Your Gut! Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive System
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Your Gut! Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive System
The primary purpose of the digestive system is processing the food to offer the body essential nutrients, energy and to deal with the waste material. The energy is imperative for the survival of human beings. Across the world, digestive disorders prove to be the prominent cause of illness for communities. They range from minor to major as nausea or disturbance after eating a meal or severe cases as colon cancer. Digestive diseases and disorders are reflected through certain conditions as nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, constipation, heartburn, bleeding from the digestive tract, abdominal swelling and pain, and loss of appetite. Several disorders can potentially affect parts of the digestive system instead of targeting one. Gastrointestinal disorders encompass a significant amount of complexities wherein the gastrointestinal (GI) tract appears to be normal but functions inappropriately. The common factors affecting the mobility of GI tract are lack of exercise, consuming junk food and unhealthy diet, changes in routine or traveling, stress, consuming a significant amount of dairy products, pregnancy and stress ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"PqQTNkPl","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Liao, Zhao, & Gregersen, 2009)","plainCitation":"(Liao, Zhao, & Gregersen, 2009)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":468,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/5RKVGPW3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/5RKVGPW3"],"itemData":{"id":468,"type":"article-journal","title":"Gastrointestinal tract modelling in health and disease","container-title":"World Journal of Gastroenterology : WJG","page":"169-176","volume":"15","issue":"2","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the system of organs within multi-cellular animals that takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste. The various patterns of GI tract function are generated by the integrated behaviour of multiple tissues and cell types. A thorough study of the GI tract requires understanding of the interactions between cells, tissues and gastrointestinal organs in health and disease. This depends on knowledge, not only of numerous cellular ionic current mechanisms and signal transduction pathways, but also of large scale GI tissue structures and the special distribution of the nervous network. A unique way of coping with this explosion in complexity is mathematical and computational modelling; providing a computational framework for the multilevel modelling and simulation of the human gastrointestinal anatomy and physiology. The aim of this review is to describe the current status of biomechanical modelling work of the GI tract in humans and animals, which can be further used to integrate the physiological, anatomical and medical knowledge of the GI system. Such modelling will aid research and ensure that medical professionals benefit, through the provision of relevant and precise information about the patient’s condition and GI remodelling in animal disease models. It will also improve the accuracy and efficiency of medical procedures, which could result in reduced cost for diagnosis and treatment.","DOI":"10.3748/wjg.15.169","ISSN":"1007-9327","note":"PMID: 19132766\nPMCID: PMC2653308","journalAbbreviation":"World J Gastroenterol","author":[{"family":"Liao","given":"Dong-Hua"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Jing-Bo"},{"family":"Gregersen","given":"Hans"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009",1,14]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Liao, Zhao, & Gregersen, 2009). Constipation means facing difficulties to pass the stool which is caused by eating an inadequate amount of fiber in the diet or distortion in the regular routine. Besides, a critical amount of conditions encompass complexities in the digestive systems. For instance, auto-immune and inflammatory conditions, infections, structural or functional problems, tract and cancers. The presence of different kinds of bacteria is dominant in most of these complexities. Food poisoning or pain in the abdomen illustrate the consequences of not being able to consume a healthy diet or walking or exercising to digest the meal properly.
First response
The discussion post offers a comprehensive account of the functions, diseases and disorders of the digestive system. The digestive process has initiated the instance the bolus travels via the esophagus because it starts to further break down and travel down the body at this point. Certain kinds of disease related to the digestive system are highlighted in the discussion post For instance, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GRED) is a severe condition comprising heartburn caused by the weakness of the valve between stomach and esophagus. GED is discussed thoroughly in the post. I shall advance to respond and discuss the celiac disease. As per estimates, one in 133 Americans is suffering from celiac disease ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"AJ50Byme","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lamont, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Lamont, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":470,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/9897QIB8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/9897QIB8"],"itemData":{"id":470,"type":"article-journal","title":"Evidence-based management of gastrointestinal diseases","container-title":"Gastroenterology Report","page":"1-2","volume":"3","issue":"1","source":"PubMed Central","DOI":"10.1093/gastro/gou092","ISSN":"2052-0034","note":"PMID: 25673802\nPMCID: PMC4324873","journalAbbreviation":"Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf)","author":[{"family":"Lamont","given":"J. Thomas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lamont, 2015). An intriguing reality is that 835 of people having celiac disease are unaware of the disease or are misdiagnosed. Gluten is necessary to keep the immune system on track as the disease causes severe damage to villi which is a fingered like protrusions in the small intestines. These protrusions are essential to assist the body to absorb the meal and nutrients ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"sTheg0rz","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lee et al., 2013)","plainCitation":"(Lee et al., 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":477,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/QNPIDNBP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/QNPIDNBP"],"itemData":{"id":477,"type":"article-journal","title":"Digestive system-related pathophysiological symptoms of Sasang typology: Systematic review","container-title":"Integrative Medicine Research","page":"39-48","volume":"2","issue":"2","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"The purpose of this study was to review clinical studies on digestive system-related pathophysiological symptoms of each Sasang type to obtain the generalizable typespecific clinical features, which are important for the diagnosis of the Sasang type and subsequent disease treatment. Sasang typology and digestive system symptom-related keywords were used to search through eight domestic and foreign databases up to March 2012. The results were organized and analyzed based on four categories [digestive function, appetite, eating pattern, and body mass index (BMI)] to elucidate type-specific symptoms. Sasang type-specific digestive system-related symptoms were identified by reviewing 30 related articles that were gathered by searching through the databases. The Tae-Eum (TE) type had the highest digestive functions and the So-Eum (SE) type had the lowest. The TE type appeared to have larger volume with fast eating speed compared with the SE type and individuals in the TE category preferred fatty or salty food, which is responsible for the high occurrence rates of organic digestive diseases such as gastritis. Moreover, BMI was higher in the TE type and lower in the SE type. We systematically reviewed previously published clinical reports on digestive functions, which can be used to meet the objective of Sasang-type differentiation and pathophysiological pattern identification.","DOI":"10.1016/j.imr.2013.04.001","ISSN":"2213-4220","note":"PMID: 28664053\nPMCID: PMC5481684","title-short":"Digestive system-related pathophysiological symptoms of Sasang typology","journalAbbreviation":"Integr Med Res","author":[{"family":"Lee","given":"Mi Suk"},{"family":"Sohn","given":"Kyungwoo"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Yun Hee"},{"family":"Hwang","given":"Min-Woo"},{"family":"Kwon","given":"Young Kyu"},{"family":"Bae","given":"Na Young"},{"family":"Chae","given":"Han"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013",6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lee et al., 2013). In children, signs of celiac disease include bloating, diarrhea, vomiting, constipation, weight loss and abdominal pain it was productive to discuss it as its symptoms cannot be identified in most of the cases.
