Genetic Engineering Example

Gabriel Liuzzi

Instructor Name

Art 101

19 November 2018

Genetic engineering example

The early phases of genetic engineering are commonly started at the end of the nineteenth century. The field of genetic engineering developed with the production of patents. For this purpose experiments were performed to produce better quality agricultural products ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2f61ptq29e","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Daniell, Kumar, & Dufourmantel, 2005)","plainCitation":"(Daniell, Kumar, & Dufourmantel, 2005)"},"citationItems":[{"id":92,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ONknjWue/items/PL429RGK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ONknjWue/items/PL429RGK"],"itemData":{"id":92,"type":"article-journal","title":"Breakthrough in chloroplast genetic engineering of agronomically important crops","container-title":"Trends in biotechnology","page":"238-245","volume":"23","issue":"5","author":[{"family":"Daniell","given":"Henry"},{"family":"Kumar","given":"Shashi"},{"family":"Dufourmantel","given":"Nathalie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Daniell, Kumar, & Dufourmantel, 2005). Specifically, the development of hydrogenation of vegetable oils bestowed the extensive consumption of soybean oil.

The genetic engineering processes have tremendously changed the trends in the agricultural industry. The mass media keeps informing us with shocking news articles about genetically improved foods and seeds. Production of purple tomatoes and carrots that help in the prevention of osteoporosis has modernized the agricultural field. The studies and researches performed in 2008 have shown that scientists have produced such carrots and the tests were performed on mice and volunteers. The results showed that humans absorbed 42% more supplementary calcium from the produced carrots than from the normal ones. The purpose of the research was to reduce osteoporosis-related problems in patients. Generally, the gene encodes a kind of tag that conveys a message to the protein where it ought to go. Eliminating the tag let the carrier store in the cells of the edible part of the plant. This results in greater calcium amounts in the cells ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1770mnhsb9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Council, 1987)","plainCitation":"(Council, 1987)"},"citationItems":[{"id":88,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ONknjWue/items/EL9DA9N4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ONknjWue/items/EL9DA9N4"],"itemData":{"id":88,"type":"chapter","title":"Gene transfer methods applicable to agricultural organisms","container-title":"Agricultural Biotechnology: Strategies for National Competitiveness","publisher":"National Academies Press (US)","author":[{"family":"Council","given":"National Research"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1987"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Council, 1987).

Major traits or features of an organism that have been produced by particular genetic alteration using genetic engineering methods, defined by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is its modification and adapted characteristics. Researchers have relied greatly on favorite classical organisms such as the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster and bacterium Escherichia coli for manipulation and genetic engineering processes. Their acceptance for manipulation and alteration is another feature to be used in genetic engineering processes. Their body and genetic structure is scientifically known which made them favorable organisms for genetic engineering. Inside the lab atmosphere, bacteria are usually transmuted with an array of DNA using plasmid vectors ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1e2v7oj83c","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sorek et al., 2007)","plainCitation":"(Sorek et al., 2007)"},"citationItems":[{"id":93,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ONknjWue/items/IUPRVU5T"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ONknjWue/items/IUPRVU5T"],"itemData":{"id":93,"type":"article-journal","title":"Genome-wide experimental determination of barriers to horizontal gene transfer","container-title":"Science","page":"1449-1452","volume":"318","issue":"5855","author":[{"family":"Sorek","given":"Rotem"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Yiwen"},{"family":"Creevey","given":"Christopher J."},{"family":"Francino","given":"M. Pilar"},{"family":"Bork","given":"Peer"},{"family":"Rubin","given":"Edward M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sorek et al., 2007). These naturally arising DNA fragments are round in shape. These DNA molecules can reproduce inside the body of a bacterium without using a bacterial chromosome. Plasmid vectors are used in processes of genetic engineering such as cloning, manipulation of genes and transfer of genes.

The transmission of genes among plant species by the result of genetic engineering has improved crop production. Beneficial traits have been produced in a wide variety by using recombinant DNA techniques. Genetic engineering is also beneficial for the sources other than the plants from which genetic material can be acquired for the high production of agricultural products.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Council, N. R. (1987). Gene transfer methods applicable to agricultural organisms. In Agricultural Biotechnology: Strategies for National Competitiveness. National Academies Press (US).

Daniell, H., Kumar, S., & Dufourmantel, N. (2005). Breakthrough in chloroplast genetic engineering of agronomically important crops. Trends in Biotechnology, 23(5), 238–245.

Sorek, R., Zhu, Y., Creevey, C. J., Francino, M. P., Bork, P., & Rubin, E. M. (2007). Genome-wide experimental determination of barriers to horizontal gene transfer. Science, 318(5855), 1449–1452.

Global Health , Improve Health Outcomes

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Title: Global Health, Improve Health Outcomes

The wellbeing and health of women, children, and newborns are linked inherently. When mothers are malnourished or receive inadequate care, their newborns will be at more risk of premature death. In low and middle-income countries, the death of the mother during child delivery significantly increases the risk of child mortality. Improved health requires that both women and children can access quality health care services. One of the main causes of mortality in young girls is pregnancy and childbirth complications. In many of the low and middle-income countries, especially India, early marriages are very common.

In 2010, in India, almost 12.2 million women aged between 21- 24 years gave birth before 18 years of age. Poor reproductive and sexual health outcomes pose a major global health disease burden for women aged 16-45 years. Although maternal death per 100,000 live births decreased in the last few decades, it is not enough to reach the sustainable development goal target. It is reported that almost 290,000 women died from pregnancy-related complications last year in low and middle-income countries.

Health promotion intervention has been recognized widely as a process of enabling communities and individuals to improve their health status. It is found in different studies that malnutrition is a major cause of death among women and children. Community health care programs can play a very important role in improving the health outcomes of people. In these community intervention programs, the main aim is to train the community health care workers to achieve child survival and maternal health goals. The community-based intervention program will encompass healthcare-seeking behavior among families and communities. Community-based programs are a very important component in providing a continuum of care to communities with low resources.

Intervention # 1: Counselling by Health Care Providers

Community health care workers will be trained to improve their counseling and communication skills to respond effectively to the needs of women. Community members will counsel pregnant women about maternal and newborn health care. Home visits will be done in the pre and postnatal period to counsel mothers, to provide newborn care and detect the complication associated with pregnancy. The home visit will reduce infant mortality to a great extent. The community health care workers will provide counseling to women regarding breastfeeding and child care.

Intervention # 2 Psychosocial Support

Education will be provided regarding preventive treatment for malaria. Psychosocial services will also be provided to improve the mental health of women.

Intervention # 3 Provision of Folic Acid Tablet

Folic acid will be freely provided to women. Folic acid counseling and education will be provided twice a month. Folic acid use will also be monitored. Women will be provided with education about the benefits of the use of folic acid.

Intervention # 4 Counselling regarding Family Planning

Another intervention that will be used is the provision of family planning and contraceptive services. These interventions will be implemented with the main aim to enhance the use of child and maternal health services by the women during childbirth, pregnancy, postpartum delivery, and by children up aged up to 5 years.

Conclusion

This is a funded community-based intervention program to improve women's health and to reduce the complications associated with the pregnancy in villages in India. Planning will be done at the end of December’2019 and will be implemented throughout 2020. This program will be based on the funding provided by the government. In the planning phase, local community groups and leaders of the village will be allowed to participate. The major part of the total funding will be provided for the training of community health care workers, counseling, and the provision of folic acid tablets. During the planning phase, members of the local community will be involved to determine the different barriers in accessing MNH services.

Global Health, Improve Health Outcomes

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Title: Global Health, Improve health outcomes

Malaria infection causes about 11.2% of all deaths and approximately 1 million new cases are diagnosed every year in rural India. Increased community engagements have emphasized on malaria global control and elimination. One of the challenges is to ensure that small children and pregnant women use bed nets and also seek early treatment when infected. It has been shown in previous studies that engagement of communities is critical in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of malaria and it also helps to change the belief, knowledge, and practices of communities. In recent decades, significant progress has been made in neonatal, maternal and child health. Between the years 1990 and 2015, the global rate of under-five years' mortality rate decreases to 42% in 2015 from 90.6% in 1990. Despite this progress, still under 5 mortality rate remains very high in low and middle-income countries. It is reported that more than half of the deaths under 5 years of age occur in 5 countries: Nigeria, Pakistan, India, China and the Demographic Republic of Congo. It is estimated that 5.8 million children under 5 years of age die each year globally.

Malaria is defined as a parasitic infection that is caused by the female mosquito anopheles and it is responsible for approximately 661,000 deaths globally. Although high income has been able to eliminate malaria many low-income countries are still struggling to eliminate this disease. The factors that are associated with the existing burden of malaria in developing countries are emerging insecticide and drug resistance climate change, treatment costs, and massive demographic shifts. The leading cause of death under 5 years of children is diarrhea (11.1%); malaria (7%) pneumonia (18%) and intrapartum complication (9%). Most of these are preventable if the correct implementation plan is implemented. In this community-based intervention program, the main focus will be on the reduction of child mortality associated with malaria and to improve the quality of life of the members of the community. The main intervention to reduce the child malaria associated with malaria is the implementation of insecticides treated bed nets

Intervention #1: Community workshops on Malaria

The workshops that are led by trained health professionals will be implemented in 25 villages in Southern India. The main objective of this intervention will be to reach a considerable proportion of the population with malaria education and its prevention and control. The aim of this intervention will also be to increase the compliance of people with the nationally recommended control measures of malaria and to encourage the actions. This intervention will be done through monitoring, support, and training of health professionals. A manual will be developed in consultation with different stakeholders that will be translated into the local language. In each workshop session self-reporting on cases of malaria and group discussion will be conducted.

