Conditions And Mechanisms Of Digestive Tract And The Disorders

Conditions and Mechanisms of Digestive Tract and the Disorders

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Conditions and Mechanisms of Digestive Tract and the Disorders

Q1 response: The main function of the stomach glands is to secrete digestive fluids that will aid in the digestion of food which will be further absorbed by the intestine. Gastric acid is produced by the cell located on the stomach’s wall, known as a gastric parietal cell. These acid secretions into lumen occur in response to the messages from paracrine, hormonal, and neurocrine inputs. The G cells located in pyloric mucosa of the stomach are the causes of producing hormonal stimulation for gastric acid production. However, the Histamine 2 receptors are considered as the primary stimulus for the gastric acid secretion.

The stimulation and production of gastric acid indicate the balance of chemo transmitters. These transmitters are delivered to the gastric mucosa through different paths what links both stimulatory and inhibitory mechanism. While, the production and defense mechanism against any injury caused by the acid is regulated through overlapping neural, paracrine and endocrine pathways (Bandyopadhyay et.al, 2019).

The preservation of gastric acid production is an essential evolutionary advantage for the vertebrate population. These benefits include protein digestion and iron absorption. Gastric acid also suppresses the overgrowth of bacteria in the small intestine that will help in the reduction of infections caused by them.

Q2 response: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), also referred to as heartburn, is a digestive disorder caused by acid reflux in the stomach. The main function of the human stomach is to produce hydrochloric acid. In addition, it signals the gastric gland to secrete gastric acid which consists of digestive enzymes that help in breaking of protein molecules to aid in essay digestion. The human body sometimes produces too much and too little acid but when it produces too much acid it causes acid reflux to the esophagus resulting in severe heartburn and irritation. It is, therefore, important to provide guidance about dietary intolerance and maintaining a healthy lifestyle to avoid acid reflux.

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a disease that causes sore in the duodenum and in the lining of the stomach. It can either be acute or if not treated, can be chronic. This is caused by the inflammation leading to a mucosal defect. Too much acid secretion is a major factor that causes PUD. Also, some anti-inflammatory drugs cause severe ulcers in the stomach (Lanas & Chan 2017).

Gastritis is generally a term that is caused due to inflammation in the stomach lining. It can also either be acute or chronic. If not treated it can cause severe ulcers and may even cause stomach cancer. This is caused by the factors that slow down the mucosal defense such as excessive secretion of gastric acid, excessive insulin production, and etc.

Q3 response: (The factor that I have selected is gender). Although there is extensive research in the field of GERD yet there is very limited detail on how GERD impact gender. According to the latest research, females are more prone to GERD as they are more likely to feel heartburn and chest pain. Most of the symptoms of PUD are similar to GERD. PUD is very common in females when they are expecting, due to the fact that they secrete less hormonal gastric acid. They have less immunity (Casimir et.al, 2018). While talking about gastritis, it is more common in men as they usually consume more alcohol that causes intense stomach pain. On the other hand, women use anti-inflammatory drugs more than men which makes them prone to gastritis.

Q4 response: It is important for both men and women to visit their local health care facility every month in order to get examined for this health condition. This will help them to identify the symptoms of the disease that occur and they can treat it in time. There are different acid-blocking medicines available that help in the diagnosis for PUD. It is recommended to both genders to take these medications to check for the PUD symptoms. If the results are positive it is important to change the lifestyle while taking the medicines regularly to prevent further complications.

In order to diagnose gastritis doctors often recommend taking a blood test or stool test if a person has a family ground of having this disease. Gastritis can be cured by taking antacids and by taking antibiotics if there is a pyloric infection. It is recommended to also avoid foods with spices or any other food that cause irritation (Jensen et.al, 2019).

Q5 Response: Mind Maps

-647701358140Foreign protein (pathogen)

0Foreign protein (pathogen)

4705350243840 503872524765Antibiotics

Antibiotics

5324475264795Antacid

00Antacid

3676650160020Treatment

Treatment

82867576200Pathophysiology

00Pathophysiology

2095685724005219700133350

200024363855Bile, liver and kidney failure

0Bile, liver and kidney failure

506730068580Histamine H2 blockers

00Histamine H2 blockers

2755901828800048482251162054000500106680

23336254156710Under endoscopy

Under endoscopy

1600200514352114550346710Chronic Gastritis

Chronic Gastritis

1047745716004676775215265Clinical Manifestation

Clinical Manifestation

3981449180976003905257620 Tissue disorders

Tissue disorders

4886325333375Abdominal bloating

00Abdominal bloating

5419724152400001704975257175left247650Epidemiology

Epidemiology

302133018097500

5257800261620center71120Diagnosis

Diagnosis

12382529210050% suffers from H-pyloric population worldwide

0050% suffers from H-pyloric population worldwide

6953256350048672756350Nausea

Nausea

291465020828052387501416054886325246380Vomiting

Vomiting

center172085Blood test

Blood test

27432002882905219700311154876800135890Loss of appetite

Loss of appetite

12382513779420% young people (below 40) and 50% older people (above 60) suffers from H pyloric

0020% young people (below 40) and 50% older people (above 60) suffers from H pyloric

666750139705295900290195center13970Stool test

Stool test

482917453975Severe Abdominal pain

00Severe Abdominal pain

2743200187325

2333625210185Upper digestive system X-Ray

system

00Upper digestive system X-Ray

system

270510076835

-647700358140NSAIDs

NSAIDs

4705350243840503872524765Antacids

Antacids

5324475268605Reduce alcohol consumption

00Reduce alcohol consumption

149860329565003676650160020Treatment

Treatment

82867576200Pathophysiology

00Pathophysiology

5219700133350

5172075215265Maintaining healthy lifestyle

00Maintaining healthy lifestyle

285750358140COX-1

00COX-1

6000741809740048482251162054000500106680

1144906116204001600200514352114550346710Acute gastritis

Acute gastritis

left352425Alcohol consumption

00Alcohol consumption

4676775215265Clinical Manifestation

Clinical Manifestation

398144918097600

172402425526900left352425Epidemiology

Epidemiology

5419724152400004886325333375Nausea

Nausea

302133018097500

5267325175895center71120Diagnosis

Diagnosis

6953256350048672756350Abdominal pain

Abdominal pain

762001206554% African American suffers from gastritis

0054% African American suffers from gastritis

291465020828052387501416054886325246380Vomiting

Vomiting

2333625175895Physical examination

00Physical examination

76200088265274320028829000

233362412065Blood or stool test

00Blood or stool test

1047742349552% Hispanics suffers from gastritis

0052% Hispanics suffers from gastritis

References

Bandyopadhyay, N., Fass, R., Yamasaki, T., & Hemond, C. (2019). Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). In Pocket Handbook of Esophageal Disorders (pp. 85-121). Springer, Cham.

Casimir, G. J., Lefèvre, N., Corazza, F., Duchateau, J., & Chamekh, M. (2018). The Acid–Base Balance and Gender in Inflammation: A Mini-Review. Frontiers in immunology, 9, 475.

Jensen, P. J., Feldman, M., LaMont, J. T., & Grover, S. (2019). Acute and chronic gastritis due to Helicobacter pylori. Up-to-date.

Lanas, A., & Chan, F. K. (2017). Pepti ulcer disease. The Lancet, 390(10094), 613-624.