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Restore Hope in Somalia
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Restore Hope in Somalia
Introduction
The research question gives us a clear picture of what went wrong in 1993 when the humanitarian mission to Somalia ended up firefight. The country hadn’t had a functioning government since 1991. This tragedy changed the international order, especially the United Nations’ humanitarian missions around the world. According to Walter Clarke and Jeffrey Herbst, Journal article stated, “The American-led operation in Somalia that began when U.S. Marines hit the Mogadishu beaches in December 1992 continues to affect the debate over humanitarian intervention profoundly”. This school of thought focused on how the operation of restores hopes of Somalia shaped the American policy towards involvement in future armed humanitarian interventions. The strength of this school is the operation saved their lives a thousand of the Somali people who were dying of starvation. The weakness of the thought is when President Clinton refused to intervene in the Rwanda genocide in which a million people died because of the lesson learned from Somalia in 1993. “The Clinton administration's refusal to respond to the genocide in Rwanda that began in April 1994 was due in part to its retreat from Somalia, announced after the deaths of 18 U.S. Army Rangers on October 3-4,1993”.
The second school of thought was the behavior of America troops towards local populations and their political complexity. “One pattern reflected a warrior strategy in which soldiers generalized the behavior of gunmen and rioters to all Somalis and treated the entire population as potential enemies”. The strength of this school is the soldiers’ eagerness to save lives; however; the weakness of this school is generalizing the entire population as the enemy.
Discussion
Over the last quarter of a century, Somalia had paralyzed with internal fighting and poor economic and social conditions for its people. The worlds consisted into at least fourteen warring factions. Based on clan alliance, which regularly changed. The last functional government of Somalia was overthrown in 1991 when warring factions seized power. Since that time, no single leader governed in Somalia due to a prolonged civil war and clan politics. A thousand people were dying during these difficult years through killing, starvation, drought, and displacement. The catastrophic situation in Somalia concerned international attention where the United Nations passed a resolution of emergency humanitarian support to the Somali people. More than 25000 of American troops were sent to Somalia for humanitarian assistance.
Historical Description
First school: The strength of this school of thought is the operation saved the lives of thousands of Somali people who were dying of starvation. “The intervention saved thousands of lives have generally focused on the alleged mission change as a way to salvage some good from a seemly devastating foray into the foreign morass”. The American troops with their alliance provided food, shelter, nutrition diet to starving people. Many more people were given to protect especially women and children who were the venerable people for the situation. The international media outlets gave the news the rest of the world for the current issue.
The operation had access to reach the food for badly needed people. The situation was a human disaster before American troops went to Somalia. A thousand people fled from Somalia to neighboring countries such as Kenya, Ethiopia, and Yemen. The real hope emerged when American troops landed in the Somali capital Mogadishu. The strength of this school of thought is a clear indication of how many people were saved through the operation of restores hope in Somalia. The specified role of the US soldiers, to open aid lines and defend food convoys to feeding centers. Many Somalis got financial benefits of the operation such as interpreters and massive food supplies, and subcontractors. “The intervention in Somalia was not an abject failure; an estimated 100,000 lives were saved”. This shows how the operation was important to the Somali people because of extreme starvation existed. It also refers to my question of understanding the actual conditions in Somalia before answering the real question of why the operation ended up firefight.
Literature Review
The weakness of the thought is related to rethinking future operations due to the lessons learned from Somalia. This idea paralyzed the international order of protecting human lives, such as Rwanda and Bosnia. The democratic and stronger countries, both militarily and economically have superior responsibility for weak nations. That responsibility lies in the hands of individual countries as well as the United Nations. If Somalia operation of restoring hope failed partially, this doesn’t mean that stopping major human disasters such as Rwanda and Bosnia. For instance, the mass genocide that happened in Rwanda could be protected and saved human lives if international responsibility addressed urgently. Lack of this responsibility caused the death of close to one million people. “The task now is to reevaluate the mission in the harsh light of the facts, separate and acknowledge the errors unique to the Somalia mission, and distill some guiding principles for other would-be intervenors”.