Intervention # 2: Provision of insecticide-treated bed nets.

This intervention will be implemented in 25 villages. The intervention will consist of targeted intervention for community mobilization in making appropriate improvements. The intervention will include the provision of insecticide-treated bed nets. Other interventions will include the provision of vitamin A, home management of fever, ITN distribution, and treatment of malnourished children.

Intervention# 3: Management of Larval Source

Larval source management will be implemented in all 25 villages. The intervention will consist of activities that aim to mobilize the community to implement larval source management. The main aim of implementing this intervention will be to remove the removal of standing water and larviciding. Conclusion

This is a funded community-based intervention program to reduce the incidence of malaria in 25 villages of Sothern India. Planning will be done at the end of 2019 and will be implemented through 2020. This program will be based on the funding provided by the government. In the planning phase, local community groups and leaders will be allowed to participate. The major part of the total funding will be provided on people counseling, vaccination, and provision of insecticide-treated bed nets.

Health Paper

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Health Paper

Treatment, management or control of HIV, especially in Africa where 70% of HIV cases are, is yet to take significant footing two decades after its identification. The disease has continued to devastate communities in the continent, leaving behind vulnerable children and robbing countries energetic workforce, and leaving thousands in extreme poverty. It has flourished in Africa where a lack of primary care plus social vulnerabilities are high. As seen in the movie shouting Silent through a South African girl Xoliswa Sithole, a victim of HIV pandemic, HIV thrives in impoverished areas. Sithole’s journey of recovery through Tenbisa, an impoverished suburb of Johannesburg, where she meets Molouwa, and walking through the maze-like landscape and dusty paths winding through shacks to Kwazulu Natal region, Sithole portrays impoverished areas where aids love to reside. The movie shows the impact of HIV on communities living in poverty-stricken areas and dysfunctional social determinants. The effects of HIV in places such as Tenbisa are high; the disease has created homelessness, poverty, school dropouts, high dependencies, and suffering due to the death of a parent.

As portrayed in the movie, HIV thrives in weak areas where people lack essential social support. HIV kills parents leaving young people to survive on their own; this makes many especially young girls engage in transactional sex, increasing chances of contracting and spreading the disease. Anti-retroviral therapy has significantly helped to reduce disease prognosis and help the affected people live long years. I think the best ethical approach to curb the spread of HIV in South Africa to adopt and improve Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Scientifically, this method has proven effective in reducing the spread of the virus by shielding HIV negative people from contracting the disease.

How Climate Change Is Affecting The Great Barrier Reef

Effect of climate change on the Great Barrier Reef

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Effect of climate change on the Great Barrier Reef

Introduction

The Great Barrier Reef situated at the coast of Australia is the world's largest coral reef system that spreads over more than 1,400 miles off the coast of Australia ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"iVjWvgdB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kennedy, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Kennedy, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":30,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CNBGYtRv/items/2LUDZR5Y"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CNBGYtRv/items/2LUDZR5Y"],"itemData":{"id":30,"type":"post-weblog","title":"Climate Change Is Killing Coral On The Great Barrier Reef","URL":"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/18/602995137/climate-change-is-killing-coral-on-the-great-barrier-reef","author":[{"family":"Kennedy","given":"Merrit"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kennedy, 2018). This century has witnessed the damage caused to it due to climate change. During two years, two enormous blanching occasions have triggered extensive die-off around the corals. Marine heatwaves cause instant death of corals and destroy the ecosystem. Scientists are considering higher water temperatures, one of the main reasons for this severs damage ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"iVjWvgdB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kennedy, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Kennedy, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":30,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CNBGYtRv/items/2LUDZR5Y"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CNBGYtRv/items/2LUDZR5Y"],"itemData":{"id":30,"type":"post-weblog","title":"Climate Change Is Killing Coral On The Great Barrier Reef","URL":"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/18/602995137/climate-change-is-killing-coral-on-the-great-barrier-reef","author":[{"family":"Kennedy","given":"Merrit"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kennedy, 2018). Great Barrier Reef carries great diversity and among all these specific corals are not high temperature tolerant. This is exacerbated with any change in water temperature such as bleaching event. This paper will discuss the effect of climate change on the Great Barrier Reef and will suggest some measures that can be taken to make this ecosystem survive for the future.

Discussion

Bleaching events are the results of the disappearance of symbiotic algae that provide nutrients to coral cells, and can be now be seen frequently compared to the past. There are consecutive episodes of severe bleaching in 2016 and 2017 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"iVjWvgdB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kennedy, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Kennedy, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":30,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CNBGYtRv/items/2LUDZR5Y"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CNBGYtRv/items/2LUDZR5Y"],"itemData":{"id":30,"type":"post-weblog","title":"Climate Change Is Killing Coral On The Great Barrier Reef","URL":"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/18/602995137/climate-change-is-killing-coral-on-the-great-barrier-reef","author":[{"family":"Kennedy","given":"Merrit"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kennedy, 2018). Bleaching corals is not only killing corals but also making remaining reefs more susceptible to disease and other extortions. Consequently, scientists are also expecting this kind of impairment to these reefs as more marine heatwaves are expected and all temperature-sensitive corals will dimish soon ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"uhWArSZb","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dennis, April 3)","plainCitation":"(Dennis, April 3)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":31,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CNBGYtRv/items/6INA5WWV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CNBGYtRv/items/6INA5WWV"],"itemData":{"id":31,"type":"post-weblog","title":"The Great Barrier Reef is being battered by climate change, and it might only get worse","URL":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2019/04/03/great-barrier-reef-is-being-battered-by-climate-change-it-might-only-get-worse/","author":[{"family":"Dennis","given":"Brady"}],"issued":{"literal":"April 3"}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Dennis, April 3). Thus, the Great Barrier Reef is relentlessly in danger and some 3,863 reefs already have died ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"drWF7vXU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kennedy, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Kennedy, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":30,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CNBGYtRv/items/2LUDZR5Y"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CNBGYtRv/items/2LUDZR5Y"],"itemData":{"id":30,"type":"post-weblog","title":"Climate Change Is Killing Coral On The Great Barrier Reef","URL":"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/18/602995137/climate-change-is-killing-coral-on-the-great-barrier-reef","author":[{"family":"Kennedy","given":"Merrit"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kennedy, 2018). This has also made scientists curious as all reefs are dying at a lesser level of rising temperatures. Higher water temperatures jolt the reefs and make all-important algae to suffer ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"CTEVqvhn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wolff, Mumby, Devlin, & Anthony, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Wolff, Mumby, Devlin, & Anthony, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":32,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CNBGYtRv/items/RWJA2U7T"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CNBGYtRv/items/RWJA2U7T"],"itemData":{"id":32,"type":"article-journal","title":"Vulnerability of the Great Barrier Reef to climate change and local pressures","container-title":"Global change biology","page":"1978-1991","volume":"24","issue":"5","author":[{"family":"Wolff","given":"Nicholas H."},{"family":"Mumby","given":"Peter J."},{"family":"Devlin","given":"Michelle"},{"family":"Anthony","given":"Kenneth RN"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wolff, Mumby, Devlin, & Anthony, 2018). This results in simpler coral reefs from diverse coral communities having more and more fish, shrimps, crabs and worms. The other factor is the elevated levels of nitrogen due to untreated manure, enrichers, and topsoil. These cause phosphorus shortage in the corals and limit their capacity of temperature brink for bleaching. This nitrogen accumulation also causes the global warming and presents a risk to coral life.

Generally, after any impairment due to adverse happenings, enduring adult corals in the reef produce tons of larvae each year. These then spread to other places and new corals are born. However, in these deaths due to bleaching, no more corals are producing. Conversely, new larval corals must have favorable conditions to repopulate the species that once breathed there ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"YPbbJOoj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wolff et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Wolff et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":32,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CNBGYtRv/items/RWJA2U7T"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CNBGYtRv/items/RWJA2U7T"],"itemData":{"id":32,"type":"article-journal","title":"Vulnerability of the Great Barrier Reef to climate change and local pressures","container-title":"Global change biology","page":"1978-1991","volume":"24","issue":"5","author":[{"family":"Wolff","given":"Nicholas H."},{"family":"Mumby","given":"Peter J."},{"family":"Devlin","given":"Michelle"},{"family":"Anthony","given":"Kenneth RN"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wolff et al., 2018). However, these prospects for retrieval are tedious and this recovery might take 10 to 15 years to recover. While the longer time can be even in decades or centuries. Recent bleaching events have caused 89 percent of reefs to decline and now a decade or longer would be required by reefs to restore to their previous states ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"91oiqhKX","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dennis, April 3)","plainCitation":"(Dennis, April 3)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":31,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CNBGYtRv/items/6INA5WWV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CNBGYtRv/items/6INA5WWV"],"itemData":{"id":31,"type":"post-weblog","title":"The Great Barrier Reef is being battered by climate change, and it might only get worse","URL":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2019/04/03/great-barrier-reef-is-being-battered-by-climate-change-it-might-only-get-worse/","author":[{"family":"Dennis","given":"Brady"}],"issued":{"literal":"April 3"}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Dennis, April 3). Corals deaths, due to higher temperature also leave their skeleton that start decaying within weeks of a marine heatwave. This causes further complications for other animals and put them at the risk of extinction. Thus, low temperature will revive the coral reefs and increase their number in the ecosystem.

