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Political Socialization
Introduction
The concept of political socialization is either thought too narrowly – at high school level – or too broadly that comprises all political learning ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"xrKXVxHr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Niemi and Sobieszek)","plainCitation":"(Niemi and Sobieszek)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":100,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/QGEW6CBU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/QGEW6CBU"],"itemData":{"id":100,"type":"article-journal","title":"Political Socialization","container-title":"Annual Review of Sociology","page":"209-233","volume":"3","source":"JSTOR","archive":"JSTOR","ISSN":"0360-0572","author":[{"family":"Niemi","given":"Richard G."},{"family":"Sobieszek","given":"Barbara I."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1977"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Niemi and Sobieszek). The study if often includes learning prior to the age of adulthood but one field of the study convince that political ideas begin at early in childhood. Political socialization is a particular form of political learning in which individuals develop opinion, beliefs, values and attitudes that are conducive for becoming good citizens ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"DTukgFCF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Publisher)","plainCitation":"(Publisher)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":112,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/AM5KKBWR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/AM5KKBWR"],"itemData":{"id":112,"type":"chapter","title":"Political Socialization","container-title":"American Government and Politics in the Information Age","publisher":"University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing edition, 2016. This edition adapted from a work originally produced in 2011 by a publisher who has requested that it not receive attribution.","source":"open.lib.umn.edu","URL":"https://open.lib.umn.edu/americangovernment/chapter/6-2-political-socialization/","language":"en-us","author":[{"family":"Publisher","given":"Author","dropping-particle":"removed at request of original"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",11,16]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,23]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Publisher). While political learning is a broad concept of understanding formal and informal and the active and passive ways of political interactions. While the contemporary study finds that the process of socialization covers the whole life. Therefore, in a complex social structure, people do what others are doing.
The agents of socialization include mass media, parents and teachers. The parents and teachers play an active role while media a passive. The active role of parents influences their children behavior in various ways. Parents constantly shape and reshape the behavior and in return child shapes the politics. This will eventually lead towards the development of political legitimacy where they develop trust and confidence in that particular political legitimacy such as through elections. While political leaders behave in questionable behavior. Peer groups have potentially influenced the process of political socialization of young are more likely to adopt patterns and behaviors to whom they have the relation.
The role of Media
Media plays a significant role in our socialization and it is denoted as mediated culture by the sociologists it reflects the behavioral patterns of individuals ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"PlaKPXSP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Genner and S\\uc0\\u252{}ss)","plainCitation":"(Genner and Süss)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":101,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/D758N9UE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/D758N9UE"],"itemData":{"id":101,"type":"chapter","title":"Socialization as Media Effect","source":"ResearchGate","abstract":"Socialization is a lifelong process in which individuals learn and interact with social standards, rules, and values. Media are a key socializing influence among other major agents of socialization. Media effects on socialization have been identified in research in developmental psychology, sociology, media and communication studies, and pedagogy. Findings suggest that repeated mass media exposure has potential for learning (cognitive, social, or cultural skills) and long-term implications for behavior (prosocial or violent) and the cultivation of worldview and values (political views, gender stereotypes, body images). Increasingly pervasive information and communication technologies play a crucial role in socialization processes. Some of the most important aspects of socialization are formed in childhood and youth. Thus “digital natives” have been the subject of intense academic debates about the impact of the Internet on the socialization of younger generations. Media literacy can be considered a developmental task and a goal of media socialization.","note":"DOI: 10.1002/9781118783764.wbieme0138","author":[{"family":"Genner","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Süss","given":"Daniel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",3,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Genner and Süss). Media is viewed as a power agent of socialization that constructs the social process of individuals. These agents of socialization construct individuals' norms and values, and their interaction with appropriate behavior ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"yVgrPq0U","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Genner and S\\uc0\\u252{}ss)","plainCitation":"(Genner and Süss)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":101,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/D758N9UE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/D758N9UE"],"itemData":{"id":101,"type":"chapter","title":"Socialization as Media Effect","source":"ResearchGate","abstract":"Socialization is a lifelong process in which individuals learn and interact with social standards, rules, and values. Media are a key socializing influence among other major agents of socialization. Media effects on socialization have been identified in research in developmental psychology, sociology, media and communication studies, and pedagogy. Findings suggest that repeated mass media exposure has potential for learning (cognitive, social, or cultural skills) and long-term implications for behavior (prosocial or violent) and the cultivation of worldview and values (political views, gender stereotypes, body images). Increasingly pervasive information and communication technologies play a crucial role in socialization processes. Some of the most important aspects of socialization are formed in childhood and youth. Thus “digital natives” have been the subject of intense academic debates about the impact of the Internet on the socialization of younger generations. Media literacy can be considered a developmental task and a goal of media socialization.","note":"DOI: 10.1002/9781118783764.wbieme0138","author":[{"family":"Genner","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Süss","given":"Daniel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",3,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Genner and Süss). The extent of influences an individual feels depends on their experience, personality, and stage of life. The process of socialization is to become a member society and categorized by societal adaption process, psychological developmental tasks, and milieus. Eventually, this process consumes time and requires certain rules before becoming deep-rooted individually. The entertainment and news media brings depictions that include values and beliefs for developing a political culture of the US ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"gMFeSHol","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Niemi and Sobieszek)","plainCitation":"(Niemi and Sobieszek)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":100,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/QGEW6CBU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/QGEW6CBU"],"itemData":{"id":100,"type":"article-journal","title":"Political Socialization","container-title":"Annual Review of Sociology","page":"209-233","volume":"3","source":"JSTOR","archive":"JSTOR","ISSN":"0360-0572","author":[{"family":"Niemi","given":"Richard G."},{"family":"Sobieszek","given":"Barbara I."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1977"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Niemi and Sobieszek).
