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Windshield Survey/Community Assessment
Windshield Survey/Community Assessment
Your Name (First M. Last)
School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)
Windshield Survey/Community Assessment
Topic Selected:
Obesity among the Hampton Roads Population
Introduction:
Community-selected for windshield survey was Hampton roads community. It is situated in Virginia at northern Carolina. It has an estimated population of 597.72/sq. mi. It was originally named as Hampton Roads Coliseum. Hampton was established in 1609 as the country’s first unceasingly occupied English speaking settlement. Unfortunately, obesity cases in the Hampton Roads are on the rise. The obesity epidemic has increased at a fast speed that is alarming. Children, young and adult all are suffering from obesity. According to statistics ore then 34% of the population is obese which has become a serious cause of other types of health problems ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Gi2JRVKz","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mokdad et al., 2003)","plainCitation":"(Mokdad et al., 2003)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1350,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/ZA94MEPC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/ZA94MEPC"],"itemData":{"id":1350,"type":"article-journal","title":"Prevalence of Obesity, Diabetes, and Obesity-Related Health Risk Factors, 2001","container-title":"JAMA","page":"76-79","volume":"289","issue":"1","source":"jamanetwork.com","abstract":"ContextObesity and diabetes are increasing in the United States.ObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence of obesity and diabetes among US adults in 2001.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsRandom-digit telephone survey of 195 005 adults aged 18 years or older residing in all states participating in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System in 2001.Main Outcome MeasuresBody mass index, based on self-reported weight and height and self-reported diabetes.ResultsIn 2001 the prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥30) was 20.9% vs 19.8% in 2000, an increase of 5.6%. The prevalence of diabetes increased to 7.9% vs 7.3% in 2000, an increase of 8.2%. The prevalence of BMI of 40 or higher in 2001 was 2.3%. Overweight and obesity were significantly associated with diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, asthma, arthritis, and poor health status. Compared with adults with normal weight, adults with a BMI of 40 or higher had an odds ratio (OR) of 7.37 (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.39-8.50) for diagnosed diabetes, 6.38 (95% CI, 5.67-7.17) for high blood pressure, 1.88 (95% CI,1.67-2.13) for high cholesterol levels, 2.72 (95% CI, 2.38-3.12) for asthma, 4.41 (95% CI, 3.91-4.97) for arthritis, and 4.19 (95% CI, 3.68-4.76) for fair or poor health.ConclusionsIncreases in obesity and diabetes among US adults continue in both sexes, all ages, all races, all educational levels, and all smoking levels. Obesity is strongly associated with several major health risk factors.","DOI":"10.1001/jama.289.1.76","ISSN":"0098-7484","journalAbbreviation":"JAMA","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Mokdad","given":"Ali H."},{"family":"Ford","given":"Earl S."},{"family":"Bowman","given":"Barbara A."},{"family":"Dietz","given":"William H."},{"family":"Vinicor","given":"Frank"},{"family":"Bales","given":"Virginia S."},{"family":"Marks","given":"James S."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2003",1,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mokdad et al., 2003).
Windshield survey:
For windshield survey I visited the poor, working class and the elite population areas, to observe and analyze the Hampton roads culture, habit, and lifestyle of its citizens. Initially, I visited the Phoebus area, which is an old fashion area, packed with vintage shops and wide roads. Then I visited the Fox hill North Kind St. All these areas have different concentration of population. Poor neighborhoods were thickly populated, and the posh regions were less crowded. You rarely will see any humans walking around. From the noisiest to the parks, one thing that caught my attention was the food eating habit. I visited the local parks of the neighborhood, where I have seen that young children and teenagers were constantly eating. The body structures also looked heavy. Rarely have I seen children with fit body structure. Majority of them were more or less overweight and lazy. In the parks, kids of age less than nine were having a hard time playing and moving. But it seemed like a norm. Strangely in the parks, I rarely saw any adult or old person walking, rarely. The concentration of adults was also low in the open places. And the ones I saw were extremely overweight to the point that they had a hard time breathing and talking. Majority of adults and old people were using sticks for walking. During my survey, the most crowded areas that I observed were the hotels and restaurants. I also visited the nearby hospital to find evidence of obesity in the population.
Demographics and Statistics
Hampton Roads is the place where the trend of the weight loss clinics is on the rise. According to the Virginia Department of Health, 550,000 people in the South of Hampton roads are overweight and obese which makes them 62 percent. According to the general assembly 2010, around $ 1 million is spent on the obesity control initiatives.
According to statistics around 30.1% of the adults are obese, which includes 17.7% of the age group 18-25, 30.3 % in age group 26-44, 35.6% in age group 45-64, and 28.2 % in the adults of above 65 years. Of the total adult obesity rate, 31.6% of women are obese, and adult men make 31.6% of the total adult population ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"etE1bW7Q","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}State Briefs,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“State Briefs,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1353,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/KVK8J63I"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/KVK8J63I"],"itemData":{"id":1353,"type":"post-weblog","title":"State Briefs","container-title":"The State of Obesity","URL":"https://www.stateofobesity.org/states/","language":"en-US","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“State Briefs,” n.d.).