Conclusion

Coral reefs can be saved and can continue their survival if the climate stops getting more warmer. The world is now warmer as compared to pre-industrial levels and scientists are still projecting this increase if there is no cut off of carbon dioxide emissions. All efforts must be put to make the temperature keep constant. Firstly, governments’ inititives matter a lot and efforts are needed at a broader level. Then, these efforts must be at all levels that include regional and local scales. There is also a need to control the amount of nitrogen in the water and for this, sewage must be treated properly before its release into marine environment ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"hxb4dRgQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dennis, April 3)","plainCitation":"(Dennis, April 3)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":31,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CNBGYtRv/items/6INA5WWV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CNBGYtRv/items/6INA5WWV"],"itemData":{"id":31,"type":"post-weblog","title":"The Great Barrier Reef is being battered by climate change, and it might only get worse","URL":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2019/04/03/great-barrier-reef-is-being-battered-by-climate-change-it-might-only-get-worse/","author":[{"family":"Dennis","given":"Brady"}],"issued":{"literal":"April 3"}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Dennis, April 3). Furthermore, greenhouse gases must also be checked so that global temperature may not rise above the limit. The decrease in temperature is the surety of the survival of reefs.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Dennis, B. (April 3). The Great Barrier Reef is being battered by climate change, and it might only get worse. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2019/04/03/great-barrier-reef-is-being-battered-by-climate-change-it-might-only-get-worse/

Kennedy, M. (2018). Climate Change Is Killing Coral On The Great Barrier Reef. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/18/602995137/climate-change-is-killing-coral-on-the-great-barrier-reef

Wolff, N. H., Mumby, P. J., Devlin, M., & Anthony, K. R. (2018). The vulnerability of the Great Barrier Reef to climate change and local pressures. Global Change Biology, 24(5), 1978–1991.

How Climate Effects California's Water

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How Climate Affects California's Water

This topic is studied under Environmental Science that is an interdisciplinary academic field to research the environmental issues and their solutions. California is famous for its diverse climate from snowcapped mountains to green fields and beautiful beaches, but climate change has started affecting its natural beauty in the opposite way. The sudden increase in temperature causes wildfires, droughts, and rapid snow melting that causes a rise in sea level. The following literature discusses the issue thoroughly.

Hanak, Ellen, and Jay R. Lund. "Adapting California’s water management to climate change." Climatic change 111.1 (2012): 17-44.

This article discusses the disappointing consequences of rapid climate change in California and government actions against this disaster. Climate change has caused floods and droughts that affect both the water supply and the food supply to the citizens. This paper discusses that the state has taken some measures to minimize the losses. The California Department makes water reservoirs to store the flood water for later use. Apart from that, the authorities allow the use of groundwater storage in the time of intense drought. The paper concludes that Federal cooperation is essential to cope with this issue more effectively.

Mirchi, Ali, et al. "Climate change impacts on California’s water resources." Drought in arid and semi-arid regions. Springer, Dordrecht, 2013. 301-319.

Ali Mirchi, Kaveh Madani, Maurice Roos, and David W. Watkins have co-authored this article. The article states that Californians are facing a water shortage due to climate change. A comprehensive study has been done on the changing hydro-climatic in California. The present and future (conjectured) effects of climate change in California have been analyzed. The paper also suggests some strategies to take effective measures against this disaster.

Lundquist, Jessica D., and Steven P. Loheide. "How evaporative water losses vary between wet and dry water years as a function of elevation in the Sierra Nevada, California, and critical factors for modeling." Water Resources Research 47.3 (2011).

 Sierra Nevada (California) has high altitude groundwater storages that can prove ideal sites to experiment on the water conversion from one state to another. The measurement of evapotranspiration can help the authorities to analyze and control the rapid outflow of water from the state storages. Lundquist and Steven call for scientific research on the quick water scarcity and appeal the scientists to find the long-lasting solutions for water scarcity.

Lund, Jay R., et al. "Climate warming & California's water future." World Water & Environmental Resources Congress 2003. 2003.

J.R. Lund and his co-authors have written this article warning about the future of California. This article finds that water scarcity is a major challenge for California and its future depends upon this phenomenon. The paper acknowledges that the Californian authorities have taken some measures to handle the situation under California's inter-tied water system (CALVIN), but the researchers are not satisfied with the measures because they think that the increase in Californian population and the rapid Climate change would prove major risks for the State authorities.

5. Connell-Buck, Christina R., et al. "Adapting California’s water system to warm vs. dry climates." Climatic Change 109.1 (2011): 133-149.

California's future strategies to cope with water scarcity in the future have been examined in this article. Currently, the State has issues with water supply that are expected to become worse in the future. The CALVIN economic-engineering optimization model of California's intertwined water supply system introduces the adaptive water-supply system in the context of changing climate scenarios: warmer conditions, and warmer drier conditions. This system will be promulgated in 2050 for a period of 30 years. The article finds that the water supply in warmer climate is cheaper than the warmer-drier scenario, but the water supply system should be managed well. The article concludes with some suggestions that can be considered to improve future studies.

How Did The Interaction Between Homo Sapiens And Forests Develop And Change Through Hunter-gatherer Times And The Age Of Agriculture?

The Neolithic Revolution

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Author Note

The Neolithic Revolution

The Neolithic Revolution is also recognized as the Agricultural Revolution. It started 10,000 years ago and completely changed the human way of living, eating, and interacting with each other. It played a key role in clearing the way for modern civilization. The fundamental source of food for the hunter-gatherers was fishing and hunting of animals. They used to forage for some nutrients and vegetation like honey. Anthropologists have successfully found numerous evidence of hunting and gathering using the lives of Homo sapiens and their past ancestors. ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BvXqUveZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Society, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Society, 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":92,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/87ZAHpff/items/FAR4RD6Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/87ZAHpff/items/FAR4RD6Q"],"itemData":{"id":92,"type":"webpage","title":"Hunter-Gatherer Culture","container-title":"National Geographic Society","abstract":"Hunter-gatherer culture was the way of life for early humans until around 11 to 12,000 years ago. The lifestyle of hunter-gatherers was based on hunting animals and foraging for food.","URL":"http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/hunter-gatherer-culture/","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Society","given":"National Geographic"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",8,19]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Society, 2019)

Before the practice of hunting and gathering, people used to hunt on the animal remains left behind by the predators. Mobility was used as one of the survival strategies by the hunter-gatherers as they were not dependent on agriculture for their food. A very large area of land (500-700 square miles) was required by the hunter-gatherers for their search for food and survival. This was one of the major reasons which made the establishment of life-long settlements impossible and impractical. ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"jY6kXyYO","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Society, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Society, 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":92,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/87ZAHpff/items/FAR4RD6Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/87ZAHpff/items/FAR4RD6Q"],"itemData":{"id":92,"type":"webpage","title":"Hunter-Gatherer Culture","container-title":"National Geographic Society","abstract":"Hunter-gatherer culture was the way of life for early humans until around 11 to 12,000 years ago. The lifestyle of hunter-gatherers was based on hunting animals and foraging for food.","URL":"http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/hunter-gatherer-culture/","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Society","given":"National Geographic"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",8,19]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Society, 2019)

Hunters and Gatherers used to travel around the world in search of food during the Neolithic period. But then a sudden change of events was recorded. The hunters became farmers, upgrading their lifestyles to a more peaceful and settled one. The exact reasons and dates for this tremendous change are still unclear and debated throughout the world. However, the evidence of this major shift is readily available and based on them, many documentaries have been developed. It is believed that people started the practice of Farming independently for the first time in the area of Fertile Crescent located in the Middle East. Therefore, the term, “agricultural revolution” is very broad and it covers a series of revolutionary events that happened in different places at different times. CITATION ERI19 \l 1033 (BLAKEMORE, 2019)

The reasons for the revolution are multiple and many hypotheses are developed to explain this complete turn of events. One possible reason may be the shortage of food. The increase in population may have increased the competition and requirement of food, developing a need for farming. There was no real work for the elders and children at that time. Thus, another possible reason why people may have started farming is to involve the children and elders in the process of growing food. Humans may have believed that their lives are dependent on the plants and alternatively, plants are dependent on them for their survival. The increasing and continuous advancements in technology gave rise to various theories, both new and ever-evolving, about the reasons of the agricultural revolution. CITATION ERI19 \l 1033 (BLAKEMORE, 2019)

However, the revolution of humans from foraging and hunting to farming has made them more civilized and settled. It is believed that humans started farming barley, and gathering seeds and plants, thousands of years ago. With the passage of time, these farmers became better at their work and started producing crops and seeds that required special storage for their growth. These events encouraged and stimulated population growth as the food available now was more than ever. However, the storage and preservation of these seeds and crops required a more settled and developed environment. CITATION ERI19 \l 1033 (BLAKEMORE, 2019)

Animal domestication

The domestication of animals was started as soon as humans started farming. Many pieces of evidence of goat and sheep herding have been discovered in Anatolia and Iraq about 10,000 years ago. Farming became more intensive when these domesticated animals were utilized as labor. They also proved to be a vital nutritional source at that time by providing meat and milk for the rapidly increasing populations. CITATION His18 \l 1033 (Editors, 2018)

When the Neolithic revolution started, many hunter-gatherers were not ready to accept it and many opposed it. The hunter-gatherer culture persisted and continued until modern times. There were numerous hunter-gatherers in different parts of Europe and America in 1500 C.E. However, a drastic decrease in the population of hunter-gatherers is recorded in the last five hundred years. ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"jH5RRp2U","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Society, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Society, 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":92,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/87ZAHpff/items/FAR4RD6Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/87ZAHpff/items/FAR4RD6Q"],"itemData":{"id":92,"type":"webpage","title":"Hunter-Gatherer Culture","container-title":"National Geographic Society","abstract":"Hunter-gatherer culture was the way of life for early humans until around 11 to 12,000 years ago. The lifestyle of hunter-gatherers was based on hunting animals and foraging for food.","URL":"http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/hunter-gatherer-culture/","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Society","given":"National Geographic"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",8,19]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Society, 2019)

The consequences of the agricultural revolution were huge and quite difficult for humans to handle. They (consequences) have been linked from civil inequality (an aftereffect of increased human dependence on the fields) to lower nutritional levels. Also, a sudden rise of many infections (contracting from domesticated animals) was recorded. But the new era provided the people with improved and better technology and considerable advancements and improvements in arts, trade, and knowledge CITATION ERI19 \l 1033 (BLAKEMORE, 2019).

