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Falls present significant health, psychological, financial, and environmental burdens for older adults, society and health care systems. Falls are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity for older adults ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"4pdBW8db","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sleet, Moffett, & Stevens, 2008)","plainCitation":"(Sleet, Moffett, & Stevens, 2008)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":869,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/4FAU3L52"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/4FAU3L52"],"itemData":{"id":869,"type":"article-journal","title":"CDC's research portfolio in older adult fall prevention: a review of progress, 1985-2005, and future research directions","container-title":"Journal of safety research","page":"259-267","volume":"39","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Sleet","given":"David A."},{"family":"Moffett","given":"Daphne B."},{"family":"Stevens","given":"Judy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sleet, Moffett, & Stevens, 2008). Increased falls are associated with older age and deteriorating physical and mental function. Community-dwelling elders, especially low-income older adults, have an increased risk of falls. Lower-income is associated with a higher risk of falls ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"iEIwVl7c","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Reyes-Ortiz, Al, Loera, Ray, & Markides, 2004)","plainCitation":"(Reyes-Ortiz, Al, Loera, Ray, & Markides, 2004)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":870,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/BLXGTS9T"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/BLXGTS9T"],"itemData":{"id":870,"type":"article-journal","title":"Risk factors for falling in older Mexican Americans.","container-title":"Ethnicity & disease","page":"417-422","volume":"14","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Reyes-Ortiz","given":"Carlos A."},{"family":"Al","given":"S. Snih"},{"family":"Loera","given":"Jose"},{"family":"Ray","given":"Laura A."},{"family":"Markides","given":"Kyriakos"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Reyes-Ortiz, Al, Loera, Ray, & Markides, 2004). Falls are preventable and fall prevention programs can effectively reduce the risk of falling. The Stages of Change Theory is effective when attempting to affect behavior change and risk mitigation. This theory is also useful when structuring and implementing fall prevention programs ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"kCvt5YIX","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sleet, Carlson Gielen, Diekman, & Ikeda, 2010)","plainCitation":"(Sleet, Carlson Gielen, Diekman, & Ikeda, 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":871,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/HRQQLG9W"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/HRQQLG9W"],"itemData":{"id":871,"type":"article-journal","title":"Preventing unintentional injury: a review of behavior change theories for primary care","container-title":"American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine","page":"25-31","volume":"4","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Sleet","given":"David A."},{"family":"Carlson Gielen","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Diekman","given":"Shane"},{"family":"Ikeda","given":"Robin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sleet, Carlson Gielen, Diekman, & Ikeda, 2010)
Community Health Nursing Diagnosis
As the number of older adults increases, the number of fall-related injuries and fatalities will also increase. For this purpose, an increased risk of falls among the older adult population has been observed, especially the ones dwelling in an adult community. Falls are not an inevitable part of aging and can be prevented. One of the primary reasons for this prevalence is lack of awareness on the matter, as well as means of intervention that older adults can use to either prevent falls or get access to help in case of a fall-related emergency in a timely manner ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"riLVSKhn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Phelan, Aerts, Dowler, Eckstrom, & Casey, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Phelan, Aerts, Dowler, Eckstrom, & Casey, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":842,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/63EU8ZAY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/63EU8ZAY"],"itemData":{"id":842,"type":"article-journal","title":"Adoption of evidence-based fall prevention practices in primary care for older adults with a history of falls","container-title":"Frontiers in public health","page":"190","volume":"4","author":[{"family":"Phelan","given":"Elizabeth A."},{"family":"Aerts","given":"Sally"},{"family":"Dowler","given":"David"},{"family":"Eckstrom","given":"Elizabeth"},{"family":"Casey","given":"Colleen M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Phelan, Aerts, Dowler, Eckstrom, & Casey, 2016).
