Hand hygiene
Author name
Affiliations
Introduction
Healthcare-associated infection (HCAI) affect hundreds of millions of patients globally each year ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ugPcdXXh","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(L. M. Kingston, O\\uc0\\u8217{}Connell, & Dunne, 2017)","plainCitation":"(L. M. Kingston, O’Connell, & Dunne, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2071,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/RFL5SLDB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/RFL5SLDB"],"itemData":{"id":2071,"type":"article-journal","title":"Survey of attitudes and practices of Irish nursing students towards hand hygiene, including handrubbing with alcohol-based hand rub","container-title":"Nurse education today","page":"57-62","volume":"52","author":[{"family":"Kingston","given":"Liz M."},{"family":"O'Connell","given":"Nuala H."},{"family":"Dunne","given":"Colum P."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (L. M. Kingston, O’Connell, & Dunne, 2017). Nearly 25,000 people die in the European Union annually as a result of infections caused by MDROs ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"P7GAXo40","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(L. M. Kingston et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(L. M. Kingston et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2071,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/RFL5SLDB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/RFL5SLDB"],"itemData":{"id":2071,"type":"article-journal","title":"Survey of attitudes and practices of Irish nursing students towards hand hygiene, including handrubbing with alcohol-based hand rub","container-title":"Nurse education today","page":"57-62","volume":"52","author":[{"family":"Kingston","given":"Liz M."},{"family":"O'Connell","given":"Nuala H."},{"family":"Dunne","given":"Colum P."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (L. M. Kingston et al., 2017). Hand hygiene is one of the effective action that can be taken to reduce and prevent healthcare-related infections ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Kq7cA4ls","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sickbert-Bennett et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Sickbert-Bennett et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2074,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/DBVTTZCD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/DBVTTZCD"],"itemData":{"id":2074,"type":"article-journal","title":"Reduction of healthcare-associated infections by exceeding high compliance with hand hygiene practices","container-title":"Emerging infectious diseases","page":"1628","volume":"22","issue":"9","author":[{"family":"Sickbert-Bennett","given":"Emily E."},{"family":"DiBiase","given":"Lauren M."},{"family":"Willis","given":"Tina M. Schade"},{"family":"Wolak","given":"Eric S."},{"family":"Weber","given":"David J."},{"family":"Rutala","given":"William A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sickbert-Bennett et al., 2016). The World Health Organization (WHO), has categorised it as a primary measure to decrease health-care related infections in hospitals ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"f1DTZYsg","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(White et al., 2015)","plainCitation":"(White et al., 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2070,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/NPYVTPYR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/NPYVTPYR"],"itemData":{"id":2070,"type":"article-journal","title":"Key beliefs of hospital nurses’ hand‐hygiene behaviour: protecting your peers and needing effective reminders","container-title":"Health Promotion Journal of Australia","page":"74-78","volume":"26","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"White","given":"Katherine M."},{"family":"Jimmieson","given":"Nerina L."},{"family":"Graves","given":"Nicholas"},{"family":"Barnett","given":"Adrian"},{"family":"Cockshaw","given":"Wendell"},{"family":"Gee","given":"Phillip"},{"family":"Page","given":"Katie"},{"family":"Campbell","given":"Megan"},{"family":"Martin","given":"Elizabeth"},{"family":"Brain","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (White et al., 2015). It is also simple, cost-effective and extremely effectual in regulatory the spread of HCAI ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"kpE6QWBT","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(L. M. Kingston et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(L. M. Kingston et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2071,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/RFL5SLDB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/RFL5SLDB"],"itemData":{"id":2071,"type":"article-journal","title":"Survey of attitudes and practices of Irish nursing students towards hand hygiene, including handrubbing with alcohol-based hand rub","container-title":"Nurse education today","page":"57-62","volume":"52","author":[{"family":"Kingston","given":"Liz M."},{"family":"O'Connell","given":"Nuala H."},{"family":"Dunne","given":"Colum P."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (L. M. Kingston et al., 2017). However, regardless of its increasing priority, the measure continues to be ignored by healthcare workers ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"LeTH3FzN","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kennedy & Burnett, 2011)","plainCitation":"(Kennedy & Burnett, 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2069,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/8AZJJGKX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/8AZJJGKX"],"itemData":{"id":2069,"type":"article-journal","title":"Hand hygiene knowledge and attitudes: comparisons between student nurses","container-title":"Journal of Infection Prevention","page":"246-250","volume":"12","issue":"6","author":[{"family":"Kennedy","given":"M."},{"family":"Burnett","given":"E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kennedy & Burnett, 2011). Different reasons for the non-compliance are time constraints and scarcity of staff. This increases pressure over healthcare workers and they consider it time wastage. This essay will discuss the significance of hand hygiene for nursing and nurse’s attitudes and beliefs regarding the use of this method. Different strategies will also be discussed to increase the compliance of nurses with hand hygiene.
