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Question 1
According to the principles of Beneficence, the treatment of the individual is based on those interventions having the finest and suitable results for the patient. James is in a state where his ailment would become worse if not preserved timely but he believed that parents constantly display love for their child by taking decisions that are best for their child. Parents always follow non-maleficence when it is about their child. Physicians always choose the best suitable treatment for patients. Mike tried to create the best for his child by autonomy to choose with justice and fairness ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"704pA6zu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Askitopoulou & Vgontzas, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Askitopoulou & Vgontzas, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":21,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/W47HRC5K"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/W47HRC5K"],"itemData":{"id":21,"type":"article-journal","title":"The relevance of the Hippocratic Oath to the ethical and moral values of contemporary medicine. Part I: The Hippocratic Oath from antiquity to modern times","container-title":"European Spine Journal","page":"1481-1490","volume":"27","issue":"7","author":[{"family":"Askitopoulou","given":"Helen"},{"family":"Vgontzas","given":"Antoniοs N."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Askitopoulou & Vgontzas, 2018). The idea that health specialists and scholars would continually practice Beneficence appears normal to most individuals, however, each health interference or research interference has the possibility to damage the receiver ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Jb0IatFP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Beever & Brightman, 2016a)","plainCitation":"(Beever & Brightman, 2016a)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":16,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/EGCA677P"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/EGCA677P"],"itemData":{"id":16,"type":"article-journal","title":"Reflexive principlism as an effective approach for developing ethical reasoning in engineering","container-title":"Science and Engineering Ethics","page":"275–291","volume":"22","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Beever","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Brightman","given":"Andrew O."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Beever & Brightman, 2016a). There are numerous diverse examples in the medical field and research for steering a cost–advantage examination and mediating whether a particular procedure would be an adequate principle of beneficence, and also whether the procedure chosen is best for the patient ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"VVfoV672","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Beever & Brightman, 2016a)","plainCitation":"(Beever & Brightman, 2016a)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":16,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/EGCA677P"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/EGCA677P"],"itemData":{"id":16,"type":"article-journal","title":"Reflexive principlism as an effective approach for developing ethical reasoning in engineering","container-title":"Science and Engineering Ethics","page":"275–291","volume":"22","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Beever","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Brightman","given":"Andrew O."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Beever & Brightman, 2016a). Though Beneficence is the best practice in the medical field. Keeping given the James situation, physicians would recommend for the kidney transplant. Parents would never choose something harmful to their children. In this case, Mike would not harm, nor he can practice evil for James. Physicians would not recommend Mike to keep making decisions that are irrational and harmful for the patient, but it will not disrespect their autonomy as Mike has already experienced the terrible condition of James because of the previous delay in treatment.
Question 2
Christian thinks Beneficence is the greatest persistent belief of the biomedical profession. Keeping given the principles of Beneficence, Christian ought to take the medical profession as a diverse field with complicated decisions at every stage. However, he thinks that the principle of Beneficence is the topmost secret of physicians in health and sickness. As physicians and surgeons always choose what is best for the patients, Christian would keep viewing the principles of beneficence which means the best outcome for the patient in terms of health and improved quality of life.
Since Christian believes beneficence, Christian should make medical decisions as best decided by the physicians. Physicians do not always want harmful decisions for the patients, instead, they would choose the best principles which may follow a painful procedure. Christian should think health and sickness are in the hands of God, but physicians know what is the best intervention and interference for the patient ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zD4zaZhC","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Askitopoulou & Vgontzas, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Askitopoulou & Vgontzas, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":21,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/W47HRC5K"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/W47HRC5K"],"itemData":{"id":21,"type":"article-journal","title":"The relevance of the Hippocratic Oath to the ethical and moral values of contemporary medicine. Part I: The Hippocratic Oath from antiquity to modern times","container-title":"European Spine Journal","page":"1481-1490","volume":"27","issue":"7","author":[{"family":"Askitopoulou","given":"Helen"},{"family":"Vgontzas","given":"Antoniοs N."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Askitopoulou & Vgontzas, 2018). Interventions depend on the conditions and the stage of the disorder so physicians would decide what is the best and fruitful procedure.
Mike should also decide and look for autonomy but keeping in view that the physicians will show him ultimately the course that would follow the best interventions and interferences for the patient ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HuCQb6bc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Askitopoulou & Vgontzas, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Askitopoulou & Vgontzas, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":21,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/W47HRC5K"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/W47HRC5K"],"itemData":{"id":21,"type":"article-journal","title":"The relevance of the Hippocratic Oath to the ethical and moral values of contemporary medicine. Part I: The Hippocratic Oath from antiquity to modern times","container-title":"European Spine Journal","page":"1481-1490","volume":"27","issue":"7","author":[{"family":"Askitopoulou","given":"Helen"},{"family":"Vgontzas","given":"Antoniοs N."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Askitopoulou & Vgontzas, 2018). As a Christian, Mike should also believe the principles of beneficence and that will lead to the fruitful interventions chosen by the Physicians, but may take a painful procedure. Mike should keep faith in God that ultimately what is best for James would happen at the end ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aTBiEsmM","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Beever & Brightman, 2016a)","plainCitation":"(Beever & Brightman, 2016a)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":16,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/EGCA677P"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/EGCA677P"],"itemData":{"id":16,"type":"article-journal","title":"Reflexive principlism as an effective approach for developing ethical reasoning in engineering","container-title":"Science and Engineering Ethics","page":"275–291","volume":"22","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Beever","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Brightman","given":"Andrew O."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Beever & Brightman, 2016a). The principles of beneficence and non-maleficence are the best principles to be followed in the medical profession but it may take rigorous prayers along with hard and painful procedures. Physicians will help assist Mike to take the decision of beneficence that is best for James (Askitopoulou & Vgontzas, 2018b). Mike should believe these principles that what he is choosing is best for his child, however, the interventions are suggested by the physicians. Honoring the principles of beneficence and non-maleficence, a patient needs both of the principles applied and followed justly and honestly. Consequently, Mike would have to go with the principles of beneficence, following physicians, and the best treatment they can choose for James. Whether they choose rigorous prayers or principles of Beneficence, ultimately God is there to relief James. This is the only way of truthfully glorifying the values of beneficence and non-maleficence.