Prevalence of Falls among Older Adults in the Country
Falls are a significant and growing health problem for older adults ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"oBN6Gtqz","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Plumb, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Plumb, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":873,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/J7Y6JY95"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/J7Y6JY95"],"itemData":{"id":873,"type":"thesis","title":"Evaluation of a fall prevention program for older adults in affordable housing communities","author":[{"family":"Plumb","given":"Erica Marie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Plumb, 2016). They threaten older adults’ health, wellbeing, and independence and generate enormous personal and economic costs. Falls are a primary cause of mortality and morbidity among adults aged 65 and over. A fall is defined as “an unexpected event in which the participant comes to rest on the ground, floor, or other lower-level” ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"S5V2anLy","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lamb, J\\uc0\\u248{}rstad\\uc0\\u8208{}Stein, Hauer, Becker, & Group, 2005)","plainCitation":"(Lamb, Jørstad‐Stein, Hauer, Becker, & Group, 2005)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":874,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/VM9355ZG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/VM9355ZG"],"itemData":{"id":874,"type":"article-journal","title":"Development of a common outcome data set for fall injury prevention trials: the Prevention of Falls Network Europe consensus","container-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society","page":"1618-1622","volume":"53","issue":"9","author":[{"family":"Lamb","given":"Sarah E."},{"family":"Jørstad‐Stein","given":"Ellen C."},{"family":"Hauer","given":"Klaus"},{"family":"Becker","given":"Clemens"},{"family":"Group","given":"Prevention of Falls Network Europe and Outcomes Consensus"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lamb, Jørstad‐Stein, Hauer, Becker, & Group, 2005, p. 1619). Every year, one in three older adults fall, and the likelihood of falling increases with age. The older adult population is expanding rapidly, increasing fall rates and straining the health care systems and society.
Primary Sources of Intervention for Fall Prevention
Falls are not an inevitable part of aging and can be prevented. As a result of research, there has been an increase in fall prevention education programs and a transition from clinical-based to community-based fall interventions. Fall prevention programs have reduced falls and fall-related injuries among high-risk populations using multi-faceted approaches including education, exercise, environmental modification, and medical review (CDC, 2015). Through education of fall risk and engagement in fall prevention programs, older adults can effectively reduce their risk for and incidence of falls. Fall prevention programs are an opportunity for older adults to engage with other older adults, learn about fall risk reduction, and realize and address their own personal beliefs and practices that increase chances of falling and lower quality of life.
The WHO suggests the creation of a fall prevention model which uses active aging as the precedence to do better. This framework finds its basis in assessment, awareness, and intervention ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2fQkTQYA","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(WHO, 2015)","plainCitation":"(WHO, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":860,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/X4EKDN26"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/X4EKDN26"],"itemData":{"id":860,"type":"article-journal","title":"WHO global report on falls prevention in older age. 2007","container-title":"World Health Organization","page":"1-7","author":[{"family":"WHO","given":""}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (WHO, 2015). This awareness of fall prevention can be linked to all levels of the society, but especially at the individual level with regard to an older adult. In order to achieve successful fall prevention resources, surveillance, and research should be carried out for the formulation of an effective and robust public policy. This should include exercise programs for the older adult population and makes it easier for them to reduce the risk of falls ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"JrkuEkUB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(WHO, 2015)","plainCitation":"(WHO, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":860,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/X4EKDN26"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/X4EKDN26"],"itemData":{"id":860,"type":"article-journal","title":"WHO global report on falls prevention in older age. 2007","container-title":"World Health Organization","page":"1-7","author":[{"family":"WHO","given":""}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (WHO, 2015).