Second Response
In the second post, the mechanical and chemical processes of the digestive system are discussed. The very first step is chewing known as swallowing or ingestion. Afterward, digestion takes place and the food is broken to be absorbed in the form of particles. The discussion post also highlights the features of the gastrointestinal system and its organs. Celiac disease is discussed which is also critical as its symptoms are often undetectable. It is a common disease which can be confronted by consuming an excessive amount of gluten. I shall discuss the disease namely hemorrhoids. It is an inflammation of blood vessels at the end of the digestive tract. They can be very painful and itchy. Its causes comprise diarrhea, chronic constipation, lack of fiber and nutrients in the diet and straining in bowl movements. It can be treated by drinking an excessive amount of water eating more fiber and exercising persistently. In case the condition does not get better it is necessary to consult a doctor where at times, hemorrhoidectomy is required to remove the hemorrhoids through surgery. As per a scientific study, approximately 75% of Americans aging above 45 have hemorrhoids ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"s5Ws8CIn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hunt et al., 2015)","plainCitation":"(Hunt et al., 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":474,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/B3CZQR8J"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/B3CZQR8J"],"itemData":{"id":474,"type":"article-journal","title":"The stomach in health and disease","container-title":"Gut","page":"1650-1668","volume":"64","issue":"10","source":"PubMed","abstract":"The stomach is traditionally regarded as a hollow muscular sac that initiates the second phase of digestion. Yet this simple view ignores the fact that it is the most sophisticated endocrine organ with unique physiology, biochemistry, immunology and microbiology. All ingested materials, including our nutrition, have to negotiate this organ first, and as such, the stomach is arguably the most important segment within the GI tract. The unique biological function of gastric acid secretion not only initiates the digestive process but also acts as a first line of defence against food-borne microbes. Normal gastric physiology and morphology may be disrupted by Helicobacter pylori infection, the most common chronic bacterial infection in the world and the aetiological agent for most peptic ulcers and gastric cancer. In this state-of-the-art review, the most relevant new aspects of the stomach in health and disease are addressed. Topics include gastric physiology and the role of gastric dysmotility in dyspepsia and gastroparesis; the stomach in appetite control and obesity; there is an update on the immunology of the stomach and the emerging field of the gastric microbiome. H. pylori-induced gastritis and its associated diseases including peptic ulcers and gastric cancer are addressed together with advances in diagnosis. The conclusions provide a future approach to gastric diseases underpinned by the concept that a healthy stomach is the gateway to a healthy and balanced host. This philosophy should reinforce any public health efforts designed to eradicate major gastric diseases, including stomach cancer.","DOI":"10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307595","ISSN":"1468-3288","note":"PMID: 26342014\nPMCID: PMC4835810","journalAbbreviation":"Gut","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Hunt","given":"R. H."},{"family":"Camilleri","given":"M."},{"family":"Crowe","given":"S. E."},{"family":"El-Omar","given":"E. M."},{"family":"Fox","given":"J. G."},{"family":"Kuipers","given":"E. J."},{"family":"Malfertheiner","given":"P."},{"family":"McColl","given":"K. E. L."},{"family":"Pritchard","given":"D. M."},{"family":"Rugge","given":"M."},{"family":"Sonnenberg","given":"A."},{"family":"Sugano","given":"K."},{"family":"Tack","given":"J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",10]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hunt et al., 2015). However, the information presented in the discussion post was also productive and adds to the comprehension of the mechanics, disorders and diseases of the digestive system.
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Hunt, R. H., Camilleri, M., Crowe, S. E., El-Omar, E. M., Fox, J. G., Kuipers, E. J., … Tack, J. (2015). The stomach in health and disease. Gut, 64(10), 1650–1668. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307595
Lamont, J. T. (2015). Evidence-based management of gastrointestinal diseases. Gastroenterology Report, 3(1), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1093/gastro/gou092
Lee, M. S., Sohn, K., Kim, Y. H., Hwang, M.-W., Kwon, Y. K., Bae, N. Y., & Chae, H. (2013). Digestive system-related pathophysiological symptoms of Sasang typology: Systematic review. Integrative Medicine Research, 2(2), 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2013.04.001
Liao, D.-H., Zhao, J.-B., & Gregersen, H. (2009). Gastrointestinal tract modelling in health and disease. World Journal of Gastroenterology : WJG, 15(2), 169–176. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.15.169