Discussion
Thousands of people expire as a result of different infections that they acquire while receiving health care. Two kinds of microbes are found to dwell hands; the resident flora and transient flora. The resident flora resides under the apparent cells of the stratum corneum while the transient flora resides the superficial layers of the skin. Transient flora is easy to be removed with hand hygiene as they are usually acquired by health care workers ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aAQVtrti","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kapil, Bhavsar, & Madan, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Kapil, Bhavsar, & Madan, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2076,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/MC5PE9C4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/MC5PE9C4"],"itemData":{"id":2076,"type":"article-journal","title":"Hand hygiene in reducing transient flora on the hands of healthcare workers: an educational intervention","container-title":"Indian journal of medical microbiology","page":"125","volume":"33","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Kapil","given":"R."},{"family":"Bhavsar","given":"H. K."},{"family":"Madan","given":"M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kapil, Bhavsar, & Madan, 2015). Healthcare workers have direct contact with patients during their clinical practices. Subsequently, they can become intermediaries of pathogenic microorganisms as well as contracting an HCAI. Infected hands are the prime cause of these transmissions of infections and deaths ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Cw4CI803","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Banach, Bearman, Morgan, & Munoz-Price, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Banach, Bearman, Morgan, & Munoz-Price, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2075,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/FH9ZXDTZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/FH9ZXDTZ"],"itemData":{"id":2075,"type":"book","title":"Infection control precautions for visitors to healthcare facilities","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","ISBN":"1744-8336","author":[{"family":"Banach","given":"David B."},{"family":"Bearman","given":"Gonzalo M."},{"family":"Morgan","given":"Daniel J."},{"family":"Munoz-Price","given":"L. Silvia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Banach, Bearman, Morgan, & Munoz-Price, 2015). Therefore, hands should be used in such a way to avoid the transmission of harmful microorganisms. Health-care workers are required to perform hand hygiene in these situations; before touching a patient, before clean procedures, after body fluid exposure, after touching a patient as well as after touching patient surroundings ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"MV3e0CJe","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Chou, Achan, & Ramachandran, 2012; White et al., 2015)","plainCitation":"(Chou, Achan, & Ramachandran, 2012; White et al., 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2073,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/Y7IC8KCY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/Y7IC8KCY"],"itemData":{"id":2073,"type":"article-journal","title":"The World Health Organization ‘5 Moments of Hand Hygiene’ The scientific foundation","container-title":"The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume","page":"441-445","volume":"94","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Chou","given":"D. T. S."},{"family":"Achan","given":"P."},{"family":"Ramachandran","given":"M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}},{"id":2070,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/NPYVTPYR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/NPYVTPYR"],"itemData":{"id":2070,"type":"article-journal","title":"Key beliefs of hospital nurses’ hand‐hygiene behaviour: protecting your peers and needing effective reminders","container-title":"Health Promotion Journal of Australia","page":"74-78","volume":"26","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"White","given":"Katherine M."},{"family":"Jimmieson","given":"Nerina L."},{"family":"Graves","given":"Nicholas"},{"family":"Barnett","given":"Adrian"},{"family":"Cockshaw","given":"Wendell"},{"family":"Gee","given":"Phillip"},{"family":"Page","given":"Katie"},{"family":"Campbell","given":"Megan"},{"family":"Martin","given":"Elizabeth"},{"family":"Brain","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Chou, Achan, & Ramachandran, 2012; White et al., 2015). The five movements are made essential by WHO ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"WDBmP4Ky","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(L. Kingston, O\\uc0\\u8217{}Connell, & Dunne, 2016)","plainCitation":"(L. Kingston, O’Connell, & Dunne, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2072,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/EI9D4F5Y"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/EI9D4F5Y"],"itemData":{"id":2072,"type":"article-journal","title":"Hand hygiene-related clinical trials reported since 2010: a systematic review","container-title":"Journal of Hospital Infection","page":"309-320","volume":"92","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Kingston","given":"L."},{"family":"O'Connell","given":"N. H."},{"family":"Dunne","given":"C. P."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (L. Kingston, O’Connell, & Dunne, 2016).
