Paper 2

Healthcare organization

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Disease Transmission and Causation

Communicable Diseases

Communicable, or transferrable diseases, are affected by microbes for example bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi. These microorganisms transfer diseases, directly or indirectly, individual to individual. Some are communicated through bites of organisms such as insects or flies. Some communicable diseases are transferred by consumption of contaminated diet or liquids. Several bacteria, viruses and infectious organisms are carried by human bodies in the throat, nose, mouth and tracks ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"1yjMTtPv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Nugent et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Nugent et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":98,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/YZQCTENZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/YZQCTENZ"],"itemData":{"id":98,"type":"article-journal","title":"Investing in non-communicable disease prevention and management to advance the Sustainable Development Goals","container-title":"The Lancet","page":"2029-2035","volume":"391","issue":"10134","author":[{"family":"Nugent","given":"Rachel"},{"family":"Bertram","given":"Melanie Y."},{"family":"Jan","given":"Stephen"},{"family":"Niessen","given":"Louis W."},{"family":"Sassi","given":"Franco"},{"family":"Jamison","given":"Dean T."},{"family":"Pier","given":"Eduardo González"},{"family":"Beaglehole","given":"Robert"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Nugent et al., 2018). Transmission happens through coughing, sneezing and dirty hands. Sexually transmitted diseases are also communicable disease including AIDS and hepatitis. Few examples of communicable disease are influenza, measles, water borne and food borne diseases ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0iIehpIg","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Nugent et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Nugent et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":98,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/YZQCTENZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/YZQCTENZ"],"itemData":{"id":98,"type":"article-journal","title":"Investing in non-communicable disease prevention and management to advance the Sustainable Development Goals","container-title":"The Lancet","page":"2029-2035","volume":"391","issue":"10134","author":[{"family":"Nugent","given":"Rachel"},{"family":"Bertram","given":"Melanie Y."},{"family":"Jan","given":"Stephen"},{"family":"Niessen","given":"Louis W."},{"family":"Sassi","given":"Franco"},{"family":"Jamison","given":"Dean T."},{"family":"Pier","given":"Eduardo González"},{"family":"Beaglehole","given":"Robert"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Nugent et al., 2018).

Non-communicable Diseases

Non communicable diseases are those diseases that are not transferred through persons to persons. These are also called as chronic diseases and are of lengthy period. These diseases are the result of hereditary, biological, ecological and behaviorial elements. Cancers, diabetes and cardiovascular syndromes are few examples of non-communicable diseases. These diseases frequently affect low and middle income republics ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"4eug2Uni","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Nugent et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Nugent et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":98,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/YZQCTENZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/YZQCTENZ"],"itemData":{"id":98,"type":"article-journal","title":"Investing in non-communicable disease prevention and management to advance the Sustainable Development Goals","container-title":"The Lancet","page":"2029-2035","volume":"391","issue":"10134","author":[{"family":"Nugent","given":"Rachel"},{"family":"Bertram","given":"Melanie Y."},{"family":"Jan","given":"Stephen"},{"family":"Niessen","given":"Louis W."},{"family":"Sassi","given":"Franco"},{"family":"Jamison","given":"Dean T."},{"family":"Pier","given":"Eduardo González"},{"family":"Beaglehole","given":"Robert"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Nugent et al., 2018). Non-communicable diseases are the foremost cause of decease worldwide. Risk factors that are the major reasons of non-communicable disease are the sedentary lifestyles, no physical activity and environment. Smoking, nutrition deficiency, and polluted air are the other factors that lead to non-communicable diseases ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"YlTMTNzm","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Nugent et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Nugent et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":98,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/YZQCTENZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/YZQCTENZ"],"itemData":{"id":98,"type":"article-journal","title":"Investing in non-communicable disease prevention and management to advance the Sustainable Development Goals","container-title":"The Lancet","page":"2029-2035","volume":"391","issue":"10134","author":[{"family":"Nugent","given":"Rachel"},{"family":"Bertram","given":"Melanie Y."},{"family":"Jan","given":"Stephen"},{"family":"Niessen","given":"Louis W."},{"family":"Sassi","given":"Franco"},{"family":"Jamison","given":"Dean T."},{"family":"Pier","given":"Eduardo González"},{"family":"Beaglehole","given":"Robert"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Nugent et al., 2018).

