Hand Washing
Name
[Institutional Affiliation(s)]
Author Note
Hand Washing
Response 1
Numerous research reviews the epidemiological figures and pertinent subjects connected to the worldwide problem of healthcare-associated infection (HCAI), and highlights the significance of precluding healthcare-associated infection through hand hygiene promotion as finest practices among healthcare providers ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aabg9k6i25","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Organization, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Organization, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"pc5ap9Ke/uwszY83w","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/ZNX35SRK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/ZNX35SRK"],"itemData":{"id":914,"type":"book","title":"WHO guidelines on hand hygiene in health care. First Global Patient Safety Challenge. Clean Care is Safer Care. Geneva: WHO; 2009","author":[{"family":"Organization","given":"World Health"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Organization, 2016).
Response 2
The research conducted by Emily E Sickbert-Bennett suggested that improving hand hygiene practice among healthcare providers can significantly reduce infections associated with healthcare facilities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ad9g8b5m7v","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sickbert-Bennett et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Sickbert-Bennett et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"pc5ap9Ke/U767X4je","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/ZQHYHPYP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/ZQHYHPYP"],"itemData":{"id":909,"type":"article-journal","title":"Reducing health care–associated infections by implementing a novel all hands on deck approach for hand hygiene compliance","container-title":"American journal of infection control","page":"e13-e16","volume":"44","issue":"5","author":[{"family":"Sickbert-Bennett","given":"Emily E."},{"family":"DiBiase","given":"Lauren M."},{"family":"Willis","given":"Tina M. Schade"},{"family":"Wolak","given":"Eric S."},{"family":"Weber","given":"David J."},{"family":"Rutala","given":"William A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sickbert-Bennett et al., 2016). The article changes in the prevalence of healthcare-associated infections in US hospitals, that has shown that the rate of these infections was lower in the year 2015 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1gdirgdqjg","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Magill et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Magill et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"pc5ap9Ke/THJoiRbR","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QJSJP68J"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QJSJP68J"],"itemData":{"id":907,"type":"article-journal","title":"Changes in prevalence of health care–associated infections in US Hospitals","container-title":"New England Journal of Medicine","page":"1732-1744","volume":"379","issue":"18","author":[{"family":"Magill","given":"Shelley S."},{"family":"O’Leary","given":"Erin"},{"family":"Janelle","given":"Sarah J."},{"family":"Thompson","given":"Deborah L."},{"family":"Dumyati","given":"Ghinwa"},{"family":"Nadle","given":"Joelle"},{"family":"Wilson","given":"Lucy E."},{"family":"Kainer","given":"Marion A."},{"family":"Lynfield","given":"Ruth"},{"family":"Greissman","given":"Samantha"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Magill et al., 2018). The article has highlighted that hospitals need continued strategies to prevent these infections. This is significantly important for the prevention of pneumonia and C. difficile infections. The other research conducted by Sanjay Saint focused on the prevention of catheter-associated infections in healthcare facilities, particularly, UTI ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1f429uttnt","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Saint et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Saint et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"pc5ap9Ke/kJaV6V3u","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/BLBHXSGI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/BLBHXSGI"],"itemData":{"id":908,"type":"article-journal","title":"A program to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infection in acute care","container-title":"New England Journal of Medicine","page":"2111-2119","volume":"374","issue":"22","author":[{"family":"Saint","given":"Sanjay"},{"family":"Greene","given":"M. Todd"},{"family":"Krein","given":"Sarah L."},{"family":"Rogers","given":"Mary AM"},{"family":"Ratz","given":"David"},{"family":"Fowler","given":"Karen E."},{"family":"Edson","given":"Barbara S."},{"family":"Watson","given":"Sam R."},{"family":"Meyer-Lucas","given":"Barbara"},{"family":"Masuga","given":"Marie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Saint et al., 2016). The program introduced in the article was initiated in healthcare facility that work to prevent and anticipate infections related to the use of a catheter. Another research conducted by Moura P. Smiddy has shown that compliance with healthcare providers is essentially required, as it is a collective challenge for healthcare facilities, worldwide ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ai2ccmcela","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Smiddy, O\\uc0\\u8217{}Connell, & Creedon, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Smiddy, O’Connell, & Creedon, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"pc5ap9Ke/tuz8j1Y5","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/GRSD8XYP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/GRSD8XYP"],"itemData":{"id":911,"type":"article-journal","title":"Systematic qualitative literature review of health care workers' compliance with hand hygiene guidelines","container-title":"American journal of infection control","page":"269-274","volume":"43","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Smiddy","given":"Maura P."},{"family":"O'Connell","given":"Rhona"},{"family":"Creedon","given":"Sile A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Smiddy, O’Connell, & Creedon, 2015). The models can significantly improve complexities associated with hand hygiene practices.