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY BLAKEMORE, E. (2019, April 5). What was the Neolithic Revolution? Retrieved from nationalgeographic: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/neolithic-agricultural-revolution/

Editors, H. (2018, January 12). Neolithic Revolution. Retrieved from HISTORY: https://www.history.com/topics/pre-history/neolithic-revolution

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Society, N. G. (2019, August 19). Hunter-Gatherer Culture. Retrieved from National Geographic Society website: http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/hunter-gatherer-culture/

HURRICANE PATRICIA

Lana

Assignment

Environmental Science

Hurricane Patricia in Mexico

Hurricane Patricia, it was the second cyclone of the highest intensity, which was produced in the western hemisphere and the most powerful in terms of barometric pressure recorded in the world. This happened in 2015, and the rapid increase in winds made it one of the meteorological phenomena that posed the greatest risk to countries in which its effects were felt, among which Mexico and the United States stand out. The rate of intensification of its wind was a record recorded by the US National Hurricane Center. Despite the intense hurricane of Patricia and the force with which he touched the earth in Mexico, a natural phenomenon claimed several lives; however, millions of dollars were required to facilitate search, rescue, and recovery. It is estimated that the damage from the hurricane reached 325 million dollars (Rogers, Robert F., et al, 2015).

2. Location

The wind speed of Hurricane Patricia over the ocean reached 325 km / h. He became the strongest in the history of meteorological observations. Having reached the continent, the wind speed decreased to 55 km / h. In five days, 409 millimeters of rain fell on the territory of Mexico and Texas, which corresponds to half the annual norm and more than the record set in 1949. NASA has published images of the hurricane and some data on its characteristics. The hurricane began last week and reached the west coast of Mexico on Saturday night. The natural disaster was awarded the 5th, highest category, 235 thousand inhabitants of the country were left without electricity. North America was also waiting for a hurricane to enter its territory, but as a result of a collision with a low-pressure area over Mexico, it weakened to the level of a tropical depression. However, the remnants of the hurricane managed to bring heavy rains to the territory of Mexico and the USA, which, according to forecasts, will continue for about a week (Rogers, Robert F., et al.2015)

3. Date and time of the event

Hurricane Patricia, who approached the coast of Mexico from the Pacific Ocean, recognized as the most powerful in the history of observations Gusts of wind reach an unprecedented 325 km / h (Interfax-Ukraine). A record low pressure was also recorded at the epicenter of the hurricane; on October 23, it dropped to 880 mill bars (about 660 mm Hg). Previously, the hurricane was already assigned the fifth-highest hazard category on the Saffir-Simpson scale, which is assigned to hurricanes with a wind speed of at least 252 km / h. The epicenter of the hurricane will reach the coast of Mexico in the late afternoon of October 23, local time or in the early morning of October 24 in Kyiv, and will reach at least the second-largest city in the country - Guadalajara, 250 km from the coast. Experts expect the hurricane to weaken to the fourth category on the coast, but warn of possible catastrophic consequences. In particular, waves up to 11.8 m high are expected, as well as flash floods and mudflows.

4. A detailed description of the event

The strongest hurricane that has not yet been seen in the Western Hemisphere is approaching the Pacific coast of Mexico. Mexican National Fund for Natural Disasters requires that a hurricane could cause catastrophic damage already today evening (Parker, Geoffrey, et al 2018). The hurricane with the beautiful name "Patricia" in power can be compared with the typhoon "Haiyan". Wind speed will reach up to 325 km / h. Such a force of the wind will be able to lift the plane into the air and hold it there for several seconds. Mexican authorities began evacuating residents. Ports on the Pacific coast are closed. An emergency has been declared in three states. About 400 thousand people may be affected. Special shelters are designed only for 259 thousand. The storm will bring heavy rainfall, floods, and soil shifts.

5. Geologic Setting

Hurricane Patricia struck a dangerous category 5 power on the Pacific coast of Mexico on Friday. The US National Hurricane Center, based in Miami, said the eye of Hurricane Patricia landed on the southwest coast. Patricia had winds of about 270 kilometers per hour touching land near Cuixmala. Patricia is touted as the most powerful hurricane ever recorded on the American continent and was anxiously awaited in western Mexico. Residents of a large portion of the country's west coast, which includes both fishing villages and seaside resorts, posted their homes and provisions on Friday in anticipation of hurricane Patricia (Gutiérrez, Miren, 2018).

Mexican authorities have declared a state of emergency in dozens of settlements in the coastal states of Colima, Nayarit, and Jalisco, including large ports and luxury resorts. Schools closed on Friday in Colima. Patricia will be the second hurricane of the fifth category, which will cover the entire Pacific coast of Mexico, during the collection of detailed data - since 1949. A similar case was recorded in October 1959, when about 1800 people died.

6. Damage details

Despite various assumptions about the true intensity of the winds of Patricia during a landing in Mexico, it is known that the hurricane was extremely strong when it arrived in the country on October 23. The main states affected by the natural impacts were Michoacán, Colima, Jalisco, and Nayarit; places where the authorities decided to create shelters for the victims. A total of about 1,782 temporary shelters were established to help approximately 258,000 people. The Emergency Committee, the Mexican Army, the Navy of Mexico, the National Security Commission of that country and the Red Cross were all part of organizations that were aware of the situation (Otvos, Ervin G, 2004). Tourists were evicted from high-risk areas, and commercial activities were suspended. The eye of the hurricane escaped the most densely populated areas of the country, which reduced the risk in the enterprise. It is estimated that at least six people died in Mexico due to Patricia, all in the state of Jalisco.

7. Social and economic impacts

The authorities of Mexico announced the evacuation of local residents and tourists in those areas that were in the way of the elements. In the city of Puerto Vallarta, 28 thousand tourists were evacuated, including 7 thousand foreigners. Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto said that the country has to overcome difficult moments. On his Twitter, he urged residents not to go outside and follow the instructions of the rescue services. The consequences of the strike of "Patricia" - the most powerful hurricane in the history of the planet - can be disastrous. Thousands of rescuers and the military have already been sent to particularly vulnerable areas, including engineering units equipped with special equipment.

The Mexican Civil Defense Forces have evacuated thousands of tourists and tens of thousands of local residents from coastal areas, with hundreds of shelters equipped to accommodate them. Information on casualties among the population has not yet been reported. Mexico City authorities opened 18 aid collection points for residents of the regions located along the route of Hurricane Patricia. Indifferent citizens can bring antibiotics, bottled water, canned food and clothing there. One of these points began work on Zocalo Square in the historic center of the Mexican capital.

8. Recovery

The characteristics of Hurricane Patricia quickly turned it into a meteorological phenomenon, which implies a significant risk for the countries where it was planned to reach it. This situation prompted the mobilization of more than 5,000 Marines of the Mexican Navy for search and rescue missions. On the other hand, Red Cross volunteers also analyzed what was needed after the impact of the hurricane in Mexico. They made a distribution of humanitarian aid.150 million pesos were allocated to agricultural areas that suffered from Patricia; while 250 million pesos were destined for Jalisco, of which 34 million were directed to affected people. There were also important investments to help with economic recovery. On October 28, 15 Jalisco municipalities were declared disaster zones, and other areas were evacuated by storm. All these preparatory actions resulted in very few casualties and victims, far from the disaster that could have occurred if the government and humanitarian organizations had not acted following the announcement of the arrival of Patricia. Not only has the Mexican Red Cross organized itself in the context of a disaster, but it has also contributed to helping the areas where the hurricane has done damage by mobilizing nearly 3,000 of its volunteers to evaluate the losses in the states of Jalisco and Colima only hours after he made landfall.

References

Rogers, Robert F., et al. "Rewriting the tropical record books: The extraordinary intensification of Hurricane Patricia (2015)." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 98.10 (2017): 2091-2112.

Parker, Geoffrey, et al. "Effects of hurricane disturbance on a tropical dry forest canopy in western Mexico." Forest Ecology and Management 426 (2018): 39-52.

Williams, A. T., and A. Barugh. "Beach user perceptions at the eastern Yucatan peninsula, Mexico." Journal of Coastal Research 70.sp1 (2014): 426-431.