Additionally, recent studies have shown that community-based fall prevention programs as being the most cost-effective means of intervention against falling among the older adult population. For this purpose, Matter of Balance (MOB) was introduced by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. A Matter of Balance is a fall prevention program that has been widely implemented and proven effective in reducing fall risk and increasing activity among older adults (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2009). A Matter of Balance program has been implemented at various Mercy Housing affordable senior sites in northern California. Affordable housing provides an accessible and effective platform for service delivery because programs are offered at a centralized location onsite, residents have high needs, and properties have similar residency requirements. As with any program, there is a need to evaluate fall prevention programs for older adults 65 and older living in the community. The effectiveness of existing fall prevention programs among specific segments of older adults, including those living in affordable housing and who are low-income, needs careful evaluation (CDC, 2015)
Discussion of Underlying Problems
Falls and fall injuries represent an enormous financial burden to individuals, society, and the health care system. Among older adults, direct medical costs were $179 million for fatal fall-related injuries and $19.3 billion for nonfatal injuries in 2000 (Stevens, Corso, Finkelstien, & Miller, 2006). In 2013, the total cost of fall injuries was $34 billion. By 2020, the total annual cost of these injuries is projected to reach $43.8 billion in current dollars (Englander, Hodson, & Terregrossa, 1996). In addition to the substantial financial impact of falls, there is also an environmental factor to falls.
The environmental impact of falls is significant for older adults. Each year, approximately 8% of adults 70 years and older will be treated in emergency departments for fall-related injuries, and a third of these patients will be hospitalized. In a review of the public health impact of older adults, Stevens (2003) notes that of the individuals hospitalized, half will require long-term care, which often results in nursing home placement. The home environment is linked to 35% to 40% of falls (Josephson, Febacher, & Rubenstein, 1991). Carter, Campbell, Sanson-Fisher, and Gillespie, (2000) concluded that approximately 80% of homes have at least one hazard and 39% have 5 plus hazards. The authors determined that having more than five hazards and infrequent healthcare provider visits were associated with a least one fall (Carter et al., 2000).
Evidence-Based Practices for Fall Prevention in Older Adults
At this point, it has been established that falls is a major concern for older adults in all settings and the mere possibility of their occurrence can cause a significant amount of stress to such individuals and ultimately impact their quality of life. At present, there is plenty of evidence, as well as literature, available that evaluates fall-risk assessments and clinical practice guidelines that are frequently recommended to individuals prone to falls. These multicomponent strategies are often responsible for addressing the physical, functional, and psychological aspects of falling.
EBP i.e. evidence-based practices can be used for the implementation of multiple framework model. Here, the Iowa Model of Evidence-Based Practice is a model that can easily be trusted and is easy to use. This model takes on a systematic approach to analyzing a problem, such as the prevalence of falls in older adults and uses reasonable actions to address the issues. It then makes use of practice changes that can enable the reduction of recurrence of falls and lead to a subsequent critique of the system to obtain the desired outcome. The methodology used for the development of this model can serve as the ideal interdisciplinary plan to reduce falls among older adults, especially in a clinical setting.
Another ideal means to deal with fall prevention among patients to actively engage them to participate in the falls prevention program. This would serve as a multicomponent strategy that keeps patient-engagement at the forefront. This enables admission and group-walk initiative through motivation and patient participation. This program has reportedly increased patient mobility while decreasing the falling percentage by 25%. The aim of this program was to rehabilitate the patient to reach the level of functionality the possessed during the prehospitalization phase. Here, the EBP means used was staff-based empowerment of the patients. This partnership between patients and individuals lead to individual care which was responsible for a significant reduction in falls within the unit.
Factors that Contribute to the Problem
Falls can also have significant psychological consequences. Many older adults who fall, whether or not they sustain injuries, develop a fear of falling ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"kWtzE138","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Prata & Scheicher, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Prata & Scheicher, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":875,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/K3ZVCA2M"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/K3ZVCA2M"],"itemData":{"id":875,"type":"article-journal","title":"Relationship between fear of falling and quality of life in older women fallers fear of falling and quality of life in older","container-title":"MOJ Gerontology & Geriat","page":"128-131","volume":"1","issue":"5","author":[{"family":"Prata","given":"M. G."},{"family":"Scheicher","given":"M. E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Prata & Scheicher, 2017). Whether or not falls result in injury, they significantly affect the quality of life. Fear of falling is common among older adults who may or may not have experienced a fall. Fear of falling can result in limited activity and social interaction, causing depression and social isolation. Consequences include a decline in physical and mental performance, increased risk of falling, and progressive loss of quality of life (Scheffer et al., 2008). Fear of falling is also strongly linked with future falls (Stevens, 2003). The psychological impact of falls severely influences older adults, but the financial impact on individuals and the larger society is also significant and important to study.
