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Depressive Disorder
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Abstract
Today, the issue of depressive disorder makes an impact on people in many different forms that require necessary attention. A critical consideration of DSM-5 criteria is a necessary condition to ensure appropriate diagnosis of psychological problem of depressive disorder. This diagnostic criterion helps to identify potential signs and symptoms of depression in the case of any individual. It is observed that there are different genetic and environmental factors that play a critical role when it comes to assessing the risk of depressive disorder for any individual. The successful evaluation of psychological problems requires the application of a suitable form of treatment to help people who are suffering from the complications of depressive disorder.
Depressive Disorder
Introduction
The growing uncertainty and complications of life increase the chances of different psychological diseases for people. Undoubtedly, the population of this age is continuously struggling to obtain the balance of life by enhancing the perspective of the necessary well-being. It is important to critically observe different forms of psychological troubles to help people efficiently. It is noteworthy to mention that catastrophe of depression also appearing as one alarming situation, such as suicide that requires necessary attention. It is observed that people experiencing a feeling of depression due to many diverse reasons which includes socioeconomic and financial crisis. It is one complex psychological phenomenon because its consequences are established as immensely detrimental or horrific. The chronic implications of depressive disorder not only affect the well-being of the victim but it also affects routine functioning of close family members and friends of victim. Every human being has the legitimate right to live his life with a healthy body and mind. This objective is greatly smashed by the strong influence of depression as a psychological disorder. This paper focuses on critically analyzing the procedure of diagnosing and the differentiating signs and symptoms of the diagnoses of depressive disorder according to DSM-5 criteria.
Overview of Depressive Disorder
Today, A number of people are suffering from complications of depressive disorder. The major hurdle in the context of assessing this issue is that most people are unable to recognize their psychological condition as the issue of depressive disorder. Most of the time, patients of depression find themselves unable to recognize the actual reason of their depressive feelings. The growing range of depression characterized as one major psychological disease faced by people belongs to different age-groups. This psychological difficulty is not only limited to young individuals but it also witnessed in the case of children. The growing occurrence of depressive disorder ranked it as one of the major psychological disorders.
A critical consideration of DSM-5 criteria is significant to successfully recognize the approach of depression as a major psychological disorder. The criteria of DSM-5 established as the standard manual for proper evaluation and diagnosis of different forms in the shape of signs and symptoms of mental disorders. A correct consideration of this form of assessment is vital to achieving the goal of accurate diagnosis to offer appropriate treatment accordingly. The diagnosis of mental disorder in the form of DSM-5 is characterized as the first practical measure to determine the intensity of the psychological issue of depressive disorder. The diagnostic standard of DSM-5 is a helpful option to successfully define depression as a chronic psychological disorder (Association, 2013). Depression is recognized as a major depressive disorder or clinical depression that is one serious form of mood disorder. The DSM-5 criteria provide concise outline to ensure successful diagnostic of depression as a major psychological disorder. According to DSM-5 criteria, an individual must be facing five or more than five major symptoms during the time-frame of the same 2-week period to be categorized as the patient of depressive disorder. Moreover, it is also important to consider the nature of different symptoms as it is established that one of the symptoms must be either extreme loss of interest or regular depressive mood (Fava & Kendler, 2000). The category of DSM-5 criteria also reveals some more details about the symptoms that can be helpful to diagnose the issue of depressive disorder. These aspects are successfully characterized as follows:
Experiencing depressive mood for most of the day and sometimes it appears without any particular reason.
Lack of interest and pleasure in different activities of life in daily routine.
Substantial weight loss is another alarming indicator referring to the problem of depression as a major psychological disorder.
Facing the issue of fatigue or immense loss of energy that eventually affects daily-life performance for the individual.
Constant feeling of being worthless individuals who are unable to achieve goals and objectives.
Lack of concentration in almost every matter of life is another critical symptom concerning the prospect of depressive disorder.
Consistent development of feelings of death and thoughts of attempting suicide are established as chronic symptoms of major depressive disorder under the domain of DSM-5 criteria of diagnosis.
Potential Causes of Depressive Disorder
Identification of potential causes of depressive disorder is necessary to propose suitable clinical help to the patients. It is significant for the healthcare provider to closely monitor an individual’s historical background and existing routine to determine the actual reason for the psychological problem of the depressive category. The potential reasons for this issue can be characterized in the form of various categories. Both, genetic and environmental aspects need to be considered to identify reasons for depressive disorder. Determining the actual causes of depressive disorder is one complex perspective because it involves both genetic and environmental factors.