Otvos, Ervin G. "Beach aggradation following hurricane landfall: impact comparisons from two contrasting hurricanes, northern Gulf of Mexico." Journal of Coastal Research (2004): 326-339.

Gutiérrez, Miren. Data activism and social change. Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.

Klotzbach, P., W. Gray, and C. Fogarty. "Active Atlantic hurricane era at its end?." Nature Geoscience 8.10 (2015): 737.

Impact Of Climate Change On Agriculture

Name of Student

Name of Professor

Name of Class

Day Month Year

Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture and How to Potentially Prevent Many Large-Scale Environmental Issues

Under the influence of climate change, world is becoming excessively warm, weather events are becoming increasingly intense and frequent, sea levels are rising to questionable degree, prolonged droughts are affecting the production of crops and biodiversity is encountering extinction threats. Climate change affects the agriculture in many ways.

A bulk of literature is evident that temperature changes have altered the developmental span and dormancy of pathogens to a considerable extent and they have become comparatively more resistant (USEPA, 2017). The basic underlying reason behind their resistance is the unfavorable environment that attempts to develop immunity in the pathogens with more advancement.

The increasing temperature results in the elevated metabolic and breeding rates of pests and insects particularly that of corn, soya bean and wheat. As a result, their increasing number and immunity affect the production of crops to a considerable extent (USEPA, 2017).

Plants possess specific growth enzymes and hormones that are highly temperature and pH sensitive in nature (USEPA, 2017). Climate change along with acid rain affects both of the factors and disrupts the developmental periods of plants substantially.

Increasing temperature results in increased evaporation in some areas that in turn elevates the instances of rain in particular areas beyond expectation whereas some areas remain deprived of rain (USEPA, 2017). Such conditions give rise to floods and droughts; both of which are highly unfavorable for the growth and development of crops.

As mentioned above, increased evaporation generates comparatively stronger raining probabilities along with the higher precipitation of ice chunks in the clouds (USEPA, 2017). As a result, hailing affects the miniature plants and affects their later development adversely.

Due to constant flooding and droughts, agricultural surfaces either become barren or infertile when undergo substantial runoff. In such instances, plants render unsuccessful to get enough nutrients and appropriate soil texture to grow and develop (USEPA, 2017). As a result, global agricultural productions are affected gravely.

How to prevent climate change globally?

Although climate change is a global issue yet we can make active attempts at individual levels to overcome this issue. Some of these strategies are stated below.

Typically, carbon- rich fossil fuels are widely used to extract and produce energy for household, industrial and commercial purpose. Needless to say, these resources are non- renewable; we cannot generate them again once they are burned. These fuels are the substantial sources of carbon- dioxide and chlorofluorocarbons that weaken the ozone layer and pave ways for Ultraviolet radiations to reach the ground and attempt to elevate temperature. Hence, the need of the hour is to eliminate their use and replace them with renewable energy sources that produce potentially neutral end- products and decrease the risk of global warming (DSF, 2018).

Trees are the natural consumers of chief air contaminant such as Carbon dioxide. They utilize CO2 during the process of photosynthesis for making their food and providing the atmosphere with environment- friendly oxygen. Moreover, plants make the water evaporation possible and cause the rain to happen—decreasing the pollution and increasing the probability of rain (DSF, 2018).

Lesser the energy we use less would be the contamination of environment with dangerous gases. This is because chlorofluorocarbons are the chief causes of air pollution and depletion of ozone layer (DSF, 2018). Since, these gases are produces from the burning of carbon; their reduced consumption will undoubtedly bring about constructive effects in environment. The imposition of Carbon Tax is the best possible governmental effort to reduce the consumption of carbon. This tax is the amount of money that government charges to burn specific units of carbon content present in the fossil fuels. The basic rationale behind its implementation is the discouragement of industries to burn fossil fuels (DSF, 2018).

Works cited

“Climate Impacts on Agriculture and Food Supply.” United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 2017, https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-impacts/climate-impacts-agriculture-and-food-supply_.html , Assessed 5 May 2019

“Top 10 things you can do about climate change.” David Suzuki Foundation (DSF), 2018, https://davidsuzuki.org/what-you-can-do/top-10-ways-can-stop-climate-change/ Assessed 5 May 2019

Lab Environment Health

ABSTRACT

The matter exists in solids, liquids and gases. They all have specific volume and mass which important in measuring the density of different materials. In case of solids and liquids, different approaches are used to measure density. Solids may have regular or irregular shape, in both cases, densities can be measured by obtaining their volume and weight. If the densities of regular and irregular solids is same as observed in this lab experiment, it means that material solid is made up of is similar. Densities of liquids is also measured on the same basic principles. It was observed that mercury was denser than alcohol and different weights of carbon tetrachloride changed its density.

The matter possesses mass and volume, be it solid, liquid or gas. This principle lies to all states of matter. The density is an essential physical property of all materials. The density of the matter is the ratio of mass to its volume, which is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter. The temperature and pressure are the contributing factors to it. There are different methods to determine density depending upon the type of matter. For example, in case of solids and liquids both have different approaches to be used for measuring the density.

For the sake of measuring it, value of mass of that matter is required for which analytical balance was used. In case of liquids, container mass was also measured and the difference of empty and filled container was obtained for the actual mass of the liquid. In case of measuring volume it is easy with respect to liquids while complicated in case of solids which are mostly irregularly shaped, therefore, liquid displacement method was employed.

Solids can be regular or irregular. Both have volumes which can be determined with two different approaches as performed in lab experiment as well. The density of cylinder was to be measured, for which first of all weight was calculated which was 29.90 g. For determining the volume of cylinder, it's height (by vertically positioning the cylinder) and radius (diameter of the cylinder was calculated before) were measured and ultimately density of 0.90 grams per cubic centimeter was obtained.

Following the Archimedes principle, if the object is heavier than the liquid, it will sink and its volume is measurable by liquid displacement approach. Same was followed in this case of measuring density of an irregular solid. It was observed that both densities of regular and irregular solids were same. It is important to notice here that if solids are made of similar material, the density of all the objects regardless of the shape they possess (regular/irregular) will remain same.

The density of an unknown liquid and water were measured and compared. Similar approach like that of in case of solids was employed here as well. The weight and volume of both liquids were calculated. It was found that an unknown liquid was denser than that of water. The former one had the density of 1.08 grams per milliliter, whereas, water has the density of 0.97 grams per milliliter. An important factor while measuring the density of materials is that solids or liquids expand or contract with the change in temperature conditions which ultimately impacts volume of materials. Therefore, temperature was measured while measuring the densities of both solids and liquids.

For the sake of understanding, masses and densities of two liquids i.e. mercury and alcohol were determined and related. It was found that mercury being metal is heavier than water and ultimately denser than it. Alcohols being liquids are less dense than metals. This is the reason that mercury is denser than alcohol. It is found that mass of an object is directly proportional and directly effects the density of an object.

The density is thus an important characteristic in studying various substances. They can be used to measure densities of unknown pure substances and also to differentiate between metals similar in appearance.

Lab Report

Determination of Hardness of water

Student’s Name

Institution

Date

Introduction

Hard of water is obtained from the contact of water and the soil. Rainwater mixed with soil and carbon dioxide; therefore, it changes the content of water. Hard water mostly is found where limestone is present. And this means that places, where limestones are highly concentrated there, are a high presence of hard water. Hard water determines the suitability of water for domestic use and therefore, several scientific methods are used to determine the presence of hard water. This report, therefore, presents the result of the determination of hard water using ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) from various samples of waters.

Methods and Materials

In order to determine the hardness of water various samples of water were used, a chemical solution or a buffer solution, an indicator, and titrate. First, 50 mL sample of water from New York City (NYC) tap water, bottled water, unknown A and unknown B were added into a tube or a jug. After that 1 mL of buffer solution was added to each sample of water slowly. As the buffer solution was being added the reaction was watched and recorded as well. After that 1 drop of the indicator was also added to each sample of water and the reaction monitored and recorded as well. Each sample of water was then titrating using ETDA until the reddish tinge disappears and the solution becomes blue at the end. The volume of EDTA was then recorded and calculated to determine the hardness of each sample of water.

Analysis

The result indicates that NYC water EDTA volume is 21ml, bottled water 0ml, unknown A 3.5 ml and unknown B 4.0 ml. However, after calculation of the hardness, it is obtained that NYC water has a concentration of 42 mg/c, bottled water 0 mg/c, unknown A 70 mg/c, and unknown B 80mg/c. This means that there are present of little calcium ion and magnesium in unknown B and A while the NYC tap water and bottled water do not have any content of calcium and magnesium ion. The result indicates that NYC tapped water has 42 mg/c of hard water and therefore, this volume is very insignificant and therefore, it is soft water. Result obtained indicates that bottled water has 0gm/c of hardness and therefore, this means that it does not contain any present of calcium and magnesium ion and therefore, the bottled water is very soft. In most cases, calcium and magnesium ion are removed from bottled water duration filtration stage.

However, unknown A is found to be having hardness content of 70 gm/c and unknown B 80gm/c. It means that unknown A and B are hard waters and the level of hardness is what differs. It could be translated that unknown A is hard while unknown B is very had water. The different is based on the concentration of calcium and magnesium ion in both unknown A and B while both samples are hard waters.