Hand hygiene consists of different actions of hand cleansing ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"74PFrrS6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hugonnet & Pittet, 2000)","plainCitation":"(Hugonnet & Pittet, 2000)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2078,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/TQXT5N5Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/TQXT5N5Q"],"itemData":{"id":2078,"type":"article-journal","title":"Hand hygiene—beliefs or science?","container-title":"Clinical microbiology and infection","page":"348-354","volume":"6","issue":"7","author":[{"family":"Hugonnet","given":"Stephane"},{"family":"Pittet","given":"Didier"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hugonnet & Pittet, 2000). However, in most situations hand rubbing with alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) is considered as the best method to hand hygiene ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"U2Z46ljT","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(L. M. Kingston et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(L. M. Kingston et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2071,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/RFL5SLDB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/RFL5SLDB"],"itemData":{"id":2071,"type":"article-journal","title":"Survey of attitudes and practices of Irish nursing students towards hand hygiene, including handrubbing with alcohol-based hand rub","container-title":"Nurse education today","page":"57-62","volume":"52","author":[{"family":"Kingston","given":"Liz M."},{"family":"O'Connell","given":"Nuala H."},{"family":"Dunne","given":"Colum P."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (L. M. Kingston et al., 2017). Hand rubbing is the ‘gold standard' method that is suitable for all occasions and except for those that require compulsory handwashing with soap and water ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"4LnY0QmK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hugonnet & Pittet, 2000)","plainCitation":"(Hugonnet & Pittet, 2000)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2078,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/TQXT5N5Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/TQXT5N5Q"],"itemData":{"id":2078,"type":"article-journal","title":"Hand hygiene—beliefs or science?","container-title":"Clinical microbiology and infection","page":"348-354","volume":"6","issue":"7","author":[{"family":"Hugonnet","given":"Stephane"},{"family":"Pittet","given":"Didier"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hugonnet & Pittet, 2000). This method is a standalone technique that is performed in isolation and combined with any other method. Healthcare workers are advised to regularly perform hand hygiene using ABHR. Therefore, it is significant to know about the nurse's attitude about hand rubbing practices. Compliance with hand hygiene policies and the standard is also closely linked with the culture of the clinical area ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"kRB0riqE","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kennedy & Burnett, 2011)","plainCitation":"(Kennedy & Burnett, 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2069,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/8AZJJGKX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/8AZJJGKX"],"itemData":{"id":2069,"type":"article-journal","title":"Hand hygiene knowledge and attitudes: comparisons between student nurses","container-title":"Journal of Infection Prevention","page":"246-250","volume":"12","issue":"6","author":[{"family":"Kennedy","given":"M."},{"family":"Burnett","given":"E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kennedy & Burnett, 2011). There is a Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), which is a decision-making model comprising that consists of beliefs that have an effect over health actions ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"os8vlTC5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(White et al., 2015)","plainCitation":"(White et al., 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2070,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/NPYVTPYR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/NPYVTPYR"],"itemData":{"id":2070,"type":"article-journal","title":"Key beliefs of hospital nurses’ hand‐hygiene behaviour: protecting your peers and needing effective reminders","container-title":"Health Promotion Journal of Australia","page":"74-78","volume":"26","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"White","given":"Katherine M."