Genetic Causes of Depressive Disorder
A comprehensive examination of an individual’s family history is an important step to identify the actual cause of the depressive disorder. Any former case of depression in the family increases the risk of depression for the people (Shadrina, Bondarenko, & Slominsky, 2018). It is established that the implications of genes in the case of depressive disorder are one complex phenomenon because there can be many different genes that enhance the potential hazard of depressive disorder. The existence of the depression gene in individuals concerning the practical idea of recurrent depression due to different biological factors. It is established that individuals with family members who have the issue of depression are most likely to suffer from the issue of depressive disorder. An individual with a family history of depression has three times more risks of facing the calamity of clinical depression at some point in their life (Shadrina, Bondarenko, & Slominsky, 2018). These chances are further expanded due to different environmental factors and the complication of heredity. Heritability rate for the psychological issue of depressive disorder is high which eventually increases the risk of depression for the individual.
Environmental Causes of Depressive Disorder
Environmental factors including food, water, and air are recognized as a major contributor when it comes to appearance of depressive disorder for the individual. The involvement of the environment in this scenario can be observed in many different forms that ultimately increase the risk of major psychological dysfunctioning. Sometimes, environmental exposure becomes the major reason for the development of psychological issue of depressive disorder. Environmental contribution to the issue of depressive disorder is mainly classified into three major domains of air, food, and water pollution. Inappropriate forms of these specific areas increase risk of depressive behavior by the individual, who is directly suffering from these issues (Nabeshima & Kim, 2013). The mental health of people is closely dependent on the functioning of different environmental aspects such as food, air, and water. The developing environmental trends in the forms of artificial chemicals, food additives, pesticides, industrial byproducts, etc. are all recognized as the potential environmental factors that impacts mental development of individuals (Peyrot et al., 2013). Additionally, it is also argued that the growing spectrum of environmental pollution in many different forms badly damages the overall development of the mental health of people. The negative influence of the environment as the major cause of depression can also be witnessed in case of occurrence of various natural disasters (Nabeshima & Kim, 2013). Different natural disasters such as floods, earth quacks, hurricanes, etc. immensely increases the potential hazard of depression for the individuals. People who have experienced natural calamity have a higher risk of facing the challenge of depressive disorder. An individual with a low approach of sensitivity has higher chances of facing psychological problems.
Spiritual Causes of Depressive Disorder
There is an active consideration of some spiritual factors that are closely linked with the practical idea of major depressive disorder. It is important to determine the prevailing connection between spirituality and depressive disorder. A detailed understanding of spiritual causes of depressive disorder can be helpful to propose better treatment prospects for the people who are suffering from depression (Bonelli, Dew, Koenig, Rosmarin, & Vasegh, 2012). Losing a sense of joy is one critical indicator of of depressive disorder, and this feeling is closely associated with the paradigm of spirituality. Lack of spirituality ultimately made it difficult for people to find the necessary balance between life and the inner level of peace. The phenomenon of spirituality explicitly reveals that depression as the phase of darkness and disappointment for the individuals. The dense and heavy depressing emotions have a strong connection with the practical implications of spirituality (Bonelli, Dew, Koenig, Rosmarin, & Vasegh, 2012). The increasing form of inner darkness made it impossible for people to successfully resist the psychological issue of depression. Internal emotions in the broader perspective of spirituality greatly linked with the spectrum of depression for the individual. The increasing trend of materialism adversely damages the desired form of spirituality that ultimately turned as the major reason for depression for the individual. The material success made it difficult for people to successfully examine their spiritual domains and attain a balanced form of overall well-being in life.
Consideration of Biological, Neurological, and Physiological Factors
The overall human development, functioning, and behavioral prospects are also related to different factors of consideration. These significant aspects can be recognized as various biological, neurological, and physiological aspects. The development of depressive disorder can be characterized as an implication of different factors. When it comes to the exploration of biological factors that cause the development of depressive disorder, it is not simply the matter of the existence of brain chemicals in the form of intensity. There are different aspects that play their role as the major causes of depressive disorder. These areas can be recognized as improper mood regulations by the individual’s brain, genetic vulnerability, any form of medications, or medical issues, etc.
The psychological problem of depression is also closely linked with the broad perspective of neurology. The problem of depressive disorder can be established as the concern of neurology because it is actively relevant to any dysfunction of any particular part of the brain. The adverse impact of this form of issue eventually appeared as the extreme consequences in the routine-life of people (Peyrot et al., 2013). The process of development is also closely linked with the spectrum of physiological aspects that influence the functioning of people in a great manner. The intense combination of various social, biological, and physiological elements leads to the development of depression as one critical disorder in people. The functioning of individuals played a critical role to examine the risk of major depressive disorder. Development of someone’s personality is one major critical referring to the approach of potential causes of major depressive disorder. Personality traits or elements of functioning possess by anyone ultimately influence the level of risk in the form of clinical depression.
