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4th Assignmen CITATION Hoa051 \l 1033 t (Hoare, 2005)t
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4th Assignment
Introduction
Personality development is directly influenced by a person’s interaction within the surroundings. Personality does not only refers to behavioral changes but also to the physical developments which include healthy activities, proper sleeping routine, and enough meals during the day. However, psychological development is focused on improving the children's mental capability to incorporate a positive sense of belonging to their surroundings. To develop self-esteem and confidence in children, and support their struggling with learning. Different theories have been presented to explain the personality development of an individual, which are important to understanding certain traits develop at different stages of life. The two well-known theories i-e Erikson’s Theory of Personality Development and Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality Development are of great importance.
Discussion
Erikson's theory was inspired by Freud's theory but he still differs in many ways, firstly, Erikson stages of personality are referred as psychosocial, he believed that personality develops through different stages which is influenced by social interactions with different stages of the lifespan. Freud theory is referred to as stages of psychosexual development where he is much focused on the sexual characteristics of a child. He referred to the infant stage as an oral stage where the child ultimate foundation of pleasure is through the mouth which is mostly characterized by eating and sucking. Whereas Erickson's theory describes this stage as trust versus CITATION Fri00 \l 1033 (Friedman, 2000) mistrust stage where the child develops a relationship with their caretakers. The feeling of care develops trust in their personality, whereas being ignored leads towards mistrust CITATION Hoa051 \l 1033 (Hoare, 2005).
Secondly, Freud explained the preschool stage in terms of genetical development and referred this stage as a phallic stage, where children identify same-sex parent and experience complex known as Oedipus complex in boys and Electra complex in girls. Whereas Erikson's preschool stage was focused on developing a sense of purpose in the children where they take the initiative to perform tasks. However, if children fail in this stage the develops a feeling of guilt and struggle hard for their goals. He called this stage initiative versus guilt CITATION Fri00 \l 1033 (Friedman, 2000).
Thirdly, Freud's theory focusses on the early stages of development i-e between birth and adolescence and he believed that genital stage lasts throughout adulthood where children learn to develop a balance between different stages of life. However, Erikson has developed three more stages for young adults, middle-aged and older people. Where he explained the development of companionship in adults where they start expressing their romantic feelings. He further explained the middle age stage where people contribute toward society. And lastly, stage of integrity and despair, where older people redirect on their lives and falls into a sense of fulfillment or bitterness.
Conclusion
The personality development theories highly focus on role identification of an individual. At the adolescent stage, children set a role model for themselves and create a sense of identification that what they want to be in the future. They develop a sense of belongingness which is very important to work hard and accomplish their respective tasks. Social relationships of children play an important role in personality development, where children exposed to positivity and friendly environment develop more rational identities. I agree with the author's description of identity development where growth is highly motivated by appreciation based on their performance and children are much capable of achieving their goals.
References
BIBLIOGRAPHY Friedman, L. J. (2000). Identity's Architect: A Biography of Erik H. Erikson. Harvard University Press.
Hoare, C. H. (2005). Erikson's General and Adult Developmental Revisions of Freudian Thought: “Outward, Forward, Upward”. Journal of Adult Development, 19-31.
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