Currently, the internet plays a significant role as an agent of political socialization because of the amount of information available on social and political media sites. Moreover, there are online platforms where these individuals engage and influence political leadership by taking part in those political processes. Young people, particularly these days, have maximum participation and establish their political identities. Those identities in return shape global politics like that of trump. According to a recent study on presidential preferences, political typologies and perspectives conducted by 8th-grade students, the trump supported Trump because they need to build a wall so that that they could keep the Mexicans out ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"dFkbbm4O","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Derek Anderson and Joni Zyhowski)","plainCitation":"(Derek Anderson and Joni Zyhowski)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":114,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/L2A5SZYS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/L2A5SZYS"],"itemData":{"id":114,"type":"webpage","title":"Journal of Education & Social Sciences","abstract":"This mixed-methods study examined the political typologies, perspectives, and presidential preferences of 115 8th-grade students both six weeks before and on Election Day 2016. Data from the Pew Research Center's Political Typology quiz, surveys, coursework, and classroom observations revealed the students political candidate preferences were stable, though their political ideologies were quite malleable, with more than half (55\\%) of the students' political typologies changing over the six weeks. After the election, most students expressed disdain and fear, yet few were able to express actions they could take to engage in the political process.","URL":"https://geistscience.com/papers/view/JESS1705105","author":[{"family":"Derek Anderson","given":""},{"family":"Joni Zyhowski","given":""}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,23]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Derek Anderson and Joni Zyhowski).
Discussion
President trumps attraction falls in the realm of political socialization because he has created a substitute reality where facts do not exist. Because an individual’s political behaviour is both nurtured and natured ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"RHYcII7E","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Chauncey DeVega)","plainCitation":"(Chauncey DeVega)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":108,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/ZULBX4XS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/ZULBX4XS"],"itemData":{"id":108,"type":"webpage","title":"Historian Rick Shenkman on Donald Trump: “All the worst things in American history piled together” | History News Network","URL":"https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/169617","author":[{"family":"Chauncey DeVega","given":""}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,23]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Chauncey DeVega). In this regard, the threat for shutting down of federal government for not allocating five billion dollars is a cardinal example ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"s5wlyv4c","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(MOLLY HENNESSY-FISKE)","plainCitation":"(MOLLY HENNESSY-FISKE)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":104,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/5ESYL2PC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/5ESYL2PC"],"itemData":{"id":104,"type":"webpage","title":"The border wall will divide this Texas town, displacing or blocking homes - but where?","container-title":"www.latimes.com","abstract":"Some locals consider the wall a vital safeguard; others dismiss it as a wasteful stunt. Most wish the government would be more forthcoming about where it will erect barriers spanning 37 miles of the Rio Grande Valley. Throughout the valley, residents have grown frustrated and distrustful.","URL":"https://www.latimes.com/projects/la-na-roma-texas-wall/","language":"en","author":[{"family":"MOLLY HENNESSY-FISKE","given":""}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,23]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (MOLLY HENNESSY-FISKE). At another point, the engineers have concluded that the building of the wall could be catastrophic for the country ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"MTrHxXy8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Josh Huskin)","plainCitation":"(Josh Huskin)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":106,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/N5GWTG5S"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/N5GWTG5S"],"itemData":{"id":106,"type":"webpage","title":"Trump’s Border Wall Could Cause Deadly Flooding in Texas. Federal Officials Are Planning to Build It Anyway – Texas Monthly","URL":"https://www.texasmonthly.com/news/trumps-border-wall-cause-deadly-flooding-texas-federal-officials-planning-build-anyway/","author":[{"family":"Josh Huskin","given":""}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,23]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Josh Huskin).