My question has proud of understanding of how human disasters can be protected while international actors have full knowledge of the situation. This will reduce any misunderstanding between the local population and peacekeeping forces. The fight erupted in Somalia in 1993 was a lack of understanding of the political reality of Somalia. It is not only helping the starving people but to dig deep the real condition of the country. Somalia civil war originated from the power struggle between Somalis. Power struggle plays a major role in warring functions as well as their supporters.
“The distinction between humanitarian intervention and nation-building that is central to so many critiques of the Somalia operation and intervention is problematic. The implication of those who support only humanitarian intervention is that Somalis were starving because of an act of nature. But the famine that gripped Somalia in 1992 resulted from the degeneration of the country's political system and economy”.
Second School: it looks that both schools have the same strength of saving human’s lives. This thought has reflected the concept of sending international forces to Somalia to save human’s lives. This idea consists of both ethical and moral leadership of the international system as well as individual countries. The cost of operation was about billions of dollars from American taxpayers' money. This policy shows the high stake of President Bush’s administration towards saving starving Somali people. American foreign policy was less interest in Somalia because lack of oil and outstanding resources; however; the administration was keen to demonstrate its moral leadership towards the condition of Somalia. This concept is partially relevant to the question of looking at the possibilities caused the fight. “The initial goal was to help and end the widespread starvation caused by the internecine clan war and anarchy”.
The weakness of this school is about generalizing the entire population as an enemy. This perception is where the main idea of my question emerges, especially the correlation stereotype between international forces and local populations. The Somali population is estimated roughly twelve to fifteen million who shares the same homogenous culture, language and religion. The country disintegrated on clan-based politics in which fifteen warlords emerged during the anarchy situation, particularly the southern part of the country. The north named Somaliland declared its independence from the rest of the country since 1991 when the last functional government of Somalia collapsed. The power vacuum complicated every effort to restore law and order. The situation of the country was chaos, and internal fighting paralyzed every effort to restore the effective government. This situation escalated the prolonged civil war in the history and absence of functional government until today. All these important actual conditions needed to address before any humanitarian crises. The complex issues needed to understand clearly before any action taken to save lives. “Operation restores hope in Somalia was a confusion mission for American military personnel. Trained to be warriors for national security, they were sent on an international humanitarian mission”. This clearly shows the misunderstanding between both sides of the operation. This misunderstanding escalated the situation and begun confrontation between American troops and warlord Mohammed Farah Aided that Eighteen Americans died and another seventy-one wounded.
This argument has a direct relation to my question because the confrontation in Somalia created many questions about humanitarian missions in the United Nations as well as the United States. The notion of the mission was to provide aid for those who displaced by the war. However; the mission took a drastic turn when Americans were seen as foreign invaders. The American military came into an unexpected hostile environment which its tragedy ended after 18 Americans, and hundreds of Somalis were killed. “Before their arrival, the soldiers believed they would encounter the emaciated masses of Somalia who appeared nightly on their television screens. These images convinced them of the necessity of outside intervention”. This perception shows the stereotype surrounding the whole events.
Some of the local warlords had sympathy to international forces, particularly those where fewer powers, however; the most powerful warlord Aided saw the international forces as invaders. This fighting extremely changed the American policy towards Somalia. The international news outlets directly projected the situation that attracted both American people and the rest of the world. After weeks of confrontation and confusion, the Clinton administration decided to evacuate its forces from Somalia. Many Somali diasporas and the locals didn’t welcome the strategy of leaving forces because they believed that the total militia disarmament is only possible through international forces. “Although the literature on peacekeeping is growing rapidly, the sociology of humanitarian missions is almost nonexistent. Before operation restores hope, the United States had participated in few large-scale humanitarian missions”. This less experience was a clear indication of how international forces had unfamiliar with the situation.