Similarly, the obesity rate in young children between a 2-4 years of age is 20.0%, in 10-17 years of age is 13.2 % and high school students have an obesity rate of 12.7 %.
Causes of the obesity epidemic
Multiple factors contribute to the obesity epidemic. All the cases revolve around the poor lifestyle choices and genetic issues. Children with one obese parent are already at risk of obesity before their birth. Increased screen time in children, overeating, and lack of physical activity are the causes of obesity in the children. Parents are often responsible for obesity in children as they overfed them with high-fat food that is unhealthy for them ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"8hjvTZeQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rolls, 2003)","plainCitation":"(Rolls, 2003)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1348,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/C9AZICMC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/C9AZICMC"],"itemData":{"id":1348,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Supersizing of America: Portion Size and the Obesity Epidemic","container-title":"Nutrition Today","page":"42","volume":"38","issue":"2","source":"journals.lww.com","abstract":"Although we are just beginning to understand how environmental factors such as portion size affect eating behavior, the available data suggest that large portions of energy-dense foods are contributing to the obesity epidemic. Several possible strategies for adjusting portions to bring intake back in line with energy requirements are discussed. The continuing rise in the rates of obesity calls for urgent action.","ISSN":"0029-666X","shortTitle":"The Supersizing of America","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"Rolls","given":"Barbara J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2003",4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rolls, 2003).
In adults one of the leading cause of stationary lifestyle and overeating. In Hampton, the majority of the population belongs to the working class, despite their wages. They tend to eat the already cooked food. That is the leading cause of their weight gain.
Another primary reason for weight gain is the lack of insurance, poverty and socioeconomic conditions that become the cause of lack of excess to quality healthcare, which results in obesity and lack of dietary knowledge. This poor population is at highest risk of the increase in obesity and other health-related problems ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5ATmZVPC","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Marik & Chen, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Marik & Chen, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1345,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/NB6C3U9Z"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/NB6C3U9Z"],"itemData":{"id":1345,"type":"article-journal","title":"The clinical characteristics and hospital and post-hospital survival of patients with the obesity hypoventilation syndrome: analysis of a large cohort","container-title":"Obesity Science & Practice","page":"40-47","volume":"2","issue":"1","source":"Wiley Online Library","abstract":"Objective The worldwide prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic proportions. Obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) is a common yet largely undiagnosed and mistreated condition that likely carries a high mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical characteristics, hospital outcome, outcome following hospital discharge and predictors of death in a large cohort of patients hospitalized with OHS. OHS is an important condition as many patients with this syndrome are misdiagnosed and receive inappropriate treatment. Methods We reviewed the electronic medical records of patients with unequivocal OHS admitted to a 525-bed tertiary-care teaching hospital over a 5-year period. Demographic and clinical data as well as hospital disposition were recorded. In order to determine the patients' post-discharge status, we linked our database to the database of death certificates of the State Registrar of Vital Records. Results We identified 600 patients who met the inclusion criteria for this study. The patients' mean age was 58 ± 15 years with a mean body mass index of 48.2 ± 8.3 kg m−2; 64% were women. Thirty-seven percent had a history of diabetes and 43% had been misdiagnosed as having chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, while none had been previously diagnosed with OHS. The most common admission diagnoses were respiratory failure, heart failure and sepsis. Ninety (15%) patients died during the index hospitalization. The patients' age, S-creatinine, respiratory failure, sepsis and admission to the ICU were independent predictors of hospital mortality. The hospital survivors were followed for a mean of 1,174 ± 501 d (3.2 ± 1.3 years) from the index hospitalization. On follow-up, 98 of the 510 (19%) hospital survivors died, with an overall cumulative mortality of 31.3%. The patients' age, S-creatinine and admission to the ICU were independent predictors of post-hospital mortality. Conclusion Obesity hypoventilation syndrome is a common disease that is frequently misdiagnosed and mistreated and carries a 3-year morality, which is significantly worse than that for most cancers combined. Considering the high mortality of this disease, all patients with a body mass index > 35 kg m−2 should be screened for OHS; those patients with both early and established OHS should be referred to a pulmonary and/or sleep specialist for evaluation for non-invasive positive pressure ventilation, to a dietician for dietary counseling and lifestyle modification and to a bariatric surgeon for evaluation for bariatric surgery.","DOI":"10.1002/osp4.27","ISSN":"2055-2238","shortTitle":"The clinical characteristics and hospital and post-hospital survival of patients with the obesity hypoventilation syndrome","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Marik","given":"P. E."},{"family":"Chen","given":"C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Marik & Chen, 2016).
