2016). The members of the campaign were active and efficient in working as all of them were actively engaged in previous campaigns.

I have been working in the department of evaluation of the campaign where we were guided to use the Gantt chart which is a kind of bar chart that illustrates us about the project. The major components of the evaluation were designing of project, analysis of the promotional campaign, approval from the authorities, and analysis of campaign results through posts ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"6pjwaK1H","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Gonz\\uc0\\u225{}lez-Bail\\uc0\\u243{}n & Wang, 2016)}","plainCitation":"(González-Bailón & Wang, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1247,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/XSX9DYM6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/XSX9DYM6"],"itemData":{"id":1247,"type":"article-journal","title":"Networked discontent: The anatomy of protest campaigns in social media","container-title":"Social networks","page":"95-104","volume":"44","author":[{"family":"González-Bailón","given":"Sandra"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Ning"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (González-Bailón & Wang, 2016). The other related elements of promotion were reviews of the page to make it more persuasive and convincing. The page was shared among different communities and cultures that represent us the results with positive feedback ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"afdaafp8ti","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Palmer et al., 2019)","plainCitation":"(Palmer et al., 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1245,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/FTVFLBK3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/FTVFLBK3"],"itemData":{"id":1245,"type":"book","title":"Modification of advertising campaigns based on virality","publisher":"Google Patents","author":[{"family":"Palmer","given":"Joshua"},{"family":"Skowronski","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Anthony","given":"B. U. I."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Palmer et al., 2019).

Major elements of effective and persuasive local media campaigns include an effective platform or network, approval from the authorities and journalists, evidence-based practices and research, coverage of successfully stories, PR opportunities such as aligning with the local newspapers and media platforms and fundraising activities for the successful growth of the campaign. Members of the campaign should be actively engaged on these media platforms to respond timely to the clients. I have seen that the major PIE components in the campaign as the quality product is essential for the performance and the positive attitude of the members is also important for a local media campaign ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"6pjwaK1H","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Gonz\\uc0\\u225{}lez-Bail\\uc0\\u243{}n & Wang, 2016)}","plainCitation":"(González-Bailón & Wang, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1247,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/XSX9DYM6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/XSX9DYM6"],"itemData":{"id":1247,"type":"article-journal","title":"Networked discontent: The anatomy of protest campaigns in social media","container-title":"Social networks","page":"95-104","volume":"44","author":[{"family":"González-Bailón","given":"Sandra"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Ning"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (González-Bailón & Wang, 2016). Participants of the campaign should know what they are doing to achieve the aims and objectives of the local media campaign. For example, the vision and mission of the participants should be in alignment with the objectives of the campaigns or organization.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY González-Bailón, S., & Wang, N. (2016). Networked discontent: The anatomy of protest campaigns in social media. Social Networks, 44, 95–104.

Palmer, J., Skowronski, P., & Anthony, B. U. I. (2019). Modification of advertising campaigns based on virality. Google Patents.

Assignment

Assignment

Introduction

The approach of strength-based nursing is pivotal to the healthcare of a discharged patient from the hospital, is also going through mental health issues and not willing to take solely external help from healthcare providers and community workers, or either the immediate family. Likewise, in the case study of Joseph Russo, he is unwilling to take any respite care option or reside in any residential aged care for himself or his wife, Sophia. The planning of values of strength-based care which emphasise greatly on the self-determination and autonomy of the patient is considered for Joseph Russo and his wife. The focal point of the case study is self-determination and autonomy on which Joseph relies totally because of the age factor maybe. The ethical consideration regarding this issue is that Joseph should be well informed and educated on his condition and a proper plan of action must be provided to him and explained well according to his condition. The report of Russos case will analyse the strength-based approach to nursing care and the values of this approach provided to the patient along with the legal and ethical principles of decision making concerning the patient, and further, it will develop an action plan for culturally safe-care.

Description

Shared Transfer of Care

The principle regarding the shared care transfer within the healthcare providers and older patients involves the standard setting for the clinical handover of the responsibility by engaging the older person or their family/carer, such that the patient either himself is included in the decision making regarding his health or his provider (Eggins, and Slade, 2015). This occurs through clear and proper patterns of communication through either electronic communication or verbal communication (Sonntag et al., 2016). The share of care transfer also includes the reconciliation of medicinal record and list, which is to be provided in an updated form with proper instructions to the patient or his caregiver at the time of discharge. Thus Emma, daughter of Mr Russo, should be provided with a detailed account of the medication and ongoing plan of management which is to be followed in post-discharge period for the patients suffering through delirium, till some specific time. The follow-ups and maintenance of communication with the GP, the specialist and counsellor or community care team for aged people come under this transfer of care.

Strength-Based Care Approach

According to this approach, the innate capacity of a person for improving his life depends on the strength of the patient and his ability to decide on his own. The treatment concerning this approach is solely reliant and focused on the patient and his healthy aspects towards the maintenance of healthcare on his own (McCormack, and McCance, 2016). The role of nursing staff is to provide support, courage, assistance and stimulation to the patients like Mr Russo. Encouraging his strengths and identifying the specific areas for the providence of help and care to Sophia as well as to Joseph himself. The trained staff in this situation would be more appropriate in handling the situation as well as medication management (MacDonald et al., 2018). While applying the approach of strength-based care, the external support like community or social workers should also be determined in this plan for the maintenance and providence of healthcare (Zhang et al., 2018). As in the case of Joseph, he is reluctant to reside in any nursing home or nursing centre, the help should be provided to the family at their own home and every now, and then a healthcare counsellor should visit them to see the management of healthcare facility by the nursing staff at their home.

The focal point of the case study is self-determination and autonomy on which Joseph relies totally because of the age factor maybe. The ageing process makes a person more self-reliant especially in the individualistic communities like Australia (Swartz, 2017). Though the origin of Joseph is from Italy where people were more family-oriented and community oriented. After spending an entire year of his life in Australia with Sophia Joseph learned to love him exclusively after the betrayal of their son and distance by which their daughter is separated due to her marital life. All these factors made him independent and autonomous in his decisions, so he is not willing to have imposed decision by other people or healthcare providers. The treatment provided to Joseph by the nursing staff should be collaborative according to the strength-based approach he should be given the power to take control of his needs and Sophias (Toccafondi et al., 2018). Whereas, some areas could be specified in providing the help and support needed by him through community workers and paramedic staff (Tse et al., 2016). The helping and nursing staff should provide services appropriate with the cultural and ethnic consideration for Joseph and Sophia.

The Development of a Plan of Action in Culturally Safe Care

The effectiveness in the practice of nursing is determined through the cultural safety of the patient (Kringos et al., 2015). The culturally safe and protected care is to be provided to the patient so that they are not reluctant and resistant towards receiving healthcare by nursing staff (Pauly eta l., 2015). The healthcare providers and professionals are required to provide the care and support to the patents through mutual sharing of thoughts and beliefs and giving respect to the culture of the patient antagonistic to their culture. In the case of Joseph, he is culturally immune to the Australian culture as he lived there for a long period, so the healthcare professionals and the staff is not allowed to make decisions without his consent and his familys (Richardson, Yarwood, and Richardson, 2017). The information regarding ethics and considerations is to be provided to the family and the patient under cultural appropriateness and norms (DiCuccio, 2015). Joseph wanted autonomy and self-reliance so he should be dealt in a way according to his will, he is not willing to leave his home so he must be provided with the health and community care in his home and also the freedom of living with his wife and taking care of her.

Ethical and Legal Considerations

The concerns related to ethical and lawful aspects of nursing care and patients wellbeing are generalised. The considerations related to laws and ethics come in every step of healthcare providence, from keeping the record of the patient and sharing or transference of care till the confidentiality of the data collected (Atkins et al., 2017). As a generalised law, the information regarding josephs and his case is to be shared only under specific circumstances with other healthcare professionals and community workers. His diagnosis, inferences and treatment all should be kept confidential and private along with the history of the disease.

The protection of Josephs wellbeing is in the hands of the healthcare givers, so their ignorance or any loophole can cause long-lasting damage to the vulnerable mind of Joseph, which is already under the pressure of his recovery (Dekker, 2016). The ethical consideration regarding this issue is that Joseph should be well informed and educated on his condition and a proper plan of action must be provided to him and explained well according to his condition. There is a various code of nursing professions devised for the implementation of rules and regulations for the safety and wellbeing of the patient. The conduct of nursing staff is underpinned according to the ethical principles which emphasise non-malicious, truthful, benefitting, autonomous and fair behaviour. The critical thinking skills and decisions based on laws and regulations are to apply by the healthcare professionals so that the patient is safe and taken care of by every means.

The principles related to ethical considerations concerning the mental health of a person should be acted according to the emotional needs of the patient. As in the case of Joseph, a mental health professional should give him therapies and risk management training so that he is self-sufficient in this regard and any mental breakdown could be prevented. The decision related to his mental health can be made against his will if there are chances of any danger to his mental wellbeing.

Conclusion

This report concludes on certain facts. Firstly in the case of Joseph Russo, he is unwilling to take any relief care option or reside in any residential aged care for himself or his wife, Sophia. He is autonomous and self-determined in his decision-making ability, and he wants to take care of himself and Sophia. Whereas, Emma is very much concerned about his wellbeing as she is not available for longer times to take care of her parents. The action plan for the transfer of care and strength-based aspect of care is to be implemented, keeping in view the ultimate cultural care safety. This report analysed the strength-based approach to nursing care and the values of this approach provided to the patient along with the legal and ethical principles of decision making concerning the patient, and further, it will develop an action plan for culturally safe-care. Joseph is culturally immune to the culture of Australia, due to the reason that he lived here for a long period of time. Thus the healthcare professionals and staff have to take care of his cultural ethics and consent and respect his decision making regarding his treatment and support facilities.

References

Atkins, K., De Lacey, S., Britton, B. and Ripperger, R., 2017.Ethics and law for Australian nurses. Cambridge University Press.

Dekker, S., 2016.Patient safety a human factors approach. CRC Press.

DiCuccio, M.H., 2015. The relationship between patient safety culture and patient outcomes a systematic review.Journal of patient safety,11(3), pp.135-142.

Eggins, S. and Slade, D., 2015. Communication in clinical handover improving the safety and quality of the patient experience.Journal of public health research,4(3).

Holland, K., 2017.Cultural awareness in nursing and health care an introductory text. Routledge.

Kringos, D.S., Sunol, R., Wagner, C., Mannion, R., Michel, P., Klazinga, N.S. and Groene, O., 2015. The influence of context on the effectiveness of hospital quality improvement strategies a review of systematic reviews.BMC health services research,15(1), p.277.

MacDonald, C., Blanc, R., Buono, A.T., Champagne, L., Chartier, G., Cooke, A., Drummond, N., Gartshore, K., Ehrler, A. and Gottlieb, L., 2018. Strength-based nursing caring for the whole person. International Journal of Whole Person Care,5(1).

McCormack, B. and McCance, T. eds., 2016.Person-centred practice in nursing and health care Theory and practice. John Wiley Sons.

Pauly, B.B., McCall, J., Browne, A.J., Parker, J. and Mollison, A., 2015. Toward cultural safety.Advances in Nursing Science,38(2), pp.121-135.

Richardson, A., Yarwood, J. and Richardson, S., 2017. Expressions of cultural safety in public health nursing practice.Nursing Inquiry,24(1), p.e12171.

Sonntag, O., Plebani, M., Della, P., Jones, D., Steward-Wynne, E., Walsh, J., Cominos, N., Jureidini, J., Pirone, C., McGregor, J. and Lee, M., 2016.Effective communication in clinical handover from research to practice(Vol. 15). Walter de Gruyter GmbH Co KG.

Swartz, M.K., 2017. A strength-based approach to care.Journal of Pediatric Health Care,31(1), p.1.

