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Assignment 3 part 3
The divide between Shia and Sunni started from the moment when the last prophet Muhammad SAW died. The question rose who will lead after him. Afterward, various factors further expended the religious division include; the Battle of Karbala in 680s, the takeover of Iran by Safavid those were Shia, Sykes-Picot agreement, and the emergence of political Islam in the twentieth century. Battle of Karbala was the event when this religious division turned deadly ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5Q0QXz7U","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}\\uc0\\u8206{}Throughline\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Throughline”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":648,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/ASPIUDFU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/ASPIUDFU"],"itemData":{"id":648,"type":"webpage","title":"Throughline: War Of The Worlds on Apple Podcasts","container-title":"Apple Podcasts","abstract":"Show Throughline, Ep War Of The Worlds - Apr 17, 2019","URL":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/war-of-the-worlds/id1451109634?i=1000435201602","shortTitle":"Throughline","language":"en-us","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Throughline”).
Since the beginning, the political power was in the hand of Sunnis. However, Shia got country Iran with own ethnic identity and military. In addition new movement known as Wahhabism shaking up the political order of the region of Saudi Arabia. Muhammad SAW was the political leader who united Arabia. However, present political leaders are more concerned about who will get the power rather than power based on Islam which is bringing the real conflicts.
Yes, the European division of the Middle East after World War I is similar to the scramble for Africa. The main reason behind both was the seeking of power by the European countries by demolishing the Ottoman Empire and Africa. European established colonization of African territory and partitioned the Ottoman Empire. The partition of the Ottoman Empire was planned by the allied powers include; Italian, French, and British. The scramble of Africa was the result of strategic rivalry by Germany, Italy, and Britain.
The Sykes-picot agreement was the treaty made between France and the United Kingdom. The main reason for the treaty was to divide the Ottoman Empire with approval from Italy and Russia. The agreement was made in 1916 and presented by the Russian Bolshevik government on 23 November 1917. The Balfour policies were based on the declaration by the British government which announced the support for Jews for the establishment of Jewish national hometown in Palestine. Policies included; Jewish will get the political and civil rights in Palestine and any other countries.
In 1948, the US helped Jews to make Jewish hometown with the policy of support and sympathy. US made the unusual corporation that made Israel dependent on the US for its military and economic strength. In 1967, during the 6-day war the US supported Israel by providing military support; however, he tried to hide his support in front of the world. The strategy made the US most distrusted for Israel ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"MDcUSvHm","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dalrymple)","plainCitation":"(Dalrymple)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":646,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/SQX78PTT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/SQX78PTT"],"itemData":{"id":646,"type":"article-newspaper","title":"Opinion | Why Karzai Bites the Hand That Feeds Him","container-title":"The New York Times","section":"Opinion","source":"NYTimes.com","abstract":"As America prepares to withdraw from Afghanistan, Britain’s 1842 defeat looms large.","URL":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/14/opinion/sunday/why-karzai-bites-the-hand-that-feeds-him.html","ISSN":"0362-4331","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"Dalrymple","given":"William"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",10,19]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Dalrymple).
The cold war manifested grave impacts on the states of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Iran. The influence of the Soviet Union dominated the state of affairs in Afghanistan. For instance, the rise of the Taliban and the confrontation of several stakeholders in Afghanistan is an explicit illustration of the detrimental consequences of the cold war. Likewise, both Iran and Iraq advanced to witness revolutionary movements and campaigns which changed the domestic political model in true letter and spirits.
Afghanistan is known as the graveyard of Empires because numbers of empires were made over the region. From the past, Afghanistan remained in the power of foreign countries. Afghanistan collapsed the Soviet Union. Britain was unable to cope with Afghanistan which resulted in the breakdown of ties between Shah Shuja and Britain envoy. The US also tried to get power in the region; however, he lost a large number of militants and budget in the area. The US is spending more than a hundred billion dollars per year in Afghanistan. Britain lost three wars with Afghanistan and the US is paying almost the same at the time.
Durand line is the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Sir Mortimer Durand who was a British diplomat established this international border in 1893. The Durand Line agreement was made after the 1st phase of Anglo-Afghan second war. At that time British controlled the diplomatic and foreign affairs of Afghanistan, therefore border was made to fix the limit of both the countries to enhance the trading and diplomatic relations.
