Part A
Negligence Law
Issues-Damages done to Bob and Lucinda
Negligence refers to non-compliance with the adequate care of skills. In this regard, three major elements need to be satisfied for a successful case (Duty of care, breach of care, and damage) (Maguire, and Banks, 2015). In the year 2002, civil law was enacted that made a few changes in the negligence law. According to Section 5 of the Civil Law Act, the plaintiff should prove a case in which harm or injuries are reasonably foreseeable (Stickley, 2016). In the given case, Bob sustained injuries as scaffolding partly collapsed and he got crushed under them. Also, he had to undergo a rehabilitation process. Therefore, the injuries sustained by Bob are reasonably foreseeable, and he can prove that before court. The incident took place on the footpath. Under the law, Triumph Constructions Ltd failed to comply with the duty of care which resulted in an accident.
Duty of care-To prove a successful duty of care, the complainant is required to prove establish that the actions carried out of by the defendant can lead to harming any individual, and in this case, the plaintiff was at the receiving end (Luntz et al., 2017). This particular aspect is called neighbor principle from Donoghue v Stevenson 1932 (Barker et al., 2012). In the given, Triumph Constructions Ltd is expected to lose the case as the company was under the obligation to ensure the safety in the proximity of their construction site. In this context, the safety means being safe from any physical or mental harm.
Breach of Duty- to establish the breach of duty the complainant is required to establish that injuries or harm caused by the action of defendant were reasonably foreseeable and that could have been avoided (Cassel, 2016). In the given case, the physical injury sustained by Bob, and the fear developed by Lucinda are reasonably foreseeable. Had Triumph Constructions Ltd acted responsibly then the incident could have been avoided. The joints of Scaffolding were not tightened properly which caused the accident. Also, Lucinda witnessed the accident as she was on the other side of the road. The incident adversely affected her mind as she developed fear of construction site to an extent that now she is afraid of leaving her home. The authorities of Triumph constructions should have carefully considered the safety measures before carrying out construction work. They should have realized that there was a footpath under their scaffolding, and as a result of their negligent behavior, the pedestrians could have been at risk.
Damages-are satisfied as Triumph Construction Ltd was the Construction Company that installed scaffolding. Therefore, it was the companys responsibility to check if the scaffolding was secure enough but it was not the case, the part of scaffolding collapsed as it was not tightened properly. A pedestrian named Bob got seriously injured as he was walking past underneath. Bob had to go through long rehabilitation process as a result of injury. Further, the accident caused a negative impact on the mind of Lucinda as she developed the fear of construction site. Finally, all the three elements are satisfied by Bob and Lucinda. The events indicate that Triumph Construction Ltd has been negligent in performing their duties. The company had the duty of care but they were in the breach of duty which caused an accident that could have been avoided had the company not been negligent. Also, both Bob and Lucinda sustained injuries and developed fear from construction sites respectively. Hence, Bob and Lucinda are in a strong position to file damages claim against Triumph Constructions Ltd according to the Law. The negligence of Triumph Constructions Ltd caused physical and mental harm to Bob and Lucinda respectively.
Contributory Negligence this refers to the negligence on plaintiffs part which also contributes to any harm and defendant can use it against plaintiff (Barry, C., 2017). In the given case, the plaintiff Bob does not seem to have committed any negligence because he was just walking past which means defendant Triumph Construction is responsible for the accident.
Part-B
Duty of Care
Issue-Is there a duty of care owed by Henry
Apparently, it seems as it the advice given by Henry to Emily proved to wrong, and as a result, she lost her investment. In this regard, important point to consider is the non-professional settings in which Emily received advice from Henry. They both had conversation with each in a plane which means Emily did not approach Henry to seek a financial advice regarding any investment (Cassel, 2016). Considering the fact, Henry was an adult she should have solely relied on the advice given by Henry. Henry was a businessman, and he may have enough business experience but when comes to making investment, one needs to be careful, and keep into account all the necessary elements because investment in the all the plans and schemes are not safe all the time. Although it was the moral responsibility of Henry to provide Emily with a right piece of advice but Emily cannot throw all the blame on Henry. In his defense, he can come up with the argument that he gave suggestion to Emily in a good faith, so, the onus was on her to consider other elements before making investment.