Social psychology suggests that politics is about group identification and group cohesion. While the supporters of Trump have a shared sense of resentment and most of them are neither economic nor environmental. While he addresses social and cultural resentments. He is less concerned about the environmental disruption caused by the building of the wall for wildlife and people. The 1954 miles wall involves six different eco-regions, ranging from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Ocean ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"xht7a0x1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parker)","plainCitation":"(Parker)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":110,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/QN4DRAKQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/QN4DRAKQ"],"itemData":{"id":110,"type":"webpage","title":"6 ways the border wall could disrupt the environment","container-title":"Environment","abstract":"Trump's plan to build a wall from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific could come with unintended consequences for wildlife and people.","URL":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/01/how-trump-us-mexico-border-wall-could-impact-environment-wildlife-water/","author":[{"family":"Parker","given":"Laura"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",1,10]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,23]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Parker). The will disconnect more than fifty per cent of the wildlife species and most of them lie in the south of the border. In addition, the wall will stop them from escaping floods, fires or heat waves. In this regard, the pygmy owl is at potential risk.
Apart from all this, the wall border affects the seasonal migration by affecting birthing sites and animal migration between Mexico and California. In addition, this has also fragmented populations of Sonoran pronghorn and there could be fewer chances of re-establishing Mexican grey wolf colonies. This in return will affect the plants and seeds. On the other hand, there are deep concerns that the construction of border will also affect three members of Native American communities that include the Kickapoo Tribe, Lipan Apache and Ysleta Del sur Pueblo ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HkJYzefF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}The Texas-Mexico Border Wall - Affected Communities})","plainCitation":"(The Texas-Mexico Border Wall - Affected Communities)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":116,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/3QNT8JNZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/3QNT8JNZ"],"itemData":{"id":116,"type":"webpage","title":"The Texas-Mexico Border Wall - Affected Communities","URL":"https://law.utexas.edu/humanrights/borderwall/communities/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,23]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (The Texas-Mexico Border Wall - Affected Communities).
The construction of will bisect plants, animals along with 62 species and endanger all these habituates. Moreover, apart from increasing the soil erosion, the will wall will change the flow of water and the patterns of wildfire. During the Bush administration, heavy floods occurred when 700 miles fence was built. During the rainy season of floods, the barriers performed as dams. There were torrents into the city of Nogales result in a loss of millions of dollars.
Conclusion
It will, however, take years to construct a border wall that Trump had promised during his presidential campaigns. While the immigration process of completely depends on actions and reactions of the global community and international society. However, recently, Trump has proclaimed that it will take two years to construct the border wall. That for sure, affect the American norms and values both internally and externally.
Works Cited
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Chauncey DeVega. Historian Rick Shenkman on Donald Trump: “All the Worst Things in American History Piled Together” | History News Network. https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/169617. Accessed 23 Apr. 2019.
Derek Anderson, and Joni Zyhowski. Journal of Education & Social Sciences. https://geistscience.com/papers/view/JESS1705105. Accessed 23 Apr. 2019.
Genner, Sarah, and Daniel Süss. Socialization as Media Effect. 2017. ResearchGate, doi:10.1002/9781118783764.wbieme0138.
Josh Huskin. Trump’s Border Wall Could Cause Deadly Flooding in Texas. Federal Officials Are Planning to Build It Anyway – Texas Monthly. https://www.texasmonthly.com/news/trumps-border-wall-cause-deadly-flooding-texas-federal-officials-planning-build-anyway/. Accessed 23 Apr. 2019.
MOLLY HENNESSY-FISKE. “The Border Wall Will Divide This Texas Town, Displacing or Blocking Homes - but Where?” Www.Latimes.Com, https://www.latimes.com/projects/la-na-roma-texas-wall/. Accessed 23 Apr. 2019.
Niemi, Richard G., and Barbara I. Sobieszek. “Political Socialization.” Annual Review of Sociology, vol. 3, 1977, pp. 209–33. JSTOR.
Parker, Laura. “6 Ways the Border Wall Could Disrupt the Environment.” Environment, 10 Jan. 2019, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/01/how-trump-us-mexico-border-wall-could-impact-environment-wildlife-water/.
Publisher, Author removed at request of original. “Political Socialization.” American Government and Politics in the Information Age, University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing edition, 2016. This edition adapted from a work originally produced in 2011 by a publisher who has requested that it not receive attribution., 2016. open.lib.umn.edu, https://open.lib.umn.edu/americangovernment/chapter/6-2-political-socialization/.
The Texas-Mexico Border Wall - Affected Communities. https://law.utexas.edu/humanrights/borderwall/communities/. Accessed 23 Apr. 2019.