From the past of Afghanistan it can understand that even after the influence of various foreign Empire, the unity of tribes and their leader created the difficulty for the outsiders. The leadership of the region can defeat the power and norms of the other culture. Britain who defeated the number of regions lost the war with Afghanistan. Now America is doing the same losing his military and an annual budget in Afghanistan. In addition, continues power over the people of the outsider can make oppressed people aggressive and extremist like happening in Afghanistan through the Taliban ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"FJ2e3kAw","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}We Created Islamic Extremism\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“We Created Islamic Extremism”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":647,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/YUU6KV5D"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/YUU6KV5D"],"itemData":{"id":647,"type":"webpage","title":"We created Islamic extremism: Those blaming Islam for ISIS would have supported Osama bin Laden in the '80s","container-title":"Salon","abstract":"Jingoists conveniently forget the West's Cold War strategy was to arm the Islamic extremists that became al-Qaida","URL":"https://www.salon.com/2015/11/17/we_created_islamic_extremism_those_blaming_islam_for_isis_would_have_supported_osama_bin_laden_in_the_80s/","shortTitle":"We created Islamic extremism","language":"en","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",11,17]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“We Created Islamic Extremism”).
Afghanistan was a secular country who started fighting for freedom. Afghanistan started fighting with the Soviet Union. Al-Qaeda was initially worked for America while the Taliban was the freedom fighters of Afghanistan. So-called freedom fighters are the forefathers of al-Qaeda and ISIS. The US came up with the strategy of the cold war against socialism by supporting extremist of Islam. This strategy resulted in the power of Islamic extremist in the Middle East supported by the West.
West cultivated Osama bin Laden by using him in the strategy of the cold war in Afghanistan. He belonged to a rich family of Saudia. West invested in his international network that turned into al-Qaeda later. Osama bin Laden organized the number of foreign fighters to fight against USSR by providing weapons and construction equipment. The militia was established from throughout North Africa and the Middle East.
The concept of Jihad disappeared hundreds of years ago which was revived in the 1980s by America. America helped Osama bin Laden to establish militia against the Soviet Union that intervened in Afghanistan. The US used Muslims for his strategy. He invested to mobilize 1 billion Muslims to fight against Reagan. CIA agents increased their visit to Muslim countries to encourage Muslims for jihad. Bin Laden helped the US and recruit a number of Muslims for the jihad against communism.
Osama bin Laden belonged to the rich family of Saudia Arabia. He helped America by providing Muslims fighters against the Soviet Union. In 1990, the US entered into Saudia Arabia by force. After defeating Saddam US did not leave the land of Kaaba due to which the US lost his trust by Laden. He warned America and three years later attacked twins' towers in New York.
The US went to Saudia Arabia by force and got the trust of Osama bin Laden by made him believe that US troops were there to helping Saudia in fighting against Saddam Hussain. There were no foreign forces on the land before. However, after defeating Saddam, US did not leave the land which resulted in jihad by bin Laden against US troops.
In 1990, the US supported Iraq by providing them weapon and support against Iran. UK government gave permission to Saddam Hussain to produce the chemical weapons for war. However, the US invaded Iraq for using chemical weapons against them. The US defeated Saddam Hussain whom they first helped during the Iran-Iraq war.
Illegal attack of US in Iraq lead to a loss of about one million lives. A large number of deaths and destruction destabilized the whole Middle East. In this situation al-Qaeda performed as a militant group and spread like a wildfire, the extreme condition of the Middle East lead to the emergence of ISIS.
In the Middle East, most of the countries have been socialist. These countries were repressive to women because laws were made on the basis of Sharia rather than equality among men and women.
Works Cited
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Dalrymple, William. “Opinion | Why Karzai Bites the Hand That Feeds Him.” The New York Times, 19 Oct. 2018. NYTimes.com, https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/14/opinion/sunday/why-karzai-bites-the-hand-that-feeds-him.html.
“Throughline: War Of The Worlds on Apple Podcasts.” Apple Podcasts, https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/war-of-the-worlds/id1451109634?i=1000435201602. Accessed 15 May 2019.
“We Created Islamic Extremism: Those Blaming Islam for ISIS Would Have Supported Osama Bin Laden in the ’80s.” Salon, 17 Nov. 2015, https://www.salon.com/2015/11/17/we_created_islamic_extremism_those_blaming_islam_for_isis_would_have_supported_osama_bin_laden_in_the_80s/.
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