Effects of the obesity epidemic
Obesity epidemic effects the overall health of a persona and results in the high cholesterol levels, insulin disorder, diabetes, hypertension, colon cancer, liver diseases, joint pain, arthritis, gastrointestinal problem and asthma ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"6luvkOa6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Preston, Morales, & Plunk, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Preston, Morales, & Plunk, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1332,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/GLLC8SW9"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/GLLC8SW9"],"itemData":{"id":1332,"type":"article-journal","title":"O022 The relationship between asthma and food deserts in the hampton roads area","container-title":"Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology","page":"S8","volume":"117","issue":"5","source":"www.annallergy.org","abstract":"Our goal was to compare the prevalence of pediatric asthma between groups of patients\nby food desert status, while controlling for allergic rhinitis and overweight/obesity.\nWe hypothesized that the prevalence of asthma will be higher in food deserts.","DOI":"10.1016/j.anai.2016.09.382","ISSN":"1081-1206, 1534-4436","journalAbbreviation":"Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology","language":"English","author":[{"family":"Preston","given":"D."},{"family":"Morales","given":"M."},{"family":"Plunk","given":"A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",11,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Preston, Morales, & Plunk, 2016).
Nursing Assessment and Conclusion
I have realized that one of the primary reason for weight gain in the Hampton Roads community is the lifestyle issue. Despite the socioeconomic backgrounds, all the population eats the unhealthiest kind of food that is usually made of multiple readymade ingredients that don't contain the actual nutrition information ion the labels.
Unhealthy eating habits have a severe influence on the dietary habits of children and teenagers. Majority of the diseases that are prevailing in the community can be avoided through controlling the weight ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Wn4RKQ5J","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(N\\uc0\\u250{}\\uc0\\u241{}ez et al., 2007)","plainCitation":"(Núñez et al., 2007)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1342,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/28BRREJW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/28BRREJW"],"itemData":{"id":1342,"type":"article-journal","title":"Extreme Obesity Reduces Bone Mineral Density: Complementary Evidence from Mice and Women","container-title":"Obesity","page":"1980-1987","volume":"15","issue":"8","source":"Wiley Online Library","abstract":"Objective: To evaluate the effects of body adiposity on bone mineral density in the presence and absence of ovarian hormones in female mice and postmenopausal women. Research Methods and Procedures: We assessed percentage body fat, serum leptin levels, and bone mineral density in ovariectomized and non-ovariectomized C57BL/6 female mice that had been fed various calorically dense diets to induce body weight profiles ranging from lean to very obese. Additionally, we assessed percentage body fat and whole body bone mineral density in 37 overweight and extremely obese postmenopausal women from the Women's Contraceptive and Reproductive Experiences study. Results: In mice, higher levels of body adiposity (>40% body fat) were associated with lower bone mineral density in ovariectomized C57BL/6 female mice. A similar trend was observed in a small sample of postmenopausal women. Discussion: The complementary studies in mice and women suggest that extreme obesity in postmenopausal women may be associated with reduced bone mineral density. Thus, extreme obesity (BMI > 40 kg/m2) may increase the risk for osteopenia and osteoporosis. Given the obesity epidemic in the U.S. and in many other countries, and, in particular, the rising number of extremely obese adult women, increased attention should be drawn to the significant and interrelated public health issues of obesity and osteoporosis.","DOI":"10.1038/oby.2007.236","ISSN":"1930-739X","shortTitle":"Extreme Obesity Reduces Bone Mineral Density","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Núñez","given":"Nomelí P."},{"family":"Carpenter","given":"Catherine L."},{"family":"Perkins","given":"Susan N."},{"family":"Berrigan","given":"David"},{"family":"Jaque","given":"S. Victoria"},{"family":"Ingles","given":"Sue Ann"},{"family":"Bernstein","given":"Leslie"},{"family":"Forman","given":"Michele R."},{"family":"Barrett","given":"J. Carl"},{"family":"Hursting","given":"Stephen D."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Núñez et al., 2007).
As a nurse, I think the nursing community can play their roles in educating the public. Nurses should educate their patients about food and nutrition and encourage them to incorporate exercise. Also, small workshops should be arranged in the schools to help children control weight at a younger age. Government officials in the community should declare the health emergency and treat this as global health warming.
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Marik, P. E., & Chen, C. (2016). The clinical characteristics and hospital and post-hospital survival of patients with the obesity hypoventilation syndrome: analysis of a large cohort. Obesity Science & Practice, 2(1), 40–47. https://doi.org/10.1002/osp4.27
Mokdad, A. H., Ford, E. S., Bowman, B. A., Dietz, W. H., Vinicor, F., Bales, V. S., & Marks, J. S. (2003). Prevalence of Obesity, Diabetes, and Obesity-Related Health Risk Factors, 2001. JAMA, 289(1), 76–79. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.1.76
Núñez, N. P., Carpenter, C. L., Perkins, S. N., Berrigan, D., Jaque, S. V., Ingles, S. A., … Hursting, S. D. (2007). Extreme Obesity Reduces Bone Mineral Density: Complementary Evidence from Mice and Women. Obesity, 15(8), 1980–1987. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.236
Preston, D., Morales, M., & Plunk, A. (2016). O022 The relationship between asthma and food deserts in the hampton roads area. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 117(5), S8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2016.09.382
Rolls, B. J. (2003). The Supersizing of America: Portion Size and the Obesity Epidemic. Nutrition Today, 38(2), 42.
State Briefs. (n.d.). Retrieved March 6, 2019, from https://www.stateofobesity.org/states/
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