Toccafondi, G., Albolino, S., Bellandi, T., Savelli, A., Frangioni, G., Elisei, O., Baroni, M. and Molisso, A., 2018, August. Safe Transitions of Care A Participatory Human Factors Approach for Improving Safety in the Communication of Healthcare Organizations. InCongress of the International Ergonomics Association(pp. 774-780). Springer, Cham.

Tse, S., Tsoi, E.W., Hamilton, B., OHagan, M., Shepherd, G., Slade, M., Whitley, R. and Petrakis, M., 2016. Uses of strength-based interventions for people with serious mental illness A critical review.International Journal of Social Psychiatry,62(3), pp.281-291.

Zhang, A., Franklin, C., Currin-McCulloch, J., Park, S. and Kim, J., 2018. The effectiveness of strength-based, solution-focused brief therapy in medical settings a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Journal of behavioural medicine,41(2), pp.139-151.

Healthcare and Nursing PAGE 6

,-/jkvw FGq

r

yzvhJh-Oh-Ohohohoh-Oh

hW6hWhW6hhhUqhUqhUqh/ehWhzhbq56h9hbq56hbqhDh8xh.nhDh.n6hDhDhhDh.nhDhC.(),-./Pjwr

,dgd

dgd9

(dagd

(dagd8x dagddgdDOz,ikn _adr 456VXk24Ah8hO h

5h

h

6h

h

6mH sH h

6mH sH h

haghaghaghJhohoho h6hWhh-OB52w)k)--....o/001233-4650d0gdUq dagd9dgd9dgd9ddgd

AGac 2su_))j)k)l)).,,,-(-,-F-L-t-----.G.hUqhhb7hhbqhUqhUqhUqhehehe56hbq56h9hbq56h9h

56hehaghaghaghQhr h86h

hh8hOhohoho2G.k.......A/Z///n/o//000000n0z00Y1u1w1y111I2s2u2v2z222233c3333334444,4-44 55565m555555666677778889999hDhhh6hhhgh6hghhhUqhhUqh6L65568999(9)99,9.9/9Q9R9S9T9agd.n0d0gdUq99999)99,9-9/99F9G9M9N9O9P9Q9S9T9hDh(h0JmHnHuhDh(0JjhDh(0JUhhhhjhUh5 01hpxm/ 2 0@Pp2( 0@Pp 0@Pp 0@Pp 0@Pp 0@Pp 0@Pp8XV_HmH nH sH tH @@NormalCJ_HaJmH sH tH DADDefault Paragraph FontRiRTable Normal4 l4a(k (No List4@4.nHeader

4 4.nFooter

.)@..nPage NumberPKContent_Types.xmlj0Er(Iw,-j4 wP-tbUTUhd)1P W0)T9lyi@(HuDz/0X3aZ,D0j3bi3/G-Rk.s..aPK6_rels/.relsj0Qv/C/(hO Chvxp_P1H0ORBdJE4bq_6LR70O,En7Lib/SePKkytheme/theme/themeManager.xmlM @w7c(EbCA7K

Y,

e.,H,lxIsQ ,jGW)E 8PKPtheme/theme/theme1.xmlYOo6w tocvu-MniP@Iama4lGRX6)OrCy@/yH)UDbqJX)InEp)liV1MOP6rzgbIguSebORDqu gZolAplxpT0jzAV2Fi@qv5NleXdsjcs7f

W7gJjh(KD-

dXiJ(x(I_TS1EZBmU/xYy5g/GMGeD3Vqq8K)fw9 xrxwrTZaGy8IjbRcXI u3KGnD1NIBs RuKV.ELM2fiVvlu8zH (W

JTeOtHGHYKNPT9/A7qZcqUnwNOi43P 1Pm9M2aDYtxWrg- eW

)6-rCSj

id DAIqbJx6kASht(QpmcaSlXP1Mh9MVdDAaVBfJP8AVf

Hn-dzn b2vKyD,AGmnzi.uYC6OMf3or5NHTXF64T,M0E)5XY1UmRQDDcpULE/pm8firS4d7yJnIR3U7mqBiDiL69mYiHE(KNV.KeLDD vEdeNe(MN9R63(a/DUzYV)9Z4n5JQ3eBoCMm.vpIYfZY_pal-YNc4vfavlSA8u-0M07PK

theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsM 0woo5

6Q

,.aic21hqm@RNdo7gK(MR(.1rJT8VAHubP8g/QAs(LPK-Content_Types.xmlPK-6_rels/.relsPK-kytheme/theme/themeManager.xmlPK-Ptheme/theme/theme1.xmlPK-

theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsPK xml version1.0 encodingUTF-8 standaloneyes

aclrMap xmlnsahttp//schemas.openxmlformats.org/drawingml/2006/main bg1lt1 tx1dk1 bg2lt2 tx2dk2 accent1accent1 accent2accent2 accent3accent3 accent4accent4 accent5accent5 accent6accent6 hlinkhlink folHlinkfolHlink/T1J /////2AG.9T965T9 ,28@0( B S vgn zadXBIr2oup(y((((((((())))))))7,A,,,,,,, -----------------...//000001111111(1)11,1.1/1R1U1YGlmAnp(z((()IzJKbc ,-,,J-l--......d//00N001111111(1)11,1.1/1R1U1333333333333333333333333333noo(((())-,-,6-6---..00111111(1)11,1.1/1F1P1U1 0a 0ZohDxC CzVrlW4Kz(JA.L.5s13N6.1889cZNANBeHiH MO-OQSyS1XZlZxbVeixm.nbqQrtsw8xgJb7OZjhKen0z1

K Wol3Uqe/e(CO,blQlan(OagNRlq

11@khkkT1X@UnknownG.x Times New Roman5Symbol3..x ArialABCambria Math1h q qU)YU)Yx4d 1 12QP j2xxmuhammadtehreemXYOh00x 

(muhammadtehreemNormalXY2Microsoft Office Word@F@@l@lU).,0hp

Grizli777Y 1Title 

(),-./012345689@ABCDEFIJMRoot Entry FL1Table WordDocument 7JSummaryInformation(7DocumentSummaryInformation8MsoDataStorefMCUHEWJ0MUK2fItem PropertiesUCompObj y bSources xmlnsbhttp//schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/bibliography xmlnshttp//schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/bibliography SelectedStyleAPA.XSL StyleNameAPA/xml version1.0 encodingUTF-8 standaloneno

dsdatastoreItem dsitemID0AB05B33-D40A-451C-B625-A32450AF3BE3 xmlnsdshttp//schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/customXmldsschemaRefsdsschemaRef dsurihttp//schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/bibliography//dsschemaRefs/dsdatastoreItem FMicrosoft Office Word 97-2003 Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q

Assignment

Title page

Managing healthcare

Mission

The organization is built on the principle of social justice and equal care for all. Adoption of new and innovative methods is the company's mission for competing in the health care market. The mission of the hospital is to provide quality and value-driven health care to the customers. As a health care service provider, the organization takes the responsibility of providing the best available treatment to the patients. Providing exemplary care is part of the organization's mission. It is also focused on building a positive environment where the patient received respect, care and opportunity for recovery. Building positive patient-provider relationship is also part of the organization's mission. It further aims at the provision of high-quality service by hiring professionally competent and skilled staff. Integrated delivery care is adapted for advancing in the field of medicine.

Size and scope

Strategic management focuses on adapting to the changes and hiring capable staff. The hospital comprises of 10 doctors, 20 nurses, 2 surgeons, 30 staff members. The services offered by the organization include physical examination, physical therapy, rehabilitation, nutrition counseling, prescription services, pediatric care, counseling, and family support services. The estimated budget for the hospital is $800,000. Strategic reinvestment in health care facilities demands stakeholders engagement. To avail tax exemption the organization has IRS 990 form. Electronic filing is used because of its technological resources CITATION Mon13 \l 1033 (Montefiore, 2013). The organization will adopt strategic healthcare planning for managing resources appropriately. Hiring capable and professionally competent staff is part of the firm's strategy. This will demand adequate finances for conducting human resource activities such as job advertisement and interviews CITATION Joa12 \l 1033 (Pynes & Lombardi, 2012). Providing training and guidance to the staff is also part of human resource management. The organization will operate in New York, America. After two years it will be expanded further.

Dynamics

The five dynamics identified by Pynes for implementing change in healthcare settings include; life-death outcome, escalating expectations, health care as a media target, public trust and people intensity. Life-death outcomes state that patient's relate to every healthcare facility and service with probable outcomes. This dynamic emphasize on educating the patients about the possible outcomes of each treatment. When clients enter the emergency room they lack awareness about the procedures and methods adopted for treating the patient. When parents bring their child to the emergency who has fallen from bicycle they will ask certain questions exhibiting their concerns related to outcomes. They may ask how long it will take for a scar to disappear. The attendant must be able to provide clear details to the parents. Patients are impatient and they are habitual of making an initial inquiry such as the need for plastic surgery CITATION Joa12 \l 1033 (Pynes & Lombardi, 2012). When a patient is dissatisfied he may consider facility or other healthcare organization.

Escalating expectations reflect that it is important to consider the expectations of the customer-patients. Client "wants everything at once without waiting in line with perfect outcomes". They also demand staff attending to them is intelligence, highlight skilled and capable of employing equipment with the latest innovations. There is a need for understanding why patients have formed such expectations. The clients believe that they must receive better services when they are paying more. Health insurance has also put pressure on healthcare firms to deliver high-quality services. Patients who develop perceptions regarding drug or treatment are less likely to trust the providers CITATION Joa12 \l 1033 (Pynes & Lombardi, 2012). Commercials have also played significant roles in forming views and expectations of customers. Such factors pressurize caregivers to maintain certain quality criteria. The media-driven misconception has adverse impacts on healthcare providers.

Another dynamic that influences customer-patient views is health care as a media target. Media gives considerable attention to health care and related issues. Media attempts to find healthcare stories and involves itself in criticizing the performance of healthcare institutes. three approaches used by media for evaluating healthcare sector include advertising media, journalistic media, and popular media. Newspapers are mostly covering topics that portray the negative role of the healthcare industry such as hiking prices of health care services and death of a patient in the emergency department due to delay in service. This is because media follows the ideology that ‘bad news always sell'. News channels are now reporting twenty-four hours that provide them the wider opportunity of covering health care issues. Media has a prominent role in shaping the public's opinion regarding healthcare. When channels are giving more importance to hospital flaws the customers are most likely to build negative perceptions CITATION Joa12 \l 1033 (Pynes & Lombardi, 2012). The negative role of media has encouraged to develop certain assumptions such as staff’s tendency of committing errors during treatment or surgery. Patients establish fears that affect their relationship with care providers. Patients also form perceptions related to medical innovations believing that miracles can happen. Media is capable of creating a backfire effect that means that if customers see perfect outcomes on news they expect nothing less than that.

Public trust is another dynamic that influences a patient's perceptions towards health care organizations. The common perception among the public is that all hospitals are funded by sales and property taxes and involved in financial mismanagement CITATION Joa12 \l 1033 (Pynes & Lombardi, 2012). Patients believe that emergency rooms are unreliable because the staff is more habitual of committing errors. The public is inclined to believe that because their taxes are providing funds to the hospitals so they must receive high-quality service. They lack knowledge about financial constraints and other issues faced by hospitals.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Montefiore. (2013). Anuual Report. Montefiore.

Pynes, J. E., & Lombardi, D. N. (2012). Human Resources Management for Health Care Organizations: A Strategic Approach. Jossey-Bass.

Assignment

Nursing

[Author]

[Institution]

Key Words

Strategic Human Resource Management: SHRM includes the usual and typical components of Human Resource such as hiring, discipline, in addition to payroll, also it involves working with staff in a mutual manner to boost retention, develop the quality of the work practice, and boost up the mutual advantage of both organization and staff.