},{"family":"Jimmieson","given":"Nerina L."},{"family":"Graves","given":"Nicholas"},{"family":"Barnett","given":"Adrian"},{"family":"Cockshaw","given":"Wendell"},{"family":"Gee","given":"Phillip"},{"family":"Page","given":"Katie"},{"family":"Campbell","given":"Megan"},{"family":"Martin","given":"Elizabeth"},{"family":"Brain","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (White et al., 2015). In the model different beliefs that have affected the decisions are behavioural beliefs, normative beliefs, subjective norms and control beliefs. Identification of these beliefs is necessary for targeted health promotion strategies ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"t8Z7AZRM","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(White et al., 2015)","plainCitation":"(White et al., 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2070,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/NPYVTPYR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/NPYVTPYR"],"itemData":{"id":2070,"type":"article-journal","title":"Key beliefs of hospital nurses’ hand‐hygiene behaviour: protecting your peers and needing effective reminders","container-title":"Health Promotion Journal of Australia","page":"74-78","volume":"26","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"White","given":"Katherine M."},{"family":"Jimmieson","given":"Nerina L."},{"family":"Graves","given":"Nicholas"},{"family":"Barnett","given":"Adrian"},{"family":"Cockshaw","given":"Wendell"},{"family":"Gee","given":"Phillip"},{"family":"Page","given":"Katie"},{"family":"Campbell","given":"Megan"},{"family":"Martin","given":"Elizabeth"},{"family":"Brain","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (White et al., 2015).
Accordingly, hand hygiene education is the keystone of nursing practice. Regardless of the well-documented link between inadequate hand hygiene and healthcare-related infections. Hundreds of healthcare workers are found not to comply with hand hygiene. Nurses in India, Sri Lanka, South Korea and Jordan are reported to have moderate hand hygiene knowledge ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BGOHeLz2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(L. M. Kingston et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(L. M. Kingston et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2071,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/RFL5SLDB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/RFL5SLDB"],"itemData":{"id":2071,"type":"article-journal","title":"Survey of attitudes and practices of Irish nursing students towards hand hygiene, including handrubbing with alcohol-based hand rub","container-title":"Nurse education today","page":"57-62","volume":"52","author":[{"family":"Kingston","given":"Liz M."},{"family":"O'Connell","given":"Nuala H."},{"family":"Dunne","given":"Colum P."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (L. M. Kingston et al., 2017). But, in some European countries, such as in Italy and Slovakia nurses have poor knowledge of hand hygiene. Practitioners are required to be provided with appropriate education along with training and support for this practice ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BkjfJUfH","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Zhou, Jiang, Knoll, & Schwarzer, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Zhou, Jiang, Knoll, & Schwarzer, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2077,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/6EFPHVX2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/6EFPHVX2"],"itemData":{"id":2077,"type":"article-journal","title":"Improving hand hygiene behaviour among adolescents by a planning intervention","container-title":"Psychology, health & medicine","page":"824-831","volume":"20","issue":"7","author":[{"family":"Zhou","given":"Guangyu"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Tingting"},{"family":"Knoll","given":"Nina"},{"family":"Schwarzer","given":"Ralf"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Zhou, Jiang, Knoll, & Schwarzer, 2015). This will increase their knowledge and understanding about the necessity of the practice ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"M3XCUZrQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kennedy & Burnett, 2011)","plainCitation":"(Kennedy & Burnett, 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2069,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/8AZJJGKX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/8AZJJGKX"],"itemData":{"id":2069,"type":"article-journal","title":"Hand hygiene knowledge and attitudes: comparisons between student nurses","container-title":"Journal of Infection Prevention","page":"246-250","volume":"12","issue":"6","author":[{"family":"Kennedy","given":"M."},{"family":"Burnett","given":"E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kennedy & Burnett, 2011).
