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TOPIC: How Computer Science Is Playing A Crucial Role To Diagnose ( One Specific Medical Issue You Can Chose, And Write Technical Report On That ) In Human Body?
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PROSTHETIC ARM
Abstract: This project focuses on the design of a myogenic prosthetic arm to mimic the movement of human arm. A huge increase has occurred in the prostheses for patients with upper limb amputations in recent years. Current prosthetic hands have minimal usability and are costly. Our goal was to design a cost-effective prosthetic hand model. This paper provides the source for a prosthetic limb by examining alternative mechanisms for acquiring and transmitting data.
The prosthetic arm is designed to provide the tactile perceptions experienced by the human body by integrating a network of sensors into the nervous system and operating the arm on the basis of feedback received from these sensors. Coordinate reference systems are used for the transformation of input signals into the desired output. Our proposed model works using electromyogenic (EMG) signals generated by muscle contractions. Our design has increased degree of freedom and the number of grip patterns. In addition to driven thumb roll articulation, which is not seen in commercial products, the novel model includes five independently actuated fingers. Besides that, it exhibits the full range of motion required to grab an object.
INTRODUCTION
Prosthesis is a medical device that structurally and functionally replaces an arm. The human hand is a complex piece of biological equipment. There are many people who have lost limbs through accidents or by birth and have to face a lot of problems in performing the normal activities of life. Due to advances in engineering and computer science technology, prosthetic limbs are designed as a substitute so that amputees can perform the normal activities easily. Researchers are trying to improve them but despite these technological advances, they are still limited in terms of their amount of sensory feedback received, degrees of freedom and methods of distinguishing various grip patterns of human hands. Most amputees expressed a desire for improved mobility, higher grasping speeds and powers, natural movement and object contact and enhanced cosmetic appearance. Some improvements have been made to increase the number of degrees of freedom and reduce the weight of the prosthetic arm such as the use of under actuated mechanisms and shape memory alloy actuators. The high degree of flexibility and mobility of the hand and more robust control schemes are needed. The upper limb prostheses still have sufficient room for improvement. [1]
LITERATURE REVIEW
A large number of institutions have done research on the design and construction of robotic arm. The main focus of the previously designed robotic hand designs was on the mechanical problems that is functioning and designing. Different methods of actuation were used. The Novel Dexterous Hand uses motors to operate the finger joints. These motors are attached through cables much like the tendons in the human hand. With the help of a series of cables, the movement of motors is transmitted to the fingers. Some designs for example Anthroform Arm have actuators that directly transmit the power to the joint. It uses pneumatic 'muscles' to imitate the human arm's muscles that are directly connected to the ' bones' . They have also used wires made up of SMA alloys to provide strength and to transmit motion. When heated, these wires contract and return when cooled to their initial shape. Most prostheses are controlled using non-intuitive methods. No research has been found investigating prothesis control directly from the neural network of the body. This project is trying to lay the foundation for an arm with an intuitive control method that can imitate the human arm.(Cloutier and Yang)
OUR DESIGNED MODEL
STRUCTURE
The prototype of our model consists of a network of four fingers and a thumb attached to palm of a hand. The hand holds a micro-controller and a battery. A servo motors are used to provide actuation through a series of pulleys. They are basically used to actuate the fingers. These motors have built in encoders that helps motor can to rotate to a specific angle using pulse width modulation. Many options are provided for signal input and control algorithms. The prototype model is designed in AutoCAD and is 3D printed. (Harvey and Longstaff)
WORKING
We have designed a prosthetic arm that works on the basis of Myoelectric signals. In this technology, muscles in your residual limb drive the body. These muscles can be contracted to produce electrical signals to move the arm. Electrodes are put on the skin. These electrodes are used to read the muscle contractions and on the basis of these readings, the arms move.
After acquiring EMG data, it is amplified through amplifier which is connected to a PC for data storage. On a computer screen, auditory and visual animated signals are displayed and used to synchronize with the information. The obtained signal is sampled and bandpass filtered. The filtered signal is then passed to the microcontroller which then maps the value of the signal with the range of gesture value already stored in the microcontroller. The final signal obtained is then passed to the servo motors and on the basis of this signal, the servo motors perform the desired gesture. (Harvey and Longstaff)
FUTURE WORK
Many areas require more research and development in order to enable the prosthetic to act as part of the neural network of the human body. It is important to investigate the rates of appropriate neuron stimulation without cell damage. It is also necessary to determine the technique of adding the prosthetic to the human nervous system. The acquired data through EMG signals in to produce the desired movement must be defined on the basis of the selected data point. Besides that, you can also incorporate machine learning algorithms to improve its functionality and behavior.
CONCLUSIONS
The project has shown effectively the value of hand design as well as design improvements. By placing electrodes on the skin, we have acquired EMG signals of finger gripping movements. After this, raw EMG signals obtained were amplified and rectified using an EMG acquisition circuit. Then, we designed our own prototype of arm using Solidworks and AutoCAD. Different finger movements are controlled using servo motors. Hence, amputees can install this myoelectric arm which is very affordable in price as compared to other commercially available prosthetics.
REFERENCES
[1] https://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/Eproject042612145912/unrestricted/MQP_PaulV_Complete_Final_3.pdf
[2] Harvey, David, and Benjamin Longstaff. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PROSTHETIC ARM." IEEE n. pag. Print.
[3] Cloutier, Aimee, and James Yang. "CONTROL OF HAND PROSTHESES- A LITERATURE REVIEW." IEEE n. pag. Print.
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