Payroll: This term refers to the list of staff that receives payment from a company. Payroll also refers to the money that is paid to the workers or the records that feature how much every member of staff has made.

Health Care Organizations: The centres that offer health services for example, identification of diseases, treatments and surgeries and work on the recovery of patients. The research and teaching assignments can also be performed in the HCOs.

Importance of Appropriate Staffing Levels for Skilled Nursing Facilities

In every organization, the HR department has to regulate the relationship between different departments and the upper management. Particularly in the Health Care Organizations, there is a basic need to imply appropriate staffing levels. For instance, there should be an order of staff like: Junior nurse, then senior staff, etc. By these appropriate levels, we mean that we have to then assign them the jobs and duties according to their level. Their payrolls also depend on their staffing level. Skilled Nursing facilities can only be assured in this way.

A proper hierarchy in the staff ensures that the effective roles and jobs are given to the persons based on their professional experiences and skills. It is also really significant to get the right and accurate blend of staff i.e. the nursing staff levels, performing for those particular hours and minutes. The right level of Staff Levelling helps the organization in lowering down the budget too. The more cost-effective and work-efficient you are, the more successful you become.

References

Anderson, R., & Kerfoot, K. (2009). The time has come for evidence-based staffing and scheduling. Nursing Economics, 27(5), 277-280.

Flynn, M., & Mckeown, M. (2009). Nurse staffing levels revisited: a consideration of key issues in nurse staffing levels and skill mix research. Journal of Nursing Management, 17(6), 759-766.

Assignment

Assignment

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Cannabidiol (CBD) and Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are the two natural cannabinoids that exist in the cannabis plant. Both have the same chemical formula i.e., C21H30O2. They differ in the structural formula because of the arrangement of atoms. ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"RXNAWijK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}CBD vs. THC,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“CBD vs. THC,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":117,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/ZZ24CE3H"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/ZZ24CE3H"],"itemData":{"id":117,"type":"webpage","title":"CBD vs. THC: What's the Difference?","container-title":"WebMD","abstract":"THC and CBD both come from cannabis, but they have different effects on the body and mind, and they aren't always legal. Learn more.","URL":"https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/cbd-thc-difference","title-short":"CBD vs. THC","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,30]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“CBD vs. THC,” n.d.) Different cognitive functions are affected by them because they act on the neurotransmitters in the brain, but the effect of both on the human body is different. Marijuana is a key component substance that constitutes THC. THC affects the pain receptors in the body and alters the feelings. This makes a person feel euphoric. On the other hand, CBD gives the feeling of wellbeing by working in an association with other elements of the body ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ArRHR2xq","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Differences Between Cannabidiol (CBD) and Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC),\\uc0\\u8221{} 2019)","plainCitation":"(“Differences Between Cannabidiol (CBD) and Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC),” 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":113,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/JG87UUUU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/JG87UUUU"],"itemData":{"id":113,"type":"webpage","title":"Differences Between Cannabidiol (CBD) and Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)","container-title":"News-Medical.net","abstract":"Both cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are found in cannabis and are the best investigated cannabinoids. However, there are significant differences between them with regards to potency.","URL":"https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Cannabidiol-(CBD)-versus-Tetrahydrocannabinol-(THC).aspx","language":"en","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,5]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,30]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Differences Between Cannabidiol (CBD) and Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC),” 2019).

CBD is thought to provide medical benefits because it helps treat certain complications such as diabetes, arthritis, insomnia, and anxiety. Some studies even have given the possibility that CBD is maybe helpful in treating cancer ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ecxlo1xw","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Using Cannabis to Treat Cancer | Project CBD,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Using Cannabis to Treat Cancer | Project CBD,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":114,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/UFQGGMPY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/UFQGGMPY"],"itemData":{"id":114,"type":"webpage","title":"Using Cannabis to Treat Cancer | Project CBD","URL":"https://www.projectcbd.org/medicine/using-cannabis-treat-cancer","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,30]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Using Cannabis to Treat Cancer | Project CBD,” n.d.). Patients with glioblastoma have been examined to study the effect of CBD, and it has been observed that giving the patient a combination of CBDs increases the survival rate by 30% ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"SlICHPR5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u346{}ledzi\\uc0\\u324{}ski, Zeyland, S\\uc0\\u322{}omski, & Nowak, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Śledziński, Zeyland, Słomski, & Nowak, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":110,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/KW6XCH5Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/KW6XCH5Q"],"itemData":{"id":110,"type":"article-journal","title":"The current state and future perspectives of cannabinoids in cancer biology","container-title":"Cancer Medicine","page":"765-775","volume":"7","issue":"3","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"To date, cannabinoids have been allowed in the palliative medicine due to their analgesic and antiemetic effects, but increasing number of preclinical studies indicates their anticancer properties. Cannabinoids exhibit their action by a modulation of the signaling pathways crucial in the control of cell proliferation and survival. Many in vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that cannabinoids inhibit proliferation of cancer cells, stimulate autophagy and apoptosis, and have also a potential to inhibit angiogenesis and metastasis. In this review, we present an actual state of knowledge regarding molecular mechanisms of cannabinoids’ anticancer action, but we discuss also aspects that are still not fully understood such as the role of the endocannabinoid system in a carcinogenesis, the impact of cannabinoids on the immune system in the context of cancer development, or the cases of a stimulation of cancer cells’ proliferation by cannabinoids. The review includes also a summary of currently ongoing clinical trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of cannabinoids as anticancer agents.","DOI":"10.1002/cam4.1312","ISSN":"2045-7634","note":"PMID: 29473338\nPMCID: PMC5852356","journalAbbreviation":"Cancer Med","author":[{"family":"Śledziński","given":"Paweł"},{"family":"Zeyland","given":"Joanna"},{"family":"Słomski","given":"Ryszard"},{"family":"Nowak","given":"Agnieszka"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",2,23]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Śledziński, Zeyland, Słomski, & Nowak, 2018). Cannabinoids are thought to alter the signaling pathways that play a key role in the survival and cell proliferation. It is thought to act on the number of mechanisms such as cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy. It has a promising role in the inhibition of metastasis and angiogenesis ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"hUBZy552","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u346{}ledzi\\uc0\\u324{}ski et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Śledziński et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":110,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/KW6XCH5Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/KW6XCH5Q"],"itemData":{"id":110,"type":"article-journal","title":"The current state and future perspectives of cannabinoids in cancer biology","container-title":"Cancer Medicine","page":"765-775","volume":"7","issue":"3","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"To date, cannabinoids have been allowed in the palliative medicine due to their analgesic and antiemetic effects, but increasing number of preclinical studies indicates their anticancer properties. Cannabinoids exhibit their action by a modulation of the signaling pathways crucial in the control of cell proliferation and survival. Many in vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that cannabinoids inhibit proliferation of cancer cells, stimulate autophagy and apoptosis, and have also a potential to inhibit angiogenesis and metastasis. In this review, we present an actual state of knowledge regarding molecular mechanisms of cannabinoids’ anticancer action, but we discuss also aspects that are still not fully understood such as the role of the endocannabinoid system in a carcinogenesis, the impact of cannabinoids on the immune system in the context of cancer development, or the cases of a stimulation of cancer cells’ proliferation by cannabinoids. The review includes also a summary of currently ongoing clinical trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of cannabinoids as anticancer agents.","DOI":"10.1002/cam4.1312","ISSN":"2045-7634","note":"PMID: 29473338\nPMCID: PMC5852356","journalAbbreviation":"Cancer Med","author":[{"family":"Śledziński","given":"Paweł"},{"family":"Zeyland","given":"Joanna"},{"family":"Słomski","given":"Ryszard"},{"family":"Nowak","given":"Agnieszka"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",2,23]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Śledziński et al., 2018). All of these are the major processes involved in the induction of cancer. CBD's have analgesic and antiemetic properties, so they are proved beneficial in reducing the rate at which cancer grows. This is accomplished by inhibiting the growth of the blood vessels that supply nutrients to the tumor and help reduce the feelings of pain, nausea, and other side effects. It is well established that CBDs are not only involved in alleviating the symptoms of cancer but also have an antitumor property ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"LWuICEY2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}CBD, THC, and Cancer,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“CBD, THC, and Cancer,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":119,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/KYGQL8EQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/KYGQL8EQ"],"itemData":{"id":119,"type":"webpage","title":"CBD, THC, and Cancer","abstract":"Mounting evidence shows ‘cannabinoids’ in marijuana slow cancer growth, inhibit formation of new blood cells that feed a tumor, and help manage pain, fatigue, nausea, and other side effects.","URL":"https://www.projectcbd.org/article/cbd-thc-and-cancer","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,30]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“CBD, THC, and Cancer,” n.d.). Few studies have highlighted the mechanism of action according to which they activate cannabinoids receptors in vascular endothelial and tumor cells. As a result of this activation, vascular endothelial cells may not be able to migrate and ultimately survive. In this way, the formation of blood vessels to the tumor cells is inhibited ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"hYHArNT9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bl\\uc0\\u225{}zquez et al., 2003)","plainCitation":"(Blázquez et al., 2003)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":123,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/G3258P3I"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/G3258P3I"],"itemData":{"id":123,"type":"article-journal","title":"Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis by cannabinoids","container-title":"The FASEB Journal","page":"529-531","volume":"17","issue":"3","source":"fasebj.org (Atypon)","abstract":"SPECIFIC AIMSCannabinoids, the active components of marijuana and their derivatives, inhibit tumor growth in animal models, but the mechanism of their anti-tumoral action in vivo is still unclear. Because the generation of a new vascular supply (angiogenesis) is causally involved in the progression of the majority of solid tumors, the aim of this study was to test whether cannabinoids inhibit tumor angiogenesis.PRINCIPAL FINDINGS1. Cannabinoid administration inhibits tumor angiogenesisWe induced malignant tumors in immune-deficient mice by subcutaneous flank inoculation of rat C6 glioma cells or human grade IV astrocytoma cells and injected them for 8 days with vehicle or the nonpsychoactive CB2 cannabinoid agonist JWH-133 at 50 μg/day. We found that tumors from cannabinoid-treated animals were smaller and paler than controls (Fig. 1⤻ A, B). Analysis of the vasculature by immunostaining of CD31, an endothelial cell marker, revealed no significant effect of JWH-133 on microvascular count (number of blood vessels per unit area) in the tumors (data not shown). However, cannabinoid administration turned the microvascular hyperplasia of control tumors (Fig. 1C, E⤻ ) to a pattern of blood vessels characterized predominantly by very small and narrow capillaries (Fig. 1D, F⤻ ). Moreover, whereas control tumors showed a fractionated immunostaining of smooth muscle α-actin (SMA) (Fig. 1G⤻ ), a smooth muscle cell and pericyte marker, in cannabinoid-treated tumors SMA-positive cells had a mature appearance and remained closely investing the endothelial wall (Fig. 1H⤻ ). We next examined whether these changes in tumor vascularization led to actual differences in vascular functionality as assessed by a vascular permeability assay. Tumor-bearing animals were anesthetized and Evans blue (1% in PBS, 100 μL/mouse) was injected into the tail vein. We found that dye accessibility to the tumors was much lower in cannabinoid-treated animals than in controls. Thus, analysis of the in situ tumor pictures showed that the dye extravasation area in the tumor relative to total tumor area was 84 ± 11% in control animals and 15 ± 7% in JWH-133-treated animals for C6 cell gliomas (n=4, P<0.01) and 88 ± 19% in control animals and 21 ± 11% in JWH-133-treated animals for human astrocytomas (n=4, P<0.01). All these observations indicate that the vascular network of actively growing control tumors is large, plastic, and leaky whereas that of slowly growing cannabinoid-treated tumors is small, differentiated, and impermeable.Figure 1. Cannabinoid administration inhibits tumor angiogenesis. A, B) General appearance of dissected tumors. Animals bearing C6 cell gliomas (A) or human astrocytomas (B) were treated without (−) or with (+) JWH-133. Note the small size and pale color of cannabinoid-treated tumors. C–F) CD31 staining showing the blood vessel pattern in the tumors. Animals bearing C6 cell gliomas (C, D) or human astrocytomas (E, F) were treated without (C, E) or with (D, F) JWH-133. Note the small size of the vessels in cannabinoid-treated tumors. G, H) SMA staining showing the pattern of smooth muscle cells and pericytes in the tumor blood vessels. Animals bearing human astrocytomas were treated without (G) or with (H) JWH-133. Note the high perivascular coverage in cannabinoid-treated tumors. Representative tumors are shown in each panel. Similar data were obtained in 7–9 (A, B) or 3–4 (C–H) additional animals.Download figure Download PowerPoint2. Cannabinoid administration inhibits vascular endothelial cell migration and survivalWe examined the direct effect of cannabinoids on vascular endothelial cell migration and survival. Western blot analyses showed that primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) express the two subtypes of cannabinoid receptors (data not shown). In cell culture experiments, JWH-133 (25 nM) inhibited HUVEC migration as assessed by the Boyden chamber method (57±19% of control, n=6, P<0.01) and induced HUVEC apoptosis as determined by oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation and TUNEL staining (data not shown).3. Cannabinoid administration inhibits tumor expression of proangiogenic factors and improves other markers of tumor malignancyTumors promote angiogenesis by secreting proangiogenic cytokines, which induce the formation of blood vessels. We next tested whether JWH-133 inhibits angiogenesis not only by targeting vascular endothelial cells directly, but also by interfering with proangiogenic factor expression. Cannabinoid administration markedly reduced the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the most potent and ubiquitous proangiogenic factor, and of angiopoietin 2 (Ang2), which also contributes to the angiogenic process by preventing vessel maturation (Fig. 2⤻ A). In contrast, Ang1 expression was not affected by JWH-133, in line with previous reports showing that this cytokine is not greatly involved in the pathogenesis of gliomas. Cannabinoid treatment decreased as well the activity and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), a proteolytic enzyme that allows tissue breakdown and remodeling during invasive angiogenesis, whereas tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) expression remained unaffected (Fig. 2B⤻ ). Moreover, areas of necrosis with palisading nuclei, a characteristic of highly malignant tumors, appeared in control but not in cannabinoid-treated tumors (Fig. 2C⤻ ).Figure 2. Cannabinoid administration inhibits expression of proangiogenic factors and improves other markers of tumor malignancy. A, B) Animals bearing C6 cell gliomas (C6) or human astrocytomas (HA) were treated without (−) or with (+) JWH-133. A) Expression of VEGF, Ang1 and Ang2 in the tumors as determined by Northern blot. 7S RNA was used as loading control. B) MMP-2 activity (zymogram, top), MMP-2 expression (Western blot, middle) and TIMP-2 expression (Western blot, bottom) in the tumors. C) Necrosis (N) with palisading nuclei (P) in C6 cell gliomas from control (left) but not JWH-133-treated (right) animals. Representative tumors are shown in each panel. Similar data were obtained in 2–4 additional animals.Download figure Download PowerPointCONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCECannabinoids inhibit tumor growth in animal models, but the mechanism of their anti-tumoral action in vivo is still unclear. Here we report that cannabinoids inhibit tumor angiogenesis in vivo and that at least two mechanisms may be involved in this cannabinoid action: direct inhibition of vascular endothelial cell migration and survival, and suppression of proangiogenic factor and MMP expression in the tumors. A parsimonious interpretation of these and our previous findings is that cannabinoids inhibit tumor growth by activating cannabinoid receptors in both vascular endothelial cells and tumor cells. By inhibiting vascular endothelial cell migration and survival, cannabinoids would directly prevent blood vessel formation. By targeting tumor cells, cannabinoids would induce their apoptosis and also suppress proangiogenic factor and MMP production, further blocking tumor growth and angiogenesis (Fig. 3⤻ ).Figure 3. Schematic diagram depicting possible mechanisms involved in cannabinoid anti-tumoral action.Download figure Download PowerPointVEGF and Ang2 are essential for the vascularization of many types of tumors. Coinciding with high expression of these major proangiogenic factors, vascular profiles of actively growing tumors are usually characterized by enhanced leakage, weak association with perivascular cells, and abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix. This is precisely what we observe in tumors from control animals (i.e., high VEGF and Ang2 expression associated with increased vascular permeability, fractionated SMA staining, and enhanced MMP-2 activity), just the opposite of what occurs in cannabinoid-treated tumors.Two different cannabinoid receptors have been characterized and cloned from mammalian tissues: the “central” CB1 receptor, which is responsible for cannabinoid psychoactivity, and the “peripheral” CB2 receptor, which is unrelated to cannabinoid psychoactivity. We show here that vascular endothelial cells, like glioma cells, express functional CB2 receptors. Hence the present report, together with the possible implication of CB2 or CB2-like receptors in the control of, for example, peripheral pain and multiple sclerosis-linked spasticity, opens the attractive possibility of finding cannabinoid-based therapeutic strategies devoid of undesirable CB1-mediated psychotropic side effects.Because active angiogenesis is causally involved in the progression of the majority of solid tumors, considerable effort is being made in developing effective anti-angiogenic drugs to treat cancer. In the context of the renaissance in the study of the therapeutic effects of cannabinoids, our findings show that these compounds may be considered promising anti-tumoral agents as they inhibit tumor angiogenesis and growth in vivo with no significant side effects. This report provides a mechanistic basis for the anti-tumoral action of cannabinoids and a novel pharmacological target for cannabinoid-based anti-tumoral therapies. Nonetheless, further research is required to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which cannabinoids control proangiogenic factor and MMP production and how these molecules in turn affect blood vessel formation.1To read the full text of this article, go to http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/doi/10.1096/fj.02-0795fje; to cite this article, use FASEB J. (January 2, 2003) 10.1096/fj.02-0795fje2These authors contributed equally to this work.","DOI":"10.1096/fj.02-0795fje","ISSN":"0892-6638","journalAbbreviation":"The FASEB Journal","author":[{"family":"Blázquez","given":"Cristina"},{"family":"Casanova","given":"M. Llanos"},{"family":"Planas","given":"Anna"},{"family":"Del Pulgar","given":"Teresa Gómez"},{"family":"Villanueva","given":"Concepción"},{"family":"Fernández-Aceñero","given":"María J."},{"family":"Aragonés","given":"Julián"},{"family":"Huffman","given":"John W."},{"family":"Jorcano","given":"José L."},{"family":"Guzmán","given":"Manuel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2003",1,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Blázquez et al., 2003). This gives an insight into the antitumor properties of a drug, which might be beneficial in the development of promising anticancer therapies in the future.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Blázquez, C., Casanova, M. L., Planas, A., Del Pulgar, T. G., Villanueva, C., Fernández-Aceñero, M. J., … Guzmán, M. (2003). Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis by cannabinoids. The FASEB Journal, 17(3), 529–531. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.02-0795fje