In the given case, Henry does not owe duty of care because the advice given by him was not in professional settings. However, the company X Ltd is responsible because Emily made her investment in that company. According to the given scenario, Emily should have taken into account the risk factor as the company was about to launch a revolutionary engine which means this part of the business was not already established. Therefore, relying on some strangers advice was not a wise thing to do especially when it comes to making investment of all the savings. She could sue X Ltd as the company owed duty of care when Emily invested all her money into the company.
Damages- Emily suffered a loss as lost most of her investment because she lost most of her money as she invested all her savings (Barker, 2017). Emily can appeal in the court for recovery of all the money and she could claim that she misled about making investment in X Ltd, and as a result she lost most part of her money.
Application- Emily can file an application in which she can mention about Henry as he was the one who misled her, and as result Emily lost her money after making investment as the company was new to the business. Although, the words of Henry misled Emily, but it was a verbal and informal discussion, and Emily does not have any written proof against Henry. However, she can make claim against the company as the company was supposed to protect the investment.
Moreover, in the given case, Emily herself has been negligent because she did not carefully understand the situation thoroughly. In this context, she should have realized that company was about to launch the new product, so, there was a risk as far as investment in X ltd was concerned. In this regard, the onus was on her. One should always be careful while investing heavily in any company. The appropriate mix of investment must be considered. Also, one should draw a personal financial roadmap. The current economic conditions need to be closely analyzed to make sure that investment is safe. However, Emily did not consider these elements before making investment of all her saving. Hence, there is negligence on Emilys part as well.
Bibliography
Stickley, A.P., 2016. Australian torts law. LexisNexis Butterworths.
Barker, K., Cane, P., Lunney, M. and Trindade, F., 2012. The law of torts in Australia. Oxford University Press.
Barry, C., 2017. Statutory modifications of contributory negligence at common law. Precedent (Sydney, NSW), (140), p.12.
Cassel, D., 2016. Outlining the Case for a Common Law Duty of Care of Business to Exercise Human Rights Due Diligence. Business and Human Rights Journal, 1(2), pp.179-202.
Foley, M. and Christensen, M., 2016. Negligence and the Duty of Care A Case Study Discussion. Singapore Nursing Journal, 43(1).
Hunter, J., Henning, T., Edmond, G., McMahon, R., Metzger, J. and San Roque, M., 2016. The Trial Principles, Process and Evidence. LAW INSTITUTE JOURNAL.
Luntz, H., Hambly, D., Burns, K., Dietrich, J., Foster, N., Grant, G. and Harder, S., 2017. Torts cases and commentary. LexisNexis Butterworths.
Maguire, R.L. and Banks, A., 2015. The risk of negligence following the failure of a human replacement function in an automated system.