Conclusion

It is determined that bottled water has 0 gm/c of hardness and NYC tap water has 42gm/c of hardness. In this case, the two samples of water do not contain much magnesium and calcium ion. However, based on the result from the test, it is evident that bottled and NYC tap water is soft water while unknown A and B are hard water. It is, therefore, important to note that NYC and bottled water are good for domestic use or consumption while unknown A and B are not good for domestic use. It is also clear that unknown A and B have a high concentration of magnesium and calcium ion, which is hardness and therefore, they cannot be used for domestic use.

Lead In Drinking Water; Sources And Prevention

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Title: Lead in Drinking Water

Introduction

Adult humans are 60% water and 90% of human blood is also water. Drinking water and staying hydrated is essential for bodily functions. There are countless reasons a human body needs water; it relieves oxygen, cushions the brain and other tissues, delivers needed oxygen in the human body and forms saliva and mucus. Thus, water is essential for body functions; on the other hand, drinking unhealthy water can become the reason of many waterborne diseases. Drinking contaminated and dirty water makes one vulnerable to a number of diseases such as diarrheal diseases, malaria, worm infections, etc. Unsafe drinking water has always been an issue and it stems from the lack of access to clean drinking water, poor hygiene practices, and unimproved sanitation. According to the World Health Organization, contaminated drinking-water results in almost 500,000 deaths every year ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"hnETZLAW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}WHO | Unsafe Drinking-Water, Sanitation and Waste Management\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“WHO | Unsafe Drinking-Water, Sanitation and Waste Management”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":76,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/W2VZSETY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/W2VZSETY"],"itemData":{"id":76,"type":"webpage","title":"WHO | Unsafe drinking-water, sanitation and waste management","container-title":"WHO","abstract":"Diseases due to poor drinking-water access, unimproved sanitation, and poor hygiene practices cause 4.0% of all deaths and 5.7% of all disability or ill health in the world.","URL":"http://www.who.int/sustainable-development/cities/health-risks/water-sanitation/en/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} ("WHO | Unsafe Drinking-Water, Sanitation, and Waste Management"). Lead contamination also makes a major issue; it makes the drinking water unhealthy and it is a serious threat to human health in all cases. This paper seeks to explore this issue and the health risks associated with lead-contaminated water alongside methods and techniques to prevent the ratio of lead in drinking water. What is the issue of lead in drinking water?

Lead is a chemical element and it is denoted by the symbol 'Pb,' and it originates from the word plumbum. The varying amounts of lead can be found in gasoline, paint, food containers, and water pipes. Some amount of lead is commonly found in the drinking water, nevertheless drinking water results in the smaller exposure to lead. Drinking water exposes one to lead, and eventually, lead is stored in the human body. It is a toxic metal and causes numerous health issues to humans. In rare cases, lead gets into drinking water as a consequence of pesticides being owing to the industrial activity and contaminated groundwater and soil. However, the most common source of lead into the drinking water is from the water pipes and household plumbing. Lead can also be found in water supplies if one has lead pipework supplying your property, especially if the pipework has been disturbed. Most water companies replace their side of the connection. That is why lead is an important concern for the homes relying on either private or public water supply. Owing to the chemical properties of water, it dissolves lead from the lead pipes in the pipes through which it travels by a process called "corrosion."

Pipes, faucets, and plumbing fixtures are the most common causes of lead in the drinking water. Not much lead comes out of lead water pipes because metallic lead isn’t that active a metal. Nonetheless, if those pipes corrode for any reason (as in Flint, Michigan water crisis, it was due to chemicals in the water), then lead ions will contaminate the water. Drinking water travels through the pipes from the main sources to the homes and contains lead with it. In addition, water pipes and fixtures that were made prior to 1986 might contain a high content of lead ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Ucw7WOPS","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}CDC - Lead - Sources of Lead - Lead in Drinking Water})","plainCitation":"(CDC - Lead - Sources of Lead - Lead in Drinking Water)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":78,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/2WHRAUHF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/2WHRAUHF"],"itemData":{"id":78,"type":"webpage","title":"CDC - Lead - Sources of Lead - Lead in Drinking Water","abstract":"The Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program is committed to the Healthy People goal of eliminating elevated blood lead levels in children by 2020. CDC continues to assist state and local childhood lead poisoning prevention programs, to provide a scientific basis for policy decisions, and to ensure that health issues are addressed in decisions about housing and the environment.","URL":"https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/prevention/sources/water.htm","language":"en-us","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",8,21]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (CDC - Lead - Sources of Lead - Lead in Drinking Water). The plumbing material, when going through a chemical reaction and dissolves a way of metal from the pipes in the water, results in lead contamination. This chemical reaction is more severe when the water has a low content of minerals and high acidity. The amount of lead that enters into water is based on following factors, the water temperature, alkalinity or acidity of the water, the existence of protective scales or coverings in the pipes, the kinds and quantities of minerals in the water, the total of wear in the pipes, the quantity of chemical that water comes into contact with, and the amount of time the water stays in pipes.

With increase in the corrosivity of water, amount of lead corroded in the water generally increases from the plumbing of metal. The content of calcium carbonate coupled with the high acidity of water allows for water corrosivity control. In addition to the presence of these two factors, many other factors can lead to an increase in water corrosivity. Hard water has a high concentration of magnesium and calcium is more corrosive, whereas the soft water having a low content of calcium and magnesium is less corrosive. Moreover, cold water is less corrosive as compared to warm water. Grounding electrical connection to water pipes is a common practice and it also increases corrosion in water. However, any water can contain a quantity of lead.

Health Risks and Environmental Issues

Lead is a toxic metal and it is very harmful to human health. In fact, there is no safe level of lead in the human body. It definitely becomes the primary reason for many health issues and concerns in children, adults and older adults as well. High level of lead in the drinking water of children can lead to many health issues in children such as organ failures, major neurological damage, coma and ultimately death as well ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ZXUgBJhN","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Water Research Center - Lead in Drinking Water and Water Testing})","plainCitation":"(Water Research Center - Lead in Drinking Water and Water Testing)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":80,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/69F7FYZ9"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/69F7FYZ9"],"itemData":{"id":80,"type":"webpage","title":"Water Research Center - Lead in Drinking Water and Water Testing","URL":"https://water-research.net/index.php/lead","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Water Research Center - Lead in Drinking Water and Water Testing). Low level of exposure to lead can result in hearing loss, learning infirmities, inhibit growth among the children; it can also contribute to gastrointestinal disease or flu generally deemed as the signs of lead poisoning.

The symptoms of lead poisoning amid kids are fatigue, vomiting, constipation, cramps, irritability, poor appetite, trouble sleeping, and fatigue, etc. Contrasting other chemicals in the water, lead accumulates in the human body over time and it eventually gets into the human brain, kidneys, bones, and other key organs, increasing the corrosive health impacts for the person being subject to lead exposure. Lead can be deposited in the child's blood and in the bones for many years ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"4SJi1zp6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Water Research Center - Lead in Drinking Water and Water Testing})","plainCitation":"(Water Research Center - Lead in Drinking Water and Water Testing)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":80,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/69F7FYZ9"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/69F7FYZ9"],"itemData":{"id":80,"type":"webpage","title":"Water Research Center - Lead in Drinking Water and Water Testing","URL":"https://water-research.net/index.php/lead","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Water Research Center - Lead in Drinking Water and Water Testing). Kids of less than 6 years old can suffer from growth issues, mental retardation, and other serious health disparities if they've consumed enough lead, renal damage, and even death. EPA estimates only 20% of a child's exposure to lead comes from drinking water. High exposure to lead through drinking water is associated with decreased blood levels as well ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"avF5WXz9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Brown and Margolis)","plainCitation":"(Brown and Margolis)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":88,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/S3262N3U"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/S3262N3U"],"itemData":{"id":88,"type":"article-journal","title":"Lead in drinking water and human blood lead levels in the United States","author":[{"family":"Brown","given":"Mary Jean"},{"family":"Margolis","given":"Stephen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Brown and Margolis).

For the past 2500 years, humans have been facing the issue of lead contamination from many sources; one of them is water. Irrespective of the source of lead in human food and water, it is very damaging to human tissues ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"SMdOrE8d","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Tranel and Kimmel)","plainCitation":"(Tranel and Kimmel)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":83,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/4M794ZTG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/4M794ZTG"],"itemData":{"id":83,"type":"article-journal","title":"Impacts of lead ammunition on wildlife, the environment, and human health—a literature review and implications for Minnesota","container-title":"Ingestion of lead from spent ammunition: implications for wildlife and humans. The Peregrine Fund, Boise, Idaho, USA","volume":"319","author":[{"family":"Tranel","given":"MOLLY A."},{"family":"Kimmel","given":"RICHARD O."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tranel and Kimmel). Humans' consumption of meat, bird, or any other animal having a lead shot poses several health issues ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"qYbymsGy","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Tranel and Kimmel)","plainCitation":"(Tranel and Kimmel)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":83,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/4M794ZTG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/4M794ZTG"],"itemData":{"id":83,"type":"article-journal","title":"Impacts of lead ammunition on wildlife, the environment, and human health—a literature review and implications for Minnesota","container-title":"Ingestion of lead from spent ammunition: implications for wildlife and humans. The Peregrine Fund, Boise, Idaho, USA","volume":"319","author":[{"family":"Tranel","given":"MOLLY A."},{"family":"Kimmel","given":"RICHARD O."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tranel and Kimmel). As lead is stored in the bones of humans, it releases during pregnancy and can impact the bones of fetus, reducing its growth or in some cases resulting in premature births. Besides health issues, lead pollution is also adversely impacting the environment. Large amount of lead emitted by lead smelters and mining results in poor environmental health ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"B2q6mAN0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Singh and Li)","plainCitation":"(Singh and Li)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":85,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/UHF5Q5ST"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/UHF5Q5ST"],"itemData":{"id":85,"type":"paper-conference","title":"Environmental impacts of lead ore mining and smelting","container-title":"Advanced Materials Research","publisher":"Trans Tech Publ","page":"338-347","volume":"878","ISBN":"3-03785-982-2","author":[{"family":"Singh","given":"Narendra"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jin Hui"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Singh and Li).