CBD, THC, and Cancer. (n.d.). Retrieved October 30, 2019, from https://www.projectcbd.org/article/cbd-thc-and-cancer

CBD vs. THC: What’s the Difference? (n.d.). Retrieved October 30, 2019, from WebMD website: https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/cbd-thc-difference

Differences Between Cannabidiol (CBD) and Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). (2019, March 5). Retrieved October 30, 2019, from News-Medical.net website: https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Cannabidiol-(CBD)-versus-Tetrahydrocannabinol-(THC).aspx

Śledziński, P., Zeyland, J., Słomski, R., & Nowak, A. (2018). The current state and future perspectives of cannabinoids in cancer biology. Cancer Medicine, 7(3), 765–775. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.1312

Using Cannabis to Treat Cancer | Project CBD. (n.d.). Retrieved October 30, 2019, from https://www.projectcbd.org/medicine/using-cannabis-treat-cancer

Assignment

Assignment

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

Assignment

Explain how cannabis works in the body by including information regarding the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and endocannabinoid deficiency syndrome

Introduction

Cannabis is a term that is used to denote the different psychoactive preparations of the Cannabis Sativa plant. The main psychoactive constituent in this is ∆-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The compounds that are structurally similar to THC are known as cannabinoids.

The endocannabinoid system is a lipid signaling system that is comprised of endogenous cannabis-like ligands (endocannabinoids), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and anandamide (AEA). These bind to G protein-coupled receptors that are known as CB1 and CB2. The CB1 receptors are present in brain areas that are associated with emotional responses, energy homeostasis, emotional senses, and motor control. The CB2 receptors are present in periphery and expressed in the pancreas liver, adipose tissue, GI tract, and reproduction system. Scientists have identified different active ingredients in marijuana and also discovered that how it works in a brain via a system known as endocannabinoid system. This is a complex cell signaling system that is identified in the early 1990s by scientists who were exploring THC (well-known cannabinoid found in cannabis). The endocannabinoid system plays an important role in regulating a wide variety of processes and functions such as mood, appetite, sleep, memory, reproduction and fertility, cardiovascular system function, liver function, stress, bone remodeling, and growth and skin, and nerve function.

The ECS system is consists of three main components: endocannabinoids receptors, enzymes, and receptors. The two main endocannabinoids which are identified so far are anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglyerol (2-AG). These help in keeping the internal function of the body smoothly. Endocannabinoid receptors are found throughout the body. The two main endocannabinoid receptors are

CB1 receptors: they are found in the central nervous system

CB2 receptors: they are found in the peripheral nervous system

The main function of enzymes is to break down endocannabinoids after they have carried out their functions. The two main enzymes that are responsible for this role are fatty acid amide hydrolase, which is responsible for the breakdown of AEA and monoacylglycerol acid lipase, which breaks down 2-AG ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mouslech</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>196</RecNum><DisplayText>(Mouslech and Valla)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>196</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2s2s0zrapsf0pbe5efuvv20f9rszvx0sd2fe" timestamp="1572431691">196</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mouslech, Zadalla</author><author>Valla, Vasiliki</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Endocannabinoid system: an overview of its potential in current medical practice</title><secondary-title>Neuroendocrinology Letters</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Neuroendocrinology Letters</full-title></periodical><pages>153-179</pages><volume>30</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2009</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Mouslech and Valla).

What Is Clinical Endocannabinoid Deficiency (CECD)?

According to many researchers, the deficiency in the endocannabinoid system can be a cause of many underlying medical conditions such as fibromyalgia, migraine, and irritable bowel syndrome. Endocannabinoid deficiency occurs due to an underlying problem in the endocannabinoid system. This can be due to defective and missing receptors. If the body does not maintain the physiological system balance, then disease occurs ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Greco</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>198</RecNum><DisplayText>(Greco et al.)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>198</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2s2s0zrapsf0pbe5efuvv20f9rszvx0sd2fe" timestamp="1572431784">198</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Greco, Rosaria</author><author>Gasperi, Valeria</author><author>Maccarrone, Mauro</author><author>Tassorelli, Cristina</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The endocannabinoid system and migraine</title><secondary-title>Experimental neurology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Experimental neurology</full-title></periodical><pages>85-91</pages><volume>224</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><isbn>0014-4886</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Greco et al.). Although the exact cause of the migraine is not fully understood, it is predicted in some studies that deficiency in the production of anandamide can contribute to the migraine due to lack of regulating of serotonin. Another condition that is associated with the deficiency of endocannabinoid is fibromyalgia, which is a chronic condition. According to some studies endocannabinoid system regulates the nociceptive threshold, which is responsible for the detection of pain and transmitting signals to the brain. Serotonin has great involvement in fibromyalgia, and studies have shown that cannabinoid can block peripheral, spinal, and gastrointestinal mechanisms, which promote pain. Irritable bowel syndrome is also caused by the deficiency of endocannabinoid deficiency. In this also, serotonin plays an important part as it is caused by the increased level of serotonin in the blood ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Russo</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>197</RecNum><DisplayText>(Russo)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>197</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2s2s0zrapsf0pbe5efuvv20f9rszvx0sd2fe" timestamp="1572431737">197</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Russo, Ethan B</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Clinical endocannabinoid deficiency reconsidered: current research supports the theory in migraine, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel, and other treatment-resistant syndromes</title><secondary-title>Cannabis and cannabinoid research</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Cannabis and cannabinoid research</full-title></periodical><pages>154-165</pages><volume>1</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>2378-8763</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Russo).