Response 3
Communities and societies have been observed with higher rates of healthcare-associated infections which lead to serious complications for individuals including disabilities, long-stay at hospitals and infections caused by microorganisms ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"RXEo7Uff","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Saint et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Saint et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"pc5ap9Ke/kJaV6V3u","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/BLBHXSGI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/BLBHXSGI"],"itemData":{"id":908,"type":"article-journal","title":"A program to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infection in acute care","container-title":"New England Journal of Medicine","page":"2111-2119","volume":"374","issue":"22","author":[{"family":"Saint","given":"Sanjay"},{"family":"Greene","given":"M. Todd"},{"family":"Krein","given":"Sarah L."},{"family":"Rogers","given":"Mary AM"},{"family":"Ratz","given":"David"},{"family":"Fowler","given":"Karen E."},{"family":"Edson","given":"Barbara S."},{"family":"Watson","given":"Sam R."},{"family":"Meyer-Lucas","given":"Barbara"},{"family":"Masuga","given":"Marie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Saint et al., 2016). These infections not only include the hospitalization but also socio-economic and financial burden for individuals. The research has been conducted in particular areas, though the implementation of policies and compliance with these strategies is relatively low among healthcare providers. Lack of awareness and education among communities has also amplified the situation.
Response 4
Hospital-acquired infections are essentially required to be reduced, globally. It has been noted that healthcare providers are observed with practices of handwashing but their intention to wash hands is significantly low. Nurses need to know the importance of handwashing practices and therefore, they require to be trained and educated on the subject. The selected group of nurses would be essentially required to be educated for hand washing ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"XjY8AWed","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Saint et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Saint et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"pc5ap9Ke/kJaV6V3u","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/BLBHXSGI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/BLBHXSGI"],"itemData":{"id":908,"type":"article-journal","title":"A program to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infection in acute care","container-title":"New England Journal of Medicine","page":"2111-2119","volume":"374","issue":"22","author":[{"family":"Saint","given":"Sanjay"},{"family":"Greene","given":"M. Todd"},{"family":"Krein","given":"Sarah L."},{"family":"Rogers","given":"Mary AM"},{"family":"Ratz","given":"David"},{"family":"Fowler","given":"Karen E."},{"family":"Edson","given":"Barbara S."},{"family":"Watson","given":"Sam R."},{"family":"Meyer-Lucas","given":"Barbara"},{"family":"Masuga","given":"Marie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Saint et al., 2016). The global burden of diseases among communities, particularly, healthcare providers can significantly control the prevalence of hospital-acquired infections.
Response 5
Carl Rogers has emphasized on the learning approach of nurses to facilitate their healthcare practices. Developmental and learning processes of nurses remain continued during their practice ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"NCUddHJU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sheahan, While, & Bloomfield, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Sheahan, While, & Bloomfield, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":337,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GXSIKCNG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GXSIKCNG"],"itemData":{"id":337,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Nurse education today","issue":"12","page":"1148-1154","title":"An exploratory trial exploring the use of a multiple intelligences teaching approach (MITA) for teaching clinical skills to first year undergraduate nursing students","volume":"35","author":[{"family":"Sheahan","given":"Linda"},{"family":"While","given":"Alison"},{"family":"Bloomfield","given":"Jacqueline"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sheahan, While, & Bloomfield, 2015). It has been observed that once nurses acquire knowledge and information for hand washing, it can essentially reduce the burden of hospital-acquired infections ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"69GLRegi","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Saint et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Saint et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"pc5ap9Ke/kJaV6V3u","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/BLBHXSGI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/BLBHXSGI"],"itemData":{"id":908,"type":"article-journal","title":"A program to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infection in acute care","container-title":"New England Journal of Medicine","page":"2111-2119","volume":"374","issue":"22","author":[{"family":"Saint","given":"Sanjay"},{"family":"Greene","given":"M. Todd"},{"family":"Krein","given":"Sarah L."},{"family":"Rogers","given":"Mary AM"},{"family":"Ratz","given":"David"},{"family":"Fowler","given":"Karen E."},{"family":"Edson","given":"Barbara S."},{"family":"Watson","given":"Sam R."},{"family":"Meyer-Lucas","given":"Barbara"},{"family":"Masuga","given":"Marie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Saint et al., 2016). Benner’s theory, from novice to expert, is also helpful in training and educating nurses to acquire knowledge for handwashing.
