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Art 101
19 December 2019
Research Essay: Surrogacy and Morality
Surrogacy is an arrangement, often backed by legal agreements in which a woman agrees to bear the child of another person or persons who will become the child’s parent after birth. Most of the time, surrogacy arrangements are made under the protection of law and contracts are provided to the surrogates promising incentives through the process ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"hr7f7PtU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). This practice is observed to be on the rise in the countries in which people do not want to do reproductive labor i.e. the European and the American peninsula ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"sBZyfZdr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). This paper discusses the moral arguments that formulate the crux of the discussion on this topic and the ones that can be used by both sides. A critical analysis of both sides of the arguments will also be presented ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"MzKIwzEi","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). The problem will also be discussed from the perspective of care ethics.
Introduction
Surrogacy is an arrangement that is becoming increasingly popular in western countries as cheap surrogates are usually readily available from the developing countries where the value of a currency is also very low. This causes the implementation of the contract to be highly skewed and the rights of the surrogates are compromised ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Dj601IyG","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). The issue when looked at, from a perspective of morality as well as care ethics comes out to be very multi-dimensional ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"GFVTjucA","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). This practice of surrogacy is understood to be very common in developing countries especially those in which the people suffer from poverty and the women who intend to be the surrogate can earn in nine months what she could not have understood otherwise do in her whole lifetime.
There are two types of surrogacy namely traditional surrogacy and gestational surrogacy. In the practice of traditional surrogacy, a surrogate mother is artificially impregnated by the intended father and then she carries the baby until birth ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ZkmDqL9k","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). The baby produced by traditional surrogacy is genetically related to both the surrogate mother as well as the father ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"fJmsQEL4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). There is an element of marital attachment in such cases and the emotional exploitation of the mother is also a grieving concern ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"dyDj765r","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). On the other hand, in cases of gestational surrogacy, an egg is removed from the intended mother and it is artificially fertilized with the sperm of the father and then placed in the belly of the surrogate which then carries it to term.
Discussion
The practice of surrogacy is highly controversial in its essence as it has a tinge of exploitation attached to it ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"qDoe2riK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). The woman who intends to be the surrogate might be in a socially compromising state of being and she might be forced into renting her body for money. Some people who criticize the practice of surrogacy do so on the basis that the actions of hiring someone to relieve themselves of reproductive labor are very close in essence to the acts of prostitution. The prostitution debate when it comes to harm takes a very drastic turn and becomes quite sticky especially when moral perspectives and the debates of freedom get intermixed with issues of freedom and the social contract ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"mb0ESndf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). The liberal argument in favor of the practice of surrogacy is that the human being has the fundamental right to free actions ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"dY9fxp1d","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). The argument recognizes the freedom of the surrogate to enter into an agreement with her own consent. The presuppositions of the liberal argument will always remain the harm principle ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"GNiYhsre","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). The notion that a person should be allowed to do whatever he wants to do unless he does not hurt anyone is the main crux of the liberal argument. This argument from freedom, however, does not recognize the monetary situations and the necessitations that a surrogate has when she is entering into a contract of being a surrogate ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"6NHGi8xN","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). This very aspect can make people label the liberal argument to being insensitive against the trials and tribulations that a lady might have to go through in a developing country. However, we should not completely negate the argument from freedom but introduce the fundamental sensitivity that should be there when framing such an arrangement ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0bL0037Q","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). The perspective of care ethics can provide a much-needed balance and sensitivity to the issue ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"YkP4oZcd","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). The argument from care ethics actually originates from the same roots as the liberal argument but instead of desensitizing the issue of exploitation, this argument takes into consideration the complete picture and the monetary situation of the surrogate ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"K2V0ywjj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). The idea is that the surrogate does not enter into an agreement due to social pressure or need but that she, by herself makes the independent decision of entering into the agreement.
Major arguments regarding surrogacy involve the negative impact on childless couples who travel for miles to get a surrogate mother. Although there are no proper and standard procedures available for these couples to follow ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"uNwAk0qe","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). For example, if such circumstances occur between couples that they have to get separated than who will take the responsibility of these children? If the parents left, then the surrogate mother would take responsibility for the child? These are some questions raised by the societies and communities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"uDEbvEOF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). It is significantly important to plan some policies that can help parents or surrogate mothers to take the responsibility of these children in case of tragedies. These technological advancements have created hope for the childless couples therefore, the phenomenon need to be more precisely managed by the countries so that children like Manji would not suffer in any circumstances.
