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Law and International law
[Name of the Writer]
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Law and International law
Introduction
Technology is one of the basis of the foundation of modern society, taking into account that it governs the dynamics of society and manages the underlying operations. Terrorism is one of the emerging threats that is compromising the success and working of society on a global scale. With the passage of time, terrorism has gone mainstream in the current scenario. Today terrorism has become one of the instantaneous dilemmas of the present time. Cyberspace is an environment that is without any kind of boundaries, it is more like a privileged space where a terrorist can find sources and make activities that are useful to make propagandas (Razak, et al. 2019). Such privileged places are responsible to launch attacks against enemies at different parts of the world. It would not be wrong to say that terrorist and the terrorist groups are exploiting internet. Moreover, almost all terrorist attacks are carefully choreographed so as to attract the attention of the international press and other electronic media. Terrorists are using social media not only to commit terrorist attacks but it is also used to facilitate some diverse and wide range of activities that are terrorism oriented such as training, incitement, collection of information, recruitment, preparation, planning, financing, and communication between terrorists.
Discussion
Recruitment of terrorists by using modern technology is one of the most significant and most commonly disused issues. It is highlighted that there are different platforms from which this recruitment is offered such as social media and technological avenues. In the future, it is required to address the strategies that are meant for the developing and growth of the people (Smith, et al. 2019). Different researchers and scholars have incorporated a different and diverse understanding of the employment of terrorists by using Facebook account or another social media tool. According to research, it is highlighted that there are a lot of groups and terrorist movements who are always active on the internet, including different national and international movements. these movements include the Islamic Resistance movement, the Lebanese Hezbollah, Al-Gam'a Islamiyah, and Kurdish party, etc. (Keatinge, et al. 2019). It is asserted that the surfing on the web is one of the easiest methods that can help to facilitate the spread of materials by terrorist groups.
According to the study conducted by Prof Gabriel Weimann, named as, “Terrorism in Cyberspace: The next generation” demonstrated that there is a massive increase in the presence of terrorists on the internet since 1998 (Razak, et al. 2019). According to the address by Nilsson in Digital Forum on Terrorism Prevention in Silicon Valley, it is highlighted that there are many counterterrorism efforts on the internet. Under this condition, it is necessary to recruit additional members by the terrorists’ groups (Razak, et al. 2019). There are certain tactics that are used by the people to recruit terrorists such as the production of provoking or directing videos that can help youngsters to get an insight and interest in violence. The video recording of suicide attacks, discussion boards, online chat sessions, CDs, online streams, DVDs, distribution list and the leaflets that are downloadable show courage and commitment of terrorist groups (Razak, et al. 2019).
According to the social science research that was conducted for the examination of the use of tactics, to indoctrinate the individuals for recruiting them in extreme organizations, it is found that the internet is a common tool. It can show and display violent activities by publishing extremist rhetoric and videos and, is also used to develop relationships with soliciting terrorist groups. Terrorist organizations are using propaganda that is distributed through different platforms such as restring access to some internet websites and password-protected website. Chat groups are also one of the ways that are used as a means of increasing and paving the way for recruitment. Moreover, the internet also provides access to a global pool of potential recruits. It is asserted that these recruited cyber forums are meant for promoting learning and support to the terrorist organization and to engage outsiders and interested people in knowing the furtherance of objectives of terrorists. Similarity, the securities, and limitations are also barriers for law enforcing agencies to understand the intervention in the scenario to stop such actions (Smith, et al. 2019).
Some vulnerable and marginalized groups in society are also tailored to let people and youth know about terrorist groups. Such people are often approached through social media websites where the process of recruitment and radicalization capitalizes sentiments of humiliation, injustice, and exclusion. It is also found that internet is also one of the effective and efficient medium for the recruitment of minors that is one of the major population who is using social media and internet (Razak, et al. 2019). It is found that the internet has the aim to recruit minors by using different cartoons, computer games, and popular music videos. Such applications and steps are an amalgamation of both children stories and cartoons that have the target to attract minors in different actions such as suicide attacks. Another example of this recruitment is games in which people are seen attacking each other and killing. The fuel to the fire of terrorism is added by using some political figures and state leaders, taking into account the notion of killing the political leader in a game (Razak, et al. 2019).
