Assignment 3 Major essay
Introduction
Every conflict is different in terms of nature, efforts required to solve and based on the situation. Thus the way to solve or resolve those conflicts also differs from conflict to conflict or place to place. Similarly is the role of UN in the conflict resolution. United Nations has been found multiple times in the history, for playing the role of resolving the conflict of different nature. Hence, the conflict of Bosnia was also different for the UN to resolve. As the during the conflicts of former Yugoslavia as well as in the Conflicts and war of Bosnia, the United Nations played a very vital role in taking the steps towards promoting peace and resolutions of the conflicts. That involved multiple aspects of the UNs role.
Former Yugoslavia and Bosnia
The collapse of Yugoslavia was led by multiple wars including Slovenia (1991), Kosovo (1998-1999), Bosnia (1992-1995), and Croatia (1991-1995). However, the war in Bosnia is considered as the bloodiest one among all these wars, as the people killed in this one was almost three times more than the people killed in Slovenia (1991), Kosovo(1998-1999) and Croatia (1991-1995) wars altogether.
As Yugoslavia was emerged during the early twentieth century by remains of multi-ethnic empires including ottoman as well as the Hapsburg empires. However, as like many other new countries Yugoslavia also failed to exit as one nation. One of the major reason for this issue involved multiple ethnicities, religions and self-identifying issues. Hence, these communities exited as inter-mingled communities, and that led to the rise of numerous conflicts based on these differences. That was the major reason that in history, the communities of Yugoslavia failed to develop a national identity and led them to the failure of the national question.
The failure of not coming up as a nation later lead to the rise of many adverse results, in the form of multiple wars in the history of Yugoslavia. As during the first decade of Yugoslavia, the conflicts between the Catholic belonging from Croats and the orthodox of Serbs lead to the war and then partitioned during the era of World War II, into the area currently known as Bosnia and Croatia, which was ruled by Croatian Ustasa (Raad Al Hussein, 2017). The ruler Ustasa attempted to exterminate the Jews, Serbs, and Romans, for that cause camps were set up. In this whole rage and war, inter-communal violence was commonly raised, and all the communities were the victim of the holistic massacre, but Serbs entailed the largest share for being the victims (Burg et al., 2015).
After these, events one of the significant periods is considered between the era of 1965 to 1971, during which the relaxation and the freedom of citizen were permitted. The citizens exercised religion with freedom. Further, during this time Muslim citizens were recognised as the nationality. However, this recognition was later realised as tension between the other majorly practised religions including Catholics, Romans, Orthodox and Muslims. This tension caused the Yugoslavian disintegration and conflict.
After these attempts of the violence, Yugoslavia was rapidly attempted to recover under the rule of a communist ruler named as Josip Braiz. As he developed the movement named it as partisan, which was a multi-ethnic in nature. Hence, during the time of 20 years, the Croats, as well as Serbs, emigrated into communities (Osman, 2018).
Furthermore, in the 1980s the rapid decline in the economy of Yugoslavia led to the dissatisfaction among the public and the political system as well. The major reason for this dissatisfaction arose because of the factor that there was no competent political leadership. Hence the power-sharing and the check and balance was highly distorted. However, this weakness of the political leadership made the space for the nationalists including Croatians, Serbians and others.
The space in the political system was successfully covered by the nationalists, whose agenda involved to have autonomy of power, independence of units based on the majority of the community. Hence, taking this idea further as a goal, the communist attempted to dive Yugoslavia into autonomous six republics including Serbia, Macedonia, Croatia, Slovenia, Montenegro and Bosnia. Hence, based on the demography as well as the design all these states were being ethnically mixed. Along with the attempt of multiple events in these states based on the religions lead to violence, atrocities and destruction. Furthermore, Bosnia was regarded as the battlefield because it was affected the most from the violence that prevailed in that era. During those circumstances, many initiatives were taken as to intervene in the massacre of Bosnian that included the roles of different security
Part of United Nations
During the rise of war and violence in Bosnia after 1991, UN attempted to promote peace. As the United Nations Secretary-General, name as Ghali, assessed the operations in Bosnia and after the realisation of the destruction they sent the UN peacekeepers to control the war, and in that way, a peace agreement was signed where NATO troops were deployed. Moreover, to resolve the conflict of Bosnia, United nations also provided the resources in terms of financial aid. Also based on the resolution, for decreasing the atrocities in Bosnia, UNPROFOR ( UN protection Forces) were sent.