There have been circumstances in which surrogate agreements have been responsible for the creation of individuals who were refused nationality by both the respective countries ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"pN5h8wNl","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). Such a case occurred in India some time ago ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"K6zjNHv2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). The famous case of baby Manji is one example of such a scenario. A Japanese couple hired an Indian woman to be the surrogate to their child. An agreement was thus signed. What happened was that the Japanese couple decided to divorce before the birth of their child and afterward refused to take the child. This caused the baby to be left nationless, as the Indian state-recognized birth by the name of the mother and since the mother was supposed to be Japanese, the Indian state refused to give the baby a nationality ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"RCuQG6mD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). The Japanese state on the other hand only recognizes nationality by birth so the case for Japanese nationality was very weak and it was not granted either ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Ye6XteJy","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). The grandmother of the baby came all the way from Japan to save the day and filed a claim for the custody of the baby and won the case ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BM0csmQL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). This case gives us a detailed perspective on the complexity and the complications that can arise from such arrangements and that we need to be able to understand and bring about some robust legislation to avoid such circumstances ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ZRtTE4E1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). This very case is handled from the perspective of care ethics that could have been resolved before getting out of hand. The agreement should have mentioned the case scenario in which such an incident takes place and it should have been dealt with, there and then.
While lawful and dogmatic subjects are of the greatest significance when seeing this practice of international reproductive skill ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"GuPGLU2a","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). Researchers have highlighted that we have engrossed attention on reproductive trade and in that, relevant moral issues are ignored ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lyKNObQ4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). It is essentially important to pay attention to the moral aspects of the issue such as legalizing the surrogacy practice and nationality issues of the children. Taking ethical approaches can solve the debate raised among several countries ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"mLQJ4rVw","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). By enchanting to an ethic of care method, one highpoint several ethically concerning features of the practice of surrogacy that are otherwise concealed. Few couples are scared regarding moral issues such as surrogate mothers may demand her child and it may result in harm or damage for these children in the future ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"74U3iTcq","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). The ethical concerns are more critical with this practice across the border than it is within the same country. There is a component of marital affection in such circumstances and the emotional exploitation of the mother is also an inconsolable concern in such practices ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"kH8Vsp74","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/SR6EXE4F"],"itemData":{"id":394,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Bioethics","issue":"7","page":"333-340","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","volume":"24","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Parks). The debate and concerns can be resolved by applying the approach of social care ethics and people involved in surrogacy should be trained and educated regarding humanity and ethics. Ethical training and education for the couples and surrogate mothers is suggestively important to address such moral concerns in this practice across the border.
Conclusion
The issue of surrogacy is a very delicate one and needs to be handled with care. A robust legislative procedure needs to be developed for the practice of international surrogacy in order to prevent the exploitation of women from developing countries who are already back-broken due to the monetary situation of their country and their house ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"duWU5I1d","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Krause)","plainCitation":"(Krause)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":395,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/36GKAMD7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/36GKAMD7"],"itemData":{"id":395,"type":"chapter","container-title":"Care in Healthcare","page":"87-107","publisher":"Palgrave Macmillan, Cham","title":"Caring Relationships: Commercial Surrogacy and the Ethical Relevance of the Other","author":[{"family":"Krause","given":"Franziska"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Krause). The approach of social care ethics needs to be adopted and people should be trained on the basis of humanity. The liberal arguments despite giving their perspective on freedom do not provide enough shelter to the surrogate as it does not recognize that their freedoms might be compromised by their monetary situations.
Work Cited
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHYKrause, Franziska. “Caring Relationships: Commercial Surrogacy and the Ethical Relevance of the Other.” Care in Healthcare, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2018, pp. 87–107.
Parks, Jennifer A. “Care Ethics and the Global Practice of Commercial Surrogacy.” Bioethics, vol. 24, no. 7, 2010, pp. 333–40.
