Nervous System Disorders; Integumentary & Endocrine Systems

Nervous System Disorders and Integumentary & Endocrine Systems

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Forum Question 1: Nervous System Disorders 

The nervous system is a complex system that has a function of regulation and coordination in the body. Its functioning can be affected due to different factors such as trauma, infections, structural defects as well as different autoimmune disorders. There are different nervous system disorders such as headaches, epilepsy, brain tumor, and stroke.

The most common disorder is a headache. This is a very common disorder that is experienced by people at one or more time in their life. Headaches can be benign tension headaches which are harmless or these headaches can be linked to life-threatening neurologic disease, such as brain tumors ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"eeOgOmWw","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ravishankar, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Ravishankar, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2258,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/SHKNHBGF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/SHKNHBGF"],"itemData":{"id":2258,"type":"article-journal","title":"Headache: Causes and Treatment Modalities","container-title":"Symptom Oriented Pain Management","page":"123","author":[{"family":"Ravishankar","given":"K."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ravishankar, 2017). All these headaches can be treated by taking rest and using over-the-counter analgesic medications.

In addition, epilepsy is another condition of recurring seizures in people. It is the result of abnormal overactivity of the cells in the brain that specifically affects forebrain. Different causes and types of the disease are; temporal lobe epilepsies, cortical dysplasia, Sturge-Weber Syndrome, brain tumors as well as nervous system infections. By knowing all these cases, it is easier to treat the disease.

Moreover, there is a brain tumor which is an irregular growth of the brain in its nearby structures. There can be intra-axial tumors, which are the growth within the substance of the brain and extra-axial tumors which originate external to the renal tissues of the brain ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"woGaptM4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rapalino & Smirniotopoulos, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Rapalino & Smirniotopoulos, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2257,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/PY9U464A"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/PY9U464A"],"itemData":{"id":2257,"type":"chapter","title":"Extra-axial brain tumors","container-title":"Handbook of clinical neurology","publisher":"Elsevier","page":"275-291","volume":"135","ISBN":"0072-9752","author":[{"family":"Rapalino","given":"Otto"},{"family":"Smirniotopoulos","given":"James G."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rapalino & Smirniotopoulos, 2016). With this, there is multiple sclerosis (MS) that is recurring attacks of neurological symptoms. The cause behind this disorder is the damage to the myelin sheath that hampers the conduction of messages along the axons. Its symptoms are related to the specific location of the demyelination inside the nervous system. The information about the point of damage, assist in treating the disease.

Furthermore, there can be disorders due to the limited supply of blood flow to the brain. These disorders are generally termed as "stroke". Its common cause is cerebral infarction that causes hemorrhage, or bleeding, into or nearby the brain.

Forum Question 2: Topic: Integumentary & Endocrine Systems

The integumentary system provides the outer covering of the body and shields it from numerous extortions for example infection, dryness, scrape, chemical as well as radiation damage. Skin is a part of the integumentary system that makes body impervious to water as well as secrete melanin to guard the body against the carcinogenic effects of UV rays. Moreover, sweat glands and somatosensory receptors and nociceptors are also part of the system. This system is vulnerable to different diseases, disorders, and injuries that can range from benign bacterial or fungal infections to skin cancer. Skin cancer is one of the major disorder of the integumentary system. One of the factors that have contributed to its rise is the degradation of the ozone layer in the atmosphere. One of the skin cancer is Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) that is the result of the body damaged by UV rays ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"kWOkAVf7","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Marur & Forastiere, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Marur & Forastiere, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2253,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/8XQYR4MP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/8XQYR4MP"],"itemData":{"id":2253,"type":"paper-conference","title":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: update on epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment","container-title":"Mayo Clinic Proceedings","publisher":"Elsevier","page":"386-396","volume":"91","ISBN":"0025-6196","author":[{"family":"Marur","given":"Shanthi"},{"family":"Forastiere","given":"Arlene A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Marur & Forastiere, 2016).

The other most common disorder of the integumentary system that affects the skin is acne. It mostly occurs on face and back where there are more sebaceous glands. The cause behind the acne is also hormonal changes that occur at the onset of puberty. Moreover, people may also suffer from Eczema which is an allergic reaction. There can be dryness at the skin as well as scratchy patches of skin that look like rashes ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"J9HImJtc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Diepgen et al., 2015)","plainCitation":"(Diepgen et al., 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2255,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/M89VYHB7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/M89VYHB7"],"itemData":{"id":2255,"type":"article-journal","title":"Guidelines for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of hand eczema","container-title":"JDDG: Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft","page":"e1-e22","volume":"13","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Diepgen","given":"Thomas L."},{"family":"Andersen","given":"Klaus E."},{"family":"Chosidow","given":"Oliver"},{"family":"Coenraads","given":"Peter Jan"},{"family":"Elsner","given":"Peter"},{"family":"English","given":"John"},{"family":"Fartasch","given":"Manigé"},{"family":"Gimenez‐Arnau","given":"Ana"},{"family":"Nixon","given":"Rosemary"},{"family":"Sasseville","given":"Denis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Diepgen et al., 2015). This results in swelling, flaking as well as bleeding in severe cases. There is also Psoriasis which result in scaly pink patches on the elbows, knees, and scalp. This complaint can run in families and the commonest time of its start is adolescence.

Skin can also be damaged as a result of intense heat, radiation as well as the use of chemicals. These can cause the death of skin cells, dehydration as well as electrolyte imbalance. The skin is also more vulnerable to bacteria and other pathogens in this condition.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Diepgen, T. L., Andersen, K. E., Chosidow, O., Coenraads, P. J., Elsner, P., English, J., … Sasseville, D. (2015). Guidelines for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of hand eczema. JDDG: Journal Der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft, 13(1), e1–e22.

Marur, S., & Forastiere, A. A. (2016). Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: update on epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 91, 386–396. Elsevier.

Rapalino, O., & Smirniotopoulos, J. G. (2016). Extra-axial brain tumors. In Handbook of clinical neurology (Vol. 135, pp. 275–291). Elsevier.

Ravishankar, K. (2017). Headache: Causes and Treatment Modalities. Symptom Oriented Pain Management, 123.