As the conflict of Bosnia was a complex one based on the nature of aggression and the violence among the people UN tried to play a vital role for avoiding the extremism and violence and invading peace in the area. For this cause, UN passed near Seventy resolution based on the situation of Yugoslavia, in four years (1991-1995). According to that resolution, the UNs position about resolving the conflict and the strategies were outlined. UN offered humanitarian and peaceful assistance in the form of interventions.
According to the resolution, UN-monitored the ceasefire line of Croatia to keep the peace. Also, in an attempt to the order, based on the resolution UN security council provided the resources for meeting the goal of peace. UNPROFOR was playing a very major role in that time, as for every resolution passed by the security councils were deployed by this force (Chesterman et al., 2016). Hence, the expectation in the minds of the public also increased.
In order to maintain peace in Bosnia along with the resolution, the United Nations played a very valuable role by major forefront actions as well. These actions include an arms embargo, humanitarian actions, economic sanction and peace interventions (Klinke et al., 2018). All of these actions represent the outlined expectations of the United Nations, that was provided by the security council. Further, all of these actions consist of importance in the history of Bosnia.
Arms Embargo According to the United Nations Security Council resolution an embargo was imposed on the delivery of arms and weapons to Yugoslavia, which was one of the significant attempts. That was very helpful in clearly communicating them by actions that the United Nation does not support the war and violence happening at the Bosnia.
Economic Sanctions Another effort made by the United nation in the way taking the situation of the Bosnia in control, the UN imposed very harsh economic sanctions against Yugoslavia for deploying violence against the Bosnia. Also, this sanction was imposed on them for the reason that they Resolution 752 (1992) for cessation of the Bosnia was refused. Hence they had to provide the penalty.
Peaceful Intervention, One of the significant peacekeeping action by UN, is regarded as the establishment and provision of the United Nations Protection Force, which was responsible for maintaining the peace in the region. Moreover, another significant attempt in the way of peacemaking was developing the Safe Heavens referred to the places that were monitored by UNPROFOR, where there was no interference of the rival parties.
Along with the above actions, another major peacemaking step taken by the UN in this way was the call for re-negotiation, where the implementation of the ceasefire was offered as well the idea of finishing the violence and the hostilities. Hence, in the result eventually, the parties agreed for the settlement of the peace to some extent (Hanhimki, 2015). In this way, the UN provided them with the way and recognition for the break-away states including Bosnia, Croatia, Slovenia and Macedonia. Also, these states were recommended for their inclusion n the united nations. All these actions were shown in order to end the holistic and bloody war.
Humanitarian Activities Keeping in notice the effects of the war in Bosnia, one of the significant outcome outlined by the United Nation Security also entailed the desperate efforts for not only keeping a peace in the region but it also included the efforts to lower the destruction and provide support to the affected humans in the war (Woodhouse et al., 2016). In this way, United Nations along with the help of other organizations such as World Food Programme (WFP), World Health Organization (WHO), UNESCO, UNICED and number of other non- profit and non-governmental organization helped in the providing the food, medicine, shelter supplies and support to the refuges (Burg, Shoup, 2015). Moreover, these organisations also helped in treating the wounded and sick refugees. Other humanitarian resolutions by the United Nations involved the establishment of a tribunal which led to the penalty or prosecution of the person who violated the law related to humanitarians. Along with all these attempts, the reopening of the airport is also regarded as one of the critical action which was helpful for moving the refugees to some safe place in the circumstances of war and atrocities.
Critical Analysis
The role of the United Nations in association with Bosnian conflict is very significant. As the above details are able to provide and gauge the type and domains of the role that United Nations played in the war at that time. They passed around seventy resolutions, along with the practical attempts of promoting the rights and attempts (Ghebali, Warner, 2018). The role played by the United Nations was systematically outlined by the Security Council, and it tried to meet that outlined expectation from the roles steps were also taken towards the outcomes.
But, in the way of assessing the role of United Nation in the conflict, how effectively it tried to resolve the issues (Thakur, 2016). As the major reason of the war in Bosnia was religion and ethnicities along with the differences in identity and community. So, the basic conflict of the bloodiest war is considered as the social differences. However, the role UN played did not directly or involved the resolution of the basic conflict. As United Nations provided protection, shelter, food and a lot of other help, but it did not try to make the stakeholders sit on a table and talk about the issues and resolving them (Campbell, 2017).
Moreover, the resolutions passed in accordance with the conditions of Bosnia were all based on peace keeping however the resolution of the conflict related to the religion and multi-ethnic communal system was not resolved. These are the critical sides of the role played by the United Nations, as for whether the role was effective or it was not (Preljevi, 2017).