Describe four different delivery routes patients may use cannabis, the onset of action for each, and one pro and one con of each route.

Vaporization

One method of administration of cannabis is vaporization. In this instead of burning plant material, cannabis is heated to a high temperature, which releases the medicine in vapor form, which in turn is inhaled by the patient just like a nebulizer treatment. The original vaporizers used for cannabis were clumsy, but today, many vaporizers are available in a market in a different size, cost, shape, and effectiveness. One of the advantages of this mode of administration is that many home and portable models are available with digital temperature control, which patients can also use while traveling. The disadvantage associated with this mode of administration is amount of cannabinoids that are incorporated into the body depends on parameters such as the type and amount of cannabis, the duration of vaporization and temperature.

Sublingual Delivery

Another mode of administration of cannabis is oromucosal and sublingual delivery. Tinctures are prepared in a base of oil, glycerol, and alcohol. Most of the concentrated tinctures are administered by dropper under the tongue, and in a few minutes, the patient feels the effect. One of the advantages of this method is that it provides a rapid onset of action as medicine is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream. This mode of administration is best for those who are not comfortable with smoking cigarettes and patients with chronic diseases who need cannabinoids high level in their bodies in a continuous manner. One of the disadvantages of this route is that it can be associated with overdose.

Oral Ingestion

Taking of cannabis in both pill and liquid form has both benefits and drawbacks. Cannabinoids are fat-soluble, and their absorption through gut is less predictable and slow. Absorption depends on the metabolism of individuals. In this mode of delivery, the onset of action is about 30 minutes to an hour. The medicine is metabolized in the liver before getting into the bloodstream. In the liver, THC is converted into 11 hydroxy THC, which is more psychoactive as compared to THC. One of the advantages of this route is that the effect of medicine lasts longer, and the patient does not have to take medicine frequently. The disadvantage of this mode of administration is that on prolonged use, it can cause lesions and sores.

Topical Application

Cannabis can be applied externally as lotion and topical ointment. It is used in the treatment of arthritis, muscle pain, and skin inflammation. One advantage of this mode of administration is that it helps in the target delivery of medicine. The disadvantage of this route is that the exact mechanism of its absorption through the skin is not clear ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mary Lynn Mathre</Author><RecNum>199</RecNum><DisplayText>(Mary Lynn Mathre)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>199</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2s2s0zrapsf0pbe5efuvv20f9rszvx0sd2fe" timestamp="1572431982">199</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mary Lynn Mathre, RN, MSN, CARN</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Cannabis (Marijuana) for Medical Use</title></titles><volume>2019</volume><dates></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Mary Lynn Mathre).

Conclusion

Cannabis, which is a psychoactive drug and derived from the cannabis plant, is used for recreational and medicinal purposes. The deficiency in the endocannabinoid system can be a cause of many underlying medical conditions such as fibromyalgia, migraine, and irritable bowel syndrome. Cannabis can be administered by several routes such as oral, sublingual, topical, and inhalation.

References

ADDIN EN.REFLIST Greco, Rosaria, et al. "The Endocannabinoid System and Migraine." Experimental neurology 224.1 (2010): 85-91. Print.

Mary Lynn Mathre, RN, MSN, CARN. "Cannabis (Marijuana) for Medical Use." Web2019.

Mouslech, Zadalla, and Vasiliki Valla. "Endocannabinoid System: An Overview of Its Potential in Current Medical Practice." Neuroendocrinology Letters 30.2 (2009): 153-79. Print.

Russo, Ethan B. "Clinical Endocannabinoid Deficiency Reconsidered: Current Research Supports the Theory in Migraine, Fibromyalgia, Irritable Bowel, and Other Treatment-Resistant Syndromes." Cannabis and cannabinoid research 1.1 (2016): 154-65. Print.

Assignment

Assignment

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Assignment

ProQuest is a search engine committed to associate the significant work conducted in the world’s research and knowledge societies. The company curates material that matters to the development of knowledge, accumulating a library of billions of examined, indexed articles (Marleen, 2018). From an article taking from the ProQuest, it was suggested that with a partnership viewpoint, select social factors of health (SDOH) and alleviating strategies emphasis nurses' social policy advocacy to progress the health of underprivileged inhabitants and decrease health inequities (Marleen, 2018). The study has suggested that nurses involve in multispectral partnerships and accept a Health in All Policies (HiAP) method to address social and health requirements of concern. It is concluded from the review of the articles that social determinants of health can be addressed effectively along with the nurse’s advocacy. Also, the policies and strategies demand nurses’ involvement in the advocacy and social policies ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aarlu4c42v","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (\\uc0\\u8220{}Nurse advocacy ERIC search engine - Google Search,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)}","plainCitation":"(“Nurse advocacy ERIC search engine - Google Search,” n.d.)"},"citationItems":[{"id":282,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/749U7SZT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/749U7SZT"],"itemData":{"id":282,"type":"webpage","title":"Nurse advocacy ERIC search engine - Google Search","URL":"https://www.google.com/search?source=hp&ei=8F65XcPbFtGHk74PufeRkAI&q=Nurse+advocacy+ERIC+search+engine&oq=Nurse+advocacy+ERIC+search+engine&gs_l=psy-ab.3..33i160.1925.1925..2845...0.0..0.349.349.3-1......0....2j1..gws-wiz.....0.ZZihluf0Bec&ved=0ahUKEwjDk53H3MPlAhXRw8QBHbl7BCIQ4dUDCAY&uact=5","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,30]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Nurse advocacy ERIC search engine," n.d.). The search engine and databases ERIC was also helpful in revealing the detailed articles on nurse advocacy (“Nurse Advocacy ERIC search engine," n.d.).

The Most Effective Search Engine

The search engines using Google scholar to review different articles published in the year 2017 and 2018 related to nursing advocacy, it is demonstrated that nurse advocacy to progress public health and health impartiality through targeted communal elements is possible. Particularly on behalf of underprivileged and disadvantaged individuals, nursing advocacy is significant to improve patient’s health (Williams et al., 2018). Through various components of the precise social determinants and evidence-based guidelines via nursing, advocacy helps achieve improved health of the community (Williams et al., 2018). Policy advocacy and dedicated resources are vital to address communal aspects that form population health (Levey, 2018). Databases such as ProQuest and Google scholar were found to be more updated, and related articles were available in one click. Additionally, the quality of articles and the detailed article was published to evaluation the articles for our research.

References

Marleen Thornton PhD, R. N. (2018). Preparing today's nurses: Social determinants of health and nursing education. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 23(3), 1-9.

Levey, J. A. (2018). Universal design for instruction in nursing education: An integrative review. Nursing education perspectives, 39(3), 156-161.

Williams, S. D., Phillips, J. M., & Koyama, K. (2018). Nurse advocacy: adopting a health in all policies approach. Online J Issues Nurs, 23(3).

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Nurse advocacy ERIC search engine - Google Search. (n.d.). Retrieved October 30, 2019, from https://www.google.com/search?source=hp&ei=8F65XcPbFtGHk74PufeRkAI&q=Nurse+advocacy+ERIC+search+engine&oq=Nurse+advocacy+ERIC+search+engine&gs_l=psy-ab.3..33i160.1925.1925..2845...0.0..0.349.349.3-1......0....2j1..gws-wiz.....0.ZZihluf0Bec&ved=0ahUKEwjDk53H3MPlAhXRw8QBHbl7BCIQ4dUDCAY&uact=5

Assignment

Assignment

Franz Goedgedrag (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

Key Terms and Definitions

Competencies

Competencies are the characteristics and attribute that an employee needs to perform its duties on the job successfully and in an efficient manner. The competency model gives an overview of the competencies needed for good performance.

Developing Compensation systems

Compensation is generally determined by the job analysis which gives an overview of the minimum and other benefits that must be granted top employee according to his or her expertise and the requirements necessary to perform (Pynes & Lombardi, 2011).

Job family

A job family consists of a series of related job titles, which are differentiated based on the knowledge, abilities and skills required to perform job duties.

Job description

The job description is the written statement obtained after detailed job analysis and it includes the duties, tasks, and responsibilities of a job. A job description also includes the job title.

Job design

A job consists of outlined tasks and responsibilities, qualifications and the methods needed to perform a specific set of on job activities. It is often influenced by external and internal changes (Pynes & Lombardi, 2011).

Performance evaluation

Performance evaluation allows appraising employees' against job standards determined by the job analysis. It also helps identify the areas of accountability.

Human Resource planning, development, and training

HR Planning is all about the number of employees and organization needs to fulfill the necessary tasks to achieve its organizational objectives. Job analysis enables human resource department to plan the knowledge, abilities, and skills essential to accomplish a job.

Strategic Job Analysis

A strategic job analysis not only involves planning for recruitment and selection but also involves developing compensations systems and identifying job-related competencies that help in employee evaluation.

Risk Management

Risk management in HR involves identifying any job hazards, which is later used to train employees in the areas of health and safety, dangers and possible security concerns.

Discussion Questions

Jobs analysis is the process of gathering and analyzing information about the requirements of human resource and the job context. During a job analysis information is obtained about different activities of the job, educational requirements of a job, type of skills needed, required communication and interpersonal skills, responsibilities and the detailed information of knowledge, abilities and skills need to do a job. It defines the job organization within a job family and also enables interested employees to search for opportunities for career advancements ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"XbRGXdR1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Job Analysis | Human Resources | Nebraska,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Job Analysis | Human Resources | Nebraska,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":262,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/svENvmyw/items/TLFDLDYN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/svENvmyw/items/TLFDLDYN"],"itemData":{"id":262,"type":"webpage","title":"Job Analysis | Human Resources | Nebraska","URL":"https://hr.unl.edu/compensation/nuvalues/jobanalysis.shtml/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,17]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Job Analysis | Human Resources | Nebraska,” n.d.).

Job analysis impacts all the areas of human resource planning, recruitment, selection and training, and development as well. First of all, it identifies the knowledge, abilities and skills wanted to complete a job (Pynes & Lombardi, 2011). Secondly, it allows developing compensation system based on the job requirements, educational requirements, previous job experiences, and the employee working conditions. It provides a standardized procedure to measure the wages and minimum pay and other monetary and non-monetary benefits across an organization. Moreover, it determines the skills needed for the job and allows to plan for training and development needs. Job analysis identifies the tasks and responsibilities and therefore employees' performance can be evaluated according to the standard developed. Furthermore, it identifies job hazards and ensures planning is done for security and health and safety of employees. Lastly, job analysis identifies the internal and external changes which impact job design.

During a job analysis, the information is generally collected on education requirements, necessary skills and competencies to perform a job in an effective and efficient manner, managerial responsibilities, working conditions, interpersonal and communication skills, external and agency contacts, and the information of knowledge, skills, and abilities. Knowledge is conceptual information, skills are competencies and abilities are the aptitude to perform a job. For this purpose, the most commonly sued methods include Interviews, Questionnaires, Observation, Structured Checklist, critical incident technique, diary or log and sometimes a combination of all or some of these methods (Pynes & Lombardi, 2011).

