Obesity
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Obesity
Public health researchers have been concerned for the increasing number of obesity in the United States. Novel guidelines have been applied by the US departments of food, nutrition, and other related organizations. Numerous strategies are also in progress to be implemented by centers for disease control and prevention ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a20uhq1gfs0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gardner, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Gardner, 2014)"},"citationItems":[{"id":127,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/C7EU3JQB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/C7EU3JQB"],"itemData":{"id":127,"type":"article-journal","title":"Eat Smart, Move More North Carolina An Obesity Prevention Movement","container-title":"North Carolina medical journal","page":"407-412","volume":"75","issue":"6","author":[{"family":"Gardner","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gardner, 2014). The occurrence of obesity in the United States is unusual, with approximately one-third of the population is obese out of which 17% are youngsters. It seems to have flattened off between 2003-2004 and 2009-2010. Balanced nourishment, physical movement and vigorous bodyweight are indispensable measures of an individual's general fitness and health. Collectively, these can aid in reducing an individual's risk of evolving severe health disorders, for example, hypertension, and elevation in cholesterol, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and hemorrhage. A nourishing diet, consistent physical movement, and attaining and sustaining a vigorous weight also are the utmost necessities to manage and control obesity timely ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2n57fgi5ar","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(McDavid et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(McDavid et al., 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":125,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/5SYMVSB3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/5SYMVSB3"],"itemData":{"id":125,"type":"article-journal","title":"Growing Fit: Georgia’s model for engaging early care environments in preventing childhood obesity","container-title":"Journal of the Georgia Public Health Association","page":"266","volume":"5","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"McDavid","given":"Kelsey"},{"family":"Piedrahita","given":"Catalina"},{"family":"Hashima","given":"Patricia"},{"family":"Vall","given":"Emily Anne"},{"family":"Kay","given":"Christi"},{"family":"O’Connor","given":"Jean"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (McDavid et al., 2016). The leading health indicator selected from the healthy people 2020 is nutrition, physical health and obesity ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1689adepvh","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (\\uc0\\u8220{}Leading Health Indicators | Healthy People 2020,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)}","plainCitation":"(“Leading Health Indicators | Healthy People 2020,” n.d.)"},"citationItems":[{"id":128,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/5SH9567Y"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/5SH9567Y"],"itemData":{"id":128,"type":"webpage","title":"Leading Health Indicators | Healthy People 2020","URL":"https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/Leading-Health-Indicators","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,17]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Leading Health Indicators | Healthy People 2020,” n.d.).
Obesity - A Public Health Problem
The greatest number of Americans do not consume healthy nutrition and are not substantially active at stages required to sustain appropriate health. It has been evaluated that there is lower consumption of food including vegetables and fruits, by individuals. As a result, one-third of the population is obese ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2lblh5aa44","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(McDavid et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(McDavid et al., 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":125,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/5SYMVSB3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/5SYMVSB3"],"itemData":{"id":125,"type":"article-journal","title":"Growing Fit: Georgia’s model for engaging early care environments in preventing childhood obesity","container-title":"Journal of the Georgia Public Health Association","page":"266","volume":"5","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"McDavid","given":"Kelsey"},{"family":"Piedrahita","given":"Catalina"},{"family":"Hashima","given":"Patricia"},{"family":"Vall","given":"Emily Anne"},{"family":"Kay","given":"Christi"},{"family":"O’Connor","given":"Jean"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (McDavid et al., 2016). Obesity is significantly linked with diabetes, stroke, cardiovascular disorders and hypertension ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"avnn5jrdvo","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(McDavid et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(McDavid et al., 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":125,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/5SYMVSB3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/5SYMVSB3"],"itemData":{"id":125,"type":"article-journal","title":"Growing Fit: Georgia’s model for engaging early care environments in preventing childhood obesity","container-title":"Journal of the Georgia Public Health Association","page":"266","volume":"5","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"McDavid","given":"Kelsey"},{"family":"Piedrahita","given":"Catalina"},{"family":"Hashima","given":"Patricia"},{"family":"Vall","given":"Emily Anne"},{"family":"Kay","given":"Christi"},{"family":"O’Connor","given":"Jean"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (McDavid et al., 2016). The emerging and evolving number of obesity individuals is a major public health issue nowadays.