Falls among the older adult population can not only be debilitating but also fatal in terms of injuries and the social status and quality of life among the older adults. In the year 2015 alone, around 2.54 million older adults were given primary care in the emergency departments of healthcare centers, with more than 734,000 patients being hospitalized for an extended period of time. Within the same year alone, the direct medical costs for older adults went beyond the $50 billion annual mark. This shows that even if falls do not require immediate medical attention, the experience can potentially result in fear of falling among the population as well, which is more psychologically disabling than just about anything else ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"EsxMqIfs","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Howland et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Howland et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":853,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/E8WJNYQN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/E8WJNYQN"],"itemData":{"id":853,"type":"article-journal","title":"Older adult fall prevention practices among primary care providers at accountable care organizations: A pilot study","container-title":"PLOS ONE","page":"e0205279","volume":"13","issue":"10","source":"PLoS Journals","abstract":"Background Falls are a serious and common problem among older adults. Low-tech, inexpensive, community-based fall prevention programs have been shown to be both effective and cost effective, however, these programs are not well-integrated into clinical practice. Research design We surveyed primary care providers at a convenience sample of two accountable care organizations in Massachusetts to assess their beliefs, attitudes, knowledge, and practices relative to fall risk assessment and intervention for their older patients. Results Response rate was 71%. Providers’ beliefs about the efficacy of fall risk assessment and intervention were mixed. Eighty-seven percent believed that they could be effective in reducing fall risk among their older adult patients. Ninety-six percent believed that all older adults should be assessed for fall risk; and, 85% believed that this assessment would identify fall risk factors that could be modified. Nonetheless, only 52% believed that they had the expertise to conduct fall risk assessment and only 68% believed that assessing older adult patients for fall risk was the prevailing standard of practice among their peer providers. Although most providers believed it likely that an evidence-based program could reduce fall risk among their patients, only 14% were aware of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s fall risk assessment algorithm (STEADI Toolkit), and only 15% were familiar with Matter of Balance, the most widely disseminated community fall risk prevention program in Massachusetts. Discussion New strategies that more directly target providers are needed to accelerate integration of fall risk assessment and intervention into primary care practice.","DOI":"10.1371/journal.pone.0205279","ISSN":"1932-6203","title-short":"Older adult fall prevention practices among primary care providers at accountable care organizations","journalAbbreviation":"PLOS ONE","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Howland","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Hackman","given":"Holly"},{"family":"Taylor","given":"Alyssa"},{"family":"O’Hara","given":"Kathleen"},{"family":"Liu","given":"James"},{"family":"Brusch","given":"John"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",10,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Howland et al., 2018).
Fall Preventions using Social Media
Early research demonstrates that social media can provide exactly that kind of help for seniors. A 2013 review of existing studies released by the University of Luxembourg reports that the use of social media by older adults can offer valuable additional support in cases of sickness and disease, specifically, and that it should be considered for use in clinical practice.
According to Dr. Anja Leist of the University of Luxembourg's research unit, seniors can use social media to access health information on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of specific conditions and disorders, as well as to exchange ideas with other patients regarding disease management. She also points out that social media can be a boon to seniors' mental health and help relieve stress — especially if they are lonely — by connecting them to loved ones and introducing them to new people.
Means of Intervention using Social Media to Reach Older Adults
The great news is that many seniors are already logging on. A Pew Research Center study released in 2012 found that more than half of adults aged 65 and older are online. In addition, 70 percent of senior Internet users go online daily, and a third of these seniors use social networking sites. Abramson notes that many older people are staying in the workforce longer, and they need to stay up-to-date with technology to keep working. She also says that many elects to learn social media to see and hear updates from their children and grandchildren. "Facebook makes it so that long-distance grandparents no longer have to be removed from the family."