Job descriptions usually include information about the job position such as job title, pay scale, location, department and reporting relationship. It may also involve exempt or nonexempt status under labor acts, such as Equal Employment Opportunity demands anti-harassment, anti-discrimination policies ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"GsGzsT2W","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Combs, 2009)","plainCitation":"(Combs, 2009)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":268,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/svENvmyw/items/8Y7KZ7R5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/svENvmyw/items/8Y7KZ7R5"],"itemData":{"id":268,"type":"book","title":"Religious Discrimination and Racial Harassment: What Ever Happened to MarShawn DeMur?","publisher":"Society for Human Resource Management","publisher-place":"1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","event-place":"1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom","URL":"http://sk.sagepub.com/cases/religious-discrimination-racial-harassment-marshawn-demur","ISBN":"978-1-4739-5946-0","note":"DOI: 10.4135/9781473959460","shortTitle":"Religious Discrimination and Racial Harassment","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Combs","given":"Gwendolyn"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,17]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Combs, 2009). It also includes a summary of job which is general job responsibilities, necessary duties, and job specification as well. The job specification is the statement of qualifications needed to perform a job well.

A competency model incorporates a set of different competencies required to perform a job effectively and it covers a broad range of jobs than the typical job analysis. It is merged as a valuable tool used by the human resource department to define the knowledge and skills requirements needed for a job. It is generally created for job groups, specific jobs, specific industries, and organizations. The reason for developing a competency model is that different jobs demand different skills set and competencies such as nursing and healthcare professionals need different competencies to outperform their jobs. For instance, the competencies identified for health care managers such as structuring and positioning healthcare organizations, demonstrating leadership, interpersonal skills, financial management, and application of statistical analysis, etc.

Contextual performance refers to the performance that is not directly linked with the specific tasks, for instance, enhancing the psychological environment, which eventually increases jobs performance. On the other hand, task activities are a direct contribution to the technical and or core of a department. The two types of contextual performance analysis include personality-based job analysis and team-based job analysis. Personality-based job analysis highlights the behaviors liked with contextual performance, while team-based job analysis refers to aspects necessary in performing a job in the team.

References

Pynes, J. E., & Lombardi, D. N. (2011). Human resources management for health care organizations: a strategic approach. John Wiley & Sons.

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Combs, G. (2009). Religious Discrimination and Racial Harassment: What Ever Happened to MarShawn DeMur? https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473959460

Job Analysis | Human Resources | Nebraska. (n.d.). Retrieved April 17, 2019, from https://hr.unl.edu/compensation/nuvalues/jobanalysis.shtml/

Assignment

Assignment

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Assignment

Introduction

In today’s world of tough competition, every company wants to grow and excel at an exceptional rate, with maximum profits and stable or increasing goodwill. To achieve both these purposes, the organizations, all over the world, are focusing on various aspects like producing quality products, improving the quality and standards of their products on regular basis, adopting up to date techniques for the production of their units and hiring the right kind of talent as workforce in the organization. Much of the focus is placed on the last part as employees are the most important and valuable asset of any company. In order to hire the right kind of talent for the organization, various methods are adopted so that the most appropriate person can be selected. One of the most important procedures among them is the Criminal History Record Check (CHRC). Criminal History Record Check or Criminal Background check is the checking or investigation of the past history of a potential employee to make sure that the person was not involved in any kind of criminal or illegal activity.

Discussion

Criminal Background Check or Criminal History Record Check (CHRC) is becoming an essential procedure or a norm in almost every organization in current times (Harris, & Keller, 2005). This background check is very helpful as it assists in increasing the credibility of the employee for the company. Moreover, CHRC is also assistive in reducing the liability of the company along with the reducing the ri8skof theft, minimizing the threat to workplace and promotion of public safety. Secure and reliable agencies can be reached for the purpose of Criminal History Record Checks like the local police department, FBI or CIA.

Criminal History Record Check (CHRC) is especially important in the area on health care, medical and nursing, where special heed is required in case of performing various medical procedures on the patients. The procedure of Criminal Background Check also garners much more important in the case of the healthcare industry as the nature of work is very sensitive and involves playing with life and death. Many cases are heard every now and then, in which a medical practitioner, a doctor, nurse an even a ward boy or cleaner in involved in the murder of an innocent patient. Sometimes the death toll rises to many patients just due to the negligence in the background check of the records by the hospital HR department, while staffing (Holzer, Raphael, & Stoll, 2006). This may sound like a small mistake in the beginning but it might turn into a blunder and even a sin later on and can bring grave results for the individual themselves and for the healthcare facility as well.

Conclusion

In short, it can be seen that Criminal History Record Check (CHRC) or Criminal Background Check is an extremely important step for any organization while hiring or staffing the employees on board. Even a little negligence in this respect might leave to very serious and grave consequences and may result in the loss of precious lives.

References

Harris, P. M., & Keller, K. S. (2005). Ex-offenders need not apply: The criminal background checks in hiring decisions. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 21(1), 6-30.

Holzer, H. J., Raphael, S., & Stoll, M. A. (2006). Perceived criminality, criminal background checks, and the racial hiring practices of employers. The Journal of Law and Economics, 49(2), 451-480.

Assignment

Assignment

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Assignment

Essay 1

Five years ago, when my husband Joe had cancer, surgery, and each of his family members responded as I knew they would. Everything was running smoothly so that Joe and his father decided to organize the family's call. Therefore, Jane, Matt, and Jim received the instructions detailed sheet through the mail. It included the day when they had to call R.J. Smith hospital to talk to Joe and what present would be sent. On instructions, Jane enraged and promptly threw a tantrum by calling Matt and me to complain about her father's overbearing behavior. She shouted, "I am a psychiatrist who knows how to handle the situations. I am not a child." Matt responded, predictably by avoiding the situation.

He threw himself into the work. He was a late sleeper who started to take leave at 5:00 A.M. He drives through the deserted expressway and arrived at work before 6:00 A.M and did not return until 11:00 P.M. He became so exhausted that he would fall into bed without worrying about Joe. Jim also responded predictably by fumed inside for weeks. He ignored John's instructions and sent cartons of the book to Joe so he would not get bored. The books were funny because Jim read about the healing power of laughter in Norman Cousin's book. Within a few months, Joe recovered from the surgery-in in spite of his family.

Essay 2

Treatment of atrial septal defect depends upon the size and symptoms of a defect. Therefore, individualized is an atrial septal defect of less than 3mm usually closes spontaneously (The Merck Manual, 2006).). When the defect is between 3mm and 8mm, it closes spontaneously in eighty percent of cases by the age of eighteen months. However, atrial septal defects located in the anteroinferior aspect of the septum (ostium premium) in the posterior aspect of the septum near the superior vena cava or inferior vena cava (sinus venous) do not close spontaneously. If the defect is very small and the patient is asymptomatic, then it does not close spontaneously.

The treatment can be monitored via an annual echocardiogram because there is a risk of patients' becoming symptomatic. Moderate-sized atrial septal defects and patients who are symptomatic, require the closure of the shunt that is usually done between the ages of 2 and 6 years. A catheter-delivered closure device such as Amplatzer, Septal, Occluder, or Cardio-Seal device can be used for closure of atrial septal defects, which is less than 13mm in size except premium or sinus venous defects. If the defect is greater than thirteen millimeters or located near important structures, then the surgical repair becomes necessary. If the atrial septal defect is repaired during childhood, their mortality rates approach to zero. For the patient’s life expectancy approaches that of the general population prior to surgical repair, patients may need to be treated with diuretics, digoxin, ACE inhibitor, or beta-blockers to prevent congestive heart failure (Moser &Riegel, 2007).).

Following surgical repair, patients will receive aspirin to prevent clots and monitored closely for dysrhythmias and pulmonary hypertension. Oxygen and nitric oxide therapy have proven to be beneficial in treating postoperative pulmonary hypertension, and for the patients who have a premium atrial septal defect will need endocarditis prophylaxis.

Original:

I had lots of work done. I was worried about the deadline and I knew that it is important taks for my grades. I felt stress and pressure on myself. I sat doen quietly and thought how can I manage my work in a given deadline. Then I took a piece of paper and write total number and assignments and hours in which I had to complete work. Then I adjusted time for each assignment and started working for it. Finally I done my work on time. I was very happy on my progress and acomplistment of task.

Corrected:

I had a lotof work to complete. I was worried about the deadline, as I knew that it is an important task for my grades. I felt stress and pressure on myself. I sat down quietly, and thought about how can I manage my work in a given deadline. Then I took a piece of paper and wrote the total numbers of assignments and hours in which I had to complete the work. After that, I adjusted the time for each assignment, and started working on it. Finally, I completed my work on time. I was really happy with my progress and accomplishment of the task.

The answer to the questions:

The timed writing experience was different from formal writing because in time-based writing, I got less time thinks more appropriate words and better sentence structure. In addition, I made the number of typos and spelling, grammar mistakes due to the time limit. I corrected some mistakes during writing, which was highlighted by the software. Still, there were many errors remained which I could not identify as I was trying to write more in five minutes.

Their, there, they’re:

Word “their” is generally plural that is used in the possessive case of the pronoun. For instance, students got their mark sheets. Word “there” is used to put focus our attention on something. For instance, there are five birds sitting on the roof. Word “they’re” is used for two words “they are” like they’re going to the party.

Affect, effect:

The word "affect" is used as a verb that means to influence something, while "effect" means a thing that is influenced. For instance, unemployment affects families, and the effect of pollution is negative for health.

Its, It’s:

Word "it" is used to mention the thing that previously discussed, and "it's" is used for "it is" like in the sentence, "it's wrong to steal things.” The word “its” explains the belonging to something. For instance, its your life.

Then, than:

The word "then" is used to specify the time or point like "I checked the bag twice then only went for dinner. Whereas, the word "than" is used for comparison like "you are taller than me."

Accept, except:

The word “accept” is used to approve, receive, or take like “you can accept my proposal.” The word “except” is used for omitting or excluding something like, “I got A grade in all subjects except one of them” ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"p4mnp1T6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Walter, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Walter, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":843,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/THZZHXXL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/THZZHXXL"],"itemData":{"id":843,"type":"post-weblog","title":"Accept or except? Affect or effect? Spelling words that sound similar.","container-title":"About Words - Cambridge Dictionaries Online blog","abstract":"by Liz Walter A reader of one of my recent posts asked for an explanation of the difference between aught and ought. Aught is a very old-fashioned word, found mainly in old literature or poetry. St…","URL":"https://dictionaryblog.cambridge.org/2017/04/12/accept-or-except-affect-or-effect-spelling-words-that-sound-similar/","shortTitle":"Accept or except?","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Walter","given":"Liz"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",4,12]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,21]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Walter, 2017).

An apostrophe is used to indicate possession and to create contractions. In formal writing, apostrophes are not used except for o’clock. It is mostly used in informal writing and constitutes non-standard grammar ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"JH7YpPJ1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lab, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Lab, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":842,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/USJGNKY9"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/USJGNKY9"],"itemData":{"id":842,"type":"webpage","title":"Apostrophe Introduction // Purdue Writing Lab","container-title":"Purdue Writing Lab","abstract":"The Purdue University Online Writing Lab serves writers from around the world and the Purdue University Writing Lab helps writers on Purdue's campus.","URL":"https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/punctuation/apostrophe_introduction.html","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Lab","given":"Purdue Writing"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,21]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lab, n.d.)

