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Research Process and Methods
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Research Process and Methods
Part 1
Steps in the Research Process
Explain the steps in the research process.
1. Literature review and generating a research question
First step in a research process is searching for the literature related to the general idea of the research. It helps in identifying the already published work, methods and theories and finding a direction to proceed. After identifying and analyzing the right literature, next thing is generating a research question; how, what theories, methods, what is known, strengths and weaknesses and existing gaps. The most common criterion are FINER and PICOT.
2. Research aims and hypothesis
Next step is to define the aim of the study that what are the expectations from this research and what will be its implications in the particular field. The research questions should lead to develop a hypothesis and drive the research data collection and practical approach. The hypotheses testing helps make an inference related to the population involved in the study.
3. Implementing the research methodology
After careful analysis and defining the suitable research methodology, it is important to implement it in the studies as prescribed. Samples and site should be selected on the basis of population of interest. After securing their consent and enrolling the subjects, research procedure should be implemented. The nature of the study, qualitative or quantitative, shapes the methodology.
4. Analyzing data and generating findings
When the data is collected, organized and stored, analyzing it is the next big step. Data management is a very crucial stage before the application of analysis techniques. These methods are also dependent on the type of the research methods. After the interpretation of the results by using statistical or computing methods, generating the findings of the study into a comprehensible set of conclusions is the most important step.
5. Dissemination of the research findings
Last step in the research process is compiling all the steps and findings in the form of research papers, presentations or posters. The dissemination process is about sharing the work with scientific community and making it open to opinions and criticism. The research can also be shared with non-scientific community including the populations on which the study was conducted for creating awareness ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HsQBKqRm","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Taylor & Kielhofner, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Taylor & Kielhofner, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":87,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/VBU7XFQV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/VBU7XFQV"],"itemData":{"id":87,"type":"chapter","title":"Chapter 9: Steps in Research Process and Characteristics of Sound Research","container-title":"Kielhofner's Research in Occupational Therapy: Methods of Inquiry for Enhancing Practice","publisher":"F.A. Davis","source":"Google Books","ISBN":"978-0-8036-4216-4","note":"Google-Books-ID: BkvoDQAAQBAJ","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Taylor","given":"Renee R."},{"family":"Kielhofner","given":"Gary"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",1,5]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Taylor & Kielhofner, 2017).
Part 2
Difference between research question and hypotheses.
Research questions are used in a study to identify the variables, participants and problem that is needed to be addressed. It states the purpose of the study and is used when there is no specific hypothesis or anticipation of desired results. Research hypothesis is very specific and researchers have a predetermined approximation of the results based on theories and literature ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"GD4HwWFd","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Connelly, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Connelly, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":83,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/ABXHKIF4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/ABXHKIF4"],"itemData":{"id":83,"type":"article-journal","title":"Research questions and hypotheses","container-title":"Medsurg Nursing","page":"435-436","volume":"24","issue":"6","author":[{"family":"Connelly","given":"Lynne M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Connelly, 2015).
Part 3
Qualitative Research
Quantitative Research
1. ObservationIt is a systematic process in which data is collected on the basis of observations of a particular phenomenon. It is mainly used when that topic is not well-studied before or lacks enough literature. It is a flexible and dynamic method but is time-taking and may include human error or bias.
1. Surveys
Surveys allow the researchers to collect the data directly from the participants involved in the study. Surveys are designed systematically in a particular order that reflects their participant’s opinions, behavior and their perception over a defined topic. Surveys mainly represent the results on the behalf of a large population.
2. Field Research
It provides researchers the opportunity of having depth perception about a particular event or participants. It allows to understand the behavior of people towards certain stimuli. But the results of such research cannot be generalized to larger cohorts. Documenting the observations can be challenging as the real results show up after a long field research.
2. Correlational Study
It is an exploratory method that is used to determine the relationship among two or multiple variables. It provides the knowledge about the strength and direction of particular type of relationship. The data collected from this study can be quantifies using correlational coefficient. But this method only explains the relation and not the causation.
3. Case Studies
Case studies are primarily used in the investigation of complex cases including multiple variables under inquiry. Such studies provide advancements to the information collected on field. This method is adopted in applied sciences mainly in social sciences, health, gender studies and education. It offers innovative and challenging circumstances to theoretical conventions.
3. Simulation
Simulation is a technical research method based on computers replicating all kinds of processes in the word. It creates models that represent the patterns of real world systems on a software. It can also be used for creating theories, hypotheses, observations and future predictions. It is usually applied in complex practical problems that could not be modeled by mathematical equations ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"FlPwbNsI","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Queir\\uc0\\u243{}s, Faria, & Almeida, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Queirós, Faria, & Almeida, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":86,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/B8H3MIVU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/B8H3MIVU"],"itemData":{"id":86,"type":"article-journal","title":"Strengths and limitations of qualitative and quantitative research methods","container-title":"European Journal of Education Studies","author":[{"family":"Queirós","given":"André"},{"family":"Faria","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Almeida","given":"Fernando"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Queirós, Faria, & Almeida, 2017).
Difference between qualitative and quantitative research methodologies
Qualitative methodologies are used when the researchers have to find out the reason and manner of a specific phenomenon in order to formulate a theory. These include a cohort, individual questioning, participation or observations. Quantitative research methodologies are used to quantify the behaviors, attitudes and defined variables. These methods include surveys, polls, longitudinal and systematic observations ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"sw9xGLhr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Fetters, Curry, & Creswell, 2013)","plainCitation":"(Fetters, Curry, & Creswell, 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":84,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/ZC2QCWXP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/ZC2QCWXP"],"itemData":{"id":84,"type":"article-journal","title":"Achieving integration in mixed methods designs—principles and practices","container-title":"Health services research","page":"2134-2156","volume":"48","issue":"6pt2","author":[{"family":"Fetters","given":"Michael D."},{"family":"Curry","given":"Leslie A."},{"family":"Creswell","given":"John W."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Fetters, Curry, & Creswell, 2013).
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Connelly, L. M. (2015). Research questions and hypotheses. Medsurg Nursing, 24(6), 435–436.
Fetters, M. D., Curry, L. A., & Creswell, J. W. (2013). Achieving integration in mixed methods designs—Principles and practices. Health Services Research, 48(6pt2), 2134–2156.
Queirós, A., Faria, D., & Almeida, F. (2017). Strengths and limitations of qualitative and quantitative research methods. European Journal of Education Studies.
Taylor, R. R., & Kielhofner, G. (2017). Chapter 9: Steps in Research Process and Characteristics of Sound Research. In Kielhofner’s Research in Occupational Therapy: Methods of Inquiry for Enhancing Practice. F.A. Davis.
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