It is asserted that technology is also used to incite acts of terrorism that are usually considered unlawful by many states. It is found that the internet provides a lot of material along with opportunities where text can be edited and modified according to the will of the reader or the writer. It is meant to distribute content that is completely a product of some terrorist agenda. There are a lot of people who are seem reading some particular author or writing under the essence of some violent figure or individual. It also includes the ideology of sharing beliefs with other people around the globe but with great care so to address interference by the external parties who are meant for check and balance (Razak, et al. 2019).
Financing is another aspect that is associated with the recruitment of terrorists where a lot of people who have some violent views and passion to do anything for the online recruiter are hired to work for some particular platform. Here, technology is used to recruit terrorists by giving them the chance to earn a better living but following some orders and they can either be part of an attack or some other action that may prove harmful in the long run. Another general and a very common framework that is associated and used for the hiring of terrorism is the use of social media platform. Social media tools such as Facebook and twitter are used to perform such actions that can act as a proper channel to promote terrorism (Keatinge, et al. 2019). It refers to the use of some particular websites such as on Dark web and underrated or suspicious websites that can only be accessed with the help of a referral network.
Social media is one of the popular and common platform that is used for the achievement of such ambitions, where an individual who seems interested and inspired by violence is sent a Facebook friend request. It is followed by a lengthy conversation, leading to brainwashing or building strong beliefs regarding terrorism and violence. The use of social media of bringing people close to each other especially those who have the same visions of this world is tilted to bring people of same violent mindset close to each other (Keatinge, et al. 2019). After a few months, either that individual is found in the subject training groups of terrorism or they are just the figures who are always ready to come up with violent ideas that can support terrorism. Nowadays, terrorists are also recruited by different platforms where both positive and negative reinforcement is used as a tool that can either suppress or highlight a particular behavior. This ideology refers to the games that have both violence and communication tools activated. While playing that game, a gamer can get in touch with another participant who is performing well and it is one of the most controversial things in any terrorism framework (Keatinge, et al. 2019).
Other strategies and propositions that are used for the recruitment of violent people through social media is a platform where employees are seen fed up from their organizational framework and they are seeking freedom. Thus, support is provided by the terrorism recruitment websites by bridging some successful and positive relationship with those employees followed by terrorism (Keatinge, et al. 2019).
Conclusion
Although technology is one of the platforms that can bring a massive shift in the walk of life and the happenings of the world. However, much like other things that are two-phased, technology is also two dimensional. A place where technology is used to connect people who are far away from each other and who are at distant places, modern technology is opening place of terrorists because some of the modern technology avenues are used for hiring ruthless terrorists. There are different ways in which recruitment of terrorists is made, taking into account the underlying features of social media application, some websites and games that can promote interaction. In association as a part of the justice system, it is highlighted that special attention is required on the people who are using social media as a tool that can be one of the most preferable and best options for hiring and recruitment of terrorists.
References
Keatinge, T., & Keen, F. (2019). Social Media and (Counter) Terrorist Finance: A Fund-Raising and Disruption Tool. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 42(1-2), 178-205.
Razak, M. I. A., Rahim, R. A. A., Ramli, M. A., Yusof, M. Y., Salleh, P. H., & Kasmaruddin, N. I. (2019). Religious Extremism & its Recruitment Methods: An Analysis. Journal of Administrative Science, 16(1), 34-50.
Smith, J. M., & Alarid, M. (2019). terrorism Recruitment and Radicalization into the 21st Century. Online Terrorist Propaganda, Recruitment, and Radicalization, 179.