Though more and more seniors are becoming savvy Internet and social media users, not all may be open to these new ways of connecting. Some seniors may think that social media is too hard for them to learn, or they may become frustrated when they don't catch on immediately. Still, others might not see a need for it in their lives.
"There is clearly a percentage of seniors who think technology is not for them, but more and older people are embracing it," Abramson says. "As you age, it does take more time to learn new things, but if you give an older person adequate time to learn a task, they can master it better than a young person. It may take them longer, but research shows they'll master it in a much fuller, more complete way."
Social Media Platforms to Deliver the Means of Intervention
Social media has been a vital source in increasing public health awareness and promotion, especially considering the lack of physical and geographical barriers that it presents. These interventions have the potential to transform the system and increase health inequities for people that lack the proper access to means of channels to take care of themselves ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"mhLFLAu6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Welch, Petkovic, Pardo Pardo, Rader, & Tugwell, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Welch, Petkovic, Pardo Pardo, Rader, & Tugwell, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":865,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/89I2V9VF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/89I2V9VF"],"itemData":{"id":865,"type":"article-journal","title":"Interactive social media interventions to promote health equity: an overview of reviews","container-title":"Health promotion and chronic disease prevention in Canada : research, policy and practice","page":"63-75","volume":"36","issue":"4","archive":"PubMed","archive_location":"27077792","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Social media use has been increasing in public health and health promotion because it can remove geographic and physical access barriers. However, these interventions also have the potential to increase health inequities for people who do not have access to or do not use social media. In this paper, we aim to assess the effects of interactive social media interventions on health outcomes, behaviour change and health equity. METHODS: We conducted a rapid response overview of systematic reviews. We used a sensitive search strategy to identify systematic reviews and included those that focussed on interventions allowing two-way interaction such as discussion forums, social networks (e.g. Facebook and Twitter), blogging, applications linked to online communities and media sharing. RESULTS: Eleven systematic reviews met our inclusion criteria. Most interventions addressed by the reviews included online discussion boards or similar strategies, either as stand-alone interventions or in combination with other interventions. Seven reviews reported mixed effects on health outcomes and healthy behaviours. We did not find disaggregated analyses across characteristics associated with disadvantage, such as lower socioeconomic status or age. However, some targeted studies reported that social media interventions were effective in specific populations in terms of age, socioeconomic status, ethnicities and place of residence. Four reviews reported qualitative benefits such as satisfaction, finding information and improved social support. CONCLUSION: Social media interventions were effective in certain populations at risk for disadvantage (youth, older adults, low socioeconomic status, rural), which indicates that these interventions may be effective for promoting health equity. However, confirmation of effectiveness would require further study. Several reviews raised the issue of acceptability of social media interventions. Only four studies reported on the level of intervention use and all of these reported low use. More research on established social media platforms with existing social networks is needed, particularly in populations at risk for disadvantage, to assess effects on health outcomes and health equity.","ISSN":"2368-738X","journalAbbreviation":"Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Welch","given":"V"},{"family":"Petkovic","given":"J"},{"family":"Pardo Pardo","given":"J"},{"family":"Rader","given":"T"},{"family":"Tugwell","given":"P"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Welch, Petkovic, Pardo Pardo, Rader, & Tugwell, 2016). The usefulness of social media with regard to interventions on health outcomes has been a topic of research in recent times and is seen as the ideal means of prevention of falls among the older adults, given the prevalence social media has taken in their lives recently.
Benefits of Social Media Platform
Social media is increasingly being used in the past half a decade or so for the promotion of health among the various state departments in the US. One of the primary reasons for this the role that social media plays in our lives and the access it grants us. It gives us a sense of identity to relish in, have conversations and even share the most minor details of our lives with others to ensure that we are connected, which often brings a sense of comfort, especially among the older adult population.
