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PSYCHOLOGY
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Psychology
(PRWORA) "Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act" of 1996
This was an act passed by the government of the USA in the Bill Clinton regime. This bill made certain changes into act that was already present at that time of of U.S policy of social welfare which replaces the AFDC program with TANF program. According to this legislation, a trend that was seen as the "waiver" programs were experimented to yield a different type of rules of AFDC by devolution from the federal government to states. States were given the autonomy to control and design programs of social welfare. The main purpose to pass this legislation is that it increases poor families' self-sufficiency and decrease social welfare dependency in the United States.
Following this act, the recipient of this program has to work after the assistance of 2 years, with minor exceptions. Under PRWORA, recipients of this act has to work after assistance on two years, with few exceptions. In 2002, it is the duty of the state to engage 50 per cent of families in activities related to work, while families of two-parents 90 % of total two families' parents are required to work for 35 hours/week. When the program was started in 1997 25 per cent families and 75 per cent of two families are engaged in work which later increased in 2002 to 50 and 90 per cent respectively. By the year 2000 every state in the US engages families to participate while for a two-parent family, 26/38 states were able to meet this goal.
Support for The Transitioning families Childcare
As soon as the law passes to enact PRWORA, 39 billion dollars are funded from federal funds for the purpose of families child care needs for families that transitioned themselves from welfare program to working families. These funds have both unrestricted and mandatory portions from (CCDF) "Child Care and Development Fund", and TANF grant. During the same time period, 11 billion dollars were provided for child care purposes through CCDF grant portion.
To involve more parents to participate in this workforce percentage, 50 billion dollars were made available over the period of the previous six years.
Health Care
It was decided that families who are eligible for this criteria are able to receive Medicaid, including Medicaid 6 month coverage for the transition from a welfare program to work.
Families that have adult recipients with 5 years received assistance would become ineligible for the welfare program. It is permitted to the state to make their own time frame shorter than this.
Bonuses will be given to the states that are able to get goals of TANF.
Under PRWORA states are required to maintain their welfare spending of 80 per cent at least or 75 per cent if work participation requirements are met.
Many positive effects and development happen since the passing of PRWORA actin 1996. Cases related to welfare substantially declined from 5.5% in 1994 of the total US population in June 2000 to 2.1 percent. Many of the past welfare recipients entered from a welfare program to the workforce and as a consequence from the year 1993-1999 poverty has reduced among children.
Consequences for Families
These developments have many disturbing issues as far as reality is concerned. Most recipients of the welfare program are not full time/year workers. Most of their earnings range between $6-$8 per hour.
But this act has many disturbing result for recipients of millions of former and current families. As not most of the families can work full time in whole of the year. Mostly family earns in range of $6- $8 per hour which is an insufficient wage that they can provide to their. Although the rate of poverty has overall declined but increased among families with working background especially single headed mother families. Poverty has deepened for those families that belong to poverty based background.
Policy effect on child behaviour
“Kalil and Dunifon (2006)” uses data on WES with five waves on selected women from 1997 use 5 WES data of women that was selected from 1997. The main point for the study was to inspect associations between welfare receipt, work participation, and child behavioural problems. According to their analysis which uses techniques of fixed effect for controlling time-invariant mother, child characteristics, show some of the direct association between welfare participation, work and child behavioural issues. They found many noteworthy associations between many methods of socio-economic hardship, like financial pressure and psychological problems associated with mother and problems related to child behaviour. According to the study's conclusion psychological stressor and economy has a continuous impact on families that are former recipients of the welfare program. Despite decreasing, welfare use and increase in work relate more closely to problems of child behaviour than welfare or work level of participation of themselves.
Conclusion
By gathering all pros and cons, the caseload decline indicates that families living in America were made less reliance on welfare services. Evidence tells us that while many families are shifted by this act, parenting, and child outcomes have less to offer for parental welfare and work that was thought originally making this act. It has been noticed that critical role of parents economic burdens,hardship and progression has an important and continuous role in the development of children's and families functioning together. Policies that belong to welfare did not eradicate hardships, but these policies has tendency to improve a significantly economic situation or wellbeing and health of low-income families.
References
Blank, R. M. (2002). Evaluating welfare reform in the United States. Journal of Economic Literature, 40(4), 1105-1166.
Loprest, P. J. (2006). The changing role of welfare in the lives of low-income families with children.
2002.05.24: (Fact Sheet) Welfare Reform: Implementing the Personal Responsiblity and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996. (2019). Lobby.la.psu.edu. Retrieved 29 April 2019, from http://lobby.la.psu.edu/_107th/110_TANF_Work_Training/Agency_Activities/HHS/HHS_Personal_Responsiblitly_Work_Opportunity_Reconciliation_Act.htm
Slack, K., Magnuson, K., & Berger, L. (2007). How are children and families faring a decade after welfare reform? Evidence from five non-experimental panel studies. Children And Youth Services Review, 29(6), 693-697. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2006.12.001
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