Processes to Evaluate Depressive Disorder
A systematic process of evaluating depressive disorder requires the adoption of different steps to obtain correct outcomes in the end. Assessment of psychological disease is a critical step to ensure proper healthcare services for patients who are suffering from the chronic disease of major depressive disorder. There are diverse ways that can be used by the service provider to determine the correct form of diagnosis in case of depressive disorder. These different options of assessment recognized as physical examination, lab tests, psychiatric assessment, and considering the approach of DSM-5 criteria. All these practical measures can be considered as valuable options when it comes to assessing the potential risk of depressive disorder in any individual.
The practical step of physical exam requires interaction between the healthcare provider and the individual. In this setting, the healthcare provider asks different questions from individuals to make better inferences about their health. The body functioning is also assessing through the practical idea of a lab test by examining body movement of people (Belmaker & Agam, 2008). Moreover, mental health professionals are interested to critically observe various signs, symptoms, thoughts, aspirations, and behavioral patterns of the individual to make better inferences about the depression as a major psychological concern. The standard form of assessment in the form of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) is one major practical approach of assessment concerning the existence and intensity of the depressive disorder. It is vital for the healthcare professional to evaluate the physical and mental health of the patient under the spectrum of DSM-5 criteria of evaluation.
The process of evaluating depressive disorder can never be ranked complete without identifying the actual type of depression possess by an individual. A comprehensive understanding of different symptoms of depressive disorder helps to identify various types of depression in the case of different people. The major types of depressive disorders are characterized as an anxiety disorder, mixed features disorder, melancholic aspects, atypical features, etc. All these are the representation of some degree of depression for the patient. A proper understanding of all these types is necessary for a healthcare provider to meet the standard of the assessment process of depressive disorder. The issue of the anxiety disorder is defined as the occurrence of depression with the consideration of different unusual aspects of restlessness or extreme worry for the individual. Experiencing mixed problematic aspects such as increased energy can be another major indication of depressive disorder. Critical consideration of various melancholic aspects is also an integral form of assessment to determine the actual type of depression. These aspects are recognized under the spectrum of lack of responsive behavior, extreme mood aversions, feelings of unhappiness and guilt, agitation, etc. Identification of atypical factors is another major part of the assessment process of depressive disorder. It is important to identify the individual’s ability to show an active response to different routine activities.
Active engagement between a mental healthcare professional and the potential patient is a mandatory step to meet the target of assessing the occurrence of depressive disorder effectively and efficiently. Screening is one of the initial steps of assessment that can never be considered complete without focusing on different symptoms of depressive disorder approach. The constant existence of various signs helps healthcare professional to successfully determine the magnitude and actual type of depression facing. Clinical setting in the form of assessment of major depressive disorder can never be ranked as complete without following the criteria of DSM-5 referring to the exploration of potential symptoms and signs of depression. It is also vital to indicate that regular examination of an individual is necessary to determine the tendency of depression by keenly focusing on the consistent existence of various signs of depression.
Treatment Options for Depressive Disorder
Identification and selection of the most suitable treatment procedure is one crucial practical measure to successfully address the problem of depressive disorder. Mental healthcare professional needs are vigilant when it comes to adopting a particular form of treating depression because people have a different level of acceptance when it comes to treating any psychological concern. There are many treatment options referring to the objective of providing better services to the sufferers of depressive disorder. A complete understanding of all the possible options of depressive disorder is a necessary measure to select the most suitable approach according to the need of treatment for the patient.
Therapy, medications, and self-help are three main classifications of treatment that appears in the scenario of depressive disorder. All these options related to the main spectrum of assessing the intensity of the issue of depression for the individual. This form of assessment helps service providers to adopt particular treatment measures accordingly. Medications and psychotherapy are characterized as the most effective ways to provide active treatment to the people who suffer from the issue of depressive disorder. When it comes to the option of medication, different forms of antidepressants are available to provide necessary relief to the people who are struggling with a chronic form of depressive disorder. It is critical to establish that regular use of various medications can cause different side effects, so healthcare professionals need to be careful when prescribing any antidepressant medicine to the individual. Psychotherapy is a popular approach to treatment concerning the sensitivity of depressive disorder for any individual. This practical approach comprised of comprehensive conversations between healthcare professionals and individuals. This form of counseling session helps people to communicate their forms of depression to the healthcare professional and seek necessary guidance (Renn & Areán, 2017). There are various forms of psychotherapy are available when it comes to offering the most suitable practical approach according to the patient’s specific requirements. Cognitive-behavioral therapy or interpersonal therapy are characterized as two major options to ensure successful provision of counseling services to the patients of depressive disorder. The phenomenon of psychotherapy as treatment can be helpful for individuals considering different practical domains. It can be assistive and motivating for the person to successfully deal with any form of the crisis appears in their lives. Moreover, it is a successful practical strategy to learn to develop a successful and positive association between others. This form of conversation is vital for the patients to regain their confidence level and set realistic objectives in their life. It is critical to understand that the idea of treatment of depressive disorder closely linked with critical aspects of consideration that requires necessary attention of service provider.
