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7 Assignments
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Assignment 1
Domestic terrorism and its components
Domestic terrorism is the kind of the terrorism in which people within a country are targeted by the militants within the same citizenship. Domestic terrorism is also known as the homegrown terrorism and it involves violence against infrastructure or population of the same nation. In this form of terrorism both victims and the perpetrators belong to the same country.
Components of domestic terrorism
Fear
Violence
Political, social or religious causes
Civilian targets
I believe that a community or a nation could be always at the risk of such acts of violence, as internal conflicts are fatal than the external factors as it is easy to deal with the external threats but internal clashes shook the foundation of a country due to which a country becomes easy target for other countries as well. A community is always at risk of domestic terrorism because of the political unrest and instability. Internal conflict among different groups may give rise to the domestic terrorism i.e. clashes and terrible disputes between different political parties, sects, groups and growing insecurities among the teenagers. Considering the case of mass shooting at Fort Hood, it wont be wrong to say that Major Nidal Hassan shot used to believe that Americas war on terror was actually war against Islam. Many concerns were being raised regarding his behavior which suggested that he become potential violent Islamic extremist and radical. After analyzing the Food shooting and a few works, I would say, the selected topic (mass shooting done my Nidal Hassan who was serving a US army major) was a case of domestic terrorism as international terrorism is distinguished from domestic terrorism on the basis of three variables i.e. nationality of the perpetrator, nationality of the victims and location of attack. So as a whole, considering the case from different aspects, it could be said that mass shooting at Fort Hood is a case of domestic terror.
Preventive measures for improving the safety of community includes the following
Training the community to remain aware of their surrounding
Refraining them from sharing their personal data within others with properly verification
Making community aware to report unusual activities if they see
It wont be wrong to say that relying only on environmental designs, for reducing violent acts i.e. metal detectors, implanting CCTV cameras and building border walls etc. could not be sufficient. Ramification of this measures is reduction in numbers of crimes and unpleasant accidents that may take lives of many.
According to Laurence Miller, different factors contribute in making turning a normal person into a criminal. In this work, he examines nature as well as origin of the criminal behavior which reflects psychology of the criminals in the criminal justice system (Miller, 2012). He claimed that biological, social, cultural, environment and psychological factors contribute in developing a naturalistic criminal behavior. Sociological impacts of domestic terrorism are large in numbers which includes social unrest, social insecurity, violence, sexual assault, increase in fear and trauma cases, deteriorating mental health of society etc.
References
Miller, L. (2012). Criminal psychology Nature, nurture, culture. Springfield, IL Charles C. Thomas.Chapter 13, Mass Homicide III Terrorism and Political Violence (pp. 336382)
American Political Science Association. (n.d.). Task force on political violence and terrorism. Retrieved June 8, 2016, from http//www.apsanet.org/ politicalviolenceCouncil on Foreign Relations. (2016, March 24). Terorrism. Retrieved from http//www.cfr.org/ terrorism/terrorism/p6635
Federal Bureau of Investigation. (n.d.-a). Definitions of terrorism in the U.S. Code. Retrieved June 8, 2016, from https//www.fbi.gov/ investigate/terrorismSandler, T. (2014). Terrorism and counterterrorism
Assignment 2
From the past few years, it has been witnessed that different researchers examined to increase the efficiency of the law enforcement agencies. It wont be wrong to say that in order to implement crime preventing policy in better way, these agencies have to cooperate with each other rather than working as separate entities. Considering the need of time, law enforcement departments collaborates with each other and fought for dealing with terrorism threat. Creating Task Force Operations includes different local and state agencies that assist federal government for dealing with criminals.