There are different reasons for noncompliance of health care workers with the required hand hygiene practices. The most common is time and staff shortages. Despite the fact that ABHR considerably takes less time for hand hygiene. The time serves as a barrier in most of the situations. Hand rubbing takes far less time than hand washing with soap and water ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"NAr6z5OL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(L. M. Kingston et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(L. M. Kingston et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2071,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/RFL5SLDB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/RFL5SLDB"],"itemData":{"id":2071,"type":"article-journal","title":"Survey of attitudes and practices of Irish nursing students towards hand hygiene, including handrubbing with alcohol-based hand rub","container-title":"Nurse education today","page":"57-62","volume":"52","author":[{"family":"Kingston","given":"Liz M."},{"family":"O'Connell","given":"Nuala H."},{"family":"Dunne","given":"Colum P."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (L. M. Kingston et al., 2017). Nurses focus on their learning and skills development. They must be given enough time for their duties to maintain hand hygiene. For these measures should be taken to overcome the staff shortages. Moreover, different beliefs of health care workers also reduce the rate of hand hygiene compliance. In the past, ABHR is thought to cause more skin damage as compared to the damage caused by soap and water. ABHR also has an unpleasant smell and people feel unclean after its use. All these concerns have no significant basis as research as providing the non-damage nature of ABHR as well as its use in hygiene. Here, healthcare leaders are required to provide education and training to all staff for increasing the rate of compliance.
Conclusion
Healthcare workers who are involved in direct or indirect patient care are required to maintain hand hygiene. They should also perform it correctly and at the right time. The most effective approach in this regard is the use of ABHR which is the cleaning of hands by rubbing them with an alcohol-based construction. This is considered as the quicker and more effective method as compared to washing hand with soap and water ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rhKg2Buj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Elkhawaga & El-Masry, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Elkhawaga & El-Masry, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2079,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/RB7BBACT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/RB7BBACT"],"itemData":{"id":2079,"type":"article-journal","title":"Knowledge, Beliefs and Self-reported Practices of Hand Hygiene among Egyptian Medical Students: Does Gender Difference Play a Role?","container-title":"Journal of Public Health in Developing Countries","page":"418-425","volume":"3","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Elkhawaga","given":"Ghada"},{"family":"El-Masry","given":"Ragaa"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Elkhawaga & El-Masry, 2017). The purpose behind this technique is to decrease hand settlement of transient flora. Despite its so many advantages and reduction in deaths as a result of infections. Healthcare workers are often found not to use this technique effectively. Different reasons for this are time and staff shortage as well as their behaviours shared by their cultures. For instance, they think that ABHR causes skin irritation ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"58q2TsDB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hugonnet & Pittet, 2000)","plainCitation":"(Hugonnet & Pittet, 2000)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2078,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/TQXT5N5Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/TQXT5N5Q"],"itemData":{"id":2078,"type":"article-journal","title":"Hand hygiene—beliefs or science?","container-title":"Clinical microbiology and infection","page":"348-354","volume":"6","issue":"7","author":[{"family":"Hugonnet","given":"Stephane"},{"family":"Pittet","given":"Didier"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hugonnet & Pittet, 2000). All these barriers can be overcome with proper training and education. Moreover, healthcare workers should also be given knowledge related to the benefits of reducing infections transmission to change their beliefs.
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Banach, D. B., Bearman, G. M., Morgan, D. J., & Munoz-Price, L. S. (2015). Infection control precautions for visitors to healthcare facilities. Taylor & Francis.
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