Response 6
Behavioral skills such as hand washing practices before and after surgery, sanitization processes and procedures for precautions are required to reduce the burden of infections. Best nursing practices along with health education are required to teach nurses ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"wreyn2iG","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Saint et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Saint et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"pc5ap9Ke/kJaV6V3u","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/BLBHXSGI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/BLBHXSGI"],"itemData":{"id":908,"type":"article-journal","title":"A program to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infection in acute care","container-title":"New England Journal of Medicine","page":"2111-2119","volume":"374","issue":"22","author":[{"family":"Saint","given":"Sanjay"},{"family":"Greene","given":"M. Todd"},{"family":"Krein","given":"Sarah L."},{"family":"Rogers","given":"Mary AM"},{"family":"Ratz","given":"David"},{"family":"Fowler","given":"Karen E."},{"family":"Edson","given":"Barbara S."},{"family":"Watson","given":"Sam R."},{"family":"Meyer-Lucas","given":"Barbara"},{"family":"Masuga","given":"Marie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Saint et al., 2016). Nurses and healthcare facilities are required to be trained and educated to achieve the goals of the project. It has been observed that teaching or educating nurses and healthcare providers are required to be established, in order to change behaviors ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"EaCgo2fu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Smiddy et al., 2015)","plainCitation":"(Smiddy et al., 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"pc5ap9Ke/tuz8j1Y5","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/GRSD8XYP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/GRSD8XYP"],"itemData":{"id":911,"type":"article-journal","title":"Systematic qualitative literature review of health care workers' compliance with hand hygiene guidelines","container-title":"American journal of infection control","page":"269-274","volume":"43","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Smiddy","given":"Maura P."},{"family":"O'Connell","given":"Rhona"},{"family":"Creedon","given":"Sile A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Smiddy et al., 2015). Behavioral and skills training can be improved through teaching or educating nurses and healthcare providers.
Response 7
Teaching nurses and healthcare providers was accomplished during the project through awareness programs and teaching ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"OunQAR5v","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Saint et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Saint et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"pc5ap9Ke/kJaV6V3u","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/BLBHXSGI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/BLBHXSGI"],"itemData":{"id":908,"type":"article-journal","title":"A program to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infection in acute care","container-title":"New England Journal of Medicine","page":"2111-2119","volume":"374","issue":"22","author":[{"family":"Saint","given":"Sanjay"},{"family":"Greene","given":"M. Todd"},{"family":"Krein","given":"Sarah L."},{"family":"Rogers","given":"Mary AM"},{"family":"Ratz","given":"David"},{"family":"Fowler","given":"Karen E."},{"family":"Edson","given":"Barbara S."},{"family":"Watson","given":"Sam R."},{"family":"Meyer-Lucas","given":"Barbara"},{"family":"Masuga","given":"Marie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Saint et al., 2016). The goals and objectives of the project were achieved, however, if teaching is required again then it is preferable for it to be completed in a healthcare facility.
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Magill, S. S., O’Leary, E., Janelle, S. J., Thompson, D. L., Dumyati, G., Nadle, J.… Greissman, S. (2018). Changes in the prevalence of healthcare-associated infections in US Hospitals. New England Journal of Medicine, 379(18), 1732–1744.
Organization, W. H. (2016). WHO guidelines on hand hygiene in health care. First Global Patient Safety Challenge. Clean Care is Safer Care. Geneva: WHO; 2009.
Saint, S., Greene, M. T., Krein, S. L., Rogers, M. A., Ratz, D., Fowler, K. E.… Masuga, M. (2016). A program to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infection in acute care. New England Journal of Medicine, 374(22), 2111–2119.
Sheahan, L., While, A., & Bloomfield, J. (2015). An exploratory trial exploring the use of multiple intelligences teaching approaches (MITA) for teaching clinical skills to first-year undergraduate nursing students. Nurse Education Today, 35(12), 1148–1154.
Sickbert-Bennett, E. E., DiBiase, L. M., Willis, T. M. S., Wolak, E. S., Weber, D. J., & Rutala, W. A. (2016). Reducing healthcare-associated infections by implementing a novel all hands on deck approach for hand hygiene compliance. American Journal of Infection Control, 44(5), e13–e16.
Smiddy, M. P., O’Connell, R., & Creedon, S. A. (2015). Systematic qualitative literature review of health care workers’ compliance with hand hygiene guidelines. American Journal of Infection Control, 43(3), 269–274.