A hypothetical task force is made that could response against human trafficking, so each of the agency is expected to perform its assigned task. For example from the intelligence agency is expected that they would trace the proper information about their location as well as they would trace their calls. Likewise from sub-division and regional agencies are expected to report about their specific areas if they could any terrorist included in any unusual activity. On all the three level, local, state and federal level different agencies work and after the intelligence agency that would provide us details, next comes the police departments. Prevention, response and then recovery are the three main steps that could be followed by each of the agency and police is one of the main departments that protects the citizens as well as their property. It is interesting to understand that human trafficking is also a form of terrorism as in involves trade of humans for different purposes (forced illegal labored, sexual slavery and creating unrest in society). Police respond to emergency calls and writing complains. In normal cases, polices police issue warrants but in specific cases (human trafficking for terrorist activities) it would make arrests directly.
Also army would be involved in this task force if need as terrorism is an activity that operates for creating more damage, so in order to avoid damage, all the law enforcement agencies have to play their part for achieving success. Army is being assigned the task to make a check and tighten up border security so that across the border movement of the terrorism who are involved in human trafficking could be stopped. Army would is also directed to launch search operations in the areas that are pointed by the intelligence agencies. At the end, there comes the judiciary that punishes the criminals (terrorists) who are got caught involved in human trafficking for creating unrest in the society. All the above mentioned law enforcement agencies could help in preventing and responding against the terrorist activities (human trafficking) but when it is about safeguarding the countries constitute they punishes everyone who violated its legislative rules and regulations. Criminal courts perform the task of sentencing death or imprisonment depending upon the severity of the crimes. Judiciary sentence the criminals and takes decisions on the basis of laws what is just to do (Sandler, 2014). Courts also main the rule of law so that a country or state could be save from any kind of the internal and external terrorist threats. So as a whole, it could be said that each of the law enforcement agency is being assigned an individual task though they were expected to work as an hypothetical task force still their duties were divided and for the successfully prevention of the threat, each agency was expected to play its role efficiently, so that the ultimate goal of reducing the threat of human trafficking could be achieved. Each of the agency would operate as per the assigned duties so that all departments could collaborate without interfering in each others matter.
References
Sandler, T. (2014). Terrorism and counterterrorism An overview . Oxford Journals, 67 (1), 120.
American Political Science Association. (n.d.). Task force on political violence and terrorism. Retrieved June 8, 2016, from http//www.apsanet.org/ politicalviolenceCenter for Homeland Defense and Security. (n.d.). Retrieved June 8, 2016, from HYPERLINK https//www.chds.us/c/ https//www.chds.us/c/
Council on Foreign Relations. (2016, March 24). Terorrism. Retrieved from http//www.cfr.org/ terrorism/terrorism/p6635
Assignment 3
According to the experts, human trafficking is one of the serious crimes as it is the grave violation of the human rights. As per the reports, every year thousands of men, women and children fall into the hands of smugglers and traffickers. Humans are mostly trafficked across the borders so that owner could get over completed charge and it involves fraud, force and coercion for different purposes (Neumann, 2015). People of any race, age, nationality and gender could become a victim of this. Though, on states level, there are different laws and acts that safeguarded people and punish the human traffickers.
Considering Texas human trafficking laws, it could be witnessed that it has its own human trafficking laws. Texas shares border with Mexico due to which many cases of forced labor and illegal immigrants are reported (Sergi, 2015). According to the Chapter 20A of the Texas Penal Codes, trafficking to use a person and subjecting a victim of trafficking to prostitution would is illegal and would be punished as per the Texas law i.e. fine up to 10,000 along with imprisonment of 5 to 99 years. Texas has also launched human trafficking hotline where 24/7 service is available and any language out of 200 could be choose for reporting the human trafficking.
Sexual exploitation is one of the main type of human trafficking in which someone is coerced, deceived or forced to take part in s sexual activity (Zurita, 2014). Common places where one could be sexually exploited includes brothels, phone sex lines, internet chat rooms, forced marriage, pornography and mail order brides etc. according to the latest research 24.9 million people are annually trapped in forced labor worldwide and 71 of them are women. According to UN, between 2012 and 2014, United Nations dealt with 23,000 cases of sex trafficking. Since 2007, more 49,000 cases of human sex trafficking were reported.