The widespread use of bulletin boards in social media to facilitate interactions with other users is an essential way to spread a message of social relevance to a larger number of individuals. It not only is seen to effectively improve the knowledge of the masses in this regard, but it also helps individuals improve themselves in ways and have a positive impact on their lifestyle. It impacts their health behaviors by promoting physical activity, health-consciousness and helps them abandon bad habits such as smoking and overeating. Social media has also been key in improving weight loss and mental health among the masses and allows them to live a better life than they did before ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ICVXZHes","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Welch et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Welch et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":865,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/89I2V9VF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/89I2V9VF"],"itemData":{"id":865,"type":"article-journal","title":"Interactive social media interventions to promote health equity: an overview of reviews","container-title":"Health promotion and chronic disease prevention in Canada : research, policy and practice","page":"63-75","volume":"36","issue":"4","archive":"PubMed","archive_location":"27077792","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Social media use has been increasing in public health and health promotion because it can remove geographic and physical access barriers. However, these interventions also have the potential to increase health inequities for people who do not have access to or do not use social media. In this paper, we aim to assess the effects of interactive social media interventions on health outcomes, behaviour change and health equity. METHODS: We conducted a rapid response overview of systematic reviews. We used a sensitive search strategy to identify systematic reviews and included those that focussed on interventions allowing two-way interaction such as discussion forums, social networks (e.g. Facebook and Twitter), blogging, applications linked to online communities and media sharing. RESULTS: Eleven systematic reviews met our inclusion criteria. Most interventions addressed by the reviews included online discussion boards or similar strategies, either as stand-alone interventions or in combination with other interventions. Seven reviews reported mixed effects on health outcomes and healthy behaviours. We did not find disaggregated analyses across characteristics associated with disadvantage, such as lower socioeconomic status or age. However, some targeted studies reported that social media interventions were effective in specific populations in terms of age, socioeconomic status, ethnicities and place of residence. Four reviews reported qualitative benefits such as satisfaction, finding information and improved social support. CONCLUSION: Social media interventions were effective in certain populations at risk for disadvantage (youth, older adults, low socioeconomic status, rural), which indicates that these interventions may be effective for promoting health equity. However, confirmation of effectiveness would require further study. Several reviews raised the issue of acceptability of social media interventions. Only four studies reported on the level of intervention use and all of these reported low use. More research on established social media platforms with existing social networks is needed, particularly in populations at risk for disadvantage, to assess effects on health outcomes and health equity.","ISSN":"2368-738X","journalAbbreviation":"Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Welch","given":"V"},{"family":"Petkovic","given":"J"},{"family":"Pardo Pardo","given":"J"},{"family":"Rader","given":"T"},{"family":"Tugwell","given":"P"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Welch et al., 2016).
Benefits of Social Media Campaign for Older Adults
Social media has become a force in itself in the recent years. It has impacted lives, given people an alternative means of getting the word out there and has been regarded as a hub of information that has been vital in the conscious raising of society in the past decade. Social media has not only been a positive influence in a number of ways for the younger generation, but it has proven to be just as helpful for older adults ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"o2WcXKmf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Chopik, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Chopik, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":867,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/GXE6TCME"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/GXE6TCME"],"itemData":{"id":867,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Benefits of Social Technology Use Among Older Adults Are Mediated by Reduced Loneliness","container-title":"Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking","page":"551-556","volume":"19","issue":"9","archive":"PubMed","archive_location":"27541746","abstract":"Technology has the ability to enhance and enrich the lives of older adults by facilitating better interpersonal relationships. However, few studies have directly examined associations between technology use for social reasons and physical and psychological health among older adults. The current study examines the benefits of technology use in 591 older adults from the 2012 wave of the Health and Retirement Study (Mage = 68.18, SD = 10.75; 55.5% female). Social technology use was assessed through five technology-based behaviors (i.e., using e-mail, social networking sites, online video/phone calls, online chatting/instant messaging, using a smartphone). Attitudes toward the usability and benefits of technology use were also assessed. Older adults had generally positive attitudes toward technology. Higher social technology use was associated with better self-rated health, fewer chronic illnesses, higher subjective well-being, and fewer depressive symptoms. Furthermore, each of the links between social technology use and physical and psychological health was mediated by reduced loneliness. Close relationships are a large determinant of physical health and well-being, and technology has the potential to cultivate successful relationships among older adults.","DOI":"10.1089/cyber.2016.0151","ISSN":"2152-2723","journalAbbreviation":"Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Chopik","given":"William J"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Chopik, 2016). It has helped them feel less anxious and helped them stay in touch with their loved ones in a more meaningful way than ever before. It inspires civic engagement and has improved their quality of life for the better by granting them access to ways they can improve themselves and find other like-minded individuals that aspire for the same things that they do. The idea of suffering through a fall is traumatic for most older adults since it accompanies a ton of complications that make life nothing short of a hassle at best. Thus, with social media at hand older adults can;
Get in touch with healthcare experts around the globe that can help them with the matter.