Essay II
Police As a criminal
Introduction
Usually, the police are defined as a code of conduct and a department that is meant to maintain peace. Initially, all positive attributes and peace associations were found in the police department because they are meant to maintain law and order. There are several responsibilities of policy such as detection of crime, jailing criminals and mitigating the worries of people that are particularly related to society and societal peace. There is to coin a phrase, “One law for Gods and other for animals” that is fit for determining some internal structures of the police department where affairs and rules are contaminated with the gaps in law and order. It would not be wrong to say that there are several cases in which police is engaged in criminal acts such as killing, harming and using their power and badge to gain some personal benefits. If researched, it can be found that there are a lot of examples in which people got killed, harassed and mutilated because of the issue of power by the police department. Police as a criminal seem ambiguous but it is one of the brutal realities of the present time.
Discussion
Although it is hard to imagine that the department that is assigned the duty and potential to maintain law and order is found stuck in cases of mismanagement but negativities are followed in the worst of the version, the police department is one of them. Police is its self-engaged in a number of crimes because they are motivated by ample economic upheaval that is not offered by their department (Masur, et al. 2019). An analysis of the data collected from the FBI reveals that US police is killing people at a disproportionate rate. Although data is not complete still the situation is very alarming because the job description of police infers code of conduct, neutral attitude towards people and a strong adherence to the legal framework (Murdoch, et al. 2018). Sometimes it is the obsession of power and strength that police are more of a criminal and less of a jurisdiction. There are several cases in which police is seen engaged in facilitating criminals and crimes in different ways such as, either allowing criminals to pass through the blocked roads helping them getting out of jails and getting in touch with their gangs. Police as criminal is not just an illustration of the engagement of police in criminal activities but it is also an illustration of the facts and features that assert situation which is the product of power zone (Murdoch, et al. 2018).
As police have the power and authority to maintain law and order and they are assigned differed jobs that include checking people passing by, checking of traffic vehicles and the helping people address their concerns. Even in all such cases, the police are seen vaulting the code of conduct. One of the examples is the excessive use of firearms, taking not account that number of cases are recorded in which people are seen being killed by police just on the basis of a generalized context or ideas that are not supposed to be true (Masur, et al. 2019). While on duty, police became so dominant that they do not think before firing an individual and a lot of people are found dead. Another example of such brutality is the incorporation of stenotypes that arise while performing duties. Many of the white police are found to be racist while they are perfuming their duties. There are several cases such as the murder of Eric Garner and Mike Brown in the United States in which these individuals are found to be killed without any reasonable cause (Greer, et al. 2019).
According to research, it is found that there is a large number of cases in which Black people are being observed to be a victim of weapon of white men (Masur, et al. 2019). Police are seeing violating the constitution of the United States. There are many cases of lobbying legislation and bribing. One of the most critical facts is the lobbying of city members in order to main laws that can promote victimless act ticket so as to get more money. Sexual misconduct is the one of the most critical act and theme associated with police as a criminal taking into account that it is one of the most demoralizing acts. The essence of misconduct is not confined to it only, in fact, there are a lot of cases in which police are engaged in using their badges you get discounts and entry to concerts, etc. (Greer, et al. 2019).
Conclusion
In conclusion, it can be said that there are two reflections that are associated with the police. At one side, the police are the ultimate protector of peace, humanity, and harmony. While on the other hand, the policy is a connotation of fear and depression where they resemble Gods for whom the public is like flies and a favorite victim. There are several cases of police brutality that portray the police as a criminal. Although it is a breaching of the code of conduct and the set principles, still, it exists. In a nutshell, it can be said that police as a criminal is the worst reality of this world because police is the only living entity after spiritual beliefs that have the right to bring peace and harmony in the lives of people and bring an end to bundle of miseries and unfortunate actions that can lead society to death and destruction.
References
Greer, S., & South, N. (2019). 2 The criminal informant: police management, supervision and control. Invading the Private: State Accountability and New Investigative Methods in Europe, 2.
Masur, J., & McAdams, R. H. (2019). Police Violence in The Wire. In University of Chicago Legal Forum (Vol. 2018, No. 1, p. 7).
Murdoch, J. (2018). Police Powers and Criminal Investigations. In The Police and International Human Rights Law (pp. 125-153). Springer, Cham.
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