References
Zurita, B. (2014). Human trafficking estimates and statistics. Retrieved from http//www. americanthinker.com/articles/ 2014/07/human trafficking estimates and statistics.html
Neumann, V. (2015). Never mind the metrics Disrupting human trafficking by other means. Journal of International Affairs, 68 (2), 39-53
Sergi, A. (2015). Divergent mind-sets, convergent policies Policing models against organized crime in Italy and in England within international frameworks. European Journal of Criminology, 12 (6), 658680.
Assignment 4
There could be various types of forensic psychology settings in which psychological research could be used differently. Incentives are announced for those who would reduce their time in jail due to which an increase in the popularity of substance abuse treatment has been predicted (Buffington-Vollum. J., 2002). Applied correlation setting is analyzed and as per the research article Innovations in correlational assessment and treatment across the world, around 9 million people are incarnated and out of these more than 2 million are in U.S. jails (Mears, 2013). One of the main concern of the psychological research is to examine how many of these individuals suffers with mental health issues.
When forensic research is done for particular setting or population assessment and techniques could be refined (Kruh, 2005). This article, Innovations in Correlational Assessment and treatment overview the innovations in the treatment and assessment of incarcerated individuals. More attention is given to the inmates and the management that manages their needs in jail. It is expected that advancement in technology, new scientific knowledge, scarce resources, organizational barriers and role transformations for psychologists will assist for improving the future research for managing correctional mental healthcare.
Diagnosis of any complex population could be framed in both bio psychological terms and dimension. Specifically, outcome research that is based on the various interventions may increase effectiveness of the correctional work done by psychologists (Ax, 2007). Taking a look at the mental capabilities of the patients who are involved in any kind substance abuse needs to be treated properly so that they could be put back on the rights track of life for making them a useful part of the society. In this article, research has been conducted for highlighting the current perspectives in Forensic Psychology and Criminal behavior.
References
Ax, R. K., Fagan, T. J., Magaletta, P. R., Morgan, R. D., Nussbaum, D., White, T. W. (2007). Innovations in correctional assessment and treatment. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34(7), 893 905.
Kruh, I. P., Frick, P. J., Clements, C. B. (2005). Historical and personality correlates to the violence patterns of juveniles tried as adults. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 32 (1), 6996.
Mears, D. P. (2013). Supermax prisons. Criminology Public Policy, 12 (4), 681 - 719.
Buffington-Vollum. J., Edens, J., Johnson, D., Johnson, J. (2002). Psychopathy as a predictor of institutional misbehavior among sex offenders A prospective replication. Criminal Justice.
Assignment 5
In crime justice, forensic psychology professional are playing a significant role as they are assisting the legal authorities in assessing inmates for their risk of potential harms to others. In this assignment for predicting the future behavior and assessing violence potential Historical and Personality Correlates to the Violence Pattern of Juveniles Tried as Adults has been selected. In this article, experts examined the different indices for explaining variance in variety, frequency and situational correlation of past violent behavior shown by the juveniles who were imprisoned.
One of the main thing that has been learned from this article is that early research that was done for predicting violent behavior of adults claims that dangerousness judgment was largely inaccurate which used to be based on unstructured clinical impressions . Issues in violence risk research has been highlighted in this article and one of the central is increased attention on predicting patterns of violence i.e. frequency, severity rather than focusing the statements regarding an adults likelihood of committing a violent act.
Forensic psychology professional may use the results from this research. For example, the self-report APSD proves effective as reports contain personality predictors based on the record reviews of the institution (Kruh, 2005). Results of this research shows association between violent attitude of the juveniles and their psychopathic traits as explained by the offenders history. Forensic psychology professionals considers the behavior, past records of the individuals ratio of violent acts and study their traits before deciding whether they should go back to the society. Being the predictor of their future behavior, professionals feel more burdened with responsibility as they have to think of the whole society/community.