Furthermore, keeping in account the refrains of the peacekeeping of United nations it is said that UN failed because even during the wartime it could not protect the international law and the fundamental human rights that are the important ones according to the charter of Rights. Moreover, Bosnian community was also in rage against United Nations for the reason that it imposed the embargo on the arms, which did not lead the state to protect themselves as well it denied the right of the Bosnian citizens to defend themselves against the enemy.
Conidering the mandate of peace, it is also realized by the Bosnian that the UN does the efforts in the way of providing the humanitarian support, still the mandate made many of the things in state difficult, as the order was not reviewed and was not reinforced after the break-away, that is why the conflicts still exists between the states.
Also, in the attempt of critical assessment of the United Nationss role, it is also considered to be biased in nature by the Serbs and some of the contemporary researchers because it is regarded that when the indiscretion happened a time the UN threatened and bombed the Serbs but for the similar attempts of indiscretion Muslims and Croatians were not threatened or attacked (Mennecke, Markusen, 2017). Hence, here the role of UN might be like this for considering the drastic effects, as may be Muslims and Croats were faced to more challenges and violence than that of the Serbs and thats why UN decided to stop and counter the violence, and it is now regarded as bias-ness. However, critically the role was dependent on the situation.
The case of UN in providing and establishing the resolutions should be regarded as positive as it tried a lot of options, strategies and steps so that the problem and conflict can be gauged, through the resolution (McKee, 2018). But, due to the political and power instability, the decision could not sustain and be effective as it could be thus, after some time the UN tried to help in developing another solution for peacekeeping.
Critically, about the role of UN in peacekeeping, the questions that arise was that was there a need of seventy resolution or just a couple of resolutions would have solved the issue. So, considering this query, it can be said a couple of resolution would have established the peace in the region if UN could have played its role actively and consistently in the way of making the impact and controlling the situations between, Croats, Serbs and Muslims.
However, overall critically United Nations created an impact in controlling the significant factors in the situation of conflicts and war and attempted to resolve them and promote peace. But still, some of the attempts provided the results, however, some of them failed.
Conclusion
The multiple roles of UN in the war and conflicts of Bosnia provided UN with a very critical role to play in the scenario to cope with the regional violence and to maintain the rights and peace in the region. Hence, UN tried to play its expected role to a great extent, but still there existed some of the gaps that are pointed in the performance. Overall the impact of the UNs Humanitarian actions, peacemaking, resolutions and other efforts were able to control the situation to a high edge. Moreover, at least not all but the rights of some Bosnian were secured, however, based on the rule of United Nations it is still argued that UN should have impacted their UN protection forces and troops in a more active role than that of the passive one that they played.
References
Campbell, K.J., 2017. The role of individual states in addressing cases of genocide. In Genocide at the Millennium (pp. 159-180). Routledge.
Hanhimki, J.M., 2015. The United Nations A very short introduction. Oxford University Press.
McKee, C., 2018. British Media Representation of the War in Bosnia Herzegovina Avoiding the Duties to Prevent and Protect. In Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Genocide and Memory (pp. 199-218). Springer, Cham.
Ghebali, V.Y. and Warner, D., 2018. The operational role of the OSCE in South-Eastern Europe contributing to regional stability in the Balkans. Routledge.
Mennecke, M. and Markusen, E., 2017. Genocide in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In Genocide at the Millennium (pp. 23-42). Routledge.
Thakur, R., 2016. The United Nations, peace and security from collective security to the responsibility to protect. Cambridge University Press.
Burg, S.L. and Shoup, P.S., 2015. Ethnic Conflict and International Intervention Crisis in Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1990-93 Crisis in Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1990-93. Routledge.
Howard, L.M. and Stark, A., 2018. How Civil Wars End The International System, Norms, and the Role of External Actors. International Security, 42(3), pp.127-171.
Preljevi, H., 2017. The role of the Islamic Community in peacebuilding in post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina Case study of East Bosnia. Insight Turkey, 19(3), pp.207-232.
Woodhouse, T., Bruce, R., Dando, M. (Eds.). (2016). Peacekeeping and peacemaking towards effective intervention in post-Cold War conflicts. Springer.
Chesterman, S., Johnstone, I. and Malone, D.M., 2016. Law and practice of the United Nations documents and commentary. Oxford University Press.
Osman, M.A., 2018. The United Nations and peace enforcement wars, terrorism and democracy. Routledge.
Raad Al Hussein, Z., 2017. The evolving role of the United Nations in securing human rights. UN Chronicle, 53(4), pp.6-8.
Burg, S.L. and Shoup, P.S., 2015. (),EFGvw
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Klinke, A., Renn, O. and Lehners, J.P., 2018. Ethnic conflicts and civil society proposals for a new era in Eastern Europe. Routledge.
CONFLICT RESOLUTION PAGE 9
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