The local politicians were spreading false accusation of international forces taking their land. Most Somali people were traditional nomadic people who didn’t have an idea of what is going on in their country. Different interpretation emerged everyday life that some of them was dangerous towards the operation such as taking the resource of the country and raping women. All these nonexistence falsehoods driven by local politicians created the perception of not trusting the operation of restoring hope. When the Somali government collapsed in 1991, all social institutions were looted and destroyed, including schools, hospitals and all forms of government buildings. “The arrival of U.S troops, soldiers entered a country with no government or institutions such as hospitals, schools, criminal justice, or postal service, Electrical, Water, and sanitation systems were nonexistent”. In one hand, this demonstrated how the society was helpless in most important institutions in human’s lives.
Research question: the research question asked what went wrong in 1993 when American military sent to Somalia for humanitarian missions. The mission didn’t succeed partially because of confrontations between Somali warlord Aided and American marines. This resulted in a bloody fight, which many people lost their lives. In this tragedy, shaped the international order of the United Nations as well as the United States. The American troops withdrew from Somalia that resulted in the continuation of a state of anarchy. After American troops pulled out of Somalia, a thousand people killed in clan fighting and gang-related issues. This wouldn’t be happening if the Somalia issue would be considered carefully. Somalia became failed state where the terror organization can operate effectively such as Al-Shabaab who killed a thousand of Somali people. Moreover; al-Shabaab is a direct threat to the region and in the world.
Hypothesis and model articulation
The model fit to my question is a foreign policy model which decides activities to foreign countries, whether it is humanitarian issues or direct interventions. The model consists of many actors such as interest groups, focusing event, elites, political parties, and bureaucratic actors. All these groups have a different interest in their concern. All these groups play a major role in any foreign decision-making policy. For instance; the Somalia issue came when the general public saw the starving and dying people, which public demands need a massive response to the situation. Any foreign policy decision impacted the domestic policy agenda. For instance; if the foreign policy outcome fails, it directly influences domestic policy when it comes to the general election. The governing party is eager to lose the election if the foreign policy fails such as Somalia situation. The opposing idea of group interest in the model is characterized by many stages such as agenda-setting like endogenous and exogenous variables which are dependent factors explains functions within the model. Endogenous variables are driven by bureaucracy, interest groups, political party, and lobby groups that each group has their influences of any decision-making process. Exogenous variables are driven by the public interest; for example; the public says we have to do something to change the situation that leads popular uprising towards the demand of American people. For instance; when eighteen American servicemen killed in Somalia, the public uprising towards the event was high to pull out troops from Somalia. The role of bureaucracy in the formulation of foreign policy is crucial for decision making because of having more power and money. Bureaucracy tends to develop mutual attitudes and shared images that finally lead to framing how a particular foreign policy issue is perceived by foreign policymakers. The interest groups sometimes manufacture the focusing event to create a political hypothesis which they can influence the public both positive and negative ways.
The elites have their political view of the decision-making process. They manage public opinion and capture government positions which resulted in protecting their interest such as the NRA and the major oil companies. They have always influenced the political decisions both domestic and foreign policy. They have their interpretation and concerns when it comes to halting their interest. Political parties are more concerned with public images due to the general election and public representatives. The reckless political decisions will impact and produce different outcomes when it comes to public images. The analysis of the decision-making process towards Somalia was taken by different political actors to save the starving people in Somalia. The decision based on humanitarian issues solely. The American political interest in Somalia was limited to helping dying people. This less interest was what makes pulling out the troops from Somalia immediately after the tragedy occurred. This model primarily works the democratic countries where the government structures and functions have directly influenced by public images. The authoritarian countries have no public access to any political decision-making process. This model is suitable for my research question because of humanitarian intervention in Somalia.