Combining all the elements, this research suggest that both psychopathy and over-controlled hostility could be linked with various violence patterns. Association is a kind of the instrument in this research which shows a linked between violence and personality traits of then juveniles. Method used in this research was studying the behavior who were juveniles at the time of convictions and mainly the personality measures were taken. Antisocial Process Screening device was used through which juveniles were rated and details about the adolescents were filled in the self-report format, so that successfully traits could be examined and numbered accordingly as some of the juveniles were expected to release into the society who would not harm others. Violence potential and predicting the future behavior may serve as main elements when it is about to decide whether a particular inmate should be released on parole or not. In such researches, for minimizing the effects, even participants are assured of that their responses and scores on the APSD would not be disclosed with their program staff nor would the results become a part of their case files. Record based rating also serve as the instrument through which the risk for recidivism could be estimated which are mainly based on juveniles past behavior and social history in community as well as institution.
Forensic psychology professionals also helps the justice criminal justice system in selecting the right juveniles to let go back to the community. Professionals helps in predicting the future behavior of prisoners by studying their past behavior and how well they could perform in society. Also, another thing that is taken under consideration is how well the prisoners behave within the walls as for letting them back to be the part of their community, it is important to assure that they would not harm anyone (Mears, 2013). Mind and behavior patterns are being studies by the forensic psychology professionals. Behavior of the prisoners involved in any substance abuse is also analyzed by the forensic psychology professionals.
References
Ax, R. K., Fagan, T. J., Magaletta, P. R., Morgan, R. D., Nussbaum, D., White, T. W. (2007). Innovations in correctional
Kruh, I. P., Frick, P. J., Clements, C. B. (2005). Historical and personality correlates to the violence patterns of juveniles tried as adults. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 32 (1), 6996.
Mears, D. P. (2013). Supermax prisons. Criminology Public Policy, 12 (4), 681 - 719.
Assignment 6
For the past few years, it has been seen that a link has been developed between the courts and psychologists i.e. psychologists and forensic psychology professionals mostly assist courts so that as per the legal case jury could be selected. Research done in the field of forensic psychology also help in understanding how in judiciary decisions are made. Judging the mental capabilities of the jury members, psychological research could guide the practices that points towards various issues presented in any court room setting. In most of the legal cases, publicity of the attendant is matter of great concern as there has been witnessed effects on the outcome of the trail considering the phenomenon of 20th century proceedings.
A research study was done by Nancy and colleagues, The effects of Pretrial Publicity on Juror Verdicts A Meta-Analytic Review in which it was claimed that in the media-saturated modern word, with multiple forms of communication a change has been witnessed that affects the jurors way of considering the evidence as well as the final decision, for which one is selected (Kassin, 2001). At the same time, courts faces issues of fair judgment as sometimes high rate of communitys awareness regarding the prejudicial PTP associates with prejudgment of defendants guilt that may lead to the change of the venue motion. Forensic psychology is now extensively used in as in court-room settings with different legal environments i.e. giving testimony, writing reports etc. In the method section of this study, role of the forensic psychology has been spotted, and gathering the data how the media driving judgments would go, forensic psychology professionals might compile the results of a study in a court setting (Steblay, 1999). Approach is considered to be used for measuring the competency to stand the trial and it has been seen that instrument or tool used for each particular topic with a court room setting could be used for overall psychological assessment framework.
References
Steblay, N. M., Besirevic, J., Fulero, S. M., Jimenez-Lorente, B. (1999). The effects of pretrial publicity on juror verdicts A meta-analytic review. Law and Human Behavior, 23 (2), 219235.
Kassin, S., Tubb, V. A., Hosch, H., Memon, A. (2001). On the general acceptance of eyewitness testimony research A new survey of the experts. American Psychologist, 56 (5), 205216. Retrieved from http//web.williams.edu/ Psychology/Faculty/Kassin/ files/kassin tubb hosch memon 2001.pdf
MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Adolescent Development and Juvenile Justice. (n.d.). Issue brief 1 Adolescent legal competence in court . Retrieved October 1, 2009, from http//www.adjj.org/ downloads/9805issue brief 1. pdf
Assignment 7
Juvenile competency laws highlights the fact that developmental immaturity or mental disorder mat make a juvenile less capable of assisting or while making decision for themselves they becomes less competent (Kassin, 2001). According to the MacArthur Foundations Research Network, reveals the fact that when juveniles are presented for court proceedings, they hesitate to share things with lawyers as they mostly have trust issues. In other cases, this network also revealed the fact that they dont feel confident while talking to the legal agents due to which they could not communicate their point well.
