Foundations Of Transcultural Nursing

Title of the Paper

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Foundation of Transcultural Nursing

Patient centeredness and cultural competence are two of the most efficient and effective approaches for the improvement of healthcare quality that have been promoted widely in the recent years. Both of these terms and practices have gained popularity but considerable ambiguity also evolved in their definition and use across the globe. Cultural diversity is one of the main challenges in nursing for providing competent healthcare facilities. In US alone the population of minorities are increasing at a faster pace. The term cultural competence is a broad concept which is used to describe different interventions which aims to improve the effectiveness and accessibility of healthcare facilities for minorities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"h9glMUvK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Truong, Paradies, & Priest, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Truong, Paradies, & Priest, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":5,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/aFLg5zv9/items/CB9I9QZD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/aFLg5zv9/items/CB9I9QZD"],"itemData":{"id":5,"type":"article-journal","title":"Interventions to improve cultural competency in healthcare: a systematic review of reviews","container-title":"BMC Health Services Research","page":"99","volume":"14","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Background\nCultural competency is a recognized and popular approach to improving the provision of health care to racial/ethnic minority groups in the community with the aim of reducing racial/ethnic health disparities. The aim of this systematic review of reviews is to gather and synthesize existing reviews of studies in the field to form a comprehensive understanding of the current evidence base that can guide future interventions and research in the area.\n\nMethods\nA systematic review of review articles published between January 2000 and June 2012 was conducted. Electronic databases (including Medline, Cinahl and PsycINFO), reference lists of articles, and key websites were searched. Reviews of cultural competency in health settings only were included. Each review was critically appraised by two authors using a study appraisal tool and were given a quality assessment rating of weak, moderate or strong.\n\nResults\nNineteen published reviews were identified. Reviews consisted of between 5 and 38 studies, included a variety of health care settings/contexts and a range of study types. There were three main categories of study outcomes: patient-related outcomes, provider-related outcomes, and health service access and utilization outcomes. The majority of reviews found moderate evidence of improvement in provider outcomes and health care access and utilization outcomes but weaker evidence for improvements in patient/client outcomes.\n\nConclusion\nThis review of reviews indicates that there is some evidence that interventions to improve cultural competency can improve patient/client health outcomes. However, a lack of methodological rigor is common amongst the studies included in reviews and many of the studies rely on self-report, which is subject to a range of biases, while objective evidence of intervention effectiveness was rare. Future research should measure both healthcare provider and patient/client health outcomes, consider organizational factors, and utilize more rigorous study designs.","DOI":"10.1186/1472-6963-14-99","ISSN":"1472-6963","note":"PMID: 24589335\nPMCID: PMC3946184","shortTitle":"Interventions to improve cultural competency in healthcare","journalAbbreviation":"BMC Health Serv Res","author":[{"family":"Truong","given":"Mandy"},{"family":"Paradies","given":"Yin"},{"family":"Priest","given":"Naomi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",3,3]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Truong, Paradies, & Priest, 2014). It has developed in response to the recognition that cultural and other linguistic barriers that is present in healthcare providers and patients could affect the quality of healthcare delivery. There are different cultural competent skills that are required in nursing for effectively providing healthcare facilities to minorities. In order to provide better facilities, one has to develop better communications kills. Communication skills are important because when nurses communicate with the minorities in their own language then it is easy to understand the pain they are going through. Also the patients develop an emotional bond with the healthcare providers if the medium of communication is same, and to develop such skills it is important to have trainings to improve or learn other languages ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"GvRNTVYz","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Saha, Beach, & Cooper, 2008)","plainCitation":"(Saha, Beach, & Cooper, 2008)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":8,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/aFLg5zv9/items/HKLIA3FH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/aFLg5zv9/items/HKLIA3FH"],"itemData":{"id":8,"type":"article-journal","title":"Patient Centeredness, Cultural Competence and Healthcare Quality","container-title":"Journal of the National Medical Association","page":"1275-1285","volume":"100","issue":"11","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Cultural competence and patient centeredness are approaches to improving healthcare quality that have been promoted extensively in recent years. In this paper, we explore the historical evolution of both cultural competence and patient centeredness. In doing so, we demonstrate that early conceptual models of cultural competence and patient centeredness focused on how healthcare providers and patients might interact at the interpersonal level and that later conceptual models were expanded to consider how patients might be treated by the healthcare system as a whole. We then compare conceptual models for both cultural competence and patient centeredness at both the interpersonal and healthcare system levels to demonstrate similarities and differences. We conclude that, although the concepts have had different histories and foci, many of the core features of cultural competence and patient centeredness are the same. Each approach holds promise for improving the quality of healthcare for individual patients, communities and populations.","ISSN":"0027-9684","note":"PMID: 19024223\nPMCID: PMC2824588","journalAbbreviation":"J Natl Med Assoc","author":[{"family":"Saha","given":"Somnath"},{"family":"Beach","given":"Mary Catherine"},{"family":"Cooper","given":"Lisa A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008",11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Saha, Beach, & Cooper, 2008).