Community Health Programs and Prevention

Public Health Officials, Medical Providers, and Communities must work together

There is no specific strategy that would result in better health outcomes regarding safety of individuals from diseases, healthy communities and quality care. But various mutual collaboration and contribution at all levels can enhance improving health status of communities. Various strategies need to be implemented in nursing practices, in hospitals, and in organizations working on prevention which indicates that the control and prevention philosophy of government and state level is certainly not fruitful. This is continuously evolving and twisting and needs mutual collaboration at all levels because diseases spread from individuals to communities. It indicates that the stable state of patient security, care and safety cannot ever be attained without universal mindfulness. As revealed by the studies, here are some necessities that the hospital and nurse head must implement to progress and improve patient health status. These necessities must be introduced by nurse policymakers and leaders at all levels. Availability and provision of caring and safe environment, accessibility to services and accountability of nurses is very important to provide services like better patient safety and quality care. This also must be implemented at community and domestic level. Furthermore, assessments and decisions made at one level will ultimately affect all further levels. This would result in accumulative disease burden, caseloads and duties, and thus possibly rise in communicable diseases as well as non-communicable diseases. This infers that from policy makers to physicians, from individual to communities, from child to parents they can emphasize on simple approaches to recover devotion to identify preventable side effects would result in successful patient safety.

Risk factors and health program planning

Health Promotion

Health promotion allows individuals to rise control over individual health. It includes a varied variety of community and ecological interventions that are intended to advantage and defend health of public and communities, and excellence of life by addressing health issues and preventive measures to stop diseases. This field is focused on drawing people’s attention towards the genetic, ecological, emotional, physical and medicinal knowledge for the prevention and promotion of health ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"k1oAWNuj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ghaffari, Rakhshanderou, Ramezankhani, Noroozi, & Armoon, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Ghaffari, Rakhshanderou, Ramezankhani, Noroozi, & Armoon, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":99,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/V28RRSIP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/V28RRSIP"],"itemData":{"id":99,"type":"article-journal","title":"Oral health education and promotion programmes: meta‐analysis of 17‐year intervention","container-title":"International journal of dental hygiene","page":"59-67","volume":"16","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Ghaffari","given":"M."},{"family":"Rakhshanderou","given":"S."},{"family":"Ramezankhani","given":"A."},{"family":"Noroozi","given":"M."},{"family":"Armoon","given":"B."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ghaffari, Rakhshanderou, Ramezankhani, Noroozi, & Armoon, 2018). Few examples of health promotion are disease control workshops, seminars and symposiums, public service messages and awareness strategies on healthy lifestyles. This field indicates behavior change and behavior management techniques to prevent and control diseases among communities.

Health Education

Health education is a career of teaching individuals about health. The principles and education by which individuals, communities and societies learn and educate themselves to stay healthy and fit is called health education. Health education promotes healthy behaviors and methodologies to promote health. This field is specifically focused on provision and education of communities to embrace healthy behaviors, education on nutrition, and well-being lifestyles ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"PFrWCnL1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ghaffari et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Ghaffari et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":99,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/V28RRSIP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/V28RRSIP"],"itemData":{"id":99,"type":"article-journal","title":"Oral health education and promotion programmes: meta‐analysis of 17‐year intervention","container-title":"International journal of dental hygiene","page":"59-67","volume":"16","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Ghaffari","given":"M."},{"family":"Rakhshanderou","given":"S."},{"family":"Ramezankhani","given":"A."},{"family":"Noroozi","given":"M."},{"family":"Armoon","given":"B."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ghaffari et al., 2018). Few examples of health education are: educational training program on unintended pregnancies, substance abuse and nutrition.

References

Nugent, R., Bertram, M. Y., Jan, S., Niessen, L. W., Sassi, F., Jamison, D. T., ... & Beaglehole, R. (2018). Investing in non-communicable disease prevention and management to advance the Sustainable Development Goals. The Lancet, 391(10134), 2029-2035.

Ghaffari, M., Rakhshanderou, S., Ramezankhani, A., Noroozi, M., & Armoon, B. (2018). Oral health education and promotion programmes: meta‐analysis of 17‐year intervention. International journal of dental hygiene, 16(1), 59-67.