MacArthur Foundations Research Network, used to publish many articles so that it could guide the information given in their article could assist the forensic psychology professional who may take part in assessing the juveniles competency for standing a trial. In article Adolescents Legal Competence in Court, it is claimed that one of the main pillars of the American justice system is to assist those who are accused of crime but because of their age cannot withstand the legal proceedings. This article aims to make the juveniles competent of understanding what is going on with the legal affairs and trails in which they are involved. In this article, another major aspect is that this work not only assist accused so that they could participate in their trials, but also forensic psychology professional could be guide how to check the mental capabilities of the youngsters who are unable to participate in legal trails in which there are accused of crime (Steblay, 1999). For giving practical demonstration to the professionals, network researchers conducted interviews with 1,400 individuals ranging from 11-24 who were living in juvenile detention center and other community centers, where teens were separated from the adults. By using assessment tools, the functional abilities were defined so that the existing legal concept of competence to proceed could be made clear.
References
HYPERLINK ../Downloads/Steblay, N. M., Besirevic, J., Fulero, S. M., Jimenez-Lorente, B. (1999). The effects of pretrial publicity on juror verdicts A meta-analytic review. Law and Human Behavior, 23 (2), 219-235Kassin, S., Tubb, V. A., Hosch, H., Memon, A. (2001). On the E2809C general acceptanceE2809D of eyewitness testimony research A new survey of the experts. American Psychologist pp. 205- 216 Retrieved from http/web.williams.edu/ Psychology/Faculty/Kassin/ files/kassin tubb hosch memon 2001.pdf MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Adolescent Development and Juvenile Justice. (n.d.). Issue brief 1 Adolescent legal competence in court . Retrieved October 1, 2009, from http/www.adjj.org/ downloads/9805issue brief 1. pdfSteblay, N. M., Besirevic, J., Fulero, S. M., Jimenez-Lorente, B. (1999). The effects of pretrial publicity on juror verdicts A meta-analytic review. Law and Human Behavior, 23 (2), 219-235
Kassin, S., Tubb, V. A., Hosch, H., Memon, A. (2001). On the E2809C general acceptanceE2809D of eyewitness testimony research A new survey of the experts. American Psychologist pp. 205- 216 Retrieved from http//web.williams.edu/ Psychology/Faculty/Kassin/ files/kassin tubb hosch memon 2001.pdf
MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Adolescent Development and Juvenile Justice. (n.d.). Issue brief 1 Adolescent legal competence in court . Retrieved October 1, 2009, from http//www.adjj.org/ downloads/9805issue brief 1. pdf
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Hewlett-Packard Company/Title 8@_PID_HLINKSAh2../Downloads/Steblay, N. M., Besirevic, J., Fulero, S. M., Jimenez-Lorente, B. (1999). The effects of pretrial publicity on juror verdicts A meta-analytic review. Law and Human Behavior, 23 (2), 219-235Kassin, S., Tubb, V. A., Hosch, H., Memon, A. (2001). On the E2809C general acceptanceE2809D of eyewitness testimony research A new survey of the experts. American Psychologist pp. 205- 216 Retrieved from http/web.williams.edu/ Psychology/Faculty/Kassin/ files/kassin tubb hosch memon 2001.pdf MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Adolescent Development and Juvenile Justice. (n.d.). Issue brief 1 Adolescent legal competence in court . Retrieved October 1, 2009, from http/www.adjj.org/ downloads/9805issue brief 1. pdfyhttps//www.chds.us/c/
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