Such skills are also very important while communicating and working with nurses who come from a culturally diverse background. If all the nurses will communicate with each other in the same language, then it will be quite easy to create a competent and professional working environment for all. In that case it will also be easy to provide effective healthcare facility to patients who come from a diverse cultural background ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"6Erm5ztb","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Reyes, Hadley, & Davenport, 2013)","plainCitation":"(Reyes, Hadley, & Davenport, 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":11,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/aFLg5zv9/items/MYX9W7AU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/aFLg5zv9/items/MYX9W7AU"],"itemData":{"id":11,"type":"article-journal","title":"A Comparative Analysis of Cultural Competence in Beginning and Graduating Nursing Students","container-title":"ISRN Nursing","volume":"2013","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"The ethnic proportions of the population in the United States are rapidly changing, with the nation's minority population at approximately 101 million. This is also true for the West Texas region, where locally in a city with 183,000 residents, 43 different languages are spoken suggesting that cultural education needs to be included in nursing program curricula. Therefore, a study was conducted during a period of curriculum revision to determine if the current nursing curriculum at a public university offers enough education and experience for graduating nurses to care for such a diverse population by comparing their perceptions of cultural competence with beginning sophomore nursing students' perceptions. Participants were asked to complete the Cultural Competence Assessment (CCA) tool in order to evaluate perceptions of cultural competence. Upon analysis of the data, perceptions of cultural competence among graduating nursing students were significantly higher (P = .002) than the perceptions of cultural competence among beginning nursing students. These results support that nursing students perceive that they have become culturally competent during their nursing education, leading to implications of the need for continued education relating to this concept, beginning with the first course and continuing throughout the nursing curriculum.","URL":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676966/","DOI":"10.1155/2013/929764","ISSN":"2090-5483","note":"PMID: 23762601\nPMCID: PMC3676966","journalAbbreviation":"ISRN Nurs","author":[{"family":"Reyes","given":"Helen"},{"family":"Hadley","given":"Lance"},{"family":"Davenport","given":"Deborah"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013",5,23]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",2,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Reyes, Hadley, & Davenport, 2013). So it should be the responsibility of the healthcare providers and trainers to incorporate such courses in their training top provide cultural competent facilities to all. In that case not only the nurses will be able to face the challenges when dealing with patients of other ethnic and race but also the patients will be able to form an emotional bond and trust in the nurses and in that case it will also be helpful in the healing process.

References

Reyes, H., Hadley, L., & Davenport, D. (2013). A Comparative Analysis of Cultural Competence in Beginning and Graduating Nursing Students. ISRN Nursing, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/929764

Saha, S., Beach, M. C., & Cooper, L. A. (2008). Patient Centeredness, Cultural Competence and Healthcare Quality. Journal of the National Medical Association, 100(11), 1275–1285.

Truong, M., Paradies, Y., & Priest, N. (2014). Interventions to improve cultural competency in healthcare: a systematic review of reviews. BMC Health Services Research, 14, 99. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-14-99