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Applications of Hallucinogens and schizophrenia
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Hallucinogens refer to that class of drugs that cause illusions. These drugs are divided into different categories based on the pharmacological mechanism of action as well as chemical structure. These categories are psychedelics, entactogens, and dissociatives ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"GkGANdt6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Garcia-Romeu, Kersgaard, & Addy, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Garcia-Romeu, Kersgaard, & Addy, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":18,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CNBGYtRv/items/WWPZMDE5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CNBGYtRv/items/WWPZMDE5"],"itemData":{"id":18,"type":"article-journal","title":"Clinical applications of hallucinogens: A review.","container-title":"Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology","page":"229","volume":"24","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Garcia-Romeu","given":"Albert"},{"family":"Kersgaard","given":"Brennan"},{"family":"Addy","given":"Peter H."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Garcia-Romeu, Kersgaard, & Addy, 2016). The use of these drugs cause changes in realization, and changes in somatic and cognitive processes.
Conversely, these drugs can also have therapeutic use. For instance, LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, DMT, and the DMT containing admixture ayahuasca can be used to treat several medical and psychological conditions such as chronic pain, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as well as all mood disorders.
Moreover, these can also be used in combination with psychotherapy. Thus, this class has experienced a more serious reassessment in the past period than any other hallucinogens. Current treatment models are not effective for certain diseases such as addiction and posttraumatic stress disorder. Then, these drugs can be effectively used to treat the illness.
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Schizophrenia being the psychiatric syndrome affects overall brain functions. This affects numerous aspects of brain functioning such as human cognitive, emotional, as well as behavioral functioning. The theory of schizophrenia explains the disturbance that occurs in the delivery of energy and oxygen to the brain ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"4R96m07t","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Steeds, Carhart-Harris, & Stone, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Steeds, Carhart-Harris, & Stone, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":20,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CNBGYtRv/items/YMER8GXN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CNBGYtRv/items/YMER8GXN"],"itemData":{"id":20,"type":"article-journal","title":"Drug models of schizophrenia","container-title":"Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology","page":"43-58","volume":"5","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Steeds","given":"Hannah"},{"family":"Carhart-Harris","given":"Robin L."},{"family":"Stone","given":"James M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Steeds, Carhart-Harris, & Stone, 2015). This then causes delays in different processes affecting human decision making.
Moreover, there are abnormalities of CNS metabolism due to genetically modulated inflammatory reactions that cause harm to the microvascular system of the brain. This harm can be the result of any infection and physical trauma. Once there is a negative effect on the microvascular system of the brain, human performance affects.
In addition, hallucinogens such as drugs PCP and ketamine cause acerbate psychosis in a schizophrenic patient ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0j0yyMD9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Murray, 2002)","plainCitation":"(Murray, 2002)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":19,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CNBGYtRv/items/AW6EV5GL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CNBGYtRv/items/AW6EV5GL"],"itemData":{"id":19,"type":"article-journal","title":"Phencyclidine (PCP): a dangerous drug, but useful in schizophrenia research","container-title":"The Journal of psychology","page":"319-327","volume":"136","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Murray","given":"John B."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Murray, 2002). Ketamine is specifically responsible for negative symptoms such as catatonia and body perception disturbances ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BjOPq7iF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Garcia-Romeu et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Garcia-Romeu et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":18,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CNBGYtRv/items/WWPZMDE5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CNBGYtRv/items/WWPZMDE5"],"itemData":{"id":18,"type":"article-journal","title":"Clinical applications of hallucinogens: A review.","container-title":"Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology","page":"229","volume":"24","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Garcia-Romeu","given":"Albert"},{"family":"Kersgaard","given":"Brennan"},{"family":"Addy","given":"Peter H."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Garcia-Romeu et al., 2016). Similarly, PCP also hurts humans and they may show symptoms that are an imitator of those of schizophrenia.
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Garcia-Romeu, A., Kersgaard, B., & Addy, P. H. (2016). Clinical applications of hallucinogens: A review. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 24(4), 229.
Murray, J. B. (2002). Phencyclidine (PCP): A dangerous drug, but useful in schizophrenia research. The Journal of Psychology, 136(3), 319–327.
Steeds, H., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Stone, J. M. (2015). Drug models of schizophrenia. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology, 5(1), 43–58.
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