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Lab, P. W. (n.d.). Apostrophe Introduction // Purdue Writing Lab. Retrieved October 21, 2019, from Purdue Writing Lab website: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/punctuation/apostrophe_introduction.html

Walter, L. (2017, April 12). Accept or except? Affect or effect? Spelling words that sound similar. Retrieved October 21, 2019, from About Words - Cambridge Dictionaries Online blog website: https://dictionaryblog.cambridge.org/2017/04/12/accept-or-except-affect-or-effect-spelling-words-that-sound-similar/

Assignment

My Goals in Healthcare

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

My Goals in Healthcare

Healthcare Field of Study

Healthcare is a field of study with a wide range which covers many areas of study and anyone who aspires to work as a healthcare professional can take admission in a variety of subjects like biology, chemistry, anatomy & physiology, psychology, medical terminology, medical law, public health, or ethics. Healthcare professionals deal with the most vulnerable members of society therefore they are expected to have full command over their subject and full capability to apply to practice their skill(s). A variety of health-related occupations like hospitals, clinics, medical centers, physicians' offices, nursing homes, schools, veterinary clinics, and armed forces offer jobs to healthcare professionals.

My Goals

A healthcare professional deals with patients so he or she must learn how to deal with these vulnerable human beings, and he or she cannot learn how to deal with patients if he or she does not know how to deal with himself/herself in different situations (Williams, Lippincott. & Wilkins 2012). Therefore, I will start learning the basics of personality development from the classroom and will polish my skills one by one unless I make myself capable enough for doing this job. I will develop critical thinking by reading and productive debates with my fellow students on the subject. I will polish my listening and speaking skills to make myself capable of dealing with patients. Basic knowledge about the human psyche and behavior is essential in handling both myself and the patients, I would learn basics about this field of study as well. Moreover, study of ethical literature is also part of my plans which would help to learn how to work ethically with different patients and books about the medicines which are provided to patients in case of emergency. I am hopeful that this much training and education would enable me to start my career.

I look forward to work for international organizations like the United Nations Organization (UNO), and World Health Organization (WHO). Lippincott Williams suggests in his book Student Success for Health Professionals that a healthcare student must make an organized plan and set realistic goals with clear objectives to become successful in both life and the profession. He explains a roadmap to become a healthcare professional. He suggests setting a Career Path, so that making a strategy would be easier. It is important in setting the career path to determine one’s goal. I have planned to become a healthcare professional after studying the subject of Medical Terminology. He suggests joining a credible platform to do the practice of the skills. I will apply for the job to both the UNO and the WHO. Since the world population is increasing dramatically, the necessity of healthcare professionals is also increasing at the same pace. The United Nations missions to Nigeria, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Sudan have to deal with many malnourished children who usually die during treatment. I will join the UN missions to these regions and attempt to save as many children from dying as I can. I will also write research articles on the subject of the World Health Organization. I look forward to facing challenges and dealing with as many different patients as possible to grind my skill, so that I may become a globally acknowledged healthcare professional.

Conclusion

The healthcare profession is one of the latest emerging professions and the demand for this profession is also increasing with time. I have joined the institution to learn healthcare skills so I would be able to choose this profession formally. I will learn this profession theoretically on this platform and will practice the knowledge and skills in a clinic. I have decided, after that to work for the UN missions to African countries and the World Health Organization projects. These platforms will enable me to work in a broader context and earn a better livelihood as well.

References

Williams, Lippincott. & Wilkins (2012). LWW’s STUDENT SUCCESS FOR HEALTH PROFESSIONALS Made Incredibly Easy. The People’s Republic of China.

Assignment

Assignment

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Assignment

During my undergraduate studies, I had the privilege of attending a social event at SOS children's village. I had an enlightening experience that greatly impacted my life. I was part of the organization dedicated to helping kids and young children at an orphanage by providing necessities such as food and clothes. The organization was also responsible for arranging social events at orphan homes with the sole purpose of ensuring humanity and social equality. According to the studies, there are almost 8 million children who are spending their lives in orphan homes ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"laGjEtL5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hunt, Mohandessi, Ghodssi, & Akiyama, 1976)","plainCitation":"(Hunt, Mohandessi, Ghodssi, & Akiyama, 1976)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":178,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/PWX268TK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/PWX268TK"],"itemData":{"id":178,"type":"article-journal","title":"The psychological development of orphanage-reared infants: Interventions with outcomes (Tehran)","container-title":"Genetic Psychology Monographs","page":"177-226","volume":"94","issue":"2","source":"APA PsycNET","abstract":"Describes 5 successive interventions used in rearing 66 infants in 5 groups at an orphanage in Tehran. Ss were examined every other week during the 1st yr, every 4th wk thereafter, using the 7 ordinal sensorimotor scales of J. C. Uzgiris and J. Hunt. Group 1 (15 Ss) were controls and received only the periodic examinations. The intervention planned for Group 2 (10 Ss) was audiovisual enrichment under the control of the Ss, but was never adequately implemented. Group 3 (10 Ss) received extra untutored human care. Group 4 (20 Ss) received audiovisual intervention plus access to responsive inanimate materials. Group 5 (11 Ss) received attention from caretakers who had been instructed in early learning programs and in fostering vocal imitation and semantic mastery. Each successive group (except the 2nd) achieved the top steps of nearly all the scales at mean ages younger than the preceding group, and the 5th group surpassed even home-reared American children from professional families on 5 of the 7 scales. The findings show that infants need not advance along all branches simultaneously and that the kinds of experience encountered determine the branch along which advancement occurs. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed. (55 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","ISSN":"0016-6677(Print)","title-short":"The psychological development of orphanage-reared infants","author":[{"family":"Hunt","given":"J. McVicker"},{"family":"Mohandessi","given":"Khossrow"},{"family":"Ghodssi","given":"Mehri"},{"family":"Akiyama","given":"Michihiko"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1976"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hunt, Mohandessi, Ghodssi, & Akiyama, 1976). The assessable and methodical method adopted by such orphanage homes makes sure that children are loved, cared, educated, and are kept healthy and safe. One of the orphanages that I visited during my affiliation with this organization was the SOS children village.

My first-hand encounter was with the boy who had recently lost his parents in a car accident. He was in the backseat when he survived the crash. He was quiet among all the children there. I sat beside him and asked him what his name was. He didn’t answer. I later inquired if he wanted to play with me and the other kids. He didn’t say anything and kept looking to the ground. I was heartbroken. I had never experienced the pain of losing a parent but I believe losing a family and a home is the biggest tragedy, a kid of a seven-year-old can go through. I kept sitting beside him and he decided not to say a word. His silence was the biggest cry. A cry for social acceptance. A cry for a loving family and a home.

Although the orphanage was lit with the laughter of kids, the air seemed to be filled with silent cries of deranged children. In the middle of the well-organized party, where some kids welcomed the gifts with open arms, some of them refused to talk. Others kept crying with the silent voices.

My experience throughout the whole event was overwhelming. I decided to make a proposal to an organization according to which we will be responsible for finding a suitable family for these kids that not only provide the necessities but is more focused on providing them with extra love and care.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Hunt, J. M., Mohandessi, K., Ghodssi, M., & Akiyama, M. (1976). The psychological development of orphanage-reared infants: Interventions with outcomes (Tehran). Genetic Psychology Monographs, 94(2), 177–226.

Assignment

Assignment

Equal Employment Opportunity Laws and Health Care Human Resource Management.

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Equal Employment Opportunity Laws and Health Care Human Resource Management.

Introduction

The disparity in terms of the racial and ethnic representation is one of the biggest issues that is being faced in terms of the human resource management these days (Tartaglia et al. 2007). As the awareness with regards to these issues have increased, there is an increase consensus among all the stakeholders to make sure that some sort of effort is needed to be made to mitigate this effort. In this regard, the role of the different stakeholders becomes all the more important in the sense. Now, one industry in which the disparity is not being talked about enough is the long-term care and healthcare industry. Despite the fact that healthcare industry is one of the biggest industries, one gets to see considerable prejudice as far as the way treatment of the different people is witnessed in this industry. The need of the hour is to realize what are some of the issues that one gets to see with regards to the disparity among the different racial profiles and how the level of control can be achieved in this regard (Tartaglia et al. 2007).

Racial and Ethnic Disparity in the LTC

As per the research that was carried out during last year, it was seen that about 33 % of the whole population of the United States is comprised of the ethnical and racial minority and thus it means that they are sizable portion of the whole market. The rate at which the population among these demographics is increasing, there is an estimate that this number is going to reach as high as 50 % in the next three decades (Pynes & Lombardi, 2011). At the same time, when one talks about children, they comprise about 43 % of the total children that receive long term care and they belong to the ethnic and racial minority (Freeman et al. 2012). It implies that there is greater population at risk at the moment when it comes to the long-term healthcare issues and one of the key things that is needed to be done in this regard is to make sure that what can be done. As far as the disparity in the healthcare and long-term care is talked about, as per conservative estimates, the risk of the higher blood pressure and the cardiac issues is about 40 % higher in the racial and ethnic minorities as compared to the white people (Pynes & Lombardi, 2011). At the same time, the other major concern with regards to this population is that they are twice as likely to get the diabetes and other such ailment as compared to the white male (Freeman et al. 2012). The general estimates that are made in this regard goes to show that about 38 % of the blacks are moving towards obesity. The statistics among the American Indians are also not encouraging (Freeman et al. 2012). It has been estimated that the risk of asthma and other such diseases is about 9 % higher as compared to the white Americans (Hurtado et al. 2012).

Opportunities and Challenges Associated with the Heterogenous Workforce

One of the things that can be done to make sure that some sort of mitigation regarding the whole issue can be developed is that the evaluation of the workforce is needed to be carried out. What it means is that effort is needed to be made to ensure that some sort of balance is needed to be brought back into the healthcare workplaces (Freeman et al. 2012). The idea is to ensure that some sort of heterogeneity is needed to be created with regards to the way healthcare management is needed to be carried out to ensure that better perspective is developed with regards to the way healthcare concerns of the general populace are needed to be taken care off. The other aspect that is very important during the course of the whole thing is to ensure that how this balance is going to be achieved at the broader level in the workforce (Freeman et al. 2012). The greater balance in terms of the workplace demographic would make sure that the people who are in the healthcare sector are going to be much more aware of some of the long-term issues that are faced by people at the given point of time. Not only that, the other thing that is needed to be done is to ensure that effort must be made with regards to making sure they would have much more knowledge about the healthcare issues that are being faced by this demographic (Freeman et al. 2012). Not only that, due to the fact that they are going to be the part of that community, it would also ensure that they are going to be in much better position when it comes to making sure that they have better understanding of the healthcare challenges of the diverse population that is opting for the long term care. With that knowledge, they are going to be better place to council and come up with a better healthcare solution (Hurtado et al. 2012). There are going to be some challenges as well (Freeman et al. 2012). The mechanism through which the whole thing is going to be implemented at the workplace is quite hard to achieve. What it means is that effort would be needed to be carried out to ensure that all the stakeholders that are the part of the healthcare delivery process must get together and there should be a conscious effort that how the education and expertise are being developed at the community level with regards to the different ethnicities that goes a long way towards improving the overall state of people (Freeman et al. 2012).

Type of Discrimination and the Reason for the Migration of the Healthcare Employees

At the moment, there are lot of issues that are faced by these people who belong to different ethnicities and races when it comes to how they are supposed to be proving themselves. Most of the times, what happens is that the language barrier and the lack of communicational expertise means that they are not able to communicate well in the healthcare environment. Not only that, the odds are so much stacked against their favour is that they have a hard time making sure that they are able to achieve greater sense of balance among their professional duties and how they are being perceived at a workplace (Freeman et al. 2012). The reason for their migration is that they have a much greater chance of climbing the social ladder in some of the other countries where they are able to integrate well with the local populace and this they consider taking up other options that might align well with some of the future goals that they have setup for themselves at a particular point of time (Hurtado et al. 2012). To reduce racial and ethnic health disparities, advocates say health care professionals must explicitly acknowledge that race and racism factor into health care. Less directed efforts to improve health outcomes, ones for instance that fail to consider the particular factors that may lead to worse outcomes for blacks, Hispanics, or other patients of color, may not lead to equal gains across groups — and in some cases may exacerbate racial health disparities.

