Week 7 Participation

Week 7 Participation

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Author Note

Week 7 Participation

Fallacies

Exercise 5-2: Identify the fallacy of ambiguity through parts a to j.

The fallacy of ambiguity occurs when an argument has sloppy grammatical structures or ambiguous phrases. Equivocation, fallacy of composition, fallacy of accent, amphiboly, and fallacy of division are included in the fallacy of ambiguity. An ambiguous phrase or word that changes the meaning during an argument is called equivocation. When a characteristic of a member of any group is assumed to be the characteristic of the whole group, it is called fallacy of composition. When the meaning of an argument changes depending on the emphasis on a word or phrase, it is known as the fallacy of accent. Amphiboly is a grammatical error that allows more than one conclusions to be drawn. Fallacy of division occurs when a characteristic of any group is assumed to be the characteristic of each member of that group.

Fallacy of composition

Equivocation

No fallacy

Fallacy of division

Fallacy of accent

Fallacy of composition

Amphiboly

Equivocation

Fallacy of division

Equivocation

Exercise 5-3 Identify the fallacy of Relevance through a to t.

The fallacy of relevance takes place when the evidence is logically unrelated or irrelevant to the conclusion. It includes ad hominem fallacies (personal attacks), scare tactics (appeals to force), appeals to ignorance, appeals to pity, straw man fallacies, red herrings, hasty generalizations, and popular appeals. Attacking someone’s character for refuting an argument is an hominem fallacy also known as personal attack. Any threat used to force someone to accept to back down in an argument is called scare tactic or appeal to force fallacy. When there is an argument that is considered true because no one has proved it right or wrong, it is called the fallacy of appeal to ignorance. Appeal to pity refers to gaining support for any conclusion by evoking feelings of pity. The misinterpretation or distortion of the argument of an opponent for making it easier to refute is considered as straw man fallacy. Red herring is an argument that is directed towards conclusion different from the actual argument. A conclusion based on atypical cases is called hasty generalization. Popular appeal is an appeal that is made to the majority opinion for gaining support.

Popular appeal

Hasty generalization

Appeal to ignorance

Hasty generalization

Appeal to pity

Ad hominem fallacy

Hasty generalization

Red herring

Hasty generalization

Appeal to force

Popular appeal

Popular appeal

Ad hominem fallacy

No fallacy

Appeal to ignorance

Straw man

No fallacy

Appeal to pity

Appeal to pity

Appeal to force

Exercise 5-4: Identify the fallacy involving an unwarranted assumption through a to t.

When an argument includes an assumption not supported by evidence is said to be a fallacy involving an unwarranted assumption. It includes inappropriate appeal to authority, begging the question, questionable cause, loaded question, naturalistic fallacy, false dilemma, and slippery slope. When we look to an authority in a field other than that under investigation, it is known as inappropriate appeal to authority. In begging the question, a rewording of the premise is presented as conclusion. It can also be called circular reasoning. When it is assumed that one thing is the cause of another without sufficient cause, we call it questionable cause. Loaded question is a specific or particular answer that is presumed to an unasked question. Naturalistic fallacy is based on the assumption that if something is natural it is acceptable. The reduction of responses to complex issues to an either/or choice is the fallacy of false dilemma. Slippery slope is the faulty assumption that if certain actions are permitted, all actions related to that type will be permissible soon.

Loaded question

Naturalistic fallacy

Slippery slope

Questionable cause

Slippery slope

False dilemma

Inappropriate appeal to authority

Naturalistic fallacy

Loaded question

Naturalistic fallacy

Inappropriate appeal to authority

Begging the question

Loaded question

Inappropriate appeal to authority

Begging the question

False dilemma

Questionable cause

Loaded question

No fallacy

Questionable cause

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Paul, R. W. (2018, October 24). Critical Thinking and the Critical Person. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315802015-27