Furthermore; any major political decision had both negative and positive outcome. When American people saw the catastrophic human crises and starvation happened in Somalia, the United States decided to send troops to Somalia had the support of the American people. In this regard, no single decision taken to send American troops without public support. This hypothesis clarifies the correlation between decision-makers and the public. Mostly political decisions both domestic and foreign policy have an impact on public images. “Among the many lessons that the U.S. military and political leaders drew from the Vietnam War, one was that the military could not deploy effectively or for very long without public support”. This model shows how the public influences the political decision.
The other variables which are related to the operation of restore hope were a misunderstanding between the local population and the American troops in many issues such as opposing views and stereotype among both sides. The political decision was to save the starving Somali people; however; this perception changed when American people watched the television screens an American soldier dragged on the floor. This tragedy was related to the foreign policy outcome which finally increased the pressure of pulling out the troops from Somali. The issue was quite complex to understand that everybody says how this happened while we are feeding on them. In this case, the independent variable is the public who is a vital factor for every political decision-making process, and the dependent variable is the government. “American participation in the peacekeeping mission to Somalia was strong. But immediately following the deaths of eighteen soldiers in the streets of Mogadishu, negative public reaction forced President Bill Clinton to withdraw U.S. forces. 3 As John Mueller observed, "when Americans asked themselves how many American lives, it was worth to save hundreds of thousands of Somali lives, the answer came out rather close to zero”. This model shows how public support is necessary for every political outcome.
When American people saw on the TV screens that many Somali people were dying through starvation, drought and civil war, they responded positively and even encouraged the government to act quickly. In this case, the domestic policy matters in the connection of American foreign policy. In this model, articulation clarifies the relationship between a dependent variable and an independent variable. If the government wants to figure out American foreign policy, it is imperative to look at independent variables such as public opinion and elite resistance. The troop deployment in Somalia was seen as essential as important both the public and the government. While states are motivated by their interest, the interest of the American mission in Somalia was based on only humanitarian assistance. In this model, three areas of independent variables are important such as public opinion, the president and elite resistance.
The public opinion is the most influential factor in any decision-making process due to the outcome of that particular policy. The public also is important any election cycle. For this reason, the public has an opinion about state decisions. Although public opinion welcomed the government decision process towards humanitarian assistance in Somalia, everything is changed when they saw American soldiers dragged on Mogadishu streets surrounded by militia mops. The American people asked many questions about how this tragedy happened. The Clinton administration rushed to withdraw troops from Somalia due to the unpredictable situation in Somalia. In this case, the public opinion is essential both domestic and foreign policy outcomes.
The president is more likely to use a force or send the troops when his approval rating is down. He may like to distract the public and focus on international issues. This model policy distracted from the public the real domestic issue which is more important than international issues. The president likes to use a force when the economy is a bad shape that is also another public distraction from the important issues. The elite manipulates mass opinion and manufactures the focusing events such as bureaucracy which accomplish a specific set of goals and objectives as authorized by a legislative body.
Model testing
In the research question, the American government sent troops to Somalia in order to save the starving people. This decision was taken through a process that finally ended up sending troops to Somalia. The foreign policy model plays a major role in the decision-making process. For instance; agenda-setting like endogenous and exogenous variables which are dependent factors explains functions within the model. Endogenous variables are driven by bureaucracy, interest groups, political party and lobby groups that have their own influences of any decision-making process while exogenous variables driven by public interest. For example; Public says we have to do something to change the situation that leads popular uprising towards the demand of American people. Interest group sometimes manufacture the focusing event to its own explanations. The model’s actors under the agenda-setting are essential for the decision-making process. During the decision-making process, many independent variables can change the outcome, such as political parties, elites, think tanks and the public. In Somalia case, the decision was taken to save Somali people. It was the international responsibility to fully adopt the United Nations resolution of humanitarian assistance. Under this mandate, international coalition forces were sent to Somalia. The troops consisted of more than forty countries led by the United States. Infrastructure in Somalia was not developed enough that complicated the food distribution. The power struggle and killing between Somalis hijacked the true meaning of the mission. Many people were saved from harsh conditions, however; the situation ended up the confrontation.