System-Level Barriers
Various barriers transpired at the level of the governmental setting. For all stakeholders, due to the interdisciplinary environment and complexity of the program, it is difficult to achieve specific targets and aims. Major barriers are physical inactivity, consumption of unhealthy diet, and sedentary lifestyles. Healthcare professionals, nurses, community workers, stakeholders, and governmental entities need to address the issue together with partnership and collaboration. Implementation, awareness, education, and promotion of healthy activities should be addressed at organizational levels to achieve the specific targets of the community-based program ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1er4m9igft","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Rutkow, Jones-Smith, Walters, O\\uc0\\u8217{}Hara, & Bleich, 2016)}","plainCitation":"(Rutkow, Jones-Smith, Walters, O’Hara, & Bleich, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":126,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/U8HWTW4K"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/U8HWTW4K"],"itemData":{"id":126,"type":"article-journal","title":"Factors that encourage and discourage policy-making to prevent childhood obesity: Experience in the United States","container-title":"Journal of public health policy","page":"514-527","volume":"37","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Rutkow","given":"Lainie"},{"family":"Jones-Smith","given":"Jesse"},{"family":"Walters","given":"Hannah J."},{"family":"O’Hara","given":"Marguerite"},{"family":"Bleich","given":"Sara N."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rutkow, Jones-Smith, Walters, O’Hara, & Bleich, 2016). Weight management programs, physical activity-related awareness education and promotion of healthy diet at school level should be implemented on a priority basis to control the occurrence.
At government level, various policies and plans are initiated for the prevention of obesity. These programs include healthy eating and physical activity standards, supplementary nutrition assistance programs, school meals and snacks, physical education and physical activity in schools ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2hqv1qhjk7","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(McDavid et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(McDavid et al., 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":125,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/5SYMVSB3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/5SYMVSB3"],"itemData":{"id":125,"type":"article-journal","title":"Growing Fit: Georgia’s model for engaging early care environments in preventing childhood obesity","container-title":"Journal of the Georgia Public Health Association","page":"266","volume":"5","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"McDavid","given":"Kelsey"},{"family":"Piedrahita","given":"Catalina"},{"family":"Hashima","given":"Patricia"},{"family":"Vall","given":"Emily Anne"},{"family":"Kay","given":"Christi"},{"family":"O’Connor","given":"Jean"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (McDavid et al., 2016). These programs are specifically organized for the prevention of obesity, promotion of a healthy lifestyle, raising awareness of physical activity and disease control. A healthy diet and lifestyle are significantly linked with the development of the health status of an individual. Access to healthcare and the suitability of program and accountability at all levels, is required to successfully implement a program at community level.
System-Level Interventions
Nutrition standards for food, food and beverage environment, childcare environment and health promotion are required to promote a healthy lifestyle at community level ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a28cfvrq63h","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rutkow et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Rutkow et al., 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":126,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/U8HWTW4K"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/U8HWTW4K"],"itemData":{"id":126,"type":"article-journal","title":"Factors that encourage and discourage policy-making to prevent childhood obesity: Experience in the United States","container-title":"Journal of public health policy","page":"514-527","volume":"37","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Rutkow","given":"Lainie"},{"family":"Jones-Smith","given":"Jesse"},{"family":"Walters","given":"Hannah J."},{"family":"O’Hara","given":"Marguerite"},{"family":"Bleich","given":"Sara N."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rutkow et al., 2016). Health promotion program specifically targeting communities and social workers, and youngsters. The engagement of youngsters in health education and awareness plans is very important to bring a change in lifestyle. The coordination among governmental entities to address the risk factors for emerging diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and hypertension is also important.
Health Education and Promotion
Healthy lifestyle changes require years to be implemented. Health education in schools, colleges, and communities should be promoted at all levels. Healthcare facilities should develop strategies that implement patient-centered care. This approach can utilize the facility to deliver a healthy lifestyle among individuals ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1dv95398go","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Rutkow, Jones-Smith, Walters, O\\uc0\\u8217{}Hara, & Bleich, 2016)}","plainCitation":"(Rutkow, Jones-Smith, Walters, O’Hara, & Bleich, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":126,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/U8HWTW4K"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/U8HWTW4K"],"itemData":{"id":126,"type":"article-journal","title":"Factors that encourage and discourage policy-making to prevent childhood obesity: Experience in the United States","container-title":"Journal of public health policy","page":"514-527","volume":"37","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Rutkow","given":"Lainie"},{"family":"Jones-Smith","given":"Jesse"},{"family":"Walters","given":"Hannah J."},{"family":"O’Hara","given":"Marguerite"},{"family":"Bleich","given":"Sara N."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rutkow, Jones-Smith, Walters, O’Hara, & Bleich, 2016). Complete detail of the disease, causes, factors, and risks associated with the particular disease should be known to the patients to implement and achieve healthy status.
