Annotated Bibliography

Annotated Bibliography

Childhood Obesity, Causes, Consequences and Role of Socioeconomic Status

Pan, Liping et al. “Incidence of Obesity Among Young US Children Living in Low-Income Families, 2008–2011.” Pediatrics, vol. 132, no. 6, Dec. 2013, pp. 1006–13. pediatrics.aappublications.org, doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2145.

In this site, the authors have divided the tasks of revision, data collection, study design, and conceptualization and have given the reference of a center named "Center for Disease Control and Prevention". Dr. Pan is a prominent researcher who belongs to this center and together they will study the occurrence of obesity in low-income infants. For this, they conducted a study where they used the participants of the child health and nutrition programs and started examining their weights and heights. A multivariable log-binomial model was used to figure out the risk of obesity. The very first result of this study revealed that the occurrence of obesity was higher among younger boys than younger girls and among Hispanics than American Indians. Along with this, the study also showed that the reversal of obesity in Hispanics was not significant. Like other results, this result also revealed that it is important to prevent childhood obesity to reduce the risks of adulthood obesity, especially for kids who belong to low income or poor families.

Rogers, Robert, et al. “The Relationship between Childhood Obesity, Low Socioeconomic Status, and Race/Ethnicity: Lessons from Massachusetts.” Childhood Obesity, vol. 11, no. 6, Nov. 2015, pp. 691–95. liebertpub.com (Atypon), DOI:10.1089/chi.2015.0029.

This site gives a detailed description of the study that was carried out by the author of the University of Michigan and the Massachusetts Department of Public Health. This study aimed to discover the reasons for obesity and taking income-status under consideration, they studied ethnicity or race as the core reason for obesity among different communities in Massachusetts. For this purpose, they collected data from district schools and used multiple ways to find the relationship between obesity, low income and ethnicity rates. The study revealed the occurrence of obesity among the kids of Massachusetts and at the same time, it was also high as compared to the African Americans and Hispanic students. Concerning the socioeconomic status, it expands the existing knowledge of the link between kids with obesity and their low-income background. Unlike other findings, this study suggests that socioeconomic status is more likely to be the reason for obesity than ethnicity or race.

Sahoo, Krushnapriya, et al. “Childhood Obesity: Causes and Consequences.” Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, vol. 4, no. 2, 2015, pp. 187–92. PubMed Central, doi:10.4103/2249-4863.154628.

The researchers of this study are from the universities of India who studied different aspects and consequences of obesity. According to the researchers, adulthood obesity is very much linked to childhood obesity and that is the reason why people suffer from cardiovascular diseases and diabetes at a very young age. Obesity occurs due to several factors such as environmental factors, lifestyle preferences, and cultural factors and is the outcome of fat and calorie consumption, high sugar intake and lack of physical activities. The researchers also suggest ways to reduce obesity and highlighted the roles of parents and communities in reducing obesity. For the elimination of obesity, it is important to be aware of the reasons for its occurrence. This study is only about the causes and effects of obesity.

Xu, Shumei, and Ying Xue. "Pediatric Obesity: Causes, Symptoms, Prevention, and Treatment (Review)." Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, vol. 11, no. 1, Jan. 2016, pp. 15–20. www.spandidos-publications.com, doi:10.3892/etm.2015.2853.

The authors of this study are from the Department of Endocrinology, Xuzhou Children's Hospital. This study is about another kind of obesity called Pediatric obesity and its causes and symptoms. At the end of the study, the researchers also recommend treatments and prevention. Pediatric obesity occurs due to imbalanced eating, genetics, lifestyle and environment, and does not involve causes that are related to gender, race and ethnicity. Out of the obesity cases, 90 percent are idiopathic. This study suggests that obesity occurs when more calories than the body needs, are injected in the body and due to lack of exercise. The problems that obesity can cause are high cholesterol, bowel, sleep apnea, uterine cancer, coronary heart diseases, life and gallbladder problems, high blood pressure, diabetes, and depression. The ways to reduce obesity include less calorie consumption and exercise. It can also be controlled through medications and surgery. This site talks about both the symptoms of obesity and preventive measures.