Assessment of the considered model is essential to determine the actual significance of the decision prevails in the form of sending troops to the land of Somalia. Undoubtedly, there are different factors involved in the entire scenario. Foreign policy model is directly linked with the decision of the American government to sending their troops to the country of Somalia. It is worthy to mention that the model of foreign policy was greatly influenced by different exogenous and indigenous factors. All these factors appeared in the form of independent and dependent aspects that eventually impact the decision of saving Somalian people from starvation. The positive or negative impact of these factors can only determine by evaluating the significance of this decision on the lives of Somalian people. It is critical to figure out whether the approach of humanitarian assistance actually helped the region of Somalia or not.
Comprehensive exploration and examination of the practical implications of the unified task force in case of Somalia are important to determine how this approach impact the military and governmental aspects for the country of America. The main purpose of this foreign attempt is to save Somali people who were suffering from different sort of hurdles. The unified mission plan for Somalia was executed in different phases to ensure the success of the entire line of action. This particular plan is recognized with the title of restoring hope in the diminishing area of Somalia to provide necessary protection to the native people in different forms. This particular practical approach is executed by the United States of America with the help of its alliance. It is perceived that the intervention of America in the entire scenario is essential because this particular operation is fully protected by the international organization of the United Nations. The increasing concern of the civil war in the region of Somalia makes it essential for the international community to ensure its influential and strong presence in the weak areas of the country.
The overall outcomes of the operations revealed as the success at multinational level but it also caused different forms of confrontation. Deep analysis of the execution of different phases of operation helps to determine the actual significance of this attempt of foreign policy grounds. Consideration of all different aspects eventually helps to identify all the lessons that can be learned from the entire situation of a unified mission plan for the country of Somalia. When it comes to the approach of the American mission in Somalia in the form of presence of U.S. forces than there is involvement of different operational challenges that were faced by the country of U.S. Maintenance of international peace and security for all the members’ countries is the focal point for the organization of United Nations. Attainment of peacekeeping is the basic foundation that leads to the attempt of unified mission operation for the country of Somalia. During the operation of 1994, the country of U.S. provides necessary support in the forms of proper planning, logistics, and the overall command and control of the entire operation which was sponsored by the organization of United Nation in the form of peace operations. The U.S. military faced various challenges that eventually hinder the way to achieve all the desired outcomes from this particular operation.
Geography, transportation, and political conditions of the region of Somalia are three major aspects that made the situation immensely difficult for the U.S. forces. Detailed consideration of all these challenges is important to make better inference about the decision of America to involve in a unified action plan for Somalia in the form of its influential foreign policy. The effectiveness of the decision of the American government to get involved in peace operation for Somalia can never fully explained without a proper understanding of the geographical perspective of the country. Geographical location plays a critical role in the U.S. military when it comes to initiating operation for the land of Somalia. It is an important phenomenon due to different related aspects. The country of Somalia is located on the northeastern coast also recognized with the name of Horn of Africa. This particular region is categorized as a remote area that makes the situation somewhat complex concerning the broad idea of U.S. operating facilities. Huge distance exists between the geographical locations of America and Somalia. It almost takes 24 hours by air and several weeks by sea from the United States to reach the destination of Somalia. This form of consideration eventually made the situation difficult for the country of the U.S. to attain and sustain a suitable form of military and peach operation in its optimum forms. The country size of Somalia was another major aspect of concern for the authorities of the U.S. to ensure the consideration of every related domain. This part of Africa immensely facing the issue of dryness and drought that eventually makes it difficult to sustain a stable life. This certain concern affected the overall involvement of the international authorities in the form of a peach action plan for Somalia in the name of restoring hope in Somalia. It is evident that the situation of sustainability was greatly complex for the American mission as they faced difficulties is arranging food and other necessary items for themselves. Food and water scarcity were the major concerns for the American delegations in Somalia that ultimately decrease their performance level to ensure the success of the mission.