References

Freeman, M., Baumann, A., Blythe, J., Fisher, A., & Akhtar‐Danesh, N. (2012). Migration: a concept analysis from a nursing perspective. Journal of advanced nursing, 68(5), 1176-1186.

Hurtado, D. A., Sabbath, E. L., Ertel, K. A., Buxton, O. M., & Berkman, L. F. (2012). Racial disparities in job strain among American and immigrant long‐term care workers. International nursing review, 59(2), 237-244.

Pynes, J. E., & Lombardi, D. N. (2011). Human resources management for health care organizations: a strategic approach. John Wiley & Sons.

Tartaglia, A., McMahon, B. T., West, S. L., Belongia, L., & Beach, L. S. (2007). Workplace discrimination and healthcare: The national EEOC ADA research project. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 27(3), 163-169.

Assignment

Assignment

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Assignment

“Borrowed theories” in healthcare and nursing are usually questioned, taking into account the significance of department-oriented theories that are directly addresses the features of that particular department. In the case of healthcare and nursing, saying no to borrowed theories is not justified because of several reasons and assertions because healthcare and nursing as a field within itself is a blend of different determinants of society. Firstly, healthcare is a scientific paradigm, that is connected to human beings who are the major elements of society. So, all the disciplines that are in any way affecting human beings will synchronize with the type of healthcare services that a patient receives ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"G7LV5ONg","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(McEwen & Wills, 2017)","plainCitation":"(McEwen & Wills, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":219,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/BA2ZFI5H"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/BA2ZFI5H"],"itemData":{"id":219,"type":"book","publisher":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Theoretical basis for nursing","author":[{"family":"McEwen","given":"Melanie"},{"family":"Wills","given":"Evelyn M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (McEwen & Wills, 2017). A general overview asserts that nursing overlaps with different other fields of science such as sociology, psychology, and education, etc., so, borrowing theories from those disciplines will help nurses to address and treat their patients in a holistic manner ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"dyfiN5q5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ayala, 2020)","plainCitation":"(Ayala, 2020)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":220,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/KYLAL96F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/KYLAL96F"],"itemData":{"id":220,"type":"chapter","container-title":"Towards a Sociology of Nursing","page":"125–142","publisher":"Springer","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Nurses in the New Landscape of Interprofessional Relations","author":[{"family":"Ayala","given":"Ricardo A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ayala, 2020). One of such examples is the use of ethical theories that can support evidence-based practice and indirectly impacts the future life of the patient.

An analysis of different domains highlight that nursing is a combination of different departments in itself such as roles and responsibilities in evidence-based practice, interprofessional communicative approaches and the role of human understanding in defining the suitability of the decisions ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"SSZX7SUQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(McEwen & Wills, 2017)","plainCitation":"(McEwen & Wills, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":219,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/BA2ZFI5H"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/BA2ZFI5H"],"itemData":{"id":219,"type":"book","publisher":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Theoretical basis for nursing","author":[{"family":"McEwen","given":"Melanie"},{"family":"Wills","given":"Evelyn M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (McEwen & Wills, 2017). In the present time, the field of healthcare is also expanded to other professions such as social workers, pharmacists and nurses which asserts and justify the significance of "borrowed theories". Also, a general perspective asserts that borrowed theories are already worked-on enough that all the relative aspects are pre-determined so it is easy for a nurse or doctor to use that theory as per its relevancy ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rS12uDws","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ayala, 2020)","plainCitation":"(Ayala, 2020)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":220,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/KYLAL96F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/KYLAL96F"],"itemData":{"id":220,"type":"chapter","container-title":"Towards a Sociology of Nursing","page":"125–142","publisher":"Springer","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Nurses in the New Landscape of Interprofessional Relations","author":[{"family":"Ayala","given":"Ricardo A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ayala, 2020). The same stance prevails in other departments and professions where, ethical theories and sociological theories are used in business decision making, which infers connectivity. This connectivity not only keeps different departments aligned but it is also a major source of empowering inter-profession communication that can widen practicality and scope of knowledge in both departments ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"VbOkAgp4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ayala, 2020)","plainCitation":"(Ayala, 2020)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":220,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/KYLAL96F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/KYLAL96F"],"itemData":{"id":220,"type":"chapter","container-title":"Towards a Sociology of Nursing","page":"125–142","publisher":"Springer","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Nurses in the New Landscape of Interprofessional Relations","author":[{"family":"Ayala","given":"Ricardo A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ayala, 2020). In addition, increased nursing collaboration with other disciplines will add to the exposure of the nurses not only in terms of evidence-based practice but also in terms of conceptualization because nurses address a lot of people who might belong to a different area of a society or a different areas of world, so borrowed theories facilitates decision making, treatment, and understanding of situations such as use of cultural theories to treat patients ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"3K62Ubgy","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ayala, 2020)","plainCitation":"(Ayala, 2020)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":220,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/KYLAL96F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/KYLAL96F"],"itemData":{"id":220,"type":"chapter","container-title":"Towards a Sociology of Nursing","page":"125–142","publisher":"Springer","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Nurses in the New Landscape of Interprofessional Relations","author":[{"family":"Ayala","given":"Ricardo A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ayala, 2020).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Ayala, R. A. (2020). Nurses in the New Landscape of Interprofessional Relations. In Towards a Sociology of Nursing (pp. 125–142). Springer.

McEwen, M., & Wills, E. M. (2017). A theoretical basis for nursing. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Assignment

Week 2 Assignment

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Week 2 Assignment

Summary

Healthcare reform has been developed to give social insurance to all Americans everywhere as well as to reduce the expenses of these services so that every citizen could avail the healthcare facility. As healthcare expenses are awfully high in the US, and a large number of individuals are uninsured in the US. So it appears that the government give insurance to all, and lower the medical prices. For this purpose, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) has been developed to provide healthcare services on reasonable prices to all Americans. The ACA affected the therapeutic services framework in the US, along with the Safety Net hospitals that are used to provide healthcare for some low-pay and uninsured individuals, enrollees of Medicaid, and other helpless people. Safety Net hospitals has been assigned the vital job in their networks, the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE) at the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) contracted with scholars from Mathematics Policy Research and Virginia Commonwealth University to note about the ACA early impacts on ten Safety Net Clinics, both in states that eligibility of extended pay for Medicaid under the ACA and other which did not (Chokshi, 2019).

The Affordable Care Act essentially developed to change healthcare treatments, taking us closer to the objective of high-quality and reasonable insurance of medical services for all Americans. It includes:

Expansion of Medicaid to significantly Americans with low salaries,

Generating helpful business-centers for health insurance where clients can purchase first-class, reasonable private offers.

Protecting customers through abolishing treatment rejections for individuals with past conditions, demanding the health facility providers to consume an extensive part of premium dollars on health department and contributing for free protection facilities and much more.

It has always been the confusing topic of debate that whether the illegal immigrants should be added to the group of health reform or they should be provided facilities of immigration reform. The discussion incorporating the issue has been exponentially expanded through the growing effects of joining two contemptuous talks. Some scholars said that the US has a moral pledge to give facilities for health treatment to every single one of those inside its edges who want such support. Whereas, other scholars debated with proportionate power that those people who are improperly present in this country are not fit for availing public healthcare facilities. The purpose of this health care reform for immigrants provides a layout to a middle course between these limits based on the real-world phases of the issue while downgrading misrepresentation and average moral cases.

This article attempts to clear two ambiguities. The first one on account of spreading the facility of health treatment to unlawful migrants is requested by Constitutional law. Secondly, paying little heed to whether there are persuading technique clarifications behind widening such incorporation, paying little heed to the case of growing consideration isn't really instructed. The completion of this article shows that the facility for health treatment for outsiders isn't required under certain measures, the growing facility would serve the country’s interests. As a subject of budgetary and common health, widening consideration would be profitable which implies the preferences to growing incorporation would accomplish all U.S. occupants and all of those successfully settled in the U.S restorative healthcare systems (Glen, 2012).

Assessment of the Public Option versus the Market

In the United States, the debate over healthcare reform has raged in the past few decades. There is an immense debate over the benefits and drawbacks of healthcare. Supporters of healthcare reforms emphasize on the beneficial effects that may increase the overall competition in the healthcare insurance market. On the other hand, there are many opponents who emphasize that a public plan may collapse the overall advantage of insurers from a specified market. It is notable to mention that the opposition is obsessed by the stereotypes of probable recipients regardless of certain arguments that are being leveled in contradiction of the healthcare reforms plans. Public option opponents make it hard for authorities to bring up the healthcare reforms. It is essential to understand that the stereotypes implying program beneficiaries disrupt precious standards like hard work as it is one of the most prevailing conjecturers of opposition. The primary source of opposition is the perceptions of value violations which can affect multiple types of healthcare reforms. The hypothesis such as the belief a public option are not only a strong response to the hypothesized relationships as they may truly be linked with the hidden stereotypes of value defilements. There is a possibility of opposition towards healthcare reforms by bigger government, but it seems like the above mentioned stereotypes are most reliable. Due to the fear faced by bigger governments, these healthcare reforms are not being applicable to their full extent. If the governments cooperate with the health care authorities regarding the health insurances, they will soon find a better way to implement a public option in order to help people (Wetherell, Reyna & Sadler, 2013). People should go to private doctors if they can afford the medical expense they should go to private doctors, but ordinary people must be given free medication.

Primary issue regarding this is that a “public option” can never be justifiable and maintainable as it cannot serve as both as “public” and as an “option.” There are two principles on which a public plan would have to operate. The problem with these principles is that each one eliminates either the capability or the sustainability to remain an ‘option.’ These principles are: The program must endure continuing for all consumers who want to get the medical benefits at reasonable prices, and the program must be paid for out of premiums received which means that it should be self-supporting in terms of administration and health care costs.

The purpose of this report is to gain an insight into the opinion of the public regarding the benefit linked with the healthcare reforms. It is estimated through recent data that the private insurance has been dropped in favor of the public as it is shifted to private insurers. There is no proper empirical indication that may suggest that the reimbursement rates would place high prices on the private insurers. It is due to the fact that the public choice may not contest with the secluded guarantors. The report does not even emphasize that in favor of the public option, employers may stop covering the insurance of their workers. There is a simple option in order to fix this issue. That option is to offer a public option for those people who do not have any insurance. For this purpose, government sources must pay the community clinics which work for poor people. The government needs to make it clear that each American can buy health insurance or they can pay for their health expenditures out of pocket. If it’s not possible, then they can even go to a free clinic. It is an explicit right of the American people to get access to certain medical centers that entertained them with free medication. Poor people can go to a free clinic will the rich, and the middle class can get medications from private doctors by availing their insurance.

References

Chokshi DA, e. (2019). Health Reform and the Changing Safety Net in the United States. - PubMed - NCBI . Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 31 January 2019, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27806232

Glen, Patrick J., "Health Care and the Illegal Immigrant" (2012). Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works. 785.

GR, W. (2019). Health Reform in a New Presidency: The Challenge of Finding Common Ground. - PubMed - NCBI . Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 31 January 2019, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28661239

Retrieved from https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/785

Wetherell, G., Reyna, C., & Sadler, M. (2013). Public Option Versus the Market: Perceived Value Violations Drive Opposition to Healthcare Reform. Political Psychology, 34(1), 43-66. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23481154