Governmental level Interventions and Potential Participants
The system needs to be evolved according to the needs of the community. Community based funded programs should be delivered at societies to facilitate them gain knowledge regarding health. Disease prevention and intervention programs can also create awareness among societies and communities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aab1hkuv39","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(McDavid et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(McDavid et al., 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":125,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/5SYMVSB3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/5SYMVSB3"],"itemData":{"id":125,"type":"article-journal","title":"Growing Fit: Georgia’s model for engaging early care environments in preventing childhood obesity","container-title":"Journal of the Georgia Public Health Association","page":"266","volume":"5","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"McDavid","given":"Kelsey"},{"family":"Piedrahita","given":"Catalina"},{"family":"Hashima","given":"Patricia"},{"family":"Vall","given":"Emily Anne"},{"family":"Kay","given":"Christi"},{"family":"O’Connor","given":"Jean"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (McDavid et al., 2016). Healthcare providers can play an important role in achieving and acquiring health. Healthcare providers, physicians, social workers, and organizations collectively can achieve targets and objectives of specific health intervention programs. Community-based health promotion programs need accessibility and accountability to achieve their objectives.
Cultural Values and Practices
The socio-economic status of individuals, financial stability and cultural practices significantly influences obesity. Genetics and biological factors are also associated with obesity and other obesity-related diseases ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"avpgvsc84v","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(McDavid et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(McDavid et al., 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":125,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/5SYMVSB3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/5SYMVSB3"],"itemData":{"id":125,"type":"article-journal","title":"Growing Fit: Georgia’s model for engaging early care environments in preventing childhood obesity","container-title":"Journal of the Georgia Public Health Association","page":"266","volume":"5","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"McDavid","given":"Kelsey"},{"family":"Piedrahita","given":"Catalina"},{"family":"Hashima","given":"Patricia"},{"family":"Vall","given":"Emily Anne"},{"family":"Kay","given":"Christi"},{"family":"O’Connor","given":"Jean"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (McDavid et al., 2016). Some studies have shown that cultural diversity including immigration, maintenance of a healthy lifestyle, and origins connects individuals with obesity. Cultures in which women are specifically responsible for rearing children are observed with higher ratios of obesity ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"apq3flout8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rutkow et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Rutkow et al., 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":126,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/U8HWTW4K"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/U8HWTW4K"],"itemData":{"id":126,"type":"article-journal","title":"Factors that encourage and discourage policy-making to prevent childhood obesity: Experience in the United States","container-title":"Journal of public health policy","page":"514-527","volume":"37","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Rutkow","given":"Lainie"},{"family":"Jones-Smith","given":"Jesse"},{"family":"Walters","given":"Hannah J."},{"family":"O’Hara","given":"Marguerite"},{"family":"Bleich","given":"Sara N."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rutkow et al., 2016). From individuals to the community, from communities to organizations and from organizations to government, everyone should work together to achieve a healthy lifestyle. Obesity is considered as the core factor which associated persons to acquire cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and stroke and cholesterol problems. Smart thinking, eating a balanced diet, consumption of an adequate amount of water, and regular one hour of physical activity can improve the health status of individuals.
Causal Loop Diagram
80010033146900
-58102625717500 General Physical Activity
50482527813000102870032575500
Community-based health interventions
2371724514350030765745143400420052530861000 Participation in Sports
-32385013144500136207519748500
Ecological factors
552450952500
-10668003733800014382742781300029711654953000547687540005Obesity Junk food consumption
440054926098400Influence of parents on children’s activities
53721004381500Disease & Disorders
16192491949450014763754445000Healthy lifestyle
16192521018500109474020955000343852417208400Healthy Food cultureOvereating
12191995588000486727625971500400050024066500Family awareness sedentary lifestyles
358140029019500Healthy weight Physical inactivity
Advertisements for Junk Food
48291744635400Family social status
Sugar consumption
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Gardner, D. (2014). Eat Smart, Move More North Carolina An Obesity Prevention Movement. North Carolina Medical Journal, 75(6), 407–412.
Leading Health Indicators | Healthy People 2020. (n.d.). Retrieved October 17, 2019, from https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/Leading-Health-Indicators
McDavid, K., Piedrahita, C., Hashima, P., Vall, E. A., Kay, C., & O’Connor, J. (2016). Growing Fit: Georgia’s model for engaging early care environments in preventing childhood obesity. Journal of the Georgia Public Health Association, 5(3), 266.
Rutkow, L., Jones-Smith, J., Walters, H. J., O’Hara, M., & Bleich, S. N. (2016). Factors that encourage and discourage policy-making to prevent childhood obesity: Experience in the United States. Journal of Public Health Policy, 37(4), 514–527.