Communication is another prominent concern that appeared in the case of American involvement in the country of Somalia. Researchers established this fact that there was the availability of limited networking process that made it difficult for foreign missions to ensure the success of the entire unified action plan for Somalia. Infrastructure in the form of the paved road was also detrimental that only connect main regions of Mogadishu, Merca, Kismayo, and Berbera. When it comes to consideration of networking with other parts of the country than the situation was not suitable. There was limited air transportation network that causes an immense form of communication problems for the American people who deployed in this area. Detailed analysis of the political situation of Somalia is also important to assess the approach of political grounds that eventually leads to the disturbance for America. The civil war was the main concern of the time that made the situation worse for the country. It was difficult to approach to propose an effective solution to handle the adverse consequences of the scenario of civil war. Since 1988, the civil war enormously influences the functioning of the country in many different forms. It is witnessed that there were almost fourteen clans and groups who were active in the country of Somalia to gain overall authority of Somalian society. All the groups come up with this particular ideology that their group has the right to take the country of the country. Guns and killings become the common culture of the society that made the peace situation worse in the country. Undoubtedly, it was not easy for foreign missions such as American delegates to sustain their peaceful situation in this type of risky environment. The political situation of the country was not favorable for the international community to provide necessary assistance to the local citizens and ensure protection for them. The option of guns was greatly used by the groups to take control of the country. With the passage of time, the situation was getting worse for the Somalian people as they were greatly threatened by issues of starvation and civil war. The entire system of the country was out of order that eventually grabs the attention of the international community. The political instability of Somalia can be characterized as the major cause of consideration of a unified action plan initiated by the country of the United States of America.
It is critical to assess the involvement of the U.S. in the entire situation of Somalia to make better inferences about the entire perspective. When it comes to U.S. intervention in the whole scenario then it can observe in the form of three major phases. These practical stages explained as Operation Provide Relief, a humanitarian mission, and Operation Restore Hope. The operation restores hope was initiated with the aim to provide necessary humanitarian aid with the limited involvement of military action. A peach enforcement mission was great to the feature of consideration that was initiated to provide necessary relief to the Somalian people. There were significant challenges in the entire scenario of the execution of three stages of U.S. operation in Somalia. Moving adequate form of food, water, and medicine into Somalia is a major issue that affects the overall approach of the mission for Somalia. Another major obstacle establishes the provision of necessary security to ensure the proper protection of supplies from theft. All these aspects greatly impact the overall practical approach of UNOSOM established by the UN with the help of the major role of the United States of America.
Consideration of different challenges for the humanitarian mission in Somalia revealed that troops and other delegations of America faced different concerns specifically in the form of security concerns and the scarcity of resources. The political situation was not in favor of international mission as many U.S. military men were killed due to the issue of civil war in Somalia. The damage faced by the American mission in Somalia eventually questions the suitability of the foreign policy decision formed by the government of America. This particular concern raised the question that whether it was necessary for America to get involved in the internal problem of civil war faced by Somalian people. It comes up with a major concern that many American individuals lost their lives due to the wrong foreign policy or the mishandling of the entire scenario. Here, there is a need for critically examining dependent and independent variables to determine better inferences about the model of foreign policy in the scenario of U.S. involvement into Somalia. There were different crucial indicators that influence the perspective of foreign policy in the form of sending a humanitarian mission for Somalia. A different school of thoughts comes up with different aspects of consideration. It is important to reveal that there was the involvement of different interest groups that influence the decision of sending a mission to the country who was facing complexities of civil war. The model of foreign policy has great contribution concerning the approach of decision-making for the American authorities. Different endogenous and exogenous variables were the main aspects of concern relevant to the broad idea of decision-making procedure. Different interest groups and lobby groups play their critical role to influence the entire perspective of sending American troops to save human life in Somalia. It is also worthy to assess the implications of this decision through the perspective of public interest. It is crucial to figure out all the concerns of the public linked with the phenomenon of sending a mission to the other country. Deep explanation of the entire facet of consideration reveals that powerful interest groups play a major role in the entire scenario of development of foreign policy model concerning the decision of sending troops in Somalia.