Ensure that they have access to some of the very best means of improvement.
Talk to others that have been in the same situation as them and learn new and effective preventive measures.
Take their care into their own hands and learn new and innovative ways through which they can prevent falls and keep all the negative repercussions associated with a fall among older adults at bay.
Best Practices for Social Media Campaign
There is no hard and fast rule with regard to the best practices for an ideal social media campaign. Not the same measures work well for two identical products. However, with regard to older adults, the social media campaign has to designed in a manner that it can reach even the least tech-savvy older adults there are. Thus, in order to reach the desired audience in question here, i.e. the older adult population, the ideal means of social media campaigning includes conversation ads. These ads are most likely to be used by older adults since they usually look forward to talking to a professional about their ailments.
Another helpful tip would be daily posting with the right measure of boosting to ensure that the posts make it to the feed of an older adult. Here the use of infographics would be the best means to generate a response. Initiating conversation for intentional engagements would also be an ideal means in this regard.
This shows that social media has the potential to be used as one of the most cost-effective means of promoting means of fall prevention and the associated means of intervention among the older adult population, as well as the people that care for them, such as social healthcare workers and family members. Given the increasing number of older adults logging on to social media, access to medical practices to help them in only increasing.
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Chopik, W. J. (2016). The Benefits of Social Technology Use Among Older Adults Are Mediated by Reduced Loneliness. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 19(9), 551–556. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2016.0151
Howland, J., Hackman, H., Taylor, A., O’Hara, K., Liu, J., & Brusch, J. (2018). Older adult fall prevention practices among primary care providers at accountable care organizations: A pilot study. PLOS ONE, 13(10), e0205279. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205279
Lamb, S. E., Jørstad‐Stein, E. C., Hauer, K., Becker, C., & Group, P. of F. N. E. and O. C. (2005). Development of a common outcome data set for fall injury prevention trials: The Prevention of Falls Network Europe consensus. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(9), 1618–1622.
Phelan, E. A., Aerts, S., Dowler, D., Eckstrom, E., & Casey, C. M. (2016). Adoption of evidence-based fall prevention practices in primary care for older adults with a history of falls. Frontiers in Public Health, 4, 190.
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Reyes-Ortiz, C. A., Al, S. S., Loera, J., Ray, L. A., & Markides, K. (2004). Risk factors for falling in older Mexican Americans. Ethnicity & Disease, 14(3), 417–422.
Sleet, D. A., Carlson Gielen, A., Diekman, S., & Ikeda, R. (2010). Preventing unintentional injury: A review of behavior change theories for primary care. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 4(1), 25–31.
Sleet, D. A., Moffett, D. B., & Stevens, J. (2008). CDC’s research portfolio in older adult fall prevention: A review of progress, 1985-2005, and future research directions. Journal of Safety Research, 39(3), 259–267.
Welch, V., Petkovic, J., Pardo Pardo, J., Rader, T., & Tugwell, P. (2016). Interactive social media interventions to promote health equity: An overview of reviews. Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada : Research, Policy and Practice, 36(4), 63–75. Retrieved from PubMed. (27077792)
WHO. (2015). WHO global report on falls prevention in older age. 2007. World Health Organization, 1–7.
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