It is essential for a service provider to consider standards of ethics and culture when it comes to adopting a specific form of treatment for the patient. A successful counseling session requires critical consideration of ethically and culturally correct strategies of psychotherapy. It is mandatory for the mental health professional to avoid all the questions, during the session, that can be ethical or culturally inappropriate in the regional context of the patient. The standards of ethics also demand that counselors played their role as unbiased professionals who are only interested to help patients of depressive disorder. It is strictly prohibited for a counselor to share personal information of patients with any other individual without their consent. The objective of counseling closely related to both the domains of the in-person and technology-based association during the counseling session. It is one central duty of the counselor to build a strong association with the patients, so they become able to openly discuss their problems, concerns, and insecurities with a counselor without any fear. The opportunity of a technology-assisted relationship can also be helpful to meet the standards of counseling and provide better treatment in case of depressive disorder (aan het Rot, Mathew, & Charney, 2009). This phenomenon can mainly be observed in the form of online therapy that ensures a practical approach to counseling between geographically distant patients and mental healthcare professionals. Adoption of evidence-based counseling practices is an essential condition to recognize the actual cause of the patient’s depression and offer different treatment measures accordingly. This form of consideration requires healthcare professionals to thoroughly understand the entire case history of patients of depression and provide the most suitable form of treatment. This idea is a basic standard to develop the practical idea of integrated counseling for the patients of depressive disorder.
A Biblical Perspective of Depressive Disorder and Treatment
A Christian perspective can never be ignored when it comes to ensuring the successful healing of individuals forms the problem of depressive disorder. Different religious and spiritual factors played an important role to attain necessary faith and motivation in life. A strong form of development through the help of religion guides people to obtain a successful form of self-help and adopt different cope-up strategies against the adversity of major depressive disorder. Spiritually-integrated treatment is one popular concept referring to the biblical perspective of depressive disorder under the spectrum of necessary treatment.
The platform of religion played its role as a guiding domain to provide ethical and religious standards when it comes to offering treatment services to the people who are struggling with some form of depression. Identification of basic dynamic forces is an essential step to ensure the application of successful treatment under the religious domain. The problems of meaninglessness and helplessness due to the psychological issue of depressive disorder can be successfully overcome through the spiritual power delivered by the religion (Lin, 2011). Practical consideration of biblical perspective helps people to obtain the true meaning of this life through hope and convicts. These features of motivation can be established as the parameters of healing and treatment for the ones who lost their hope and drive due to the disease of depressive disorder.
Future Research Considerations
The growing epidemic of depressive disorder demands the adoption of further research in the context of depressive disorder. This specific prospect is mandatory to offer better forms of treatment to the strugglers of depression. Application of evidence-based research practice is a critical practical step to recognize changing requirements in the forms of proper diagnosis and treatment of the issue of depressive disorder. Moreover, a critical examination of the entire viewpoint of depressive disorder is also vital to identify and establish evidence-based counseling strategies according to different treatment requirements of people. The active role of counselors is crucial during the entire scenario of counseling to develop better associations with the patients of depressive disorders. This practical approach can be further helpful to offer various forms of treatment and confidence to the patients, so they can successfully regulate themselves according to the situation.
Conclusion
To conclude the critical discussion on the psychological concern of depressive disorder, it is vital to indicate that this problem is actively linked with different associated factors. Active consideration of different steps of the process of treating depression is a necessary condition to ensure better clinical services for the individuals who are suffering from depression in their lives. The role of mental healthcare professionals is important to timely assess the nature of depression and ensure proper counseling services for the patient under the domain of psychotherapy to meet the standard of evidence-based counseling strategies.
References
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Lin, H.-N. (2011). Dealing with Depression: A Christian Perspective. 臺灣精神醫學, 25(4), 224–232.
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Renn, B. N., & Areán, P. A. (2017). Psychosocial treatment options for major depressive disorder in older adults. Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry, 4(1), 1–12.
Shadrina, M., Bondarenko, E. A., & Slominsky, P. A. (2018). Genetics factors in major depression disease. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 334.
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