Question 3
Before steering a spiritual valuation, surgeons must deliberate their faith custom, principles and performs, optimistic and negative conclusions, approaches on faith and remedial, and relief and aptitude to contribute to another's piety. Certain surgeons may not reflect themselves spiritually. Some surgeons often choose their level of competency to treat patients and to assess the patient's requirements. Emphasizing on spiritual assessment, patient and his parents would always keep on believing their own decision but what is best for the patient, this depends on the reality of the situation (Carr & Winslow, (2017). Keeping given the James condition, Mike will keep on believing the thoughts he had, but side by side he will always want what is best for his child. After the spiritual assessment, physicians would recommend Mike to follow and make decisions that are best for James ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"w6ixhwA9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}How the Four Principles of Health Care Ethics Improve Patient Care,\\uc0\\u8221{} 2017)","plainCitation":"(“How the Four Principles of Health Care Ethics Improve Patient Care,” 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":25,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/CLJ4GZVR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/CLJ4GZVR"],"itemData":{"id":25,"type":"webpage","title":"How the Four Principles of Health Care Ethics Improve Patient Care","container-title":"online.sju","abstract":"Whether your role is that of a doctor or a health care administrator, working in the field of health care is both highly rewarding and challenging. Many medical procedures and treatments have both merits and downsides, and patients have their own input and circumstances to consider. The four principles of health care ethics developed by Tom Beauchamp and James Childress in the 1985 Principles of Biomedical Ethics provide medical practitioners with guidelines to make decisions when they inevitably face complicated situations involving patients.","URL":"https://online.sju.edu/graduate/masters-health-administration/resources/articles/four-principles-of-health-care-ethics-improve-patient-care","language":"en","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",2,13]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“How the Four Principles of Health Care Ethics Improve Patient Care,” 2017). In this way, physicians would suggest and support Mike's beliefs along with deciding the best for James too ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"XDcthKXv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Beever & Brightman, 2016b)","plainCitation":"(Beever & Brightman, 2016b)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":19,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/N47HFWLF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/N47HFWLF"],"itemData":{"id":19,"type":"article-journal","title":"Reflexive principlism as an effective approach for developing ethical reasoning in engineering","container-title":"Science and Engineering Ethics","page":"275-291","volume":"22","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Beever","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Brightman","given":"Andrew O."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Beever & Brightman, 2016b). After realizing, Mike decided to take James to the hospital, where he found out that the James situation is becoming worse because of the delay in treatment. According to the principles of healing and autonomy, Mike fluctuates and fights to choose as he has his other son Samuel who can donate a kidney. Mike still believes that whatever decision he will be making, God will do a miracle to save his child whether he chooses a kidney transplant option or to wait for the miracle. After transplant, it is still God who will help and recover his child or perhaps it is always God who does miracles. Consequently, physicians will assess the situation and will assist Mike to decide what is best for James, taking care of the spiritual requirements.
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Askitopoulou, H., & Vgontzas, A. N. (2018). The relevance of the Hippocratic Oath to the ethical and moral values of contemporary medicine. Part I: The Hippocratic Oath from antiquity to modern times. European Spine Journal, 27(7), 1481–1490.
Beever, J., & Brightman, A. O. (2016a). Reflexive principlism as an effective approach for developing ethical reasoning in engineering. Science and Engineering Ethics, 22(1), 275–291.
Beever, J., & Brightman, A. O. (2016b). Reflexive principlism as an effective approach for developing ethical reasoning in engineering. Science and Engineering Ethics, 22(1), 275–291.
How the Four Principles of Health Care Ethics Improve Patient Care. (2017, February 13). Retrieved October 12, 2019, from Online.sju website: https://online.sju.edu/graduate/masters-health-administration/resources/articles/four-principles-of-health-care-ethics-improve-patient-care
Carr, M. F., & Winslow, G. R. (2017). From conceptual to concrete. In World Religions for Healthcare Professionals (pp. 31–45). Routledge.
How the Four Principles of Health Care Ethics Improve Patient Care. (2017, February 13). Retrieved September 26, 2019, from online.sju website: https://online.sju.edu/graduate/masters-health-administration/resources/articles/four-principles-of-health-care-ethics-improve-patient-care