Enterprise Law PAGE 2
jlp Z
w
y
W X
C
e
xtpipeh/ hJhJhJhc hV hV hV hihihih/hov2hov2OJQJJhRyhov256 hov256hov2hov256hRyhOh h
ysh h
ysh@ h
yshUx h
ysh.n h
yshBh.nhs hDh.n hDhC QklmnopqrstuvwxyzgdUx
(dagd@
(dagd8xdgdDz h0d0gdov2dgdV dgd/ dgdRy0d0gddgdOgdUxe
cegstxghNOPc l r y yh5hShhRyhe hehehvhehshBH56hshe56hov2 hihihihV hch hJhJhJhOhKh/ h/6hi hihi hi6h/h/6/O/7N(() 0d0gdRydgdRy
dagdRydgde dgdRy dgdiy ./tA67 M(N(((z))
,-./012 hDhahe0JmHnHuhDha0JjhDha0JUhahajhaUhp hphphV hV hV hRyhRyhRyhVlhsh hlheh5hhSh3 /0120d0gdRyagd.n 5
01hpxm/ / pp0hH02 0@Pp2( 0@Pp 0@Pp 0@Pp 0@Pp 0@Pp 0@Pp8XVx_HmH nH sH tH @@ NormalCJ_HaJmH sH tH @ oM Heading 1@5CJ KH OJPJQJJaJ N@N Heading 2dd@5CJaJZ@Z M Heading 3@5CJOJPJQJJaJDAD Default Paragraph FontRiR Table Normal4
l4a (k (No List 4@4 .nHeader
4 4 .nFooter
.)@. .n Page NumberBoB Heading 2 Char5CJaJB2B 0 Normal (Web)dd6UA6 0 Hyperlink BphWQ Strong5boab oMHeading 1 Char.5CJ KH OJPJQJJaJ mH sH tH JJ@J oMSubtitle@aOJPJQJJVoV oM
Subtitle CharCJOJPJQJJaJmH sH tH V
AV Fyp TOC Headingd@ 5BKHph.t44
pTOC 1
d..
FypTOC 2
RoR MHeading 3 Char5CJOJPJQJJaJ8/8 Lpage-link--inner(/( Lds_title.X. L@Emphasis6N/N FAdmntl-sc-block-heading__textBB
ysComment ReferenceCJaJ@
ys Comment TextCJaJ1
ysComment Text Char@j@@
ysComment Subject5FoQF
ysComment Subject Char5H@bH
ys Balloon TextCJOJQJJaJNoqN
ysBalloon Text CharCJOJQJJaJ8/8 ov2page_number_info0/0 ov2 pages_number/ ov2 hidden-xs/ ov2_/ ov2ff2/ ov2ff1o BHBody Text1,t, body text,, body text.dxx aJmH sH PKContent_Types.xmlN0EH-J@ULTB l,3rJBG7OVa(7IRpgLr85vuQ8CX6NJCFB..YTe55 _g -Yl6NPK6 _rels/.relsj0 Qv/C/(hO
Chvxp_P1H0ORBdJE4bq_6LR70O,En7Lib/SePKkytheme/theme/themeManager.xml M
@w7c(EbCA7K
Y,
e.,H,lxIsQ ,jGW)E
8PK0C)theme/theme/theme1.xmlYOo6w tocvu-MniP@Iama4lGRX6 )OrCy@/yH)UDbqJX)InEp)liV1MOP6rzgbIguSebORDqu gZolAplxpT0jzAV2Fi@qv5NleXdsjcs7f
W7g Jjh(KD-
dXiJ(x( I_TS 1EZBmU/xYy5g/GMGeD3Vqq8K)fw9
xrxwrTZaGy8IjbRcXI
u3KGnD1NIBs
RuKV.ELM2fi V vlu8zH
(W
JTeOtHGHYKNPT9/A7qZcqUnwNOi4 3N)cbJ
uV4(Tn
7_m-UBww_8(/0hFL)7iAs),Qg20ppf
DU4p
MDBJlC5
2FhsFYn3E69 45Z5k8Fmw- dznZ xJZp /P,)KQk5qpN8KGbe
Sd17 paSR
3K4rzQ
TTIIvtKcKv5DO@w_nNL9KqgVhn
RyUn/HrT
t.T
S ZP9giC B,X,I2UWV9lkAjAP79sYMChfooY1kyVV5E8Vk80X4D)fv
uxA@T_q64)kuV7 t i9s9x,-45xd8d/Yt LILJ -Gt/PK
theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsM
0woo5
6Q
,.aic21hqm@RNdo7gK(MR(.1rJT8VAHubP8g/QAs(LPK-Content_Types.xmlPK-6 0_rels/.relsPK-kytheme/theme/themeManager.xmlPK-0C)theme/theme/theme1.xmlPK-
theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsPK
xml version1.0 encodingUTF-8 standaloneyes
aclrMap xmlnsahttp//schemas.openxmlformats.org/drawingml/2006/main bg1lt1 tx1dk1 bg2lt2 tx2dk2 accent1accent1 accent2accent2 accent3accent3 accent4accent4 accent5accent5 accent6accent6 hlinkhlink folHlinkfolHlink/2 -e
y 2z 2-8@0(
B
S MSd 03p , M N 033333333333wetcly11 03wetcy11 3921 RWi-,BMyXsHx
o(hH.
hH.
pLpLhH.