Conclusion
To conclude the discussion about the perspective of restoring hope in Somalia, it is vital to mention that this particular phenomenon impacts the functioning of the American country in many different forms. It was the decision that causes the killing of many American individuals that naturally raised the question that whether it was integral for America to directly involved in the troubling situation of Somalia. This form of consideration also helps to figure out the important role of foreign policy. The significant role of foreign policy is established as the model to examine the different aspects of decision-making procedure in the form of sending troops to Somalia. It is observed that there were various stakeholders involves in the form of endogenous and exogenous variables that impact the process of decision-making made by the foreign policy in the form of sending troops to Somalia. The implication of humanitarian operation linked with all these related aspects. The analysis of the entire model of foreign policy can never be established as a complete domain without referring to the particular interest of different groups involved in the scenario. Understanding the particular outcomes of the humanitarian operation in Somalia also clearly revealed the overall significance of the decision made by the government of the United States in the form of foreign policy. Examination of the actual situation of Somalia is also important to figure out the need of international involvement in the forms of sending peace and military troops to the areas of Somalia and provide necessary relief to the Somalian people. The detrimental situation of the citizens of Somalia demands the international community to ensure their practical measures to provide necessary relief to local people. It is established that when all the countries are closely connected with each other in the form of the global organization of the United Nation than it is obligatory for the powerful nations to use their authority and provide necessary assistance to the countries that require aid.
Detailed analysis of different aspects of the entire case of sending troops to Somalia demands to identify specific lessons that can be learned from the whole situation. Undoubtedly, different challenges faced by American troops on the land of Somalia as this particular country suffering from the concerns of hunger and civil war. The overall situation of Somalia was life-threatening for each American individual who sent to Somalia as the part of a unified mission for this country. Consideration of these challenges raised the concern in the form of the decision-making process under the broad perspective of foreign policy model. This form of concern helps to identify the actual mistakes that cause immense damage for America in the form of sending humanitarian troops for the country who was facing the problem of civil war.
The significance of the entire phenomenon is better established through the proper explanation of different school of thoughts. It is revealed that it was immensely important for the government of America to send its troops to Somalia to save the lives of many people who were facing different challenges in the form of implications of civil war. The other point of view consists of the approach that it is important to examine the behavioral domain adopted by U.S. forces in the country of Somalia. It is important to reveal that both the ideas of particular merits and demerits. There is a need for examining actual gain to make better inference about the suitability of the decision-making in the form of foreign policy. Undoubtedly, sending troops in Somalia caused saving of many precious lives but there is also a need for considering the interest of all the related shareholders. The worse situation of mission for Somalia makes it critical for America to examine all the aligned perspectives when it comes to forming foreign policy decision.
Bibliography
Burk, James. "Public support for peacekeeping in Lebanon and Somalia: Assessing the casualties hypothesis." Political science quarterly 114, no. 1 (1999): 53-78.
Clarke, Walter, and Jeffrey Herbst. "Somalia and the future of humanitarian intervention." Foreign Affairs (1996): 70-85.
Hall, Donald P., Eric D. Cipriano, and Graeme Bicknell. "Preventive mental health interventions in peacekeeping missions to Somalia and Haiti." Military Medicine 162, no. 1 (1997): 41-43.
Miller, Laura L., and Charles Moskos. "Humanitarians or warriors?: Race, gender, and combat status in Operation Restore Hope." Armed Forces & Society 21, no. 4 (1995): 615-637.
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