Prevention of Lead contamination of water

Lead at trace levels is universal in our environment; it is not only present in water but also in soil, air, and food. It is tremendously important to avoid lead-contaminated drinking water. Why drinking water contains arsenic and lead, is because water reaches our home after traveling through pipes that are connected; the pipes that are not properly maintained and comes from the corrosion of older fixtures ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Q53jas4u","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Lead in Drinking Water\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Lead in Drinking Water”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":86,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/3YZWRDPD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/3YZWRDPD"],"itemData":{"id":86,"type":"webpage","title":"Lead in Drinking Water","container-title":"Penn State Extension","abstract":"Learn how to determine if your drinking water contains too much lead, and discover ways to reduce lead in your water.","URL":"https://extension.psu.edu/lead-in-drinking-water","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Lead in Drinking Water”). Thus when water passes through the leaded pipes, it might also carry the lead particles or different other contaminants, making it impure. Thus, in order to make the water free from impurities and safe for consumption, one can use a water purifier. One must scout through the various list of water purifiers and install the one most suitable.

There is a wide range of methods that can be used to eradicate lead from drinking water and these methods range from cost-effective to expensive. If the concentration of lead is low in drinking water, it can be reduced by flushing the plumbing system. If water remains in contact with the plumbing materials, it is essential to flush before drinking ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"NtStLDNx","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Lead in Drinking Water\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Lead in Drinking Water”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":86,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/3YZWRDPD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/3YZWRDPD"],"itemData":{"id":86,"type":"webpage","title":"Lead in Drinking Water","container-title":"Penn State Extension","abstract":"Learn how to determine if your drinking water contains too much lead, and discover ways to reduce lead in your water.","URL":"https://extension.psu.edu/lead-in-drinking-water","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Lead in Drinking Water”). Though this method is not helpful in complex plumbing systems, the pump's metal parts must be checked for corrosion. In order to reduce corrosivity in the water, acid-neutralizing filters are also very effective; they add calcium and increase the pH level of water. Activated alumina filters and the process of reverse osmosis can purify drinking water from lead and other chemicals. Granular activated carbon (GAC) filters are also used for lead eradication, yet their efficiency is doubtful. Furthermore, one of the most expensive methods to get rid of lead from the water is to renew the entire plumbing system, with the new components. PVC or plastic pipes can be effective, according to National Sanitation Foundation (NSF). Sorption materials (Bayoxide E33, GEH and CFH 0818) revel excellent results in terms of removal of lead from water. Bayoxide E33 is most efficient in making water lead free.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Brown, Mary Jean, and Stephen Margolis. Lead in Drinking Water and Human Blood Lead Levels in the United States. 2012.

CDC - Lead - Sources of Lead - Lead in Drinking Water. 21 Aug. 2019, https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/prevention/sources/water.htm.

“Lead in Drinking Water.” Penn State Extension, https://extension.psu.edu/lead-in-drinking-water. Accessed 2 Dec. 2019.

Singh, Narendra, and Jin Hui Li. “Environmental Impacts of Lead Ore Mining and Smelting.” Advanced Materials Research, vol. 878, Trans Tech Publ, 2014, pp. 338–47.

Tranel, MOLLY A., and RICHARD O. Kimmel. “Impacts of Lead Ammunition on Wildlife, the Environment, and Human Health—a Literature Review and Implications for Minnesota.” Ingestion of Lead from Spent Ammunition: Implications for Wildlife and Humans. The Peregrine Fund, Boise, Idaho, USA, vol. 319, 2009.

Water Research Center - Lead in Drinking Water and Water Testing. https://water-research.net/index.php/lead. Accessed 2 Dec. 2019.

“WHO | Unsafe Drinking-Water, Sanitation and Waste Management.” WHO, http://www.who.int/sustainable-development/cities/health-risks/water-sanitation/en/. Accessed 2 Dec. 2019.

Make A Title For Me

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Is the Animal Rights Movement correct?

Rights and duties are two of a kind. One can't happen without the other. For this situation, the privilege is the privilege to exist, and the duty is the pretended by the living being. All of Nature's animals have a task to carry out, has an option to existing, and inadequate numbers so as not to disturb the equalization in nature, and so as to do their jobs successfully (Kymlicka). In lower animals the job gets played out unknowingly by the animal's very being and presence, as in plants and animals let down in the tree, or, intentionally like in those in the upper branches - like the primates, particularly Man. At the point when the job surpasses its limit, nature itself gives the brake and the control (Milligan). The person is, on the highest point of the tree has the most duty of all.

However, on account of this human creature, (we ought to always remember we are creatures first and afterwards just individuals) with his alleged 'cognizant knowledge' he is the main creature who can and does deliberately surpass his job over and over, encroaching upon the jobs of Nature's different manifestations, upsetting the equalization appallingly (Garner). People also are the main creatures fit for boundless misuse and cold-bloodedness to different creatures, for the sake of their own privileges - right to soothe their needs and needs and now even extravagances. This is totally wrong thinking.

Straightforwardly relative to the individual's ability to employ his privileges, is the duty vested in him to ensure Nature. This is the substance of the human exertion in creatures rights. His duty is far beyond some other creature (Freeman). This is the thing that separates a human creature from an individual - 'being altruistic'. He is the one in particular who is able to do deliberately realizing that he is a piece of Nature, and in the event that he annihilates it without any potential repercussions, plants or creatures or even the geography, at that point he really is devastating a piece of himself.

Tragically, most people have lost the ability to consider themselves to be a piece of nature and just considers nature to be an asset to be abused (Regan). What's more, they further sloppy the scholarly space with a wide range of fake avocations. The individual is the main creature equipped for most extreme misuse and encroachment on the privileges of different creatures, and furthermore the one on which lies the greatest duty of securing different creatures.

Works Cited

Freeman, Carrie P. Framing farming: Communication strategies for animal rights. Brill Rodopi, 2016.

Garner, Robert, ed. Animal rights: The changing debate. Springer, 2016.

Kymlicka, Will, and Sue Donaldson. "Animal rights, multiculturalism, and the left." Journal of Social Philosophy 45.1 (2014): 116-135.

Milligan, Tony. "The political turn in animal rights." Politics and Animals 1.1 (2015): 6-15.

Regan, Tom. The case for animal rights. Univ of California Press, 2004.

Make A Title For Me

Writer's Surname 1

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Strengthening Safety Culture in Health and Safety Organizations

Problem Statement

The primary aim of the study was to assess whether health and safety organizations (HSO) can enhance the safety culture through the establishment of potential interactions between the HSO members and HSO. An industrial plant was opted to conduct the study and address the research. The proposition is that these developmental activities will create an integrated and potential HSO engaged in enhancing safety-related interactions. Ultimately, safety culture indicators will strengthen.

Background

There exists a conspicuous scarcity of culture change intervention research in the safety literature. The underdeveloped nature of theoretical framework for safety culture is the reason of the lack of research. In addition, the advancement to research the organizational culture has remained almost non-existent. A widely acknowledged model of safety culture has not been interpreted in true letter and spirits. Various scholars have underpinned attributes of safety culture in organizations through theoretical frameworks. For instance, Schein specifies that the organizational culture is a pattern of mutual preliminary assumptions which a community embraces after overcoming complexities of internal integration and external adjustment. It is a challenging task to locate, highlight and address the preliminary assumptions. In the paradigm of safety science, scholars proposed alternative modes to assess safety because of unconscious nature of preliminary assumptions. All these variables call for the need for integrated research on safety culture by merging theories on climate complex adaptive systems and organizational culture.

Methods

The study comprised a quasi-experimental case study with baseline and follow-up measurement twenty-three months apart (Nielsen). A quasi-experiment and action research permitted the researchers to proceed with the study as the intervention processes built. The industrial plant had 275 workers namely Danish industrial plant. The population of the study focused on 5 supervisors of the company, production manager, safety manager and CEO. The company's HSO comprised 5 safety groups, the production manager and safety manager.

Besides, the study utilized a multi-method approach with observations, document analysis, semi-structured interviews, safety-related interactions and questionnaire. To map informal safety-related interactions, each member of HSO was directed to register the safety interactions in which they participated. The study duration was baseline (BL), follow-up (FU) and midway (MW). If a day passed without safety-related interactions, they filled out the date and then ticked the box: "no safety-related instructions today".

Results

The activities of HSO and HSC aimed at resolving safety issues were varied throughout previous years. Prior to the study, 62 issues took place and 115 the year before that. The number of issues resolved also accelerated with the passage of time as 32 and 50 respectively (Nielsen). However, the production managers did not promulgate various safety-related interactions. The interaction between safety representatives and supervisor was enhanced as: from baseline to midway, midway to follow-up and further from baseline to follow-up. 16 lost-time injuries were reported in the 1st study year 12 in the 2nd as compared to 18 the year before the study.

Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 1: Development in lost time injury rates during the study period and the previous years (injuries/million hours) (Nielsen)

Conclusion

The compliance with the OHSA has not been significantly assessed in the article. Since these procedures are essential for adjudication, incorporating an in-depth interpretation would have added strength and productivity to the study. The study is an explicit illustration that HSO can enhance safety culture by establishing integrated safety-related interactions both within the HSO members and the shop-floor. The bottom line is that the improvements in interactions assemble a cultural change to strengthen safety operations.

Works Cited

Nielsen, Kent J. "Improving Safety Culture through the Health and Safety Organization: A Case Study." Journal of Safety Research, vol. 48, Feb. 2014, pp. 7–17. ScienceDirect, doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2013.10.003.

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Date

My Ecological Footprint

Introduction

As human beings, planet Earth is our home. Just like in our home, our every activity impacts us and the home in which we live in. In the same way, our activities at a small or large level impact our bigger home, the Earth. This impact is generally known as “the Ecological Footprint” (Wackernagel). Ecological footprint can simply be defined as the effect or impact of the human activities, measured in terms of the biologically productive land and water required to produce the good and assimilate the wastes generated. I also took a test to check my ecological footprint on Earth. The test was easily available on http://www.footprintcalculator.org/.

Supported Information

The ecological footprint of a person is calculated by summing up all the demands of the people that they compete for the biologically productive space (Dietz p.13). This space includes the fertile land to grow crops and vegetables, and the forests land to grow wood-like timber to sequester CO2.

The results for the test that I took for checking my ecological footprint on Earth gave me the following results.

Evaluation

The evaluation of the results exhibited that most of the portion of my footprint consisted of carbon and the second biggest portion was cropland. So, in order to be a beneficial citizen for the plant, I need to lower the consumption of such products that emit carbon dioxide (Network). The best idea to do so is to reduce the use of fuel and automobiles and travel more by public transport or on foot.

Conclusion

In a nutshell, it can be seen that Ecological Footprint holds great importance in calculating the impact of a person’s activities on our planet. It also helps in determining which activities a person needs to control and prevent completely in order to prove to be beneficial for the Earth.

Works Cited

Dietz, Thomas, Eugene A. Rosa, and Richard York. "Driving the human ecological footprint." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5.1 (2007): 13-18.

Network, Global Footprint. "Ecological footprint." The Share Guide: The Holistic Health Magazine and Resource Directory.< http://www. shareguide. com/Ecological. html>(25 March 2008) (2018).

Wackernagel, Mathis, and William Rees. Our ecological footprint: reducing human impact on the earth. Vol. 9. New Society Publishers, 1998.

Make A Title For Me

Name

Professor name

Subject

Date

Water for people

Water resource threshold emphasize on mitigating the future risks of water depletion. The world is undergoing water crisis due to its scarcity that is important for human survival. The agenda is to protect water for future generations by taking adequate measures such as setting a limit on its use. The countries need to tackle this problem urgently by adopting strategy of saving water and planet earth. Water resource threshold emphasize on managing water demand by rising population. Changing patterns of water use can play positive role in this endeavor CITATION UNE18 \l 1033 (UNESCO). The challenge that I would prioritize according to UNESCO report is controlling harmful human activities such as releasing pollutants in environment and excessive use of water. These two strategies could be useful in controlling water resources. Pollutants released in river and air leads to greenhouse gas generation that threatens water resources.

I think that the most important method for resolving this issue is by rationing water. This will prevent people from wasting water and will also develop attitude of using it with caution and according to the need. The best solution is by changing water consumption behavior of the population and by making them realize their responsibility towards the planet. The policies developed by states such as restricting companies to generate pollution or cutting fossil fuel consumption is time consuming. The behaviors of people can be changed by educating them and giving awareness about the need for saving water.

One least important challenge at the moment is restricting infrastructure development. This is not possible at the moment because world has already urbanized and rapid population growth also exhibits the need for infrastructure and housing. Infrastructure development is linked to global warming but it cannot be limited at the moment.

Work Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY UNESCO. Water for people, water for life: The United Nations World Water Development Report; Executive summary . 2018. 23 11 2019 <https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000129556>.

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Calculating Humidity With a Sling Psychrometer

Building a Sling Psychrometer

First of all, I added water to the double layer of gauze just enough to moisten it. Then I covered the bulb of one red alcohol thermometer with this gauze using a rubber band. I used the red alcohol thermometer, as the mercury which is poisonous, can spread around if the thermometer breaks. Then I took a bottle. I attached the thermometer, to which I initially attached the gauze, on one side of the bottle. I attached another red alcohol thermometer to the other side of the bottle. I attached the thermometer using transparent tape so that I would easily note the reading on the thermometer. I made sure that it is tightly secure, otherwise, the thermometer would detach while spinning, and break. I used the bottle instead of the dowel so that it is easier to rotate the apparatus ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"sN4sSv37","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Using a Sling Psychrometer-Hommocks Earth Science Department})","plainCitation":"(Using a Sling Psychrometer-Hommocks Earth Science Department)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":842,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YgsdZK9k/items/BS8UL59I"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YgsdZK9k/items/BS8UL59I"],"itemData":{"id":842,"type":"motion_picture","abstract":"Sling Psychrometer","dimensions":"2:56","source":"YouTube","title":"Using a Sling Psychrometer-Hommocks Earth Science Department","URL":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbcaCxuA1LI","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Using a Sling Psychrometer-Hommocks Earth Science Department). 

Experiment

To conduct this experiment, I tied a 15-inch piece of string at the bottle top. Before starting the experiment, I checked and made sure that the thermometers are attached to the bottle tightly. I also noticed that the temperature on both thermometers is same. I put on my safety goggles and went to a clear area. These precautions are necessary while experimenting with a red alcohol thermometer. I held the end of the string tightly and spun the bottle in a circular motion for one minute in the air. As soon as I stopped, I noted the temperature of both red alcohol thermometers. The temperature on the bulb with wet gauze was always lower than the temperature of the bulb without the wet gauze. The water vapors from the gauze evaporate and lower the temperature of the bulb. I calculated the temperate differences and recorded them in the chart. Through the chart, I estimated the relative humidity. The results are different in various regions or at different times as it depends on weather conditions ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"UhprW1SE","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Brock and Richardson)","plainCitation":"(Brock and Richardson)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":840,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YgsdZK9k/items/ISA6YZ92"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YgsdZK9k/items/ISA6YZ92"],"itemData":{"id":840,"type":"book","abstract":"This book treats instrumentation used in meteorological surface systems, both on the synoptic scale and the mesoscale, and the instrumentation used in upper air soundings. The text includes material on first- and second-order differential equations as applied to instrument dynamic performance, and required solutions are developed. Sensor physics are emphasized in order to explain how sensors work and to explore the strengths and weaknesses of each design type. The book is organized according to sensor type and function (temperature, humidity, and wind sensors, for example), though several unifying themes are developed for each sensor. Functional diagrams are used to portray sensors as a set of logical functions, and static sensitivity is derived from a sensor's transfer equation, focusing attention on sensor physics and on ways in which particular designs might be improved. Sensor performance specifications are explored, helping to compare various instruments and to tell users what to expect as a reasonable level of performance. Finally, the text examines the critical area of environmental exposure of instruments. In a well-designed, properly installed, and well-maintained meteorological measurement system, exposure problems are usually the largest source of error, making this chapter one of the most useful sections of the book.","ISBN":"978-0-19-803074-4","language":"en","note":"Google-Books-ID: Zj4_v7G6ATUC","number-of-pages":"308","publisher":"Oxford University Press","source":"Google Books","title":"Meteorological Measurement Systems","author":[{"family":"Brock","given":"Fred V."},{"family":"Richardson","given":"Scott J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2001",2,8]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Brock and Richardson). The humidity of the indoor environment is significantly different from the outdoor humidity. So, I varied conditions to record measurement in different conditions.

Work Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Brock, Fred V., and Scott J. Richardson. Meteorological Measurement Systems. Oxford University Press, 2001.

Using a Sling Psychrometer-Hommocks Earth Science Department. YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbcaCxuA1LI. Accessed 11 Jan. 2020.

Works Cited

Make A Title For Me

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Instructor Name

Art 101

19 November 2018

Research Essay: Environmental Science

The thermal photograph taken is of the door of the house. This picture can be used to do the thermal analysis of the door, in cases where the house is meant to be heat proof. In this research article, we will talk about the information that can be extracted using the thermal photograph of the door and how this information can be used to make certain decisions concerning the house.

Taking an intriguing look on the thermal picture, we would very easily realize that the picture turns redder as the height grows. This reality indicates that hot air rises due to more energy and less matter leaving cold air close to the ground. Another reason why there is more blue color close to the ground can be air ventilation from the space between the door and the ground.

In cold weather, the information that is extracted from the image tells us that we should try to make this door air tight so that the ventilation of air can be stopped. Another thing that can be done in cold or rainy weather is that the heating system can be programmed such that the air from the floor can be warmed. In such weather, the people should be careful when using the door as heat can travel very quickly.

Similarly, in hot weather, the air conditioner should be placed on top of the ceiling so that the hot weather close to the ceiling can be warmed. The space between the door and the floor should be in any case be ceiled as in winters, heat can be leaked through there while in hot weather, heat can enter the house and the effectivity of the air conditioner can eb compromised.