@ @ hH.
hH.
LLhH.
hH.
hH.
PLPLhH.CJOJQJo(hHCJOJQJo(hHopppCJOJQJo(hH@ @ @ CJOJQJo(hHCJOJQJo(hHCJOJQJo(hHCJOJQJo(hHCJOJQJo(hHPPPCJOJQJo(hHCJOJQJo(hHCJOJQJo(hHopppCJOJQJo(hH@ @ @ CJOJQJo(hHCJOJQJo(hHCJOJQJo(hHCJOJQJo(hHCJOJQJo(hHPPPCJOJQJo(hH
hH.
hH.
ppphH.
@ @ @ hH.
hH.
hH.
hH.
hH.
PPPhH.CJOJQJo(hHCJOJQJo(hHopppCJOJQJo(hH@ @ @ CJOJQJo(hHCJOJQJo(hHCJOJQJo(hHCJOJQJo(hHCJOJQJo(hHPPPCJOJQJo(hHCJOJQJo(hHCJOJQJo(hHopppCJOJQJo(hH@ @ @ CJOJQJo(hHCJOJQJo(hHCJOJQJo(hHCJOJQJo(hHCJOJQJo(hHPPPCJOJQJo(hH
o(hH.
hH.
pLpLhH.
@ @ hH.
hH.
LLhH.
hH.
hH.
PLPLhH. 19HxWi-,BMXt9B4 wXZ1
d/@Znf ,B5Wv
m8m ,wx ,sW D_ Z ,Wv
ip) B57 Tt
ip Z
IsZYZzTRjTwT.
/r_Ar ,X9YJdqB4 w.f )L3YruTlZ_-5NZwT.VYMZKZ7ab,T ,Zip FYMHr ,sIeB4 w 20 )L ,lhT) ,.
Wv
4mBjxP2
d9(f(f(f(f(Tt)oH T ,9,Jab,ipP-8-Zb.69t5E/Ie/( H,0.
f0Z203Yr(y1TwI11_LM3 ,fh3 ,m4TR5 ,j5I6Zr77ZVN7o7 ,p8 ,U9ZZ9w
9T( t) , ,DwT )Z9Yx.cubixjZBZDa@Tr_At
BaaP ,,9zLCTCTwrDqwE ,oHbiI9QJB4 w9,J2wvK , )LZ/M YMab,gXN7N ,nZNZaaPpgeP ,_fP9
P@WLP ,yRTqSTW9T9YOPTT9GUTa mU@W9U4mVTVB4 w@Wk_dkGXZaYB4 wbYB4 wY(Vy
Y(Y ,b2ZTZI1ZmB4 wZkB4 wxPbiuipDIvZEl_k_El_(f(f(f(f((/MubaBIcZFcB4 w
dyfdVdB4 wIepfZyf5E/dYf
digB4 wlh@hJGEjTJl , mb.pmubaMmdYf Rn ,ZnsKpp ,ipxP,enpTq9U6rZNt ,69t/t ,)Au ,FPvZSvB4 wrvZ4Qv ,B4 wTwt
wptx ,LixTx(Vyt)5N@hZ5TT.VpmCd(Vy TMmUul5DLVBs8FCVz-f7FBHD2BxCcWenh8d R d z
F
Y h _ C V u Cf
g1N49gyAJh@WaplQeJbQjO
,1RUW.6sYZ,UVotpLzV/H2
FI()m126PEoapuM8MObSmsx
8Xa3j,sQ W
(O w O Rm
5WdgpYJx(,XIjL4KN8 m(
(T(U.(c(E(S(o(z(5)9)V)ib)Lrm4MMX,,2,c,e,n,E--f-r-5 .....A.L.a.h.Ox.///h/9/B/B/R/WT/80E0 x0k01p1.1P15s1ov2233,333f3_z344Z 4 4/4G34344kh4
m485C5 6 N6FN6Y6Js6797K7U7_7o778J8.18mS8d8O99(969b89n99wt9)4ow(1xSNq
X.be I.0cZ1w4@@JS@_@kp@ANAdAuA BNBCCCICdJCNCZCrCuCCDpE8EaREnfEF FFOFG GuGH H0HXHeHiHIIjIlIEuI
JJeJ7J8JjeJoJxJpKKK.KoKICK2TK(L9yLpzL MM5-M6/M/MMM NNN.NKNfwNOO)OrTO P,PdP5P9PbLPpPQaQ .Q(.QEcQoRR2R,BRS BSKS/SuaSySSSTrTUU3UIUaUlrUV9V-gV9WVW)X1X2XUXiXrYL-YHYZZJZYZ_ZlZ
RAGTcgsn,056NQ _e_Vz__9TWavaxb b bFbFbYbucb7cLccmcxpczcdddFAdXUddVepYeqffAfgg,gSjg hhFhEKh hhiiU7iNiaRiljijEjJjPjcj vjkk/kf2k3k7kikpk@l)l1lm,mYmxmzmnn.nnAnonFoLo0hooepbqjqmqf0rErQrr ssEsTOsts
ys@bt u9uBuEu JuVuYuuv
ww WwF xx(x8xUxhxtxRyFy1yxyvzyzlztqz,ZIwPPBv,At4L25SbHSij1P8ALkdJMV_8DS3LWcCNmY2UXwf/e7p Jb7OZjvG@.Z_Ebgpqh qv-DgRxW CSURbdpoMOjkC.01K@Nm50OPa0Y4N7.BCUfxha EMRiezhiq85/)yB1mLdm1Wjz6L5UXBdl)KRW A4NcmJgZsN i /G2RM
gEokRsNal
/1lufM8nr1PCDHP HcVTU t
w(l3emFQa/p 3
uU 8lnzpem
i7CZoJ4/q_fh Vf@yXCM/Obey
46-efkx(-CGQtzY03SjMOf4 ,CS8ORUYdknuNdNap,F5bTnLD_ju/l,C
@kMYBTYBz XgRlsYql5,Eq-,alew Ql x_Iyo RX px(Vmxa)3kVACHNcFq
elOI6HHavxn)HtGgOr V0q/,-bl7bJq,4O4ot(Ac6Pk DSq( 0z 8h1Mvs/Tsw)ZbXB@KEirUK o5_9Yrwo
HFaPCOY_e,k8J@@ bgYv3FGNR9mlqz
gEHt 2pV4dAe(w -TYnC(7.guPiWqaSV7jIvPB(.X0(,13Vln__Grammarly_42____i__Grammarly_42___14H4sIAAAAAAAEAKtWckksSQxILCpxzi/NK1GyMqwFAAEhoTITAAAATH4sIAAAAAAAEAKtWcslP9kxRslIyNDY0NzcwNTAxMrUwMzE1MDBV0lEKTi0uzszPAykwrAUA0mHvdSwAAAA@2@UnknownGAx Times New Roman5Symbol3. Cx ArialC., @Calibri Light9. )Segoe UI Cx Courier NewWingdingsABCambria Mathqhqq Fx243X j2xx muhammadtehreemNobahar Ahmed Khan( Oh0@x
(08muhammadtehreemNormalNobahar Ahmed Khan12Microsoft Office Word@e @@BP@ .,0 hp
Title
(),-./0123456789@ABCDEFGHIJLMNOPQRTUVWXYZcabdmefghijklRoot Entry F1TableYWordDocument 7SummaryInformation(KDocumentSummaryInformation8SMsoDataStore@liD04ENXMPWA2@liItem
HPropertiesUMacrosiiVBA iidir
(),-./0123456789@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSUVWXYZxml version1.0 encodingUTF-8 standaloneno
bSources SelectedStyleHarvardAnglia2008OfficeOnline.xsl StyleNameHarvard - Anglia Version2008 xmlnsbhttp//schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/bibliography xmlnshttp//schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/bibliography/bSources
xml version1.0 encodingUTF-8 standaloneno
dsdatastoreItem dsitemID6B83ABBF-3F59-4978-B935-783E331A8F58 xmlnsdshttp//schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/customXmldsschemaRefsdsschemaRef dsurihttp//schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/bibliography//dsschemaRefs/dsdatastoreItem0 pHdProjectQ(@
l J
rstdolestdoleP
hG00020430-C
00462.00CWindowssystem32e2.tlbOLE AutomationENormalENCrmaQF ,C
mAOfficgODficgG2DF8D04C-5BFA-101B-BDE5gAAe42ggram Files@CommonMicrosoft SharedOFFICE14MSO.DLLM 14.0 Ob LibraryxMSFAsAMSFBs3@dD452EE1-E0D8F0A-8-02608C4D0BB4dFM260LB p/1D AC000BG 50 B19C32D8-0A34-4A23-BF37 -83A8CEE786UsersHpAppDataLocalTempWord8.0b7.exdc.E
.M ARThisDocument(GTisDkcuen 2 H1xZ,TThisDocument
_VBA_PROJECT PROJECT
TPROJECTwm)RxME (SSS(1Normal.ThisDocument8(HxAttribute VB_Name ThisDocument
Bas1Normal.VGlobalSpaclFalse CreatablPre declaIdTru
BExposeTemplateDerivCustom izC1a G000204EF-0000-0000-C000-0000000000464.19CPROGRA1COMMON1MICROS1VBAVBA7VBE7.DLLVisual Basic For ApplicationsG00020905-0000-0000-C000-0000000000468.50CProgram FilesMicrosoft OfficeOffice14MSWORD.OLBMicrosoft Word 14.0 Object LibraryG00020430-0000-0000-C000-0000000000462.00CWindowssystem32stdole2.tlbOLE AutomationCNormalCNormal(G2DF8D04C-5BFA-101B-BDE5-00AA0044DE522.50CProgram FilesCommon FilesMicrosoft SharedOFFICE14MSO.DLLMicrosoft Office 14.0 Object LibraryG0D452EE1-E08F-101A-852E-02608C4D0BB42.00CWindowssystem32FM20.DLLMicrosoft Forms 2.0 Object Library
G019C32D8-0A34-4A23-BF37-83A82D8CEE782.00CUsersHpAppDataLocalTempWord8.0MSForms.exdMicrosoft Forms 2.0 Object Library.E
.M RThisDocument085e17b7f1ThisDocument @oM2WordkVBAWin16Win32Win64xMacVBA6VBA7Project1
stdoleProject- ThisDocument _EvaluateNormalOfficeuMSFormsCDefaultOcxNameDocumentj
IDA27DE38A-1614-47AE-8030-70AA5565391E
DocumentThisDocument/H00000000
NameProject
HelpContextID0
VersionCompatible32393222000
CMGC5C776889A7E9E7E9E7E9E7E9E
DPBB7B5046A046E076F076F07
GCB9BB0A6F0B6F0B90
Host Extender Info
H000000013832D640-CF90-11CF-8E43-00A0C911005AVBEH00000000
H00000002000209F2-0000-0000-C000-000000000046Word8.0H00000000
ThisDocumentThisDocument
F Microsoft Word 97-2003 Document